Galanin receptor 2: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox_gene}}
{{PBB_Controls
'''Galanin receptor 2''', ('''GAL<sub>2</sub>''') is a [[G-protein coupled receptor]] encoded by the '''GALR2''' [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: GALR2 galanin receptor 2| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=8811| accessdate = }}</ref>
| update_page = yes
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
}}


<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
== Function ==
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image =
| image_source =
| PDB =
| Name = Galanin receptor 2
| HGNCid = 4133
| Symbol = GALR2
| AltSymbols =; GALNR2; MGC125983; MGC125984
| OMIM = 603691
| ECnumber = 
| Homologene = 2863
| MGIid = 1337018
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_GALR2_211226_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image2 = PBB_GE_GALR2_gnf1h09841_s_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0001584 |text = rhodopsin-like receptor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004872 |text = receptor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004966 |text = galanin receptor activity}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005886 |text = plasma membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016021 |text = integral to membrane}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006936 |text = muscle contraction}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007186 |text = G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007188 |text = G-protein signaling, coupled to cAMP nucleotide second messenger}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007204 |text = elevation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007268 |text = synaptic transmission}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007275 |text = multicellular organismal development}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007586 |text = digestion}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007611 |text = learning and/or memory}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007631 |text = feeding behavior}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0031175 |text = neurite development}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 8811
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000182687
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_003848
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_003857
    | Hs_GenLoc_db = 
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 17
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 71582479
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 71585168
    | Hs_Uniprot = O43603
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 14428
    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000020793
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_010254
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_034384
    | Mm_GenLoc_db = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 11
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 116097029
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 116100005
    | Mm_Uniprot = Q14A53
  }}
}}
'''Galanin receptor 2''', also known as '''GALR2''', is a human [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: GALR2 galanin receptor 2| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=8811| accessdate = }}</ref>


<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
Galanin is an important neuromodulator present in the brain, gastrointestinal system, and hypothalamopituitary axis. It is a 30-amino acid non-C-terminally amidated peptide that potently stimulates growth hormone secretion, inhibits cardiac vagal slowing of heart rate, abolishes sinus arrhythmia, and inhibits postprandial gastrointestinal motility. The actions of galanin are mediated through interaction with specific membrane receptors that are members of the 7-transmembrane family of G protein-coupled receptors. GALR2 interacts with the N-terminal residues of the galanin peptide. The primary signaling mechanism for GALR2 is through the phospholipase C/protein kinase C pathway (via Gq), in contrast to GALR1, which communicates its intracellular signal by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase through Gi. However, it has been demonstrated that GALR2 couples efficiently to both the Gq and Gi proteins to simultaneously activate 2 independent signal transduction pathways.<ref name="entrez" />
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =
| summary_text = Galanin is an important neuromodulator present in the brain, gastrointestinal system, and hypothalamopituitary axis. It is a 30-amino acid non-C-terminally amidated peptide that potently stimulates growth hormone secretion, inhibits cardiac vagal slowing of heart rate, abolishes sinus arrhythmia, and inhibits postprandial gastrointestinal motility. The actions of galanin are mediated through interaction with specific membrane receptors that are members of the 7-transmembrane family of G protein-coupled receptors. GALR2 interacts with the N-terminal residues of the galanin peptide. The primary signaling mechanism for GALR2 is through the phospholipase C/protein kinase C pathway (via Gq), in contrast to GALR1, which communicates its intracellular signal by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase through Gi. However, it has been demonstrated that GALR2 couples efficiently to both the Gq and Gi proteins to simultaneously activate 2 independent signal transduction pathways.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: GALR2 galanin receptor 2| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=8811| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}


==See also==
== See also ==
* [[Galanin receptor]]
* [[Galanin receptor]]


==References==
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}


==Further reading==
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin|33em}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bloomquist BT, Beauchamp MR, Zhelnin L, Brown SE, Gore-Willse AR, Gregor P, Cornfield LJ | title = Cloning and expression of the human galanin receptor GalR2 | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 243 | issue = 2 | pages = 474–9 | date = Feb 1998 | pmid = 9480833 | doi = 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8133 }}
| citations =
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Fathi Z, Battaglino PM, Iben LG, Li H, Baker E, Zhang D, McGovern R, Mahle CD, Sutherland GR, Iismaa TP, Dickinson KE, Zimanyi IA | title = Molecular characterization, pharmacological properties and chromosomal localization of the human GALR2 galanin receptor | journal = Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research | volume = 58 | issue = 1-2 | pages = 156–69 | date = Jul 1998 | pmid = 9685625 | doi = 10.1016/S0169-328X(98)00116-8 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Bloomquist BT, Beauchamp MR, Zhelnin L, ''et al.'' |title=Cloning and expression of the human galanin receptor GalR2. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=243 |issue= 2 |pages= 474-9 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9480833 |doi= 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8133 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Kolakowski LF, O'Neill GP, Howard AD, Broussard SR, Sullivan KA, Feighner SD, Sawzdargo M, Nguyen T, Kargman S, Shiao LL, Hreniuk DL, Tan CP, Evans J, Abramovitz M, Chateauneuf A, Coulombe N, Ng G, Johnson MP, Tharian A, Khoshbouei H, George SR, Smith RG, O'Dowd BF | title = Molecular characterization and expression of cloned human galanin receptors GALR2 and GALR3 | journal = Journal of Neurochemistry | volume = 71 | issue = 6 | pages = 2239–51 | date = Dec 1998 | pmid = 9832121 | doi = 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.71062239.x }}
*{{cite journal | author=Fathi Z, Battaglino PM, Iben LG, ''et al.'' |title=Molecular characterization, pharmacological properties and chromosomal localization of the human GALR2 galanin receptor. |journal=Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. |volume=58 |issue= 1-2 |pages= 156-69 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9685625 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Borowsky B, Walker MW, Huang LY, Jones KA, Smith KE, Bard J, Branchek TA, Gerald C | title = Cloning and characterization of the human galanin GALR2 receptor | journal = Peptides | volume = 19 | issue = 10 | pages = 1771–81 | year = 1999 | pmid = 9880084 | doi = 10.1016/S0196-9781(98)00133-8 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Kolakowski LF, O'Neill GP, Howard AD, ''et al.'' |title=Molecular characterization and expression of cloned human galanin receptors GALR2 and GALR3. |journal=J. Neurochem. |volume=71 |issue= 6 |pages= 2239-51 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9832121 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Berger A, Tuechler C, Almer D, Kogner P, Ratschek M, Kerbl R, Iismaa TP, Jones N, Sperl W, Kofler B | title = Elevated expression of galanin receptors in childhood neuroblastic tumors | journal = Neuroendocrinology | volume = 75 | issue = 2 | pages = 130–8 | date = Feb 2002 | pmid = 11867941 | doi = 10.1159/000048229 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Borowsky B, Walker MW, Huang LY, ''et al.'' |title=Cloning and characterization of the human galanin GALR2 receptor. |journal=Peptides |volume=19 |issue= 10 |pages= 1771-81 |year= 1999 |pmid= 9880084 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Berger A, Lang R, Moritz K, Santic R, Hermann A, Sperl W, Kofler B | title = Galanin receptor subtype GalR2 mediates apoptosis in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells | journal = Endocrinology | volume = 145 | issue = 2 | pages = 500–7 | date = Feb 2004 | pmid = 14592962 | doi = 10.1210/en.2003-0649 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Berger A, Tuechler C, Almer D, ''et al.'' |title=Elevated expression of galanin receptors in childhood neuroblastic tumors. |journal=Neuroendocrinology |volume=75 |issue= 2 |pages= 130-8 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11867941 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Belfer I, Hipp H, Bollettino A, McKnight C, Evans C, Virkkunen M, Albaugh B, Max MB, Goldman D, Enoch MA | title = Alcoholism is associated with GALR3 but not two other galanin receptor genes | journal = Genes, Brain, and Behavior | volume = 6 | issue = 5 | pages = 473–81 | date = Jul 2007 | pmid = 17083333 | doi = 10.1111/j.1601-183X.2006.00275.x }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, ''et al.'' |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899-903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Berger A, Lang R, Moritz K, ''et al.'' |title=Galanin receptor subtype GalR2 mediates apoptosis in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. |journal=Endocrinology |volume=145 |issue= 2 |pages= 500-7 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14592962 |doi= 10.1210/en.2003-0649 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, ''et al.'' |title=The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). |journal=Genome Res. |volume=14 |issue= 10B |pages= 2121-7 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15489334 |doi= 10.1101/gr.2596504 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Belfer I, Hipp H, Bollettino A, ''et al.'' |title=Alcoholism is associated with GALR3 but not two other galanin receptor genes. |journal=Genes Brain Behav. |volume=6 |issue= 5 |pages= 473-81 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17083333 |doi= 10.1111/j.1601-183X.2006.00275.x }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


{{membrane-protein-stub}}
== External links ==
* {{cite web | url = http://www.iuphar-db.org/GPCR/ReceptorDisplayForward?receptorID=2982 | title = Galanin Receptors: GAL<sub>2</sub> | accessdate = | authorlink = | date = | format = | work = IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels | publisher = International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology | pages = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = }}
 
{{transmembranereceptor-stub}}
{{NLM content}}
{{NLM content}}
{{G protein-coupled receptors}}
{{G protein-coupled receptors|g1}}
{{Neuropeptidergics}}
 
[[Category:G protein coupled receptors]]
[[Category:G protein coupled receptors]]
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Revision as of 00:58, 27 October 2017

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Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

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Ensembl

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UniProt

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RefSeq (mRNA)

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RefSeq (protein)

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Location (UCSC)n/an/a
PubMed searchn/an/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Galanin receptor 2, (GAL2) is a G-protein coupled receptor encoded by the GALR2 gene.[1]

Function

Galanin is an important neuromodulator present in the brain, gastrointestinal system, and hypothalamopituitary axis. It is a 30-amino acid non-C-terminally amidated peptide that potently stimulates growth hormone secretion, inhibits cardiac vagal slowing of heart rate, abolishes sinus arrhythmia, and inhibits postprandial gastrointestinal motility. The actions of galanin are mediated through interaction with specific membrane receptors that are members of the 7-transmembrane family of G protein-coupled receptors. GALR2 interacts with the N-terminal residues of the galanin peptide. The primary signaling mechanism for GALR2 is through the phospholipase C/protein kinase C pathway (via Gq), in contrast to GALR1, which communicates its intracellular signal by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase through Gi. However, it has been demonstrated that GALR2 couples efficiently to both the Gq and Gi proteins to simultaneously activate 2 independent signal transduction pathways.[1]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Entrez Gene: GALR2 galanin receptor 2".

Further reading

  • Bloomquist BT, Beauchamp MR, Zhelnin L, Brown SE, Gore-Willse AR, Gregor P, Cornfield LJ (Feb 1998). "Cloning and expression of the human galanin receptor GalR2". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 243 (2): 474–9. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.8133. PMID 9480833.
  • Fathi Z, Battaglino PM, Iben LG, Li H, Baker E, Zhang D, McGovern R, Mahle CD, Sutherland GR, Iismaa TP, Dickinson KE, Zimanyi IA (Jul 1998). "Molecular characterization, pharmacological properties and chromosomal localization of the human GALR2 galanin receptor". Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research. 58 (1–2): 156–69. doi:10.1016/S0169-328X(98)00116-8. PMID 9685625.
  • Kolakowski LF, O'Neill GP, Howard AD, Broussard SR, Sullivan KA, Feighner SD, Sawzdargo M, Nguyen T, Kargman S, Shiao LL, Hreniuk DL, Tan CP, Evans J, Abramovitz M, Chateauneuf A, Coulombe N, Ng G, Johnson MP, Tharian A, Khoshbouei H, George SR, Smith RG, O'Dowd BF (Dec 1998). "Molecular characterization and expression of cloned human galanin receptors GALR2 and GALR3". Journal of Neurochemistry. 71 (6): 2239–51. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.71062239.x. PMID 9832121.
  • Borowsky B, Walker MW, Huang LY, Jones KA, Smith KE, Bard J, Branchek TA, Gerald C (1999). "Cloning and characterization of the human galanin GALR2 receptor". Peptides. 19 (10): 1771–81. doi:10.1016/S0196-9781(98)00133-8. PMID 9880084.
  • Berger A, Tuechler C, Almer D, Kogner P, Ratschek M, Kerbl R, Iismaa TP, Jones N, Sperl W, Kofler B (Feb 2002). "Elevated expression of galanin receptors in childhood neuroblastic tumors". Neuroendocrinology. 75 (2): 130–8. doi:10.1159/000048229. PMID 11867941.
  • Berger A, Lang R, Moritz K, Santic R, Hermann A, Sperl W, Kofler B (Feb 2004). "Galanin receptor subtype GalR2 mediates apoptosis in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells". Endocrinology. 145 (2): 500–7. doi:10.1210/en.2003-0649. PMID 14592962.
  • Belfer I, Hipp H, Bollettino A, McKnight C, Evans C, Virkkunen M, Albaugh B, Max MB, Goldman D, Enoch MA (Jul 2007). "Alcoholism is associated with GALR3 but not two other galanin receptor genes". Genes, Brain, and Behavior. 6 (5): 473–81. doi:10.1111/j.1601-183X.2006.00275.x. PMID 17083333.

External links

  • "Galanin Receptors: GAL2". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

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