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{{Infobox_gene}}
{{Infobox_gene}}


'''CD133 antigen''' also known as '''prominin-1''' is a [[glycoprotein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''PROM1'' [[gene]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yin AH, Miraglia S, Zanjani ED, Almeida-Porada G, Ogawa M, Leary AG, Olweus J, Kearney J, Buck DW | title = AC133, is a novel marker for human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells | journal = Blood | volume = 90 | issue = 12 | pages = 5002–5012 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9389720 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Corbeil D, Fargeas CA, Huttner WB | title = Rat prominin, like its mouse and human orthologues, is a pentaspan membrane glycoprotein | journal = Biochem Biophys Res Commun | volume = 285 | issue = 4 | pages = 939–44 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11467842 | doi = 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5271 }}</ref>   It is a member of pentaspan [[transmembrane]] glycoproteins (5-transmembrane, 5-TM), which specifically localize to cellular protrusions. While the precise function of CD133 remains unknown, it has been proposed to act as an organizer of cell membrane topology.<ref name="pmid24093054">{{cite journal | vauthors = Irollo E, Pirozzi G | title = CD133: to be or not to be, is this the real question? | journal = Am J Transl Res | volume = 5 | issue = 6 | pages = 563–81 | year = 2013 | pmid = 24093054 | pmc = 3786264 | doi = | url = }}</ref>
'''CD133 antigen''', also known as '''prominin-1''', is a [[glycoprotein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''PROM1'' [[gene]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yin AH, Miraglia S, Zanjani ED, Almeida-Porada G, Ogawa M, Leary AG, Olweus J, Kearney J, Buck DW | title = AC133, a novel marker for human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells | journal = Blood | volume = 90 | issue = 12 | pages = 5002–12 | date = December 1997 | pmid = 9389720 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Corbeil D, Fargeas CA, Huttner WB | title = Rat prominin, like its mouse and human orthologues, is a pentaspan membrane glycoprotein | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 285 | issue = 4 | pages = 939–44 | date = July 2001 | pmid = 11467842 | doi = 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5271 }}</ref> It is a member of pentaspan [[transmembrane]] glycoproteins, which specifically localize to cellular protrusions. When embedded in the [[cell membrane]], the [[membrane topology]] of prominin-1 is such that the [[N-terminus]] extends into the [[extracellular space]] and the [[C-terminus]] resides in the intracellular compartment. The protein consists of five transmembrane segments, with the first and second segments and the third and fourth segments connected by intracellular loops while the second and third as well as fourth and fifth transmembrane segments are connected by extracellular loops.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Corbeil D, Karbanová J, Fargeas CA, Jászai J | title = Prominin-1 (CD133): Molecular and Cellular Features Across Species | journal = Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology | volume = 777 | pages = 3–24 | date = 2012-11-05 | pmid = 23161072 | doi = 10.1007/978-1-4614-5894-4_1 | isbn = 9781461458937 }}</ref> While the precise function of CD133 remains unknown, it has been proposed that it acts as an organizer of cell membrane topology.<ref name="pmid24093054">{{cite journal | vauthors = Irollo E, Pirozzi G | title = CD133: to be or not to be, is this the real question? | journal = American Journal of Translational Research | volume = 5 | issue = 6 | pages = 563–81 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 24093054 | pmc = 3786264 | doi = }}</ref>


== Tissue distribution ==
== Tissue distribution ==


CD133 is expressed in [[hematopoietic stem cells]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Horn PA, Tesch H, Staib P, Kube D, Diehl V, Voliotis D | title = Expression of AC133, a novel hematopoietic precursor antigen, on acute myeloid leukemia cells | journal = Blood | volume = 93 | issue = 4 | pages = 1435–37 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10075457 }}</ref> [[endothelial progenitor cell]]s,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Corbeil D, Röper K, Hellwig A, Tavian M, Miraglia S, Watt SM, Simmons PJ, Peault B, Buck DW, Huttner WB | title = The human AC133 hematopoietic stem cell antigen is also expressed in epithelial cells and targeted to plasma membrane protrusions | journal = J Biol Chem | volume = 275 | issue = 8 | pages = 5512–20 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10681530 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.275.8.5512 }}</ref> [[glioblastoma]], [[neuron]]al and [[glial cell|glial]] [[stem cell]]s,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sanai N, Alvarez-Buylla A, Berger MS | title = Neural stem cells and the origin of gliomas | journal = N Engl J Med | volume = 353 | issue = 8 | pages = 811–822 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16120861 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra043666 }}</ref> various pediatric brain tumors,<ref name="Singh2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Singh SK, Clarke ID, Terasaki M, Bonn VE, Hawkins C, Squire J, Dirks PB | title = Identification of a cancer stem cell in human brain tumors | journal = Cancer Res | volume = 63 | issue = 1 | pages = 5821–5828 | year = 2003 | pmid = 14522905 }}</ref> as well as adult kidney, mammary glands, trachea, salivary glands, placenta, digestive tract, testes, and some other cell types.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mizrak D, Brittan M, Alison M | title = CD133: Molecule of the moment | journal = J Pathol | volume = 214 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–9 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18067118 | doi = 10.1002/path.2283 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shmelkov SV, St Clair R, Lyden D, Rafii S | title = AC133/CD133/Prominin-1 | journal = Int J Biochem Cell Biol | volume = 37 | issue = 4 | pages = 715–9 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15694831 | doi = 10.1016/j.biocel.2004.08.010 }}</ref>
CD133 is expressed in [[hematopoietic stem cells]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Horn PA, Tesch H, Staib P, Kube D, Diehl V, Voliotis D | title = Expression of AC133, a novel hematopoietic precursor antigen, on acute myeloid leukemia cells | journal = Blood | volume = 93 | issue = 4 | pages = 1435–7 | date = February 1999 | pmid = 10075457 }}</ref> [[endothelial progenitor cell]]s,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Corbeil D, Röper K, Hellwig A, Tavian M, Miraglia S, Watt SM, Simmons PJ, Peault B, Buck DW, Huttner WB | title = The human AC133 hematopoietic stem cell antigen is also expressed in epithelial cells and targeted to plasma membrane protrusions | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 275 | issue = 8 | pages = 5512–20 | date = February 2000 | pmid = 10681530 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.275.8.5512 }}</ref> [[glioblastoma]], [[neuron]]al and [[glial cell|glial]] [[stem cell]]s,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sanai N, Alvarez-Buylla A, Berger MS | title = Neural stem cells and the origin of gliomas | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 353 | issue = 8 | pages = 811–22 | date = August 2005 | pmid = 16120861 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra043666 }}</ref> various pediatric brain tumors,<ref name="Singh2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Singh SK, Clarke ID, Terasaki M, Bonn VE, Hawkins C, Squire J, Dirks PB | title = Identification of a cancer stem cell in human brain tumors | journal = Cancer Research | volume = 63 | issue = 18 | pages = 5821–8 | date = September 2003 | pmid = 14522905 }}</ref> as well as adult kidney, mammary glands, trachea, salivary glands, uterus, placenta, digestive tract, testes, and some other cell types.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mizrak D, Brittan M, Alison M | title = CD133: molecule of the moment | journal = The Journal of Pathology | volume = 214 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–9 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18067118 | doi = 10.1002/path.2283 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shmelkov SV, St Clair R, Lyden D, Rafii S | title = AC133/CD133/Prominin-1 | journal = The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology | volume = 37 | issue = 4 | pages = 715–9 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15694831 | doi = 10.1016/j.biocel.2004.08.010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dowland SN, Madawala RJ, Poon CE, Lindsay LA, Murphy CR | title = Prominin-1 glycosylation changes throughout early pregnancy in uterine epithelial cells under the influence of maternal ovarian hormones | journal = Reproduction, Fertility, and Development | volume = 29 | issue = 6 | pages = 1194–1208 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 27166505 | doi = 10.1071/RD15432 }}</ref>


== Clinical significance ==
== Clinical significance ==


A CD133<sup>+</sup> cell population in brain tumors is thought to be a [[cancer stem cell]] (CSC) population, which is rare, undergoes self-renewal and differentiation, and can propagate tumors when injected into [[immunodeficiency|immune-compromised]] mice.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ming-Lai|first1=Gi|journal=PLOS One|date=2015|volume=10|page=e0114830|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0114830 | title = Elimination of Cancer Stem-Like Cells and Potentiation of Temozolomide Sensitivity by Honokiol in Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells}}</ref><ref name="Singh2003" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hemmati HD, Nakano I, Lazareff JA, Masterman-Smith M, Geschwind DH, Bronner-Fraser M, Kornblum HI | title = Cancerous stem cells can arise from pediatric brain tumors | journal = Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | volume = 100 | issue = 25 | pages = 15178–15183 | year = 2003 | pmid = 14645703 | pmc = 299944 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.2036535100 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Galli R, Binda E, Orfanelli U, Cipelletti B, Gritti A, De Vitis S, Fiocco R, Foroni C, Dimeco F, Vescovi A | title = Isolation and characterization of tumorigenic, stem-like neural precursors from human glioblastoma | journal = Cancer Res | volume = 64 | issue = 19 | pages = 7011–7021 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15466194 | doi = 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-1364 }}</ref>  However, subsequent studies have indicated the difficulty in isolating pure CSC populations.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang J, Sakariassen PØ, Tsinkalovsky O, Immervoll H, Bøe SO, Svendsen A, Prestegarden L, Røsland G, Thorsen F, Stuhr L, Molven A, Bjerkvig R, Enger PØ | title = CD133<sup>+</sup> negative glioma cells form tumors in nude rats and give rise to CD133<sup>+</sup> positive cells | journal = Int J Cancer | volume = 122 | issue = 4 | pages = 761–768 | year = 2008 | pmid = 17955491 | doi = 10.1002/ijc.23130 }}</ref> CD133<sup>+</sup> [[melanoma]] cells are considered a subpopulation of CSC a critical role in recurrence<!-- needs revision -->. Moreover, CD133<sup>+</sup> melanoma cells are [[immunogenic]] and can be used as an antimelanoma vaccination. In mice the vaccination with CD133<sup>+</sup> melanoma cells mediated strong anti-tumor activity that resulted in the eradication of parental melanoma cells.<ref name="pmid21691723">{{cite journal | vauthors = Miyabayashi T, Kagamu H, Koshio J, Ichikawa K, Baba J, Watanabe S, Tanaka H, Tanaka J, Yoshizawa H, Nakata K, Narita I | title = Vaccination with CD133<sup>+</sup>(+) melanoma induces specific Th17 and Th1 cell-mediated antitumor reactivity against parental tumor | journal = Cancer Immunol. Immunother. | volume = 60 | issue = 11 | pages = 1597–608 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21691723 | doi = 10.1007/s00262-011-1063-x | url = }}</ref> In addition, it has also been shown that CD133<sup>+</sup> melanoma cells preferentially express the RNA helicase [[DDX3X]] . As DDX3X also is an immunogenic protein, the same anti-melanoma vaccination strategy can be employed to give therapeutic antitumor immunity in mice.<ref name="Koshio_2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Koshio J, Kagamu H, Nozaki K, Saida Y, Tanaka T, Shoji S, Igarashi N, Miura S, Okajima M, Watanabe S, Yoshizawa H, Narita I | title = DEAD/H (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp/His) box polypeptide 3, X-linked is an immunogenic target of cancer stem cells | journal = Cancer Immunol. Immunother. | volume = 62 | issue = 10 | pages = 1619–28 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23974721 | doi = 10.1007/s00262-013-1467-x }}</ref>
Today CD133 is the most commonly used marker for isolation of [[cancer stem cell]] (CSC) population from different tumors, mainly from various gliomas and carcinomas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kim YS, Kaidina AM, Chiang JH, Yarygin KN, Lupatov AY | title = Cancer stem cell molecular markers verified in vivo | journal = Biochem. Moscow Suppl. Ser. B | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 43–54 | year = 2017 | doi = 10.1134/S1990750817010036 }}</ref> Initial studies that showed ability of CD133-positive population to efficiently propagate tumor when injected into [[immunodeficiency|immune-compromised]] mice firstly were performed on brain tumors.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lai IC, Shih PH, Yao CJ, Yeh CT, Wang-Peng J, Lui TN, Chuang SE, Hu TS, Lai TY, Lai GM | title = Elimination of cancer stem-like cells and potentiation of temozolomide sensitivity by Honokiol in glioblastoma multiforme cells | journal = PLOS One | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = e0114830 | date = 2015 | pmid = 25763821 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0114830 }}</ref><ref name="Singh2003" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hemmati HD, Nakano I, Lazareff JA, Masterman-Smith M, Geschwind DH, Bronner-Fraser M, Kornblum HI | title = Cancerous stem cells can arise from pediatric brain tumors | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 100 | issue = 25 | pages = 15178–83 | date = December 2003 | pmid = 14645703 | pmc = 299944 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.2036535100 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Galli R, Binda E, Orfanelli U, Cipelletti B, Gritti A, De Vitis S, Fiocco R, Foroni C, Dimeco F, Vescovi A | title = Isolation and characterization of tumorigenic, stem-like neural precursors from human glioblastoma | journal = Cancer Research | volume = 64 | issue = 19 | pages = 7011–21 | date = October 2004 | pmid = 15466194 | doi = 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-1364 }}</ref>  However, subsequent studies have indicated the difficulty in isolating pure CSC populations.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang J, Sakariassen PØ, Tsinkalovsky O, Immervoll H, Bøe SO, Svendsen A, Prestegarden L, Røsland G, Thorsen F, Stuhr L, Molven A, Bjerkvig R, Enger PØ | title = CD133 negative glioma cells form tumors in nude rats and give rise to CD133 positive cells | journal = International Journal of Cancer | volume = 122 | issue = 4 | pages = 761–8 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 17955491 | doi = 10.1002/ijc.23130 }}</ref> CD133<sup>+</sup> [[melanoma]] cells are considered a subpopulation of CSC and play a critical role in recurrence.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Monzani E, Facchetti F, Galmozzi E, Corsini E, Benetti A, Cavazzin C, Gritti A, Piccinini A, Porro D, Santinami M, Invernici G, Parati E, Alessandri G, La Porta CA | title = Melanoma contains CD133 and ABCG2 positive cells with enhanced tumourigenic potential | journal = European Journal of Cancer | volume = 43 | issue = 5 | pages = 935–46 | date = March 2007 | pmid = 17320377 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejca.2007.01.017 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959804907000639 }}</ref> Moreover, CD133<sup>+</sup> melanoma cells are [[immunogenic]] and can be used as an antimelanoma vaccination. In mice the vaccination with CD133<sup>+</sup> melanoma cells mediated strong anti-tumor activity that resulted in the eradication of parental melanoma cells.<ref name="pmid21691723">{{cite journal | vauthors = Miyabayashi T, Kagamu H, Koshio J, Ichikawa K, Baba J, Watanabe S, Tanaka H, Tanaka J, Yoshizawa H, Nakata K, Narita I | title = Vaccination with CD133(+) melanoma induces specific Th17 and Th1 cell-mediated antitumor reactivity against parental tumor | journal = Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy | volume = 60 | issue = 11 | pages = 1597–608 | date = November 2011 | pmid = 21691723 | doi = 10.1007/s00262-011-1063-x }}</ref> In addition, it has also been shown that CD133<sup>+</sup> melanoma cells preferentially express the RNA helicase [[DDX3X]] . As DDX3X also is an immunogenic protein, the same anti-melanoma vaccination strategy can be employed to give therapeutic antitumor immunity in mice.<ref name="Koshio_2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Koshio J, Kagamu H, Nozaki K, Saida Y, Tanaka T, Shoji S, Igarashi N, Miura S, Okajima M, Watanabe S, Yoshizawa H, Narita I | title = DEAD/H (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp/His) box polypeptide 3, X-linked is an immunogenic target of cancer stem cells | journal = Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy | volume = 62 | issue = 10 | pages = 1619–28 | date = October 2013 | pmid = 23974721 | doi = 10.1007/s00262-013-1467-x }}</ref>


==See also==
== See also ==
* [[Stargardt disease]]
* [[Stargardt disease]]
{{Clear}}
{{Clear}}


==References==
== References ==
{{Reflist|35em}}
{{Reflist|35em}}


==Further reading==
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|35em}}
{{refbegin|35em}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Shimizu K, Itoh T, Shimizu M, Ku Y, Hori Y | title = CD133 expression pattern distinguishes intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms from ductal adenocarcinomas of the pancreas | journal = Pancreas | volume = 38 | issue = 8 | pages = e207–14 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19786935 | doi = 10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181bb5037 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Shimizu K, Itoh T, Shimizu M, Ku Y, Hori Y | title = CD133 expression pattern distinguishes intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms from ductal adenocarcinomas of the pancreas | journal = Pancreas | volume = 38 | issue = 8 | pages = e207-14 | date = November 2009 | pmid = 19786935 | doi = 10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181bb5037 | url = http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/repository/90001574.pdf }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bertolini G, Roz L, Perego P, Tortoreto M, Fontanella E, Gatti L, Pratesi G, Fabbri A, Andriani F, Tinelli S, Roz E, Caserini R, Lo Vullo S, Camerini T, Mariani L, Delia D, Calabrò E, Pastorino U, Sozzi G | title = Highly tumorigenic lung cancer CD133+ cells display stem-like features and are spared by cisplatin treatment | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 106 | issue = 38 | pages = 16281–6 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19805294 | pmc = 2741477 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0905653106 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bertolini G, Roz L, Perego P, Tortoreto M, Fontanella E, Gatti L, Pratesi G, Fabbri A, Andriani F, Tinelli S, Roz E, Caserini R, Lo Vullo S, Camerini T, Mariani L, Delia D, Calabrò E, Pastorino U, Sozzi G | title = Highly tumorigenic lung cancer CD133+ cells display stem-like features and are spared by cisplatin treatment | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 106 | issue = 38 | pages = 16281–6 | date = September 2009 | pmid = 19805294 | pmc = 2741477 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0905653106 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Salnikov AV, Gladkich J, Moldenhauer G, Volm M, Mattern J, Herr I | title = CD133 is indicative for a resistance phenotype but does not represent a prognostic marker for survival of non-small cell lung cancer patients | journal = Int. J. Cancer | volume = 126 | issue = 4 | pages = 950–8 | year = 2010 | pmid = 19676044 | doi = 10.1002/ijc.24822 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Salnikov AV, Gladkich J, Moldenhauer G, Volm M, Mattern J, Herr I | title = CD133 is indicative for a resistance phenotype but does not represent a prognostic marker for survival of non-small cell lung cancer patients | journal = International Journal of Cancer | volume = 126 | issue = 4 | pages = 950–8 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 19676044 | doi = 10.1002/ijc.24822 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Nishide K, Nakatani Y, Kiyonari H, Kondo T | title = Glioblastoma Formation from Cell Population Depleted of Prominin1-Expressing Cells | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 4 | issue = 8 | pages = e6869 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19718438 | pmc = 2729925 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0006869 | editor1-last = Lowenstein | editor1-first = Pedro R. }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Nishide K, Nakatani Y, Kiyonari H, Kondo T | title = Glioblastoma formation from cell population depleted of Prominin1-expressing cells | journal = PLOS One | volume = 4 | issue = 8 | pages = e6869 | date = August 2009 | pmid = 19718438 | pmc = 2729925 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0006869 | editor1-last = Lowenstein | editor1-first = Pedro R. }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Na YR, Seok SH, Kim DJ, Han JH, Kim TH, Jung H, Lee BH, Park JH | title = Isolation and characterization of spheroid cells from human malignant melanoma cell line WM-266-4 | journal = Tumour Biol. | volume = 30 | issue = 5–6 | pages = 300–9 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19940551 | doi = 10.1159/000261073 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Na YR, Seok SH, Kim DJ, Han JH, Kim TH, Jung H, Lee BH, Park JH | title = Isolation and characterization of spheroid cells from human malignant melanoma cell line WM-266-4 | journal = Tumour Biology | volume = 30 | issue = 5-6 | pages = 300–9 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19940551 | doi = 10.1159/000261073 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Sun Y, Kong W, Falk A, Hu J, Zhou L, Pollard S, Smith A | title = CD133 (Prominin) Negative Human Neural Stem Cells Are Clonogenic and Tripotent | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 4 | issue = 5 | pages = e5498 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19430532 | pmc = 2676510 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0005498 | editor1-last = Chédotal | editor1-first = Alain }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Sun Y, Kong W, Falk A, Hu J, Zhou L, Pollard S, Smith A | title = CD133 (Prominin) negative human neural stem cells are clonogenic and tripotent | journal = PLOS One | volume = 4 | issue = 5 | pages = e5498 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19430532 | pmc = 2676510 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0005498 | editor1-last = Chédotal | editor1-first = Alain }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Wu X, Spitz MR, Lee JJ, Lippman SM, Ye Y, Yang H, Khuri FR, Kim E, Gu J, Lotan R, Hong WK | title = Novel Susceptibility Loci for Second Primary Tumors/Recurrence in Head and Neck Cancer Patients: Large Scale Evaluation of Genetic Variants | journal = Cancer Prev Res (Phila Pa) | volume = 2 | issue = 7 | pages = 617–24 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19584075 | pmc = 2964280 | doi = 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-09-0025 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Wu X, Spitz MR, Lee JJ, Lippman SM, Ye Y, Yang H, Khuri FR, Kim E, Gu J, Lotan R, Hong WK | title = Novel susceptibility loci for second primary tumors/recurrence in head and neck cancer patients: large-scale evaluation of genetic variants | journal = Cancer Prevention Research | volume = 2 | issue = 7 | pages = 617–24 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19584075 | pmc = 2964280 | doi = 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-09-0025 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Yao J, Zhang T, Ren J, Yu M, Wu G | title = Effect of CD133/prominin-1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide on in vitro growth characteristics of Huh-7 human hepatocarcinoma cells and U251 human glioma cells | journal = Oncol. Rep. | volume = 22 | issue = 4 | pages = 781–7 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19724856 | doi = 10.3892/or_00000500 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Yao J, Zhang T, Ren J, Yu M, Wu G | title = Effect of CD133/prominin-1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide on in vitro growth characteristics of Huh-7 human hepatocarcinoma cells and U251 human glioma cells | journal = Oncology Reports | volume = 22 | issue = 4 | pages = 781–7 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19724856 | doi = 10.3892/or_00000500 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Yasuda H, Tanaka K, Saigusa S, Toiyama Y, Koike Y, Okugawa Y, Yokoe T, Kawamoto A, Inoue Y, Miki C, Kusunoki M | title = Elevated CD133, but not VEGF or EGFR, as a predictive marker of distant recurrence after preoperative chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer | journal = Oncol. Rep. | volume = 22 | issue = 4 | pages = 709–17 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19724847 | doi = 10.3892/or_00000491 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Yasuda H, Tanaka K, Saigusa S, Toiyama Y, Koike Y, Okugawa Y, Yokoe T, Kawamoto A, Inoue Y, Miki C, Kusunoki M | title = Elevated CD133, but not VEGF or EGFR, as a predictive marker of distant recurrence after preoperative chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer | journal = Oncology Reports | volume = 22 | issue = 4 | pages = 709–17 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19724847 | doi = 10.3892/or_00000491 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Yoshikawa S, Zen Y, Fujii T, Sato Y, Ohta T, Aoyagi Y, Nakanuma Y | title = Characterization of CD133+ parenchymal cells in the liver: Histology and culture | journal = World J. Gastroenterol. | volume = 15 | issue = 39 | pages = 4896–906 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19842219 | pmc = 2764966 | doi = 10.3748/wjg.15.4896 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Yoshikawa S, Zen Y, Fujii T, Sato Y, Ohta T, Aoyagi Y, Nakanuma Y | title = Characterization of CD133+ parenchymal cells in the liver: histology and culture | journal = World Journal of Gastroenterology | volume = 15 | issue = 39 | pages = 4896–906 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19842219 | pmc = 2764966 | doi = 10.3748/wjg.15.4896 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ferrandina G, Martinelli E, Petrillo M, Prisco MG, Zannoni G, Sioletic S, Scambia G | title = CD133 antigen expression in ovarian cancer | journal = BMC Cancer | volume = 9 | pages = 221 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19583859 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2407-9-221 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ferrandina G, Martinelli E, Petrillo M, Prisco MG, Zannoni G, Sioletic S, Scambia G | title = CD133 antigen expression in ovarian cancer | journal = BMC Cancer | volume = 9 | pages = 221 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19583859 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2407-9-221 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Wang Q, Chen ZG, Du CZ, Wang HW, Yan L, Gu J | title = Cancer stem cell marker CD133+ tumour cells and clinical outcome in rectal cancer | journal = Histopathology | volume = 55 | issue = 3 | pages = 284–93 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19723143 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2009.03378.x }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Wang Q, Chen ZG, Du CZ, Wang HW, Yan L, Gu J | title = Cancer stem cell marker CD133+ tumour cells and clinical outcome in rectal cancer | journal = Histopathology | volume = 55 | issue = 3 | pages = 284–93 | date = September 2009 | pmid = 19723143 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2009.03378.x }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Friedman S, Lu M, Schultz A, Thomas D, Lin RY | title = CD133+ Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cells Initiate Tumors in Immunodeficient Mice and Are Regulated by Thyrotropin | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = e5395 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19404394 | pmc = 2671400 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0005395 | editor1-last = Breant | editor1-first = Bernadette }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Friedman S, Lu M, Schultz A, Thomas D, Lin RY | title = CD133+ anaplastic thyroid cancer cells initiate tumors in immunodeficient mice and are regulated by thyrotropin | journal = PLOS One | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = e5395 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19404394 | pmc = 2671400 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0005395 | editor1-last = Breant | editor1-first = Bernadette }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Cheng JX, Liu BL, Zhang X | title = How powerful is CD133 as a cancer stem cell marker in brain tumors? | journal = Cancer Treat. Rev. | volume = 35 | issue = 5 | pages = 403–8 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19369008 | doi = 10.1016/j.ctrv.2009.03.002 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Cheng JX, Liu BL, Zhang X | title = How powerful is CD133 as a cancer stem cell marker in brain tumors? | journal = Cancer Treatment Reviews | volume = 35 | issue = 5 | pages = 403–8 | date = August 2009 | pmid = 19369008 | doi = 10.1016/j.ctrv.2009.03.002 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Horst D, Kriegl L, Engel J, Kirchner T, Jung A | title = Prognostic significance of the cancer stem cell markers CD133, CD44, and CD166 in colorectal cancer | journal = Cancer Invest. | volume = 27 | issue = 8 | pages = 844–50 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19626493 | doi = 10.1080/07357900902744502 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Horst D, Kriegl L, Engel J, Kirchner T, Jung A | title = Prognostic significance of the cancer stem cell markers CD133, CD44, and CD166 in colorectal cancer | journal = Cancer Investigation | volume = 27 | issue = 8 | pages = 844–50 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19626493 | doi = 10.1080/07357900902744502 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Yeh CT, Kuo CJ, Lai MW, Chen TC, Lin CY, Yeh TS, Lee WC | title = CD133-positive hepatocellular carcinoma in an area endemic for hepatitis B virus infection | journal = BMC Cancer | volume = 9 | pages = 324 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19744348 | pmc = 2753636 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2407-9-324 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Yeh CT, Kuo CJ, Lai MW, Chen TC, Lin CY, Yeh TS, Lee WC | title = CD133-positive hepatocellular carcinoma in an area endemic for hepatitis B virus infection | journal = BMC Cancer | volume = 9 | pages = 324 | date = September 2009 | pmid = 19744348 | pmc = 2753636 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2407-9-324 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Li CY, Li BX, Liang Y, Peng RQ, Ding Y, Xu DZ, Zhang X, Pan ZZ, Wan DS, Zeng YX, Zhu XF, Zhang XS | title = Higher percentage of CD133+ cells is associated with poor prognosis in colon carcinoma patients with stage IIIB | journal = J Transl Med | volume = 7 | issue =  | pages = 56 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19583834 | pmc = 2715381 | doi = 10.1186/1479-5876-7-56 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Li CY, Li BX, Liang Y, Peng RQ, Ding Y, Xu DZ, Zhang X, Pan ZZ, Wan DS, Zeng YX, Zhu XF, Zhang XS | title = Higher percentage of CD133+ cells is associated with poor prognosis in colon carcinoma patients with stage IIIB | journal = Journal of Translational Medicine | volume = 7 | issue =  | pages = 56 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19583834 | pmc = 2715381 | doi = 10.1186/1479-5876-7-56 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Hibi K, Sakata M, Sakuraba K, Shirahata A, Goto T, Mizukami H, Saito M, Ishibashi K, Kigawa G, Nemoto H, Sanada Y | title = CD133 gene overexpression is frequently observed in early colorectal carcinoma | journal = Hepatogastroenterology | volume = 56 | issue = 93 | pages = 995–7 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19760928 | doi =  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Hibi K, Sakata M, Sakuraba K, Shirahata A, Goto T, Mizukami H, Saito M, Ishibashi K, Kigawa G, Nemoto H, Sanada Y | title = CD133 gene overexpression is frequently observed in early colorectal carcinoma | journal = Hepato-Gastroenterology | volume = 56 | issue = 93 | pages = 995–7 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19760928 | doi =  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Pras E, Abu A, Rotenstreich Y, Avni I, Reish O, Morad Y, Reznik-Wolf H, Pras E | title = Cone-rod dystrophy and a frameshift mutation in the PROM1 gene | journal = Mol. Vis. | volume = 15 | issue =  | pages = 1709–16 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19718270 | pmc = 2732717 | doi =  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Pras E, Abu A, Rotenstreich Y, Avni I, Reish O, Morad Y, Reznik-Wolf H, Pras E | title = Cone-rod dystrophy and a frameshift mutation in the PROM1 gene | journal = Molecular Vision | volume = 15 | issue =  | pages = 1709–16 | date = August 2009 | pmid = 19718270 | pmc = 2732717 | doi =  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Rutella S, Bonanno G, Procoli A, Mariotti A, Corallo M, Prisco MG, Eramo A, Napoletano C, Gallo D, Perillo A, Nuti M, Pierelli L, Testa U, Scambia G, Ferrandina G | title = Cells with characteristics of cancer stem/progenitor cells express the CD133 antigen in human endometrial tumors | journal = Clin. Cancer Res. | volume = 15 | issue = 13 | pages = 4299–311 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19509143 | doi = 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1883 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Rutella S, Bonanno G, Procoli A, Mariotti A, Corallo M, Prisco MG, Eramo A, Napoletano C, Gallo D, Perillo A, Nuti M, Pierelli L, Testa U, Scambia G, Ferrandina G | title = Cells with characteristics of cancer stem/progenitor cells express the CD133 antigen in human endometrial tumors | journal = Clinical Cancer Research | volume = 15 | issue = 13 | pages = 4299–311 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19509143 | doi = 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1883 }}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


==External links==
== External links ==
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1417/  GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Retinitis Pigmentosa Overview]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1417/  GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Retinitis Pigmentosa Overview]
* {{UCSC gene info|PROM1}}
* {{UCSC gene info|PROM1}}

Revision as of 13:57, 4 November 2018

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Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
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View/Edit Human

CD133 antigen, also known as prominin-1, is a glycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the PROM1 gene.[1][2] It is a member of pentaspan transmembrane glycoproteins, which specifically localize to cellular protrusions. When embedded in the cell membrane, the membrane topology of prominin-1 is such that the N-terminus extends into the extracellular space and the C-terminus resides in the intracellular compartment. The protein consists of five transmembrane segments, with the first and second segments and the third and fourth segments connected by intracellular loops while the second and third as well as fourth and fifth transmembrane segments are connected by extracellular loops.[3] While the precise function of CD133 remains unknown, it has been proposed that it acts as an organizer of cell membrane topology.[4]

Tissue distribution

CD133 is expressed in hematopoietic stem cells,[5] endothelial progenitor cells,[6] glioblastoma, neuronal and glial stem cells,[7] various pediatric brain tumors,[8] as well as adult kidney, mammary glands, trachea, salivary glands, uterus, placenta, digestive tract, testes, and some other cell types.[9][10][11]

Clinical significance

Today CD133 is the most commonly used marker for isolation of cancer stem cell (CSC) population from different tumors, mainly from various gliomas and carcinomas.[12] Initial studies that showed ability of CD133-positive population to efficiently propagate tumor when injected into immune-compromised mice firstly were performed on brain tumors.[13][8][14][15] However, subsequent studies have indicated the difficulty in isolating pure CSC populations.[16] CD133+ melanoma cells are considered a subpopulation of CSC and play a critical role in recurrence.[17] Moreover, CD133+ melanoma cells are immunogenic and can be used as an antimelanoma vaccination. In mice the vaccination with CD133+ melanoma cells mediated strong anti-tumor activity that resulted in the eradication of parental melanoma cells.[18] In addition, it has also been shown that CD133+ melanoma cells preferentially express the RNA helicase DDX3X . As DDX3X also is an immunogenic protein, the same anti-melanoma vaccination strategy can be employed to give therapeutic antitumor immunity in mice.[19]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Yin AH, Miraglia S, Zanjani ED, Almeida-Porada G, Ogawa M, Leary AG, Olweus J, Kearney J, Buck DW (December 1997). "AC133, a novel marker for human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells". Blood. 90 (12): 5002–12. PMID 9389720.
  2. ↑ Corbeil D, Fargeas CA, Huttner WB (July 2001). "Rat prominin, like its mouse and human orthologues, is a pentaspan membrane glycoprotein". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 285 (4): 939–44. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.5271. PMID 11467842.
  3. ↑ Corbeil D, Karbanová J, Fargeas CA, Jászai J (2012-11-05). "Prominin-1 (CD133): Molecular and Cellular Features Across Species". Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 777: 3–24. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5894-4_1. ISBN 9781461458937. PMID 23161072.
  4. ↑ Irollo E, Pirozzi G (September 2013). "CD133: to be or not to be, is this the real question?". American Journal of Translational Research. 5 (6): 563–81. PMC 3786264. PMID 24093054.
  5. ↑ Horn PA, Tesch H, Staib P, Kube D, Diehl V, Voliotis D (February 1999). "Expression of AC133, a novel hematopoietic precursor antigen, on acute myeloid leukemia cells". Blood. 93 (4): 1435–7. PMID 10075457.
  6. ↑ Corbeil D, Röper K, Hellwig A, Tavian M, Miraglia S, Watt SM, Simmons PJ, Peault B, Buck DW, Huttner WB (February 2000). "The human AC133 hematopoietic stem cell antigen is also expressed in epithelial cells and targeted to plasma membrane protrusions". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (8): 5512–20. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.8.5512. PMID 10681530.
  7. ↑ Sanai N, Alvarez-Buylla A, Berger MS (August 2005). "Neural stem cells and the origin of gliomas". The New England Journal of Medicine. 353 (8): 811–22. doi:10.1056/NEJMra043666. PMID 16120861.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Singh SK, Clarke ID, Terasaki M, Bonn VE, Hawkins C, Squire J, Dirks PB (September 2003). "Identification of a cancer stem cell in human brain tumors". Cancer Research. 63 (18): 5821–8. PMID 14522905.
  9. ↑ Mizrak D, Brittan M, Alison M (January 2008). "CD133: molecule of the moment". The Journal of Pathology. 214 (1): 3–9. doi:10.1002/path.2283. PMID 18067118.
  10. ↑ Shmelkov SV, St Clair R, Lyden D, Rafii S (April 2005). "AC133/CD133/Prominin-1". The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology. 37 (4): 715–9. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.08.010. PMID 15694831.
  11. ↑ Dowland SN, Madawala RJ, Poon CE, Lindsay LA, Murphy CR (June 2017). "Prominin-1 glycosylation changes throughout early pregnancy in uterine epithelial cells under the influence of maternal ovarian hormones". Reproduction, Fertility, and Development. 29 (6): 1194–1208. doi:10.1071/RD15432. PMID 27166505.
  12. ↑ Kim YS, Kaidina AM, Chiang JH, Yarygin KN, Lupatov AY (2017). "Cancer stem cell molecular markers verified in vivo". Biochem. Moscow Suppl. Ser. B. 11 (1): 43–54. doi:10.1134/S1990750817010036.
  13. ↑ Lai IC, Shih PH, Yao CJ, Yeh CT, Wang-Peng J, Lui TN, Chuang SE, Hu TS, Lai TY, Lai GM (2015). "Elimination of cancer stem-like cells and potentiation of temozolomide sensitivity by Honokiol in glioblastoma multiforme cells". PLOS One. 10 (3): e0114830. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0114830. PMID 25763821.
  14. ↑ Hemmati HD, Nakano I, Lazareff JA, Masterman-Smith M, Geschwind DH, Bronner-Fraser M, Kornblum HI (December 2003). "Cancerous stem cells can arise from pediatric brain tumors". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (25): 15178–83. doi:10.1073/pnas.2036535100. PMC 299944. PMID 14645703.
  15. ↑ Galli R, Binda E, Orfanelli U, Cipelletti B, Gritti A, De Vitis S, Fiocco R, Foroni C, Dimeco F, Vescovi A (October 2004). "Isolation and characterization of tumorigenic, stem-like neural precursors from human glioblastoma". Cancer Research. 64 (19): 7011–21. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-1364. PMID 15466194.
  16. ↑ Wang J, Sakariassen PØ, Tsinkalovsky O, Immervoll H, Bøe SO, Svendsen A, Prestegarden L, Røsland G, Thorsen F, Stuhr L, Molven A, Bjerkvig R, Enger PØ (February 2008). "CD133 negative glioma cells form tumors in nude rats and give rise to CD133 positive cells". International Journal of Cancer. 122 (4): 761–8. doi:10.1002/ijc.23130. PMID 17955491.
  17. ↑ Monzani E, Facchetti F, Galmozzi E, Corsini E, Benetti A, Cavazzin C, Gritti A, Piccinini A, Porro D, Santinami M, Invernici G, Parati E, Alessandri G, La Porta CA (March 2007). "Melanoma contains CD133 and ABCG2 positive cells with enhanced tumourigenic potential". European Journal of Cancer. 43 (5): 935–46. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2007.01.017. PMID 17320377.
  18. ↑ Miyabayashi T, Kagamu H, Koshio J, Ichikawa K, Baba J, Watanabe S, Tanaka H, Tanaka J, Yoshizawa H, Nakata K, Narita I (November 2011). "Vaccination with CD133(+) melanoma induces specific Th17 and Th1 cell-mediated antitumor reactivity against parental tumor". Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy. 60 (11): 1597–608. doi:10.1007/s00262-011-1063-x. PMID 21691723.
  19. ↑ Koshio J, Kagamu H, Nozaki K, Saida Y, Tanaka T, Shoji S, Igarashi N, Miura S, Okajima M, Watanabe S, Yoshizawa H, Narita I (October 2013). "DEAD/H (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp/His) box polypeptide 3, X-linked is an immunogenic target of cancer stem cells". Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy. 62 (10): 1619–28. doi:10.1007/s00262-013-1467-x. PMID 23974721.

Further reading

External links

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