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{{Infobox_gene}}
{{PBB_Controls
'''CD154''', also called '''CD40 ligand''' or '''CD40L''', is a [[protein]] that is primarily expressed on activated [[T cells]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lederman S, Yellin MJ, Krichevsky A, Belko J, Lee JJ, Chess L | title = Identification of a novel surface protein on activated CD4+ T cells that induces contact-dependent B cell differentiation (help) | journal = The Journal of Experimental Medicine | volume = 175 | issue = 4 | pages = 1091–101 | date = April 1992 | pmid = 1348081 | pmc = 2119166 | doi = 10.1084/jem.175.4.1091 }}</ref> and is a member of the [[Tumor necrosis factors|TNF]] superfamily of molecules.  It binds to [[CD40]] on [[antigen-presenting cells]] (APC), which leads to many effects depending on the target cell type. In total CD40L has three binding partners: CD40, [[Alpha-5 beta-1|α5β1]] integrin and αIIbβ3. CD154 acts as a costimulatory molecule and is particularly important on a subset of [[T cell]]s called [[Follicular B Helper T cells|T follicular helper cells]] (T<sub>FH</sub> cells).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lederman S, Yellin MJ, Inghirami G, Lee JJ, Knowles DM, Chess L | title = Molecular interactions mediating T-B lymphocyte collaboration in human lymphoid follicles. Roles of T cell-B-cell-activating molecule (5c8 antigen) and CD40 in contact-dependent help | journal = Journal of Immunology | volume = 149 | issue = 12 | pages = 3817–26 | date = December 1992 | pmid = 1281189 }}</ref> On T<sub>FH</sub> cells, CD154 promotes [[B cell]] maturation and function by engaging CD40 on the B cell surface and therefore facilitating cell-cell communication.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lederman S, Yellin MJ, Cleary AM, Pernis A, Inghirami G, Cohn LE, Covey LR, Lee JJ, Rothman P, Chess L | title = T-BAM/CD40-L on helper T lymphocytes augments lymphokine-induced B cell Ig isotype switch recombination and rescues B cells from programmed cell death | journal = Journal of Immunology | volume = 152 | issue = 5 | pages = 2163–71 | date = March 1994 | pmid = 7907632 | url = http://www.jimmunol.org/content/152/5/2163.abstract }}</ref> A defect in this gene results in an inability to undergo [[immunoglobulin class switching]] and is associated with [[hyper IgM syndrome]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: CD40LG CD40 ligand (TNF superfamily, member 5, hyper-IgM syndrome)| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=959| accessdate = }}</ref> Absence of CD154 also stops the formation of [[germinal center]]s and therefore prohibiting antibody [[affinity maturation]], an important process in the [[adaptive immune system]].
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| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
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<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image = PBB_Protein_CD40LG_image.jpg
| image_source = [[Protein_Data_Bank|PDB]] rendering based on 1aly.
| PDB = {{PDB2|1aly}}, {{PDB2|1i9r}}
| Name = CD40 ligand (TNF superfamily, member 5, hyper-IgM syndrome)
| HGNCid = 11935
| Symbol = CD40LG
| AltSymbols =; TRAP; CD154; CD40L; HIGM1; IGM; IMD3; T-BAM; TNFSF5; gp39; hCD40L
| OMIM = 300386
| ECnumber = 
| Homologene = 56
| MGIid = 88337
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_CD40LG_207892_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005125 |text = cytokine activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005164 |text = tumor necrosis factor receptor binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005174 |text = CD40 receptor binding}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005615 |text = extracellular space}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005625 |text = soluble fraction}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005887 |text = integral to plasma membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016020 |text = membrane}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006916 |text = anti-apoptosis}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006954 |text = inflammatory response}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006955 |text = immune response}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007159 |text = leukocyte adhesion}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007165 |text = signal transduction}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0030168 |text = platelet activation}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0042100 |text = B cell proliferation}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0045190 |text = isotype switching}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0051023 |text = regulation of immunoglobulin secretion}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 959
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000102245
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_000065
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_000074
    | Hs_GenLoc_db =
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = X
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 135558002
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 135570215
    | Hs_Uniprot = P29965
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 21947
    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000031132
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_011616
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_035746
    | Mm_GenLoc_db = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = X
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 53558927
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 53570826
    | Mm_Uniprot = Q0VEI3
  }}
}}
'''CD154''', also called CD40 ligand or CD40L, is a protein that is primarily expressed on activated [[T cells]] and is a member of the [[TNF]] family of molecules.  It binds to [[CD40]] on [[antigen-presenting cells]] (APC), which leads to many effects depending on the target cell type. In general, CD40L plays the role of a costimulatory molecule and induces activation in APC in association with T cell receptor stimulation by MHC molecules on the APC.
<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =  
| summary_text = The protein encoded by this gene is expressed on the surface of T cells. It regulates B cell function by engaging CD40 on the B cell surface. A defect in this gene results in an inability to undergo immunoglobulin class switch and is associated with hyper-IgM syndrome.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: CD40LG CD40 ligand (TNF superfamily, member 5, hyper-IgM syndrome)| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=959| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}
==Expression of CD154==


CD40 ligand is primarily expressed on activated CD4+ T lymphocytes but is also found in a soluble form.  While CD40L was originally described on T lymphocytes, its expression has since been found on a wide variety of cells, including platelets, mast cells, macrophages, basophils, NK cells, B lymphocytes, as well as non-haematopoietic cells (smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=11229815&query_hl=1&itool=pubmed_docsum]. 
== History ==


==Specific effects on cells==
In 1991, three groups reported discovering CD154.  [[Seth Lederman]] at [[Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons|Columbia University]] generated a murine monoclonal antibody, 5c8 that inhibited contact-dependent T cell helper function in human cells which characterized the 32 kDa surface protein transiently expressed on CD4+ T cells.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lederman S, Yellin MJ, Krichevsky A, Belko J, Lee JJ, Chess L | title = Identification of a novel surface protein on activated CD4+ T cells that induces contact-dependent B cell differentiation (help) | journal = The Journal of Experimental Medicine | volume = 175 | issue = 4 | pages = 1091–101 | date = April 1992 | pmid = 1348081 | pmc = 2119166 | doi = 10.1084/jem.175.4.1091 }}</ref>  Richard Armitage at [[Amgen|Immunex]] cloned a cDNA encoding CD154 by screening an expression library with CD40-Ig.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 1374165 | url = http://www.uniprot.org/citations/1374165 | volume=357 | issue=6373 | title= Molecular and biological characterization of a murine ligand for CD40 |date=May 1992 | journal=Nature | pages=80–2  |vauthors=Armitage RJ, Fanslow WC, Strockbine L, Sato TA, Clifford KN, Macduff BM, Anderson DM, Gimpel SD, Davis-Smith T, Maliszewski CR, et al. | doi=10.1038/357080a0}}</ref>  Randolph Noelle at [[Geisel School of Medicine|Dartmouth Medical School]] generated an antibody that bound a 39 kDa protein on murine T cells and inhibited helper function.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 1378631 | url = http://www.uniprot.org/citations/1378631 | volume=89 | issue=14 | title= A 39-kDa protein on activated helper T cells binds CD40 and transduces the signal for cognate activation of B cells |date=July 1992 | journal= Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | pages=6550–4  |vauthors=Noelle RJ, Roy M, Shepherd DM, Stamenkovic I, Ledbetter JA, Aruffo A | doi=10.1073/pnas.89.14.6550 | pmc=49539}}</ref>  Noelle contested Lederman's patent, but the challenge (called an interference) was rejected on all counts <ref>{{cite web|title=Patent 5,474,771|url=http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/dcom/bpai/its/104415-135.pdf|work=UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE|publisher=U.S. Patent Office}}</ref>


===Macrophages===
== Expression ==
In the [[macrophage]], the primary signal for activation is [[Interferon-gamma|IFN-γ]] from Th1 type [[CD4]] [[T cell|T cells]]. The secondary signal is CD40L on the T cell, which binds [[CD40]] on the [[macrophage]] cell surface. As a result, the macrophage expresses more CD40 and [[TNF]] receptors on its surface, which helps increase the level of activation. The activated macrophage can then destroy [[phagocytosis|phagocytosed]] bacteria and produce more cytokines.


===B cells===
CD40 ligand is primarily expressed on activated CD4+ T lymphocytes but is also found in a soluble form. While CD40L was originally described on T lymphocytes, its expression has since been found on a wide variety of cells, including platelets, mast cells, macrophages, basophils, NK cells, B lymphocytes, as well as non-haematopoietic cells (smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells).<ref name="pmid11229815">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schönbeck U, Libby P | title = The CD40/CD154 receptor/ligand dyad | journal = Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences | volume = 58 | issue = 1 | pages = 4–43 | date = January 2001 | pmid = 11229815 | doi = 10.1007/PL00000776 }}</ref>
The [[B cell]] can present [[antigens]] to [[helper T cell|helper T cells]]. If the [[T cell]] recognizes the peptide presented by the B cell, the T cell synthesizes CD40L. The CD40L binds to the B cell's CD40 receptor, causing resting B cell activation. The T cell also produces [[IL-4]], which directly binds to B cell receptors. As a result of this interaction, the B cell can undergo division, [[antibody]] [[isotype switching]], and differentiation to [[plasma cell|plasma cells]]. The end-result is a B cell that is able to mass-produce specific antibodies against an antigenic target.


==References==
== Specific effects on cells ==
* {{cite book  | last = Parham  | first = Peter  | title = The Immune System  | publisher = Garland Science  | edition=2nd Ed | date = 2004  | pages = 169-173  | isbn = 0-8153-4093-1 }}
CD40L plays a central role in costimulation and regulation of the immune response via [[T cell]] priming and activation of CD40-expressing immune cells.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Grewal|first1=IS|last2=Flavell|first2=RA|title=CD40 and CD154 in cell-mediated immunity|journal=Annual Review of Immunology|date=1998|volume=16|pages=111–35|doi=10.1146/annurev.immunol.16.1.111|pmid=9597126}}</ref>
{{reflist|2}}


==Further reading==
=== Macrophages ===
 
In the [[macrophage]], the primary signal for activation is [[Interferon-gamma|IFN-γ]] from Th1 type [[CD4]] [[T cell]]s. The secondary signal is CD40L on the T cell, which binds [[CD40]] on the [[macrophage]] cell surface. As a result, the macrophage expresses more CD40 and [[Tumor necrosis factors|TNF]] receptors on its surface, which helps increase the level of activation. The activated macrophage can then destroy [[phagocytosis|phagocytosed]] bacteria and produce more cytokines.
 
=== B cells ===
 
[[Image:T-dependent B cell activation.png|thumb|300px|T cell-dependent B cell activation, showing a TH2-cell (left), [[B cell]] (right), and several interaction molecules, the TH2-cell expressing CD40L.]]
[[B cell]]s can present [[antigens]] to a specialized group of [[helper T cell]]s called [[Follicular B Helper T cells|T<sub>FH</sub> cells]]. If an activated [[Follicular B Helper T cells|T<sub>FH</sub> cell]] recognizes the peptide presented by the B cell, the CD40L on the  T cell binds to the B cell's CD40, causing B cell activation.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cleary AM, Fortune SM, Yellin MJ, Chess L, Lederman S | title = Opposing roles of CD95 (Fas/APO-1) and CD40 in the death and rescue of human low density tonsillar B cells | journal = Journal of Immunology | volume = 155 | issue = 7 | pages = 3329–37 | date = October 1995 | pmid = 7561026 | url = http://www.jimmunol.org/content/155/7/3329.abstract }}</ref> The T cell also produces [[Interleukin-4|IL-4]], which directly influences B cells. As a result of this stimulation, the B cell can undergo rapid cellular division to form a [[germinal center]] where [[antibody]] [[isotype switching]] and [[affinity maturation]] occurs, as well as their differentiation to [[plasma cell]]s and [[memory B cell]]s. The end-result is a B cell that is able to mass-produce specific antibodies against an antigenic target.
Early evidence for these effects were that in CD40 or CD154 deficient mice, there is little [[class switching]] or [[germinal centre]] formation, and immune responses are severely inhibited.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Grewal|first1=IS|last2=Xu|first2=J|last3=Flavell|first3=RA|title=Impairment of antigen-specific T-cell priming in mice lacking CD40 ligand|journal=Nature|date=7 December 1995|volume=378|pages=617–20|doi=10.1038/378617a0|pmid=8524395}}</ref>
 
===Endothelial cells===
Activation of [[endothelial cells]] by CD40L (e.g. from activated [[platelet]]s) leads to [[reactive oxygen species]] production, as well as [[chemokine]] and [[cytokine]] production, and expression of [[cell adhesion molecule|adhesion molecules]] such as [[E-selectin]], [[ICAM-1]], and [[VCAM-1]]. This inflammatory reaction in endothelial cells promotes recruitment of [[white blood cell|leukocytes]] to lesions and may potentially promote [[atherosclerosis|atherogenesis]].<ref name="pmid14568885">{{cite journal | vauthors = Szmitko PE, Wang CH, Weisel RD, de Almeida JR, Anderson TJ, Verma S | title = New markers of inflammation and endothelial cell activation: Part I | journal = Circulation | volume = 108 | issue = 16 | pages = 1917–23 | date = October 2003 | pmid = 14568885 | doi = 10.1161/01.CIR.0000089190.95415.9F }}</ref> CD40L has shown to be a potential biomarker for atherosclerotic instability.<ref name="pmid23561892">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang JH, Zhang YW, Zhang P, Deng BQ, Ding S, Wang ZK, Wu T, Wang J | title = CD40 ligand as a potential biomarker for atherosclerotic instability | journal = Neurological Research | volume = 35 | issue = 7 | pages = 693–700 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 23561892 | doi = 10.1179/1743132813Y.0000000190 | pmc=3770830}}</ref>
 
== Interactions ==
 
CD154 has been shown to [[Protein-protein interaction|interact]] with [[RNF128]].<ref name=pmid18641297>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lineberry NB, Su LL, Lin JT, Coffey GP, Seroogy CM, Fathman CG | title = Cutting edge: The transmembrane E3 ligase GRAIL ubiquitinates the costimulatory molecule CD40 ligand during the induction of T cell anergy | journal = Journal of Immunology | volume = 181 | issue = 3 | pages = 1622–6 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18641297 | pmc = 2853377 | doi = 10.4049/jimmunol.181.3.1622 }}</ref>
 
== References ==
{{reflist}}
 
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
* {{cite book  | last = Parham  | first = Peter  | title = The Immune System  | publisher = Garland Science  | edition=2nd | year = 2004  | pages = 169–173  | isbn = 0-8153-4093-1 }}
| citations =  
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Tong AW, Stone MJ | title = CD40 and the effect of anti-CD40-binding on human multiple myeloma clonogenicity | journal = Leukemia & Lymphoma | volume = 21 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 1–8 | date = March 1996 | pmid = 8907262 | doi = 10.3109/10428199609067572 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Tong AW, Stone MJ |title=CD40 and the effect of anti-CD40-binding on human multiple myeloma clonogenicity. |journal=Leuk. Lymphoma |volume=21 |issue= 1-2 |pages= 1-8 |year= 1997 |pmid= 8907262 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = van Kooten C, Banchereau J | title = CD40-CD40 ligand | journal = Journal of Leukocyte Biology | volume = 67 | issue = 1 | pages = 2–17 | date = January 2000 | pmid = 10647992 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | author=van Kooten C, Banchereau J |title=CD40-CD40 ligand. |journal=J. Leukoc. Biol. |volume=67 |issue= 1 |pages= 2-17 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10647992 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Schattner EJ | title = CD40 ligand in CLL pathogenesis and therapy | journal = Leukemia & Lymphoma | volume = 37 | issue = 5–6 | pages = 461–72 | date = May 2000 | pmid = 11042507 | doi = 10.3109/10428190009058499 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Schattner EJ |title=CD40 ligand in CLL pathogenesis and therapy. |journal=Leuk. Lymphoma |volume=37 |issue= 5-6 |pages= 461-72 |year= 2003 |pmid= 11042507 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bhushan A, Covey LR | title = CD40:CD40L interactions in X-linked and non-X-linked hyper-IgM syndromes | journal = Immunologic Research | volume = 24 | issue = 3 | pages = 311–24 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11817328 | doi = 10.1385/IR:24:3:311 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Bhushan A, Covey LR |title=CD40:CD40L interactions in X-linked and non-X-linked hyper-IgM syndromes. |journal=Immunol. Res. |volume=24 |issue= 3 |pages= 311-24 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11817328 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Cheng G, Schoenberger SP | title = CD40 signaling and autoimmunity | journal = Current Directions in Autoimmunity | volume = 5 | issue =  | pages = 51–61 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11826760 | doi = 10.1159/000060547 | isbn = 3-8055-7308-1 | series = Current Directions in Autoimmunity }}
*{{cite journal | author=Cheng G, Schoenberger SP |title=CD40 signaling and autoimmunity. |journal=Curr. Dir. Autoimmun. |volume=5 |issue=  |pages= 51-61 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11826760 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Subauste CS | title = CD154 and type-1 cytokine response: from hyper IgM syndrome to human immunodeficiency virus infection | journal = The Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 185 Suppl 1 | issue =  | pages = S83-9 | date = February 2002 | pmid = 11865444 | doi = 10.1086/338003 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Subauste CS |title=CD154 and type-1 cytokine response: from hyper IgM syndrome to human immunodeficiency virus infection. |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=185 Suppl 1 |issue=  |pages= S83-9 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11865444 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Kornbluth RS | title = An expanding role for CD40L and other tumor necrosis factor superfamily ligands in HIV infection | journal = Journal of Hematotherapy & Stem Cell Research | volume = 11 | issue = 5 | pages = 787–801 | date = October 2002 | pmid = 12427285 | doi = 10.1089/152581602760404595 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Kornbluth RS |title=An expanding role for CD40L and other tumor necrosis factor superfamily ligands in HIV infection. |journal=J. Hematother. Stem Cell Res. |volume=11 |issue= 5 |pages= 787-801 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12427285 |doi= 10.1089/152581602760404595 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Xu Y, Song G | title = The role of CD40-CD154 interaction in cell immunoregulation | journal = Journal of Biomedical Science | volume = 11 | issue = 4 | pages = 426–38 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15153777 | doi = 10.1159/000077892 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Xu Y, Song G |title=The role of CD40-CD154 interaction in cell immunoregulation. |journal=J. Biomed. Sci. |volume=11 |issue= 4 |pages= 426-38 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15153777 |doi= 10.1159/000077892 }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Law|first1=CL|last2=Grewal|first2=IS|title=Therapeutic interventions targeting CD40L (CD154) and CD40: the opportunities and challenges|journal=Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology|date=2009|volume=647|pages=8–36|doi=10.1007/978-0-387-89520-8_2|pmid=19760064}}
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


==External links==
== External links ==
* {{MeshName|CD154+Antigen}}
* {{MeshName|CD154+Antigen}}
* {{UCSC gene info|CD40LG}}
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=gene&part=xlhi  GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on X-Linked Hyper IgM Syndrome or Immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, Type 1]


[[Category:Clusters of differentiation]]
{{PDB Gallery|geneid=959}}
 
 
{{protein-stub}}
{{Clusters of differentiation}}
{{Clusters of differentiation}}
{{Tumor necrosis factors}}
{{Tumor necrosis factors}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
{{Cytokine receptor modulators}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cd154}}
[[Category:Clusters of differentiation]]

Revision as of 09:20, 30 August 2017

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CD154, also called CD40 ligand or CD40L, is a protein that is primarily expressed on activated T cells[1] and is a member of the TNF superfamily of molecules. It binds to CD40 on antigen-presenting cells (APC), which leads to many effects depending on the target cell type. In total CD40L has three binding partners: CD40, α5β1 integrin and αIIbβ3. CD154 acts as a costimulatory molecule and is particularly important on a subset of T cells called T follicular helper cells (TFH cells).[2] On TFH cells, CD154 promotes B cell maturation and function by engaging CD40 on the B cell surface and therefore facilitating cell-cell communication.[3] A defect in this gene results in an inability to undergo immunoglobulin class switching and is associated with hyper IgM syndrome.[4] Absence of CD154 also stops the formation of germinal centers and therefore prohibiting antibody affinity maturation, an important process in the adaptive immune system.

History

In 1991, three groups reported discovering CD154. Seth Lederman at Columbia University generated a murine monoclonal antibody, 5c8 that inhibited contact-dependent T cell helper function in human cells which characterized the 32 kDa surface protein transiently expressed on CD4+ T cells.[5] Richard Armitage at Immunex cloned a cDNA encoding CD154 by screening an expression library with CD40-Ig.[6] Randolph Noelle at Dartmouth Medical School generated an antibody that bound a 39 kDa protein on murine T cells and inhibited helper function.[7] Noelle contested Lederman's patent, but the challenge (called an interference) was rejected on all counts [8]

Expression

CD40 ligand is primarily expressed on activated CD4+ T lymphocytes but is also found in a soluble form. While CD40L was originally described on T lymphocytes, its expression has since been found on a wide variety of cells, including platelets, mast cells, macrophages, basophils, NK cells, B lymphocytes, as well as non-haematopoietic cells (smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells).[9]

Specific effects on cells

CD40L plays a central role in costimulation and regulation of the immune response via T cell priming and activation of CD40-expressing immune cells.[10]

Macrophages

In the macrophage, the primary signal for activation is IFN-γ from Th1 type CD4 T cells. The secondary signal is CD40L on the T cell, which binds CD40 on the macrophage cell surface. As a result, the macrophage expresses more CD40 and TNF receptors on its surface, which helps increase the level of activation. The activated macrophage can then destroy phagocytosed bacteria and produce more cytokines.

B cells

File:T-dependent B cell activation.png
T cell-dependent B cell activation, showing a TH2-cell (left), B cell (right), and several interaction molecules, the TH2-cell expressing CD40L.

B cells can present antigens to a specialized group of helper T cells called TFH cells. If an activated TFH cell recognizes the peptide presented by the B cell, the CD40L on the T cell binds to the B cell's CD40, causing B cell activation.[11] The T cell also produces IL-4, which directly influences B cells. As a result of this stimulation, the B cell can undergo rapid cellular division to form a germinal center where antibody isotype switching and affinity maturation occurs, as well as their differentiation to plasma cells and memory B cells. The end-result is a B cell that is able to mass-produce specific antibodies against an antigenic target. Early evidence for these effects were that in CD40 or CD154 deficient mice, there is little class switching or germinal centre formation, and immune responses are severely inhibited.[12]

Endothelial cells

Activation of endothelial cells by CD40L (e.g. from activated platelets) leads to reactive oxygen species production, as well as chemokine and cytokine production, and expression of adhesion molecules such as E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1. This inflammatory reaction in endothelial cells promotes recruitment of leukocytes to lesions and may potentially promote atherogenesis.[13] CD40L has shown to be a potential biomarker for atherosclerotic instability.[14]

Interactions

CD154 has been shown to interact with RNF128.[15]

References

  1. ↑ Lederman S, Yellin MJ, Krichevsky A, Belko J, Lee JJ, Chess L (April 1992). "Identification of a novel surface protein on activated CD4+ T cells that induces contact-dependent B cell differentiation (help)". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 175 (4): 1091–101. doi:10.1084/jem.175.4.1091. PMC 2119166. PMID 1348081.
  2. ↑ Lederman S, Yellin MJ, Inghirami G, Lee JJ, Knowles DM, Chess L (December 1992). "Molecular interactions mediating T-B lymphocyte collaboration in human lymphoid follicles. Roles of T cell-B-cell-activating molecule (5c8 antigen) and CD40 in contact-dependent help". Journal of Immunology. 149 (12): 3817–26. PMID 1281189.
  3. ↑ Lederman S, Yellin MJ, Cleary AM, Pernis A, Inghirami G, Cohn LE, Covey LR, Lee JJ, Rothman P, Chess L (March 1994). "T-BAM/CD40-L on helper T lymphocytes augments lymphokine-induced B cell Ig isotype switch recombination and rescues B cells from programmed cell death". Journal of Immunology. 152 (5): 2163–71. PMID 7907632.
  4. ↑ "Entrez Gene: CD40LG CD40 ligand (TNF superfamily, member 5, hyper-IgM syndrome)".
  5. ↑ Lederman S, Yellin MJ, Krichevsky A, Belko J, Lee JJ, Chess L (April 1992). "Identification of a novel surface protein on activated CD4+ T cells that induces contact-dependent B cell differentiation (help)". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 175 (4): 1091–101. doi:10.1084/jem.175.4.1091. PMC 2119166. PMID 1348081.
  6. ↑ Armitage RJ, Fanslow WC, Strockbine L, Sato TA, Clifford KN, Macduff BM, Anderson DM, Gimpel SD, Davis-Smith T, Maliszewski CR, et al. (May 1992). "Molecular and biological characterization of a murine ligand for CD40". Nature. 357 (6373): 80–2. doi:10.1038/357080a0. PMID 1374165.
  7. ↑ Noelle RJ, Roy M, Shepherd DM, Stamenkovic I, Ledbetter JA, Aruffo A (July 1992). "A 39-kDa protein on activated helper T cells binds CD40 and transduces the signal for cognate activation of B cells". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 89 (14): 6550–4. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.14.6550. PMC 49539. PMID 1378631.
  8. ↑ "Patent 5,474,771" (PDF). UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE. U.S. Patent Office.
  9. ↑ Schönbeck U, Libby P (January 2001). "The CD40/CD154 receptor/ligand dyad". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 58 (1): 4–43. doi:10.1007/PL00000776. PMID 11229815.
  10. ↑ Grewal, IS; Flavell, RA (1998). "CD40 and CD154 in cell-mediated immunity". Annual Review of Immunology. 16: 111–35. doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.16.1.111. PMID 9597126.
  11. ↑ Cleary AM, Fortune SM, Yellin MJ, Chess L, Lederman S (October 1995). "Opposing roles of CD95 (Fas/APO-1) and CD40 in the death and rescue of human low density tonsillar B cells". Journal of Immunology. 155 (7): 3329–37. PMID 7561026.
  12. ↑ Grewal, IS; Xu, J; Flavell, RA (7 December 1995). "Impairment of antigen-specific T-cell priming in mice lacking CD40 ligand". Nature. 378: 617–20. doi:10.1038/378617a0. PMID 8524395.
  13. ↑ Szmitko PE, Wang CH, Weisel RD, de Almeida JR, Anderson TJ, Verma S (October 2003). "New markers of inflammation and endothelial cell activation: Part I". Circulation. 108 (16): 1917–23. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000089190.95415.9F. PMID 14568885.
  14. ↑ Wang JH, Zhang YW, Zhang P, Deng BQ, Ding S, Wang ZK, Wu T, Wang J (September 2013). "CD40 ligand as a potential biomarker for atherosclerotic instability". Neurological Research. 35 (7): 693–700. doi:10.1179/1743132813Y.0000000190. PMC 3770830. PMID 23561892.
  15. ↑ Lineberry NB, Su LL, Lin JT, Coffey GP, Seroogy CM, Fathman CG (August 2008). "Cutting edge: The transmembrane E3 ligase GRAIL ubiquitinates the costimulatory molecule CD40 ligand during the induction of T cell anergy". Journal of Immunology. 181 (3): 1622–6. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.181.3.1622. PMC 2853377. PMID 18641297.

Further reading

  • Parham, Peter (2004). The Immune System (2nd ed.). Garland Science. pp. 169–173. ISBN 0-8153-4093-1.
  • Tong AW, Stone MJ (March 1996). "CD40 and the effect of anti-CD40-binding on human multiple myeloma clonogenicity". Leukemia & Lymphoma. 21 (1–2): 1–8. doi:10.3109/10428199609067572. PMID 8907262.
  • van Kooten C, Banchereau J (January 2000). "CD40-CD40 ligand". Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 67 (1): 2–17. PMID 10647992.
  • Schattner EJ (May 2000). "CD40 ligand in CLL pathogenesis and therapy". Leukemia & Lymphoma. 37 (5–6): 461–72. doi:10.3109/10428190009058499. PMID 11042507.
  • Bhushan A, Covey LR (2002). "CD40:CD40L interactions in X-linked and non-X-linked hyper-IgM syndromes". Immunologic Research. 24 (3): 311–24. doi:10.1385/IR:24:3:311. PMID 11817328.
  • Cheng G, Schoenberger SP (2002). "CD40 signaling and autoimmunity". Current Directions in Autoimmunity. Current Directions in Autoimmunity. 5: 51–61. doi:10.1159/000060547. ISBN 3-8055-7308-1. PMID 11826760.
  • Subauste CS (February 2002). "CD154 and type-1 cytokine response: from hyper IgM syndrome to human immunodeficiency virus infection". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 185 Suppl 1: S83–9. doi:10.1086/338003. PMID 11865444.
  • Kornbluth RS (October 2002). "An expanding role for CD40L and other tumor necrosis factor superfamily ligands in HIV infection". Journal of Hematotherapy & Stem Cell Research. 11 (5): 787–801. doi:10.1089/152581602760404595. PMID 12427285.
  • Xu Y, Song G (2005). "The role of CD40-CD154 interaction in cell immunoregulation". Journal of Biomedical Science. 11 (4): 426–38. doi:10.1159/000077892. PMID 15153777.
  • Law, CL; Grewal, IS (2009). "Therapeutic interventions targeting CD40L (CD154) and CD40: the opportunities and challenges". Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 647: 8–36. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-89520-8_2. PMID 19760064.

External links

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