Leiomyoma

(Redirected from Uterine leiomyoma)
Jump to navigation Jump to search

WikiDoc Resources for Leiomyoma

Articles

Most recent articles on Leiomyoma

Most cited articles on Leiomyoma

Review articles on Leiomyoma

Articles on Leiomyoma in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ

Media

Powerpoint slides on Leiomyoma

Images of Leiomyoma

Photos of Leiomyoma

Podcasts & MP3s on Leiomyoma

Videos on Leiomyoma

Evidence Based Medicine

Cochrane Collaboration on Leiomyoma

Bandolier on Leiomyoma

TRIP on Leiomyoma

Clinical Trials

Ongoing Trials on Leiomyoma at Clinical Trials.gov

Trial results on Leiomyoma

Clinical Trials on Leiomyoma at Google

Guidelines / Policies / Govt

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Leiomyoma

NICE Guidance on Leiomyoma

NHS PRODIGY Guidance

FDA on Leiomyoma

CDC on Leiomyoma

Books

Books on Leiomyoma

News

Leiomyoma in the news

Be alerted to news on Leiomyoma

News trends on Leiomyoma

Commentary

Blogs on Leiomyoma

Definitions

Definitions of Leiomyoma

Patient Resources / Community

Patient resources on Leiomyoma

Discussion groups on Leiomyoma

Patient Handouts on Leiomyoma

Directions to Hospitals Treating Leiomyoma

Risk calculators and risk factors for Leiomyoma

Healthcare Provider Resources

Symptoms of Leiomyoma

Causes & Risk Factors for Leiomyoma

Diagnostic studies for Leiomyoma

Treatment of Leiomyoma

Continuing Medical Education (CME)

CME Programs on Leiomyoma

International

Leiomyoma en Espanol

Leiomyoma en Francais

Business

Leiomyoma in the Marketplace

Patents on Leiomyoma

Experimental / Informatics

List of terms related to Leiomyoma

For patient information, click here.

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Roukoz A. Karam, M.D.[2]; Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [3]; Shanshan Cen, M.D. [4]; Ammu Susheela, M.D. [5]

Synonyms and keywords: Uterine myoma; Fibroid; Fibroids; Uterine; Fibroid Tumor; Fibroid Uterus; Uterine fibromyoma; Leiomyomata

Overview

Uterine leiomyoma was first discovered by Hippocrates in 460-375 B.C and called it “uterine stone”. Uterine leiomyoma may be classified according to their location into 3 subtypes: submucosal, subserous, and intramural. The pathogenesis of leiomyoma is characterized by benign smooth muscle neoplasm. They can occur in any organ, but the most common forms occur in the uterus, small bowel and the esophagus. Chromosome aberrations such as t(12; 14)(q14-q15;q23–24), del(7)(q22q32), rearrangements involving 6p21, 10q, trisomy 12, and deletions of 1p3q has been associated with the development of leiomyoma. Uterine leiomyoma must be differentiated from other diseases that cause uterine mass, such as: uterine adenomyoma, pregnancy, hematometra, uterine sarcoma, uterine carcinosarcoma, and metastasis. Leiomyoma is more commonly observed among patients aged 40 years and older. Common risk factors in the development of uterine leiomyoma include African-American race, early menarche, prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol, having one or more pregnancies extending beyond 20 weeks, obesity, significant consumption of beef and other red meats, hypertension, family history, and alcohol consumption. Physical examination may be remarkable for enlarged, mobile uterus with an irregular contour on bimanual pelvic examination. The mainstay of therapy for uterine leiomyoma is oral contraceptive pills, either combination pills or progestin-only, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs. Surgery is also part of mainstay therapy for uterine leiomyoma.

Historical Perspective

  • Uterine leiomyoma was first discovered by Hippocrates, an ancient Greek physician, in 460-375 B.C and called it “uterine stone”.
  • In the second century AD, Galen described the lesion as "scleromas".
  • In 1860 and 1863, Rokitansky and Klob coined the term fibroid.
  • In 1854, Virchow, a German pathologist, demonstrated that those tumors originated from the uterine smooth muscle.
  • In 1809, the first laparotomy was conducted by Ephraim McDowell to treat leiomyoma in Danville, USA.[1]

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

  • Chromosome aberrations in uterine leiomyoma include:[14]
    • T(12;14)(q14-q15;q23–24)
    • Deletion of (7)(q22q32)
    • Rearrangements involving 6p21, 10q
    • Trisomy 12
    • Deletion of 1p3q have been associated with the development of leiomyoma

Differentiating Leiomyoma from other Diseases

Differentiating Leiomyoma from Other Diseases
Disease entity Etiology (Genetic or others) Histopathological findings Immunohistochemical staining Risk factors Common site of involvement Clinical manifestations Other associated features
Leiomyoma[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][16][19][23] Positive for:

Negative for:

_
Neurofibroma[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][27][31][32][33][34]

Can be sporadic or as a part of Neurofibromatosis 1 and 2

Neurofibroma with degenerative atypia ("ancient change") has following microscopic features:

Positive for:

Negative for:

Schwannoma[35][36][37][38][39] Positive for:

Negative for:

Symptoms of schwannoma depend on the location of the tumor:

Palisaded encapsulated neuroma (PEN) /solitary circumscribed neuroma[40] Positive for:

Negative for:

90% lesions affect the face involving:

Remaining 10% can occur anywhere in body involving:

Traumatic neuroma[41][42][43][44] Positive for: Most common oral locations are:

Rarely involves:

Also known as:
Neurotized melanocytic nevus[45][46][47][48] Positive for:

Negative for:

Can occur anywhere in body, mostly involving following areas: _
Cutaneous myxoma (Superficial angiomyxoma)[49][50][51][52] Positive for:

Negative for:

Associated with Carney's complex/syndrome which includes following:

May be associated with NAME or LAMB syndrome

Nerve sheath myxoma[53][54][55][56][57][58] Positive for: _ Can occur anywhere in body:
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST)/malignant schwannoma[59][60][61][62][63][64]

Electron microscopy shows:

Positive for:

In case of glandular differentiation (malignant), positive for:

Negative for:

Associated with:

May be associated with:

Bulky deep-seated tumor usually arising from major nerves in:
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) Positive for:

Negative for:

_
Spindle cell lipoma Positive for:

Spindle cells are negative for:

_
  • Multiple well-circumscribed painless nodules involving several body parts
_
Ganglioneuroma[65][66] Genes involved in the pathogenesis of ganglioneuroma include:

Two histologic subtypes:

Positive for:

Negative for:

Ganglioneuromas may be associated with:

Located along distribution of sympathetic nervous system:

Symptoms of ganglioneuroma vary depending on the location of tumor, and include the following:

Patients with ganglioneuroma may also have paraneoplastic syndrome, which may manifest with:

Ganglioneuromas are included in the neuroblastic tumors group, which includes:

Myxoid liposarcoma[67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76]

Atypical lipomatous tumor/well differentiated liposarcoma and dedifferentiated liposarcoma are associated with:

Myxoid liposarcoma is associated with:

Pleomorphicliposarcoma is associated with:

Well-differentiated liposarcoma:

De-differentiated liposarcoma:

Atypical lipomatous tumor/well differentiated liposarcoma is positive for:

_
Leiomyoma[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][16][19][23]

Positive for:

Negative for:

_
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor(IMT)[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][16][19][23]

Unknown underlying etiology, may be due to inflammatory reaction to:

Mutations such as:

Positive for:

Negative for:

Also known as:

Fibroepithelial polyp/Acrochordon[77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96] Associated with: Positive for:

Negative for:

Associated with:

Also known as:

Epidemiology and Demographics

Age

Race

  • Leiomyoma usually affects African-American women.[97]
    • Incidence rates are approximately threefold greater in African-American women than in white women.

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

Symptoms

  • The majority of patients with leiomyoma are usually asymptomatic.
  • Symptoms of uterine leiomyoma may include the following:[112]

Physical Examination

Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

References

  1. Bozini, Nilo; Baracat, Edmund C (2007). "The history of myomectomy at the Medical School of University of São Paulo". Clinics. 62 (3). doi:10.1590/S1807-59322007000300002. ISSN 1807-5932.
  2. Munro MG, Critchley HO, Fraser IS, FIGO Menstrual Disorders Working Group (2011). "The FIGO classification of causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in the reproductive years". Fertil Steril. 95 (7): 2204–8, 2208.e1–3. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.03.079. PMID 21496802.
  3. Ip PP, Tse KY, Tam KF (March 2010). "Uterine smooth muscle tumors other than the ordinary leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas: a review of selected variants with emphasis on recent advances and unusual morphology that may cause concern for malignancy". Adv Anat Pathol. 17 (2): 91–112. doi:10.1097/PAP.0b013e3181cfb901. PMID 20179432.
  4. O'Connor DM, Norris HJ (February 1990). "Mitotically active leiomyomas of the uterus". Hum. Pathol. 21 (2): 223–7. PMID 2307449.
  5. Perrone T, Dehner LP (January 1988). "Prognostically favorable "mitotically active" smooth-muscle tumors of the uterus. A clinicopathologic study of ten cases". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 12 (1): 1–8. PMID 3337336.
  6. Pilarski R, Stephens JA, Noss R, Fisher JL, Prior TW (August 2011). "Predicting PTEN mutations: an evaluation of Cowden syndrome and Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome clinical features". J. Med. Genet. 48 (8): 505–12. doi:10.1136/jmg.2011.088807. PMID 21659347.
  7. Alam NA, Bevan S, Churchman M, Barclay E, Barker K, Jaeger EE, Nelson HM, Healy E, Pembroke AC, Friedmann PS, Dalziel K, Calonje E, Anderson J, August PJ, Davies MG, Felix R, Munro CS, Murdoch M, Rendall J, Kennedy S, Leigh IM, Kelsell DP, Tomlinson IP, Houlston RS (May 2001). "Localization of a gene (MCUL1) for multiple cutaneous leiomyomata and uterine fibroids to chromosome 1q42.3-q43". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 68 (5): 1264–9. doi:10.1086/320124. PMC 1226106. PMID 11283798.
  8. Halama N, Grauling-Halama SA, Daboul I (October 2005). "Familial clustering of Leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata: an unknown genetic syndrome?". BMC Gastroenterol. 5: 33. doi:10.1186/1471-230X-5-33. PMC 1266363. PMID 16223449.
  9. Tomlinson IP, Alam NA, Rowan AJ, Barclay E, Jaeger EE, Kelsell D, Leigh I, Gorman P, Lamlum H, Rahman S, Roylance RR, Olpin S, Bevan S, Barker K, Hearle N, Houlston RS, Kiuru M, Lehtonen R, Karhu A, Vilkki S, Laiho P, Eklund C, Vierimaa O, Aittomäki K, Hietala M, Sistonen P, Paetau A, Salovaara R, Herva R, Launonen V, Aaltonen LA (April 2002). "Germline mutations in FH predispose to dominantly inherited uterine fibroids, skin leiomyomata and papillary renal cell cancer". Nat. Genet. 30 (4): 406–10. doi:10.1038/ng849. PMID 11865300.
  10. Hashimoto K, Azuma C, Kamiura S, Kimura T, Nobunaga T, Kanai T; et al. (1995). "Clonal determination of uterine leiomyomas by analyzing differential inactivation of the X-chromosome-linked phosphoglycerokinase gene". Gynecol Obstet Invest. 40 (3): 204–8. doi:10.1159/000292336. PMID 8529956.
  11. Mashal RD, Fejzo ML, Friedman AJ, Mitchner N, Nowak RA, Rein MS; et al. (1994). "Analysis of androgen receptor DNA reveals the independent clonal origins of uterine leiomyomata and the secondary nature of cytogenetic aberrations in the development of leiomyomata". Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 11 (1): 1–6. PMID 7529041.
  12. Genetics of Uterine Leiomyomas. glowm (2016). http://www.glowm.com/section_view/heading/Genetics%20of%20Uterine%20Leiomyomas/item/363 Accessed on April 19, 2016
  13. Zhu X, Fei J, Zhang W, Zhou J (2015). "Uterine leiomyoma mimicking a gastrointestinal stromal tumor with chronic spontaneous hemorrhage: A case report". Oncol Lett. 9 (6): 2481–2484. doi:10.3892/ol.2015.3083. PMC 4473300. PMID 26137094.
  14. Medikare V, Kandukuri LR, Ananthapur V, Deenadayal M, Nallari P (July 2011). "The genetic bases of uterine fibroids; a review". J Reprod Infertil. 12 (3): 181–91. PMC 3719293. PMID 23926501.
  15. 15.0 15.1 15.2 Coffin CM, Watterson J, Priest JR, Dehner LP (1995). "Extrapulmonary inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (inflammatory pseudotumor). A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 84 cases". Am J Surg Pathol. 19 (8): 859–72. PMID 7611533.
  16. 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 Wenig BM, Devaney K, Bisceglia M (1995). "Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the larynx. A clinicopathologic study of eight cases simulating a malignant spindle cell neoplasm". Cancer. 76 (11): 2217–29. PMID 8635024.
  17. 17.0 17.1 17.2 Ramachandra S, Hollowood K, Bisceglia M, Fletcher CD (1995). "Inflammatory pseudotumour of soft tissues: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of 18 cases". Histopathology. 27 (4): 313–23. PMID 8847061.
  18. 18.0 18.1 18.2 Häusler M, Schaade L, Ramaekers VT, Doenges M, Heimann G, Sellhaus B (2003). "Inflammatory pseudotumors of the central nervous system: report of 3 cases and a literature review". Hum Pathol. 34 (3): 253–62. doi:10.1053/hupa.2003.35. PMID 12673560.
  19. 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 Rabban JT, Zaloudek CJ, Shekitka KM, Tavassoli FA (2005). "Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the uterus: a clinicopathologic study of 6 cases emphasizing distinction from aggressive mesenchymal tumors". Am J Surg Pathol. 29 (10): 1348–55. PMID 16160478.
  20. 20.0 20.1 20.2 Kovach SJ, Fischer AC, Katzman PJ, Salloum RM, Ettinghausen SE, Madeb R; et al. (2006). "Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors". J Surg Oncol. 94 (5): 385–91. doi:10.1002/jso.20516. PMID 16967468.
  21. 21.0 21.1 21.2 Coffin CM, Dehner LP, Meis-Kindblom JM (1998). "Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, inflammatory fibrosarcoma, and related lesions: an historical review with differential diagnostic considerations". Semin Diagn Pathol. 15 (2): 102–10. PMID 9606802.
  22. 22.0 22.1 22.2 Berardi RS, Lee SS, Chen HP, Stines GJ (1983). "Inflammatory pseudotumors of the lung". Surg Gynecol Obstet. 156 (1): 89–96. PMID 6336632.
  23. 23.0 23.1 23.2 Coffin CM, Hornick JL, Fletcher CD (2007). "Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor: comparison of clinicopathologic, histologic, and immunohistochemical features including ALK expression in atypical and aggressive cases". Am J Surg Pathol. 31 (4): 509–20. doi:10.1097/01.pas.0000213393.57322.c7. PMID 17414097.
  24. Rodriguez, Fausto J.; Folpe, Andrew L.; Giannini, Caterina; Perry, Arie (2012). "Pathology of peripheral nerve sheath tumors: diagnostic overview and update on selected diagnostic problems". Acta Neuropathologica. 123 (3): 295–319. doi:10.1007/s00401-012-0954-z. ISSN 0001-6322.
  25. Choi, Kwangmin; Komurov, Kakajan; Fletcher, Jonathan S.; Jousma, Edwin; Cancelas, Jose A.; Wu, Jianqiang; Ratner, Nancy (2017). "An inflammatory gene signature distinguishes neurofibroma Schwann cells and macrophages from cells in the normal peripheral nervous system". Scientific Reports. 7 (1). doi:10.1038/srep43315. ISSN 2045-2322.
  26. Liao, Chung-Ping; Booker, Reid C.; Brosseau, Jean-Philippe; Chen, Zhiguo; Mo, Juan; Tchegnon, Edem; Wang, Yong; Clapp, D. Wade; Le, Lu Q. (2018). "Contributions of inflammation and tumor microenvironment to neurofibroma tumorigenesis". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 128 (7): 2848–2861. doi:10.1172/JCI99424. ISSN 0021-9738.
  27. 27.0 27.1 Staser, K.; Yang, F.-C.; Clapp, D. W. (2010). "Mast cells and the neurofibroma microenvironment". Blood. 116 (2): 157–164. doi:10.1182/blood-2009-09-242875. ISSN 0006-4971.
  28. Muir, David; Neubauer, Debbie; Lim, Ingrid T.; Yachnis, Anthony T.; Wallace, Margaret R. (2001). "Tumorigenic Properties of Neurofibromin-Deficient Neurofibroma Schwann Cells". The American Journal of Pathology. 158 (2): 501–513. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63992-2. ISSN 0002-9440.
  29. Wilkinson, Lana M.; Manson, David; Smith, Charles R. (2004). "Best Cases from the AFIP". RadioGraphics. 24 (suppl_1): S237–S242. doi:10.1148/rg.24si035170. ISSN 0271-5333.
  30. Bernthal, Nicholas; Jones, Kevin; Monument, Michael; Liu, Ting; Viskochil, David; Randall, R. (2013). "Lost in Translation: Ambiguity in Nerve Sheath Tumor Nomenclature and Its Resultant Treatment Effect". Cancers. 5 (4): 519–528. doi:10.3390/cancers5020519. ISSN 2072-6694.
  31. Mautner, V. F.; Friedrich, R. E.; von Deimling, A.; Hagel, C.; Korf, B.; Knöfel, M. T.; Wenzel, R.; Fünsterer, C. (2003). "Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours in neurofibromatosis type 1: MRI supports the diagnosis of malignant plexiform neurofibroma". Neuroradiology. 45 (9): 618–625. doi:10.1007/s00234-003-0964-6. ISSN 0028-3940.
  32. Shen, M H; Harper, P S; Upadhyaya, M (1996). "Molecular genetics of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)". Journal of Medical Genetics. 33 (1): 2–17. doi:10.1136/jmg.33.1.2. ISSN 1468-6244.
  33. Rubin, Joshua B.; Gutmann, David H. (2005). "Neurofibromatosis type 1 — a model for nervous system tumour formation?". Nature Reviews Cancer. 5 (7): 557–564. doi:10.1038/nrc1653. ISSN 1474-175X.
  34. Gray, Mark H. (1990). "Immunohistochemical Demonstration of Factor XIIIa Expression in Neurofibromas". Archives of Dermatology. 126 (4): 472. doi:10.1001/archderm.1990.01670280056009. ISSN 0003-987X.
  35. Schwannoma. Dr Tim Luijkx and Dr Sara Wein et al. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/schwannoma
  36. Vestibular Schwannoma. Wikipedia(2015) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibular_schwannoma Accessed on October 2 2015
  37. Giordano J, Rogers LV (1989). "Peripherally administered serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists reduce inflammatory pain in rats". European Journal of Pharmacology. 170 (1–2): 83–6. PMID 2612565. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  38. Kolvenbach H, Lauven PM, Schneider B, Kunath U (1989). "Repetitive intercostal nerve block via catheter for postoperative pain relief after thoracotomy". The Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon. 37 (5): 273–6. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1020331. PMID 2588243. Retrieved 2015-11-20.
  39. Opaleva-Stegantseva VA, Ivanov AG, Gavrilina IA, Khar'kov EI, Ratovskaia VI (1986). "[Incidence of sudden death cases in acute coronary insufficiency and acute myocardial infarction at the pre-hospital stage in Krasnoyarsk]". Kardiologiia (in Russian). 26 (5): 23–6. PMID 3735913. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  40. Misago N, Inoue T, Narisawa Y (2007). "Unusual benign myxoid nerve sheath lesion: myxoid palisaded encapsulated neuroma (PEN) or nerve sheath myxoma with PEN/PEN-like features?". Am J Dermatopathol. 29 (2): 160–4. doi:10.1097/01.dad.0000256688.91974.09. PMID 17414438.
  41. Lee EJ, Calcaterra TC, Zuckerbraun L (1998). "Traumatic neuromas of the head and neck". Ear Nose Throat J. 77 (8): 670–4, 676. PMID 9745184.
  42. Hanna SA, Catapano J, Borschel GH (2016). "Painful pediatric traumatic neuroma: surgical management and clinical outcomes". Childs Nerv Syst. 32 (7): 1191–4. doi:10.1007/s00381-016-3109-z. PMID 27179535.
  43. Foltán R, Klíma K, Spacková J, Sedý J (2008). "Mechanism of traumatic neuroma development". Med Hypotheses. 71 (4): 572–6. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2008.05.010. PMID 18599222.
  44. Yao C, Zhou X, Zhao B, Sun C, Poonit K, Yan H (2017). "Treatments of traumatic neuropathic pain: a systematic review". Oncotarget. 8 (34): 57670–57679. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.16917. PMC 5593675. PMID 28915703.
  45. Gray MH, Smoller BR, McNutt NS, Hsu A (1990). "Neurofibromas and neurotized melanocytic nevi are immunohistochemically distinct neoplasms". Am J Dermatopathol. 12 (3): 234–41. PMID 1693815.
  46. Chen Y, Klonowski PW, Lind AC, Lu D (2012). "Differentiating neurotized melanocytic nevi from neurofibromas using Melan-A (MART-1) immunohistochemical stain". Arch Pathol Lab Med. 136 (7): 810–5. doi:10.5858/arpa.2011-0335-OA. PMID 22742554.
  47. Singh N, Chandrashekar L, Kar R, Sylvia MT, Thappa DM (2015). "Neurotized congenital melanocytic nevus resembling a pigmented neurofibroma". Indian J Dermatol. 60 (1): 46–50. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.147789. PMC 4318062. PMID 25657396.
  48. Gray MH, Smoller BR, McNutt NS, Hsu A (1990). "Immunohistochemical demonstration of factor XIIIa expression in neurofibromas. A practical means of differentiating these tumors from neurotized melanocytic nevi and schwannomas". Arch Dermatol. 126 (4): 472–6. PMID 1690969.
  49. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/cutaneous-myxoma
  50. Alaiti, Samer; Nelson, Fern P.; Ryoo, Jei W. (2000). "Solitary cutaneous myxoma". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 43 (2): 377–379. doi:10.1067/mjd.2000.101878. ISSN 0190-9622.
  51. Carney, J. Aidan (1986). "Cutaneous Myxomas". Archives of Dermatology. 122 (7): 790. doi:10.1001/archderm.1986.01660190068018. ISSN 0003-987X.
  52. Iida, Ken; Egi, Takeshi; Shigi, Masato; Sogabe, Yusuke; Ohashi, Hirotsugu (2019). "Cutaneous Myxoma of Multiple Lesions". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open. 7 (2): e2040. doi:10.1097/GOX.0000000000002040. ISSN 2169-7574.
  53. Fetsch JF, Laskin WB, Miettinen M (2005). "Nerve sheath myxoma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 57 morphologically distinctive, S-100 protein- and GFAP-positive, myxoid peripheral nerve sheath tumors with a predilection for the extremities and a high local recurrence rate". Am J Surg Pathol. 29 (12): 1615–24. PMID 16327434.
  54. Yadav SK, Singh S, Sarin N, Naeem R, Pruthi SK (2019). "Nerve Sheath Myxoma of Scalp: A Rare Site of Presentation". Int J Trichology. 11 (1): 34–37. doi:10.4103/ijt.ijt_45_18. PMC 6385516. PMID 30820132.
  55. Bhat A, Narasimha A, C V, Vk S (2015). "Nerve sheath myxoma: report of a rare case". J Clin Diagn Res. 9 (4): ED07–9. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2015/10911.5810. PMC 4437072. PMID 26023558.
  56. Avninder S, Ramesh V, Vermani S (2007). "Benign nerve sheath myxoma (myxoid neurothekeoma) in the leg". Dermatol Online J. 13 (2): 14. PMID 17498433.
  57. Kim BW, Won CH, Chang SE, Lee MW (2014). "A case of nerve sheath myxoma on finger". Indian J Dermatol. 59 (1): 99–101. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.123526. PMC 3884944. PMID 24470676.
  58. Pulitzer DR, Reed RJ (1985). "Nerve-sheath myxoma (perineurial myxoma)". Am J Dermatopathol. 7 (5): 409–21. PMID 4091218.
  59. Valeyrie-Allanore, L.; Ismaili, N.; Bastuji-Garin, S.; Zeller, J.; Wechsler, J.; Revuz, J.; Wolkenstein, P. (2005). "Symptoms associated with malignancy of peripheral nerve sheath tumours: a retrospective study of 69 patients with neurofibromatosis 1". British Journal of Dermatology. 153 (1): 79–82. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06558.x. ISSN 0007-0963.
  60. Evans DG, Baser ME, McGaughran J, Sharif S, Howard E, Moran A (2002). "Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours in neurofibromatosis 1". J Med Genet. 39 (5): 311–4. PMC 1735122. PMID 12011145.
  61. Panigrahi S, Mishra SS, Das S, Dhir MK (2013). "Primary malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor at unusual location". J Neurosci Rural Pract. 4 (Suppl 1): S83–6. doi:10.4103/0976-3147.116480. PMC 3808069. PMID 24174807.
  62. Ferrari A, Bisogno G, Carli M (2007). "Management of childhood malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor". Paediatr Drugs. 9 (4): 239–48. doi:10.2165/00148581-200709040-00005. PMID 17705563.
  63. Neville H, Corpron C, Blakely ML, Andrassy R (2003). "Pediatric neurofibrosarcoma". J Pediatr Surg. 38 (3): 343–6, discussion 343-6. doi:10.1053/jpsu.2003.50105. PMID 12632346.
  64. Zehou, Ouidad; Fabre, Elizabeth; Zelek, Laurent; Sbidian, Emilie; Ortonne, Nicolas; Banu, Eugeniu; Wolkenstein, Pierre; Valeyrie-Allanore, Laurence (2013). "Chemotherapy for the treatment of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors in neurofibromatosis 1: a 10-year institutional review". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 8 (1): 127. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-8-127. ISSN 1750-1172.
  65. Vasiliadis, K.; Papavasiliou, C.; Fachiridis, D.; Pervana, S.; Michaelides, M.; Kiranou, M.; Makridis, C. (2012). "Retroperitoneal extra-adrenal ganglioneuroma involving the infrahepatic inferior vena cava, celiac axis and superior mesenteric artery: A case report". International Journal of Surgery Case Reports. 3 (11): 541–543. doi:10.1016/j.ijscr.2012.07.008. ISSN 2210-2612.
  66. https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ganglioneuroma
  67. Khin Thway, Rashpal Flora, Chirag Shah, David Olmos & Cyril Fisher (2012). "Diagnostic utility of p16, CDK4, and MDM2 as an immunohistochemical panel in distinguishing well-differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcomas from other adipocytic tumors". The American journal of surgical pathology. 36 (3): 462–469. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e3182417330. PMID 22301498. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  68. J. Rosai, M. Akerman, P. Dal Cin, I. DeWever, C. D. Fletcher, N. Mandahl, F. Mertens, F. Mitelman, A. Rydholm, R. Sciot, G. Tallini, H. Van den Berghe, W. Van de Ven, R. Vanni & H. Willen (1996). "Combined morphologic and karyotypic study of 59 atypical lipomatous tumors. Evaluation of their relationship and differential diagnosis with other adipose tissue tumors (a report of the CHAMP Study Group)". The American journal of surgical pathology. 20 (10): 1182–1189. PMID 8827023. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  69. Dal Cin, Paola; Kools, Patrick; Sciot, Raf; De Wever, Ivo; Van Damme, Boudewijn; Van de Ven, Wim; Van Den Berghe, Herman (1993). "Cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization investigation of ring chromosomes characterizing a specific pathologic subgroup of adipose tissue tumors". Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 68 (2): 85–90. doi:10.1016/0165-4608(93)90001-3. ISSN 0165-4608.
  70. Dei Tos, Angelo P.; Doglioni, Claudio; Piccinin, Sara; Sciot, Raf; Furlanetto, Alberto; Boiocchi, Mauro; Dal Cin, Paola; Maestro, Roberta; Fletcher, Christopher D. M.; Tallini, Giovanni (2000). "Coordinated expression and amplification of theMDM2,CDK4, andHMGI-C genes in atypical lipomatous tumours". The Journal of Pathology. 190 (5): 531–536. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(200004)190:5<531::AID-PATH579>3.0.CO;2-W. ISSN 0022-3417.
  71. Dei Tos, A (2000). "Liposarcoma: New entities and evolving concepts". Annals of Diagnostic Pathology. 4 (4): 252–266. doi:10.1053/adpa.2000.8133. ISSN 1092-9134.
  72. M. D. Kraus, L. Guillou & C. D. Fletcher (1997). "Well-differentiated inflammatory liposarcoma: an uncommon and easily overlooked variant of a common sarcoma". The American journal of surgical pathology. 21 (5): 518–527. PMID 9158675. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  73. P. Argani, F. Facchetti, G. Inghirami & J. Rosai (1997). "Lymphocyte-rich well-differentiated liposarcoma: report of nine cases". The American journal of surgical pathology. 21 (8): 884–895. PMID 9255251. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  74. H. L. Evans (1979). "Liposarcoma: a study of 55 cases with a reassessment of its classification". The American journal of surgical pathology. 3 (6): 507–523. PMID 534388. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  75. A. P. Dei Tos, T. Mentzel, P. L. Newman & C. D. Fletcher (1994). "Spindle cell liposarcoma, a hitherto unrecognized variant of liposarcoma. Analysis of six cases". The American journal of surgical pathology. 18 (9): 913–921. PMID 8067512. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  76. D. C. Dahlin, K. K. Unni & T. Matsuno (1977). "Malignant (fibrous) histiocytoma of bone--fact or fancy?". Cancer. 39 (4): 1508–1516. PMID 192432. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  77. Cukic O, Jovanovic MB (2019). "Large Fibroepithelial Polyp of the Palatine Tonsil". Ear Nose Throat J: 145561319841203. doi:10.1177/0145561319841203. PMID 30997841.
  78. Vatansever M, Dinç E, Dursun Ö, Oktay ÖÖ, Arpaci R (2019). "Atypical presentation of fibroepithelial polyp: a report of two cases". Arq Bras Oftalmol. doi:10.5935/0004-2749.20190050. PMID 30916216.
  79. Rexhepi M, Trajkovska E, Besimi F, Rufati N (2018). "Giant Fibroepithelial Polyp of Vulva: A Case Report and Review of Literature". Pril (Makedon Akad Nauk Umet Odd Med Nauki). 39 (2–3): 127–130. doi:10.2478/prilozi-2018-0051. PMID 30864355.
  80. Jabbour J, Chappell JR, Busby M, McCubbery NW, Brown DF, Park SJK; et al. (2019). "Glottic Obstruction from Fibroepithelial Polyp". Am J Case Rep. 20: 219–223. doi:10.12659/AJCR.914907. PMC 6388646. PMID 30778021.
  81. Hong P, Cai Y, Li Z, Fan S, Yang K, Hao H; et al. (2019). "Modified Laparoscopic Partial Ureterectomy for Adult Ureteral Fibroepithelial Polyp: Technique and Initial Experience". Urol Int. 102 (1): 13–19. doi:10.1159/000494804. PMID 30448831.
  82. Uçar M, Baş E, Akkoç A, Topçuoğlu M (2018). "Fibroepithelial Polyp of the Ureter: A Rare Cause of Hydronephrosis". J Endourol Case Rep. 4 (1): 166–168. doi:10.1089/cren.2018.0031. PMC 6225073. PMID 30426076.
  83. Chaker K, Rhouma SB, Daly KM, Zehani A, Bibi M, Chehida MAB; et al. (2019). "Benign fibroepithelial polyp of the ureter: A case report". Urol Case Rep. 22: 52–53. doi:10.1016/j.eucr.2018.10.019. PMC 6226574. PMID 30425926.
  84. Hajji F, Moufid K, Ghoundale O, Touiti D (2019). "A rare case of successful endoscopic management of a fibroepithelial polyp with intussusception of the ureter and periodic prolapse into bladder". Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 101 (2): e66–e70. doi:10.1308/rcsann.2018.0198. PMC 6351868. PMID 30421620.
  85. Lee H, Sade I, Gilani S, Zhong M, Lombardo G (2018). "A Giant Fibroepithelial Polyp of the Small Bowel Associated with High-Grade Obstruction". Am Surg. 84 (7): e210–e211. PMID 30401014.
  86. Chaker K (2019). "Benign fibroepithelial polyp of the ureter: A case report". Urol Case Rep. 22: 15–16. doi:10.1016/j.eucr.2018.09.021. PMC 6180234. PMID 30319938.
  87. Lozano-Peña AK, Lamadrid-Zertuche AC, Ocampo-Candiani J (2019). "Giant fibroepithelial polyp of the vulva". Australas J Dermatol. 60 (1): 70–71. doi:10.1111/ajd.12886. PMID 30009441.
  88. Eckstein M, Agaimy A, Woenckhaus J, Winter A, Bittmann I, Janzen J; et al. (2019). "DICER1 mutation-positive giant botryoid fibroepithelial polyp of the urinary bladder mimicking embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma". Hum Pathol. 84: 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2018.05.015. PMID 29883781.
  89. Akdere H, Çevik G (2018). "Rare Fibroepithelial Polyp Extending Along the Ureter: A Case Report". Balkan Med J. 35 (3): 275–277. doi:10.4274/balkanmedj.2017.1537. PMC 5981127. PMID 29843497.
  90. Ballard DH, Rove KO, Coplen DE, Chen TY, Hulett Bowling RL (2018). "Fibroepithelial polyp causing urethral obstruction: Diagnosis by cystourethrogram". Clin Imaging. 51: 164–167. doi:10.1016/j.clinimag.2018.05.009. PMC 6404776. PMID 29800931.
  91. Amin A, Amin Z, Al Farsi AR (2018). "Septic presentation of a giant fibroepithelial polyp of the vulva". BMJ Case Rep. 2018. doi:10.1136/bcr-2017-222789. PMID 29574427.
  92. Gupta R, Smita S, Sinha R, Sinha N, Sinha L (2018). "Giant fibroepithelial polyp of the thigh and retroperitoneal fibromatosis in a young woman: a rare case". Skeletal Radiol. 47 (9): 1299–1304. doi:10.1007/s00256-018-2904-x. PMID 29487969.
  93. Rajeesh Mohammed PK, Choudhury BK, Dalai RP, Rana V (2017). "Fibroepithelial Polyp with Sebaceous Hyperplasia: A Case Report". Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol. 38 (3): 404–406. doi:10.4103/ijmpo.ijmpo_124_17. PMC 5686997. PMID 29200704.
  94. Lee MH, Hwang JY, Lee JH, Kim DH, Song SH (2017). "Fibroepithelial polyp of the vulva accompanied by lymphangioma circumscriptum". Obstet Gynecol Sci. 60 (4): 401–404. doi:10.5468/ogs.2017.60.4.401. PMC 5547092. PMID 28791276.
  95. Ten Donkelaar CS, Houwert AC, Ten Kate FJW, Lock MTWT (2017). "Polypoid arteriovenous malformation of the ureter mimicking a fibroepithelial polyp, a case report". BMC Urol. 17 (1): 55. doi:10.1186/s12894-017-0237-z. PMC 5504856. PMID 28693464.
  96. Saito N, Yamasaki M, Daido W, Ishiyama S, Deguchi N, Taniwaki M (2017). "A bronchial fibroepithelial polyp with abnormal findings on auto-fluorescence imaging". Respirol Case Rep. 5 (5): e00244. doi:10.1002/rcr2.244. PMC 5465754. PMID 28603622.
  97. 97.0 97.1 97.2 Baird DD, Dunson DB, Hill MC, Cousins D, Schectman JM (2003). "High cumulative incidence of uterine leiomyoma in black and white women: ultrasound evidence". Am J Obstet Gynecol. 188 (1): 100–7. PMID 12548202.
  98. Dragomir AD, Schroeder JC, Connolly A, Kupper LL, Hill MC, Olshan AF; et al. (2010). "Potential risk factors associated with subtypes of uterine leiomyomata". Reprod Sci. 17 (11): 1029–35. doi:10.1177/1933719110376979. PMID 20693498.
  99. Baird DD, Newbold R (2005). "Prenatal diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure is associated with uterine leiomyoma development". Reprod Toxicol. 20 (1): 81–4. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2005.01.002. PMID 15808789.
  100. Marshall LM, Spiegelman D, Goldman MB, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Barbieri RL; et al. (1998). "A prospective study of reproductive factors and oral contraceptive use in relation to the risk of uterine leiomyomata". Fertil Steril. 70 (3): 432–9. PMID 9757871.
  101. Sato F, Nishi M, Kudo R, Miyake H (1998). "Body fat distribution and uterine leiomyomas". J Epidemiol. 8 (3): 176–80. PMID 9782674.
  102. Chiaffarino F, Parazzini F, La Vecchia C, Chatenoud L, Di Cintio E, Marsico S (1999). "Diet and uterine myomas". Obstet Gynecol. 94 (3): 395–8. PMID 10472866.
  103. Wise LA, Palmer JR, Harlow BL, Spiegelman D, Stewart EA, Adams-Campbell LL; et al. (2004). "Risk of uterine leiomyomata in relation to tobacco, alcohol and caffeine consumption in the Black Women's Health Study". Hum Reprod. 19 (8): 1746–54. doi:10.1093/humrep/deh309. PMC 1876785. PMID 15218005.
  104. 104.0 104.1 DeWaay DJ, Syrop CH, Nygaard IE, Davis WA, Van Voorhis BJ (2002). "Natural history of uterine polyps and leiomyomata". Obstet Gynecol. 100 (1): 3–7. PMID 12100797.
  105. Gupta, Sahana; Manyonda, Isaac T. (2009). "Acute complications of fibroids". Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 23 (5): 609–617. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2009.01.012. ISSN 1521-6934.
  106. Cordiano V (March 2005). "Complete remission of hyperprolactinemia and erythrocytosis after hysterectomy for a uterine fibroid in a woman with a previous diagnosis of prolactin-secreting pituitary microadenoma". Ann. Hematol. 84 (3): 200–2. doi:10.1007/s00277-004-0973-5. PMID 15599545.
  107. Pritts EA, Parker WH, Olive DL (April 2009). "Fibroids and infertility: an updated systematic review of the evidence". Fertil. Steril. 91 (4): 1215–23. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.01.051. PMID 18339376.
  108. Ferrero S, Abbamonte LH, Giordano M, Parisi M, Ragni N, Remorgida V (November 2006). "Uterine myomas, dyspareunia, and sexual function". Fertil. Steril. 86 (5): 1504–10. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.04.025. PMID 17070199.
  109. Lippman SA, Warner M, Samuels S, Olive D, Vercellini P, Eskenazi B (December 2003). "Uterine fibroids and gynecologic pain symptoms in a population-based study". Fertil. Steril. 80 (6): 1488–94. PMID 14667888.
  110. Fletcher H, Wharfe G, Williams NP, Gordon-Strachan G, Pedican M, Brooks A (November 2009). "Venous thromboembolism as a complication of uterine fibroids: a retrospective descriptive study". J Obstet Gynaecol. 29 (8): 732–6. doi:10.3109/01443610903165545. PMID 19821668.
  111. Buttram VC, Reiter RC (1981). "Uterine leiomyomata: etiology, symptomatology, and management". Fertil Steril. 36 (4): 433–45. PMID 7026295.
  112. 112.0 112.1 Buttram VC, Reiter RC (1981). "Uterine leiomyomata: etiology, symptomatology, and management". Fertil Steril. 36 (4): 433–45. PMID 7026295.
  113. Wilde S, Scott-Barrett S (2009). "Radiological appearances of uterine fibroids". Indian J Radiol Imaging. 19 (3): 222–31. doi:10.4103/0971-3026.54887. PMC 2766886. PMID 19881092.
  114. Viswanathan M, Hartmann K, McKoy N, Stuart G, Rankins N, Thieda P; et al. (2007). "Management of uterine fibroids: an update of the evidence". Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep) (154): 1–122. PMC 4781116. PMID 18288885.
  115. Laughlin SK, Hartmann KE, Baird DD (2011). "Postpartum factors and natural fibroid regression". Am J Obstet Gynecol. 204 (6): 496.e1–6. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2011.02.018. PMC 3136622. PMID 21492823.
  116. Carlson KJ, Miller BA, Fowler FJ (1994). "The Maine Women's Health Study: II. Outcomes of nonsurgical management of leiomyomas, abnormal bleeding, and chronic pelvic pain". Obstet Gynecol. 83 (4): 566–72. PMID 8134067.
  117. Donnez J, Tomaszewski J, Vázquez F, Bouchard P, Lemieszczuk B, Baró F, Nouri K, Selvaggi L, Sodowski K, Bestel E, Terrill P, Osterloh I, Loumaye E (February 2012). "Ulipristal acetate versus leuprolide acetate for uterine fibroids". N. Engl. J. Med. 366 (5): 421–32. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1103180. PMID 22296076.
  118. Murji A, Whitaker L, Chow TL, Sobel ML (April 2017). "Selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRMs) for uterine fibroids". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 4: CD010770. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010770.pub2. PMID 28444736.
  119. Carr BR, Marshburn PB, Weatherall PT, Bradshaw KD, Breslau NA, Byrd W, Roark M, Steinkampf MP (May 1993). "An evaluation of the effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs and medroxyprogesterone acetate on uterine leiomyomata volume by magnetic resonance imaging: a prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 76 (5): 1217–23. doi:10.1210/jcem.76.5.8496313. PMID 8496313.
  120. Starczewski A, Iwanicki M (September 2000). "[Intrauterine therapy with levonorgestrel releasing IUD of women with hypermenorrhea secondary to uterine fibroids]". Ginekol. Pol. (in Polish). 71 (9): 1221–5. PMID 11083008.
  121. Borah BJ, Laughlin-Tommaso SK, Myers ER, Yao X, Stewart EA (2016). "Association Between Patient Characteristics and Treatment Procedure Among Patients With Uterine Leiomyomas". Obstet Gynecol. 127 (1): 67–77. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000001160. PMC 4689646. PMID 26646122.
  122. Lönnerfors C, Persson J (September 2011). "Pregnancy following robot-assisted laparoscopic myomectomy in women with deep intramural myomas". Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 90 (9): 972–7. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0412.2011.01207.x. PMID 21644937.
  123. El-Nashar SA, Hopkins MR, Creedon DJ, St Sauver JL, Weaver AL, McGree ME, Cliby WA, Famuyide AO (January 2009). "Prediction of treatment outcomes after global endometrial ablation". Obstet Gynecol. 113 (1): 97–106. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31818f5a8d. PMC 2977517. PMID 19104365.
  124. Lichtinger M, Hallson L, Calvo P, Adeboyejo G (May 2002). "Laparoscopic uterine artery occlusion for symptomatic leiomyomas". J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc. 9 (2): 191–8. PMID 11960047.
  125. Hald K, Kløw NE, Qvigstad E, Istre O (January 2007). "Laparoscopic occlusion compared with embolization of uterine vessels: a randomized controlled trial". Obstet Gynecol. 109 (1): 20–7. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000249602.39339.31. PMID 17197583.