Dipeptidyl peptidase-4

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Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), also known as adenosine deaminase complexing protein 2 or CD26 (cluster of differentiation 26) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the DPP4 gene.[1] DPP4 is related to FAP, DPP8, and DPP9. The enzyme was discovered in 1966 by Hopsu-Havu and Glenner,[2] and as a result of various studies on chemism, was called dipeptidyl peptidase IV [DP IV].

Function

The protein encoded by the DPP4 gene is an enzyme expressed on the surface of most cell types and is associated with immune regulation, signal transduction, and apoptosis. It is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein, but a soluble form, which lacks the intracellular and transmembrane part, is present in blood plasma and various body fluids. DPP-4 is a serine exopeptidase that cleaves X-proline or X-alanine dipeptides from the N-terminus of polypeptides. Peptide bonds involving the cyclic amino acid proline cannot be cleaved by the majority of proteases and an N-terminal X-proline "shields" various biopeptides.[3] Extracellular proline-specific proteases therefore play an important role in the regulation of these biopeptides.

DPP-4 is known to cleave a broad range of substrates including growth factors, chemokines, neuropeptides, and vasoactive peptides.[4][5][6] The cleaved substrates loose their biological activity in the majority of cases, but in the case of the chemokine RANTES and neuropeptide Y, DPP-4 mediated cleavage leads to a shift in the receptor subtype binding.[4]

DPP4 plays a major role in glucose metabolism. It is responsible for the degradation of incretins such as GLP-1.[7] Furthermore, it appears to work as a suppressor in the development of some tumors.[8][9][10][11]

DPP-4 also binds the enzyme adenosine deaminase specifically and with high affinity. The significance of this interaction has yet to be established.

Animal studies

Animal studies suggest its pathogenetic role in development of fibrosis of various organs, such as liver and kidney.[12][13]

Clinical significance

CD26/DPPIV plays an important role in tumor biology, and is useful as a marker for various cancers, with its levels either on the cell surface or in the serum increased in some neoplasms and decreased in others.[14]

A class of oral hypoglycemics called dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors works by inhibiting the action of this enzyme, thereby prolonging incretin effect in vivo.[15]

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus has been found to bind to DPP4. It is found on the surface of cells in the airways (such as the lungs) and kidneys. Scientists may be able to use this to their advantage by blocking the virus's entry into the cell.[16]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Kameoka J, Tanaka T, Nojima Y, Schlossman SF, Morimoto C (July 1993). "Direct association of adenosine deaminase with a T cell activation antigen, CD26". Science. 261 (5120): 466–9. doi:10.1126/science.8101391. PMID 8101391.
  2. ↑ Hopsu-Havu VK, Glenner GG (1966). "A new dipeptide naphthylamidase hydrolyzing glycyl-prolyl-beta-naphthylamide". Histochemie. Histochemistry. Histochimie. 7 (3): 197–201. PMID 5959122.
  3. ↑ Vanhoof G, Goossens F, De Meester I, Hendriks D, Scharpé S (June 1995). "Proline motifs in peptides and their biological processing". FASEB Journal. 9 (9): 736–44. PMID 7601338.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Mentlein R (November 1999). "Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (CD26)--role in the inactivation of regulatory peptides". Regulatory Peptides. 85 (1): 9–24. PMID 10588446.
  5. ↑ Busek, Petr; Sedo, Aleksi (2013-02-27). "Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV and Related Proteases in Brain Tumors". Evolution of the Molecular Biology of Brain Tumors and the Therapeutic Implications. doi:10.5772/53888.
  6. ↑ Chen X (2006). "Biochemical properties of recombinant prolyl dipeptidases DPP-IV and DPP8". Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 575: 27–32. doi:10.1007/0-387-32824-6_3. ISBN 978-0-387-29058-4. PMID 16700505.
  7. ↑ Barnett A (November 2006). "DPP-4 inhibitors and their potential role in the management of type 2 diabetes". International Journal of Clinical Practice. 60 (11): 1454–70. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.01178.x. PMID 17073841.
  8. ↑ Pro B, Dang NH (October 2004). "CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV and its role in cancer". Histology and Histopathology. 19 (4): 1345–51. doi:10.14670/HH-19.1345. PMID 15375776.
  9. ↑ Masur K, Schwartz F, Entschladen F, Niggemann B, Zaenker KS (December 2006). "DPPIV inhibitors extend GLP-2 mediated tumour promoting effects on intestinal cancer cells". Regulatory Peptides. 137 (3): 147–55. doi:10.1016/j.regpep.2006.07.003. PMID 16908079.
  10. ↑ Wesley UV, McGroarty M, Homoyouni A (February 2005). "Dipeptidyl peptidase inhibits malignant phenotype of prostate cancer cells by blocking basic fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway". Cancer Research. 65 (4): 1325–34. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-1852. PMID 15735018.
  11. ↑ Busek P, Malík R, Sedo A (March 2004). "Dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity and/or structure homologues (DASH) and their substrates in cancer". The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology. 36 (3): 408–21. PMID 14687920.
  12. ↑ Kaji K, Yoshiji H, Ikenaka Y, Noguchi R, Aihara Y, Douhara A, Moriya K, Kawaratani H, Shirai Y, Yoshii J, Yanase K, Kitade M, Namisaki T, Fukui H (March 2014). "Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor attenuates hepatic fibrosis via suppression of activated hepatic stellate cell in rats". Journal of Gastroenterology. 49 (3): 481–91. doi:10.1007/s00535-013-0783-4. PMID 23475323.
  13. ↑ Min HS, Kim JE, Lee MH, Song HK, Kang YS, Lee MJ, Lee JE, Kim HW, Cha JJ, Chung YY, Hyun YY, Han JY, Cha DR (June 2014). "Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor protects against renal interstitial fibrosis in a mouse model of ureteral obstruction". Laboratory Investigation; A Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology. 94 (6): 598–607. doi:10.1038/labinvest.2014.50. PMID 24687121.
  14. ↑ Havre PA, Abe M, Urasaki Y, Ohnuma K, Morimoto C, Dang NH (January 2008). "The role of CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV in cancer". Frontiers in Bioscience. 13 (13): 1634–45. doi:10.2741/2787. PMID 17981655.
  15. ↑ Rosenstock J, Zinman B (April 2007). "Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus". Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity. 14 (2): 98–107. doi:10.1097/MED.0b013e3280a02f65. PMID 17940427.
  16. ↑ Raj VS, Mou H, Smits SL, Dekkers DH, Müller MA, Dijkman R, Muth D, Demmers JA, Zaki A, Fouchier RA, Thiel V, Drosten C, Rottier PJ, Osterhaus AD, Bosch BJ, Haagmans BL (March 2013). "Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirus-EMC". Nature. ScienceNews. 495 (7440): 251–4. doi:10.1038/nature12005. PMID 23486063. Lay summary – ScienceNews.

Further reading

  • Ansorge S, Bühling F, Kähne T, Lendeckel U, Reinhold D, Täger M, Wrenger S (1997). "CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV in lymphocyte growth regulation". Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 421: 127–40. doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9613-1_17. PMID 9330689.
  • Reinhold D, Kähne T, Steinbrecher A, Wrenger S, Neubert K, Ansorge S, Brocke S (2003). "The role of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV) enzymatic activity in T cell activation and autoimmunity". Biological Chemistry. 383 (7–8): 1133–8. doi:10.1515/BC.2002.123. PMID 12437097.
  • Sato K, Dang NH (March 2003). "CD26: a novel treatment target for T-cell lymphoid malignancies? (Review)". International Journal of Oncology. 22 (3): 481–97. doi:10.3892/ijo.22.3.481. PMID 12579300.
  • de Meester I, Lambeir AM, Proost P, Scharpé S (2003). "Dipeptidyl peptidase IV substrates. An update on in vitro peptide hydrolysis by human DPPIV". Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 524: 3–17. doi:10.1007/0-306-47920-6_1. ISBN 0-306-47717-3. PMID 12675218.
  • Koch S, Anthonsen D, Skovbjerg H, Sjöström H (2003). "On the role of dipeptidyl peptidase IV in the digestion of an immunodominant epitope in celiac disease". Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 524: 181–7. doi:10.1007/0-306-47920-6_22. ISBN 0-306-47717-3. PMID 12675238.
  • Pro B, Dang NH (October 2004). "CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV and its role in cancer". Histology and Histopathology. 19 (4): 1345–51. doi:10.14670/HH-19.1345. PMID 15375776.

External links

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