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Template:WikiDoc Cardiology News
Editorial Board
Preface
How To Use This Book
Alphabetical Index of all Pages in the Cardiology Textbook
ANATOMY
Cardiovascular Anatomy
Arteries | Coronary arteries | Head and Neck | Upper Limbs | Torso-Chest | Torso-Abdomen | Lower Limbs | All
Veins | Head and Neck | Upper Extremity | Torso | Lower Extremity
Atria | Atria | Left atrium | Right atrium | Interatrial septum | Musculi pectinati
Ventricles | Ventricles | Left ventricle | Right ventricle | Interventricular septum | Trabeculae carneae | Chordae tendinae | Papillary muscle
Valves | Valves | Aortic valve | Mitral valve | Pulmonic valve | Tricuspid valve | Cusps
Grooves | Coronary/atrioventricular | Interatrial | Anterior interventricular | Posterior interventricular
Surfaces | Sternocostal | Diaphragmatic
Right heart | Vena cavae | Coronary sinus | Right atrium | Right auricle | Fossa ovalis | Limbus of fossa ovalis | Crista terminalis | Valve of the inferior vena cava | Valve of the coronary sinus | Tricuspid valve | Right ventricle | Conus arteriosus | Moderator band/septomarginal trabecula | Pulmonary valve | Pulmonary artery | Pulmonary circulation
Left heart | Pulmonary veins | Left atrium | Left Auricle | Mitral valve | Left ventricle | Aortic valve | Aortic sinus | Aorta | Systemic circulation
Pericardium | Pericardium | Fibrous pericardium | Serous pericardium | Pericardial cavity | Epicardium/visceral layer | Pericardial sinus
Myocardium | Myocardium | Endocardium | Cardiac skeleton | Fibrous trigone | Fibrous rings
Conduction system | Conduction system | Cardiac pacemaker | SA node | AV node | Bundle of His | Purkinje fibers
PHYSIOLOGY
Cardiovascular Physiology
Volumes | Preload | Afterload | End-systolic volume | End-diastolic volume | Frank-Starling law of the heart | Cardiac output
Interactions | Wiggers diagram | Pressure volume diagram
Tropism | Chronotropy | Dromotropy | Inotropy
Hemodynamics | Hemodynamics | Baroreflexes | Kinin-kallikrein system | Renin-angiotensin system | Vasoconstrictors | Vasodilators | Compliance | Vascular resistance
Conduction | Electrical conduction system of the heart | Cardiac action potential
Cardiopulmonary | Respiratory physiology | Blood | Pulmonary circulation | Perfusion (Q) | Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction | Pulmonary shunt | Ventilation/perfusion scan | ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q) | Zones of the lung | Gas exchange | Pulmonary gas pressures | Alveolar gas equation | Hemoglobin | Oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve | 2,3-DPG | Bohr effect | Haldane effect | Carbonic anhydrase | Chloride shift | Oxyhemoglobin | Respiratory quotient | Arterial blood gas | Diffusion capacity | Dlco
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
Cardiovascular Development
Arteries | Dorsal aorta | Aortic arches | Vitelline arteries | Ductus arteriosus | Umbilical artery
Veins | Cardinal veins | Ducts of Cuvier | Vitelline veins | Ductus venosus | Umbilical vein
Heart Development | Primitive heart tube | Truncus arteriosus | Bulbus cordis | Primitive ventricle | Primitive atrium | Sinus venosus | Septum primum | Ostium primum | Ostium secundum | Septum secundum | Foramen ovale | Endocardial cushions | Septum intermedium | Aorticopulmonary septum | Atrial canal
BASIC SCIENCE
Cardiovascular Biochemistry
Molecular Biology | Biochemistry | Organic Chemistry | Enzymes | Immunology
DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES IN CARDIOLOGY
The Patient History in Cardiovascular Disease
Chest Pain | Claudication | Cough | Dyspnea | Orthopnea | Palpitations | Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea | Pedal Edema
The Physical Examination in Cardiovascular Disease
The Pulse | The Neck | The Heart | Lungs | The Extremities
The Electrocardiogram
Intervals | PR Interval | QRS Interval | QT Interval | T Wave | U Wave
Hypertrophy | Electrocardiographic Findings in LVH | Electrocardiographic Findings in Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH) | Biventricular Hypertrophy
Bundle Branch Block | LBBB | LAHB | RBBB | Trifascicular block
Atrial Arrhythmias | Premature Atrial Contractions (PACs) | Ectopic Atrial Rhythm | Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia (PAT) | Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia (PAT) with Block | Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (MAT) | Atrial Flutter | Atrial Fibrillation
Ventricular Arrhythmias | Differential Diagnosis of Tachycardia with a Wide QRS Complex | Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm | Ventricular Parasystole | Premature Ventricular Contractions | Ventricular Tachycardia Including Torsades De Pointes and Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia
Conduction Abnormalities | First Degree AV Block | Second Degree AV Block | Complete or Third-Degree AV Block | Concealed conduction | AV Junctional Rhythms | Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome
Electrocardiographic Abnormalities in Different Disease States | The EKG in the Patient with an Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) | EKG Changes of Hypothermia | EKG Abnormalities in CNS Disease | The EKG of Cardiac Transplantation | The EKG in a Patient with a Pacemaker | Electrocardiography of Traumatic Heart Disease
Drug Effects on the EKG | Digitalis | Quinidine | Procainamide | Disopyramide | Lidocaine | Tocainide and Mexiletine | Phenytoin | Encainide, Flecainide and Propafenone | β-blockers | Amiodarone | Bretylium | Ca Channel Blockers | Adenosine | Phenothiazines | Tricyclic Antidepressants | Lithium
EKG in Electrolyte Disturbances | The EKG in Hyperkalemia | The EKG in Hypokalemia | The EKG in Hypercalcemia | The EKG in Hypocalcemia | Nonspecific ST-Segment and T-Wave Changes
Exercise Stress Testing
Cardiac Electrophysiology
Cardiac Biomarkers
Creatine Kinase | Cytokines and their receptors | Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) | Metalloproteinases (MMPs) | Natriuretic peptides | Prothrombin fragment 1.2 (F1.2) | Prothrombin time (PT) | Soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) | Thrombus precursor protein (TpP) | Von Willebrand factor (vWF) | White blood cell (WBC) count
An Overview of Cardiac Imaging
The Chest X Ray in Cardiovascular Disease
Echocardiography
Nuclear Cardiology
Coronary Angiography
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CMR)
CT Angiography
Positron Emission Tomography
CARDIAC DISEASE STATES
The Genetic Basis of Heart Disease
Congenital Heart Disease
Cardiac chambers and connections | Persistent truncus arteriosus | Double outlet right ventricle (Taussig-Bing syndrome) | Transposition of the great vessels (Dextro, Levo)
Cardiac Septa | Cardiac septa | Ventricular septal defect | Atrial septal defect (Lutembacher's syndrome) | Atrioventricular septal defect | (Ostium primum) | Tetralogy of Fallot | Eisenmenger's syndrome
Right sided pulmonary and tricuspid valve | Pulmonary valve (Stenosis Pulmonary valve insufficiency) | Tricuspid valve (Stenosis, Atresia) | Ebstein's anomaly
Left sided aortic and mitral valves | Aortic valve (Stenosis, insufficiency, bicuspid) | Mitral valve (stenosis, regurgitation) | Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Other congenital malformations | Dextrocardia | Levocardia | Cor triatriatum | Great arteries aorta (Patent ductus arteriosus | Aortic coarctation | Interrupted aortic arch | Overriding aorta | Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva | Vascular ring) | Pulmonary atresia
Great veins | Persistent left superior vena cava | Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection | Scimitar syndrome
Other | Arteriovenous malformation (Cerebral arteriovenous malformation)
Cardiac Disease in Pregnancy
Cardiac Diseases in AIDS
Diseases of the Pericardium
Trauma and the Heart
Diseases of the Valvular Structures
Aortic Stenosis | Aortic Regurgitation | Mitral Stenosis | Mitral Regurgitation | Mitral Valve Prolapse | Pulmonic Regurgitation | Pulmonic Stenosis | Tricuspid Valve Prolapse | Tricuspid Regurgitation | Tricuspid Stenosis | Infective Endocarditis
Diseases of the Myocardium
Cardiomegaly | Cardiomyopathy | Congestive Heart Failure | Left Ventricular Hypertrophy | Myocarditis
Cardiac Arrhythmias
VASCULAR MEDICINE
Vascular Medicine
Diseases of the Aorta
Peripheral Arterial Disease
Sytemic Arterial Hypertension
Hypotension
Primary Cardiac Tumors
The Heart in Oncologic Disease
Endocrine Disease and the Heart
Hyperthyroidism | Hypothyroidism | Hypoparathyroidism | Acromegaly
Renal Disease and the Heart
Infectious Disease and the Heart
Autoimmune/Rheumatologic Disease and the Heart
Lupus | Psoriasis | Rheumatoid Arthritis | Scleroderma | Temporal Arteritis | Ulcerative Colitis | Wegener's Granulomatosis
Pulmonary Embolism
Pulmonary Hypertension
Cor Pulmonale
Pre-Operative Clearance
HEMOCARDIOLOGY
The Role of the Coagulation System in Heart Disease
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Atherosclerosis Prevention and Risk Factor Modification
Chronic Stable Angina
Introduction | Definition | Historical Perspective | Epidemiology | Pathophysiology | Presentation | Recognition of Clinical Subsets | Risk Factors | Diagnosis | Differential Diagnosis of Chest Pain | Treatment | Prognosis | Rehabilitation | Prevention
Unstable Angina
Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Overview | Epidemiology and Demographics | Pathophysiology of Reperfusion | Risk Factors | Pathophysiology | Triggers | Classification
Diagnosis | Symptoms | Physical Examination | Electrocardiogram | Cardiac Markers | Coronary Angiography | Histopathology
Treatment | Pre-Hospital Care | Initial Care | Thrombolytic Therapy | Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention | Rescue Percutaneous Coronary Intervention | Facilitated Percutaneous Coronary Intervention | Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery | Barriers to Implementing Clinical Guidelines
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Arrhythmia Monitoring | Secondary Prevention | Complications | Prognosis | ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction | Cardiac Rehabilitation
The Living Guidelines
PHARMACOTHERAPY
Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy
Adrenergic Agonists
Adrenergic Agonists Overview
Direct Acting | Dobutamine | Dopamine | Epinephrine | Formoterol | Isoproterenol | Metaproterenol | Methoxamine | Norepinephrine | Phenylephrine | Salmeterol | Tamsulosin | Terbutaline
Indirect Acting | Amphetamine | Tyramine
Mixed Action | Ephedrine
Angiotensin-Renin Inhibitors (C09)
ACE Inhibitor Overview | Benazepril | Captopril | Enalapril | Fosinopril | Lisinopril | Perindopril | Quinapril | Ramipril | Spirapril | Trandolapril
Angiotensin II receptor antagonist Overview | Candesartan | Eprosartan | Irbesartan | Losartan | Olmesartan | Tasosartan | Telmisartan | Valsartan
Renin Inhibitors Overview | Aliskiren | Remikiren
Antiarrhythmic agents
Antiarrhythmic Agents Overview (C01B)
Class Ia | Ajmaline | Disopyramide | Prajmaline | Procainamide | Quinidine | Sparteine
Class Ib | Aprindine | Lidocaine | Mexiletine | Tocainide
Class Ic | Encainide | Flecainide | Lorcainide | Moricizine | Propafenone
Class II | Propranolol | Metoprolol | Nadolol | Atenolol | Acebutolol | Pindolol see Beta blockers (C07)
Class III | Amiodarone | Bretylium tosylate | Bunaftine | Dofetilide | Ibutilide | Sotalol
Class IV | Verapamil | Diltiazem see Calcium channel blockers (C08)
Class V | Adenosine | Atropine | Digoxin
Anticoagulants
Anticoagulants Overview
Vitamin K Antagonists Overview | Acenocoumarol | Clorindione | Coumatetralyl | Dicumarol (Dicoumarol) | Diphenadione | Ethyl biscoumacetate | Phenprocoumon | Phenindione | Tioclomarol | Warfarin
Antihypertensives and Diuretics
Antihypertensive Overview (C02) and Diuretic Overview (C03)
Sympatholytic Agents Overview (including Alpha Blockers Overview)
- Centrally Acting Antiadrenergics Overview | Clonidine | Guanfacine | Methyldopa | Moxonidine | Rescinnamine | Reserpine | Rilmenidine
- Ganglionic Blocker Overview / Nicotinic Antagonist Overview | Mecamylamine | Trimethaphan
- Peripherally acting/Antiadrenergics | Prazosin | Guanethidine | Indoramin | Doxazosin
Vasodilators Overview | Diazoxide | Hydralazine | Minoxidil | Nitroprusside | Phentolamine
Other antihypertensives
- Serotonin Antagonist Overview |Ketanserin
- Endothelin Receptor Antagonist Overview | Bosentan | Ambrisentan | Sitaxsentan
Low ceiling diuretics
- Thiazide Overview | Bendroflumethiazide | Chlorothiazide | Hydrochlorothiazide
- Non-thiazides | Chlortalidone | Indapamide | Quinethazone | Mersalyl | Metolazone | Theobromine | Cicletanine
High ceiling diuretics
- Loop Diuretic Overview | Bumetanide | Furosemide | Torasemide)
- Potassium-Sparing Diuretics Overview
- Epithelial Sodium Channel Overview |Amiloride | Triamterene)
- Aldosterone Antagonist Overview |Spironolactone | Eplerenone | Potassium canrenoate | Canrenone
Antiplatelet Agents
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors Overview | Abciximab | Eptifibatide | Tirofiban
ADP Receptor Antagonists | Clopidogrel | Ticlopidine | Prasugrel
Prostaglandin Analogues Overview | Beraprost | Prostacyclin | Iloprost | Treprostinil
Other Antiplatelet Agents Acetylsalicylic acid/Aspirin | Aloxiprin | Ditazole | Carbasalate calcium | Cloricromen | Dipyridamole | Indobufen | Picotamide | Triflusal
Antithrombins
Direct Thrombin Inhibitors Overview | Argatroban | Bivalirudin | Dabigatran | Desirudin | Hirudin | Lepirudin | Melagatran | Ximelagatran
Indirect Thrombin Inhibitors
- Heparins | Danaparoid | Heparin | Sulodexide
- Low Molecular Weight Heparins | Bemiparin | Dalteparin | Enoxaparin | Nadroparin | Parnaparin | Reviparin | Tinzaparin
Other Antithrombotics | Defibrotide | Dermatan sulfate | Fondaparinux | Rivaroxaban
Non-Medicinal Antithrombins Overview | Citrate | EDTA | Oxalate
Beta Blockers
Non-selective β antagonists | Metipranolol | Nadolol | Oxprenolol | Penbutolol | Pindolol | Propranolol | Timolol | Sotalol
β1 antagonists (cardioselective) | Atenolol | Acebutolol | Betaxolol | Bisoprolol | Esmolol | Metoprolol | Nebivolol
Mixed α1/β antagonists | Carvedilol | Labetalol
Calcium Channel Blockers
Calcium Channel Blocker Overview
Class I Phenylalkylamines (C08DA) | Verapamil
Class II Dihydropyridines (C08CA) | Amlodipine | Felodipine | Isradipine | Lacidipine | Lercanidipine | Nicardipine | Nifedipine | Nimodipine | Nisoldipine
Class III Benzothiazepines (C08DB) | Diltiazem
Cardiac Glycosides
Cardiac Glycoside Overview (C01A)
Digitalis Glycosides Overview | Acetyldigitoxin | Acetyldigoxin | Digitalis leaves | Digitoxin | Digoxin | Lanatoside C | Deslanoside | Metildigoxin | Gitoformate
Scilla Glycosides Overview | Proscillaridin
Strophantus Glycosides Overview | G-strophanthin | Cymarin
Other Cardiac Glycosides | Peruvoside
Cardiac Stimulants Excluding Cardiac Glycosides
Cardiac stimulants excluding cardiac glycosides (C01C)
Adrenergic Overview and Dopaminergic Overview agents | Etilefrine | Isoprenaline | Norepinephrine | Dopamine | Norfenefrine | Phenylephrine | Dobutamine | Oxedrine | Metaraminol | Methoxamine | Mephentermine | Dimetofrine | Prenalterol | Dopexamine | Gepefrine | Ibopamine | Midodrine | Octopamine | Fenoldopam | Cafedrine | Arbutamine | Theodrenaline | Epinephrine
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors Overview (PDE3I) | Amrinone | Milrinone | Enoximone | Bucladesine
Other cardiac stimulants | Angiotensinamide | Xamoterol | Levosimendan
Fibrinolytics
Alteplase | Reteplase | Tenecteplase | Streptokinase, Urokinase | Saruplase | Anistreplase
Hypolipidemic Agents
Statins Overview | Atorvastatin | Cerivastatin | Fluvastatin | Lovastatin | Mevastatin | Pitavastatin | Pravastatin | Rosuvastatin | Simvastatin
Fibrates Overview | Clofibrate | Bezafibrate | Aluminium clofibrate | Gemfibrozil | Fenofibrate | Simfibrate | Ronifibrate | Ciprofibrate | Etofibrate | Clofibride
Bile Acid Sequestrant Overview | Colestyramine | Colestipol | Colextran | Colesevelam
Niacin and Derivatives | Niceritrol | Niacin | Nicofuranose | Aluminium nicotinate | Nicotinyl alcohol | Acipimox
Other | Dextrothyroxine | Probucol | Tiadenol | Benfluorex | Meglutol | Omega-3-triglycerides | Magnesium pyridoxal 5-phosphate glutamate | Policosanol | Ezetimibe
Nitrates
Nitrates Overview | Glyceryl trinitrate | Isosorbide dinitrate | Isosorbide mononitrate | Molsidomine | Pentaerythritol tetranitrate
Pulmonary Artery Hypertension
Medications used in the management of pulmonary arterial hypertension Overview (B01, C02)
Prostacyclin Overview | Beraprost | Epoprostenol | Iloprost | Treprostinil
Endothelin Receptor Antagonists Overview | Ambrisentan | Bosentan | Sitaxsentan
PDE5 Inhibitors Overview | Sildenafil, Tadalafil
Adjunctive therapy | Calcium channel blockers | Diuretics | Digoxin | Oxygen therapy | Warfarin
Vasodilators
Quinolone Vasodilators Overview | Flosequinan
Other Vasodilators | Heptaminol | Molsidomine | Nicorandil | Nesiritide
INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY
Interventional Cardiology
Diagnostic Catheterization | Risk Stratification and the Benefits of PCI vs Medical Therapy | Conscious Sedation | Preparation of the Patient for Diagnostic Catheterization | Technical Aspects of the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory | Obtaining Venous and Arterial Access | Equipment Used in Diagnostic Cardiac Catheterizaiton | Hemodynamic Assessment in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory | Radiation Safety
Assesement of coronary lesions | Coronary Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR)) | Coronary flow reserve(CFR) | Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)
PCI | Preparation of the Patient for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) | Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI): Basic Principles and Guidelines | Equipment Used in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention | Pharmacotherapy to Support PCI | Antiplatelet therapy | Antithrombotic therapy | Angiography and PCI in Special Patient Populations | Management Of Specific Lesion Types | High Risk Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) | Vascular Closure Devices | Post PCI Medical Management of the Interventional Patient | Complications During and Following Cardiac Catheterization and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention | Coronary stent thrombosis
High Risk PCI | PCI in the Patient in Cardiogenic Shock | PCI in the Patient Requiring CPR and Refractory Ventricular Arrhythmias | PCI in the Patient with Severely Depressed Ventricular Function | PCI in the Patient with Critical Valve Stenosis | PCI in the Sole Remaining Conduit | PCI in the Unprotected Left Main Patient | Adjuncts for High Risk Percuatenous Coronary Intervention
Other TopicsNon Coronary Interventions in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory | Transfusion in ACS management | Revascularization in the "No Option" Patient
Cardiac Surgery
Vascular Surgery
BIOSTATISTICS
Biostatistics