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{{Infobox_gene}}
{{PBB_Controls
'''Neuropsin''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''OPN5'' [[gene]].<ref name="Tarttelin_2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tarttelin EE, Bellingham J, Hankins MW, Foster RG, Lucas RJ | title = Neuropsin (Opn5): a novel opsin identified in mammalian neural tissue | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 554 | issue = 3 | pages = 410–6 | date = Nov 2003 | pmid = 14623103 | pmc =  | doi = 10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01212-2 }}</ref><ref name="Fredriksson_2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fredriksson R, Höglund PJ, Gloriam DE, Lagerström MC, Schiöth HB | title = Seven evolutionarily conserved human rhodopsin G protein-coupled receptors lacking close relatives | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 554 | issue = 3 | pages = 381–8 | date = Nov 2003 | pmid = 14623098 | pmc =  | doi = 10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01196-7 }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: OPN5 opsin 5| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=221391| accessdate = }}</ref> It is a [[photoreceptor protein]] sensitive to [[ultraviolet|ultraviolet (UV) light]]. The OPN5 gene was discovered in mouse and human genomes and its mRNA expression was also found in neural tissues. Neuropsin is bistable at 0&nbsp;°C and activates a UV-sensitive, heterotrimeric [[G protein]] Gi-mediated pathway in mammalian and avian tissues.<ref name= "Kojima_2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kojima D, Mori S, Torii M, Wada A, Morishita R, Fukada Y | title = UV-sensitive photoreceptor protein OPN5 in humans and mice | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 6 | issue = 10 | pages = e26388 | year = 2011 | pmid = 22043319 | pmc = 3197025 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0026388 }}</ref><ref name="Yamashita2010">{{cite journal|last1=Yamashita|first1=T.|last2=Ohuchi|first2=H.|last3=Tomonari|first3=S.|last4=Ikeda|first4=K.|last5=Sakai|first5=K.|last6=Shichida|first6=Y.|title=Opn5 is a UV-sensitive bistable pigment that couples with Gi subtype of G protein|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=6 December 2010|volume=107|issue=51|pages=22084–22089|doi=10.1073/pnas.1012498107|pmid=21135214|pmc=3009823|url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/134598/1/pnas.1012498107.pdf}}</ref>
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<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
== Function ==
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image =
| image_source =
| PDB =
| Name = Opsin 5
| HGNCid = 19992
| Symbol = OPN5
| AltSymbols =; GPR136; PGR12; TMEM13
| OMIM = 609042
| ECnumber = 
| Homologene = 72341
| MGIid = 2662912
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0001584 |text = rhodopsin-like receptor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004872 |text = receptor activity}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016020 |text = membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016021 |text = integral to membrane}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007165 |text = signal transduction}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007186 |text = G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007601 |text = visual perception}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007602 |text = phototransduction}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0018298 |text = protein-chromophore linkage}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0050896 |text = response to stimulus}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 221391
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000124818
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_001025222
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_001030051
    | Hs_GenLoc_db = 
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 6
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 47857757
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 47902073
    | Hs_Uniprot = Q6U736
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 353344
    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000043972
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_181753
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_861418
    | Mm_GenLoc_db = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 17
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 42020267
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 42074797
    | Mm_Uniprot = Q059L5
  }}
}}
'''Opsin 5''', also known as '''OPN5''', is a human [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: OPN5 opsin 5| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=221391| accessdate = }}</ref>


<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
[[Opsin]]s are members of the [[G protein-coupled receptor|G protein-coupled receptor superfamily]]. Human neuropsin is expressed in the eye, brain, testes, and spinal cord. Neuropsin belongs to the seven-exon subfamily of mammalian opsin genes that includes [[peropsin]] (RRH) and [[retinal G protein coupled receptor]] (RGR). Neuropsin has different [[isoform]]s created by alternative splicing.<ref name="entrez" />
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =
| summary_text = Opsins are members of the guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptor superfamily. This opsin gene is expressed in the eye, brain, testes, and spinal cord. This gene belongs to the seven-exon subfamily of mammalian opsin genes that includes peropsin (RRH) and retinal G protein coupled receptor (RGR). Like these other seven-exon opsin genes, this gene may encode a protein with photoisomerase activity. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: OPN5 opsin 5| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=221391| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}


==See also==
== Photochemistry ==
* [[Opsin]]


==References==
When reconstituted with [[11-cis-retinal]], mouse and human neuropsins absorb maximally at 380&nbsp;nm. When illuminated these neuropsins are converted into blue-absorbing photoproducts (470&nbsp;nm), which are stable in the dark. The photoproducts are converted back to the UV-absorbing form, when they are illuminated with orange light (> 520&nbsp;nm).<ref name="Kojima_2011"/>
 
== Phylogeny ==
 
The neuropsins constitute one of the four subclades of the Go/RGR group of opsins, also known as RGR/Go or Group 4. Go/RGR is one of the four major subclades of type-II opsins, also known as metazoan or animal opsins. Go/RGR comprises Go-coupled, [[Retinal G protein coupled receptor|RGR]], [[RRH|peropsins]], and neuropsins. Type-II opsins comprise four subclades: C-opsins (ciliary), R-opsins (rhabdomeric), Cnidops (cnidarian), and Go/RGR. Three of these subclades occur only in Bilateria (all but Cnidops). However, the bilaterian clades constitute a parphyletic taxon without Cnidops.<ref name="Porter_2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Porter ML, Blasic JR, Bok MJ, Cameron EG, Pringle T, Cronin TW, Robinson PR | title = Shedding new light on opsin evolution | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume = 279 | issue = 1726 | pages = 3–14 | date = Jan 2012 | pmid = 22012981 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2011.1819 | pmc=3223661}}</ref><ref name="Liegertová_2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Liegertová M, Pergner J, Kozmiková I, Fabian P, Pombinho AR, Strnad H, Pačes J, Vlček Č, Bartůněk P, Kozmik Z | title = Cubozoan genome illuminates functional diversification of opsins and photoreceptor evolution | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 5 | pages = 11885 | year = 2015 | pmid = 26154478 | doi = 10.1038/srep11885 | pmc=5155618}}</ref>
 
== Species Distribution ==
 
Neuropsin and its [[Homology (biology)#Orthology|orthologs]] have been found experimentally in a small number of animals, among them [[human]], house mouse (''[[Mus musculus]]''),<ref name="Tarttelin_2003"/> chicken (''[[Gallus gallus domesticus]]''),<ref name="Yamashita2010" /><ref name="Tomonari_2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tomonari S, Migita K, Takagi A, Noji S, Ohuchi H | title = Expression patterns of the opsin 5-related genes in the developing chicken retina | journal = Developmental Dynamics | volume = 237 | issue = 7 | pages = 1910–22 | date = Jul 2008 | pmid = 18570255 | doi = 10.1002/dvdy.21611 }}</ref> the [[Japanese quail]] (''Coturnix japonica''),<ref name="NakaneIkegami2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nakane Y, Ikegami K, Ono H, Yamamoto N, Yoshida S, Hirunagi K, Ebihara S, Kubo Y, Yoshimura T | title = A mammalian neural tissue opsin (Opsin 5) is a deep brain photoreceptor in birds | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 107 | issue = 34 | pages = 15264–8 | date = Aug 2010 | pmid = 20679218 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1006393107 | pmc=2930557}}</ref> the European brittle star ''[[Amphiura filiformis]]'' (related to starfish),<ref name="Delroisse_2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Delroisse J, Ullrich-Lüter E, Ortega-Martinez O, Dupont S, Arnone MI, Mallefet J, Flammang P | title = High opsin diversity in a non-visual infaunal brittle star | journal = BMC Genomics | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages = 1035 | year = 2014 | pmid = 25429842 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1035 | pmc=4289182}}</ref> the [[tardigrade]] water bear (''[[Hypsibius dujardini]]''),<ref name="Hering_2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hering L, Mayer G | title = Analysis of the opsin repertoire in the tardigrade Hypsibius dujardini provides insights into the evolution of opsin genes in panarthropoda | journal = Genome Biology and Evolution | volume = 6 | issue = 9 | pages = 2380–91 | date = Sep 2014 | pmid = 25193307 | doi = 10.1093/gbe/evu193 | pmc=4202329}}</ref> and the tadpole of ''[[Xenopus laevis]]''.<ref name="Currie2016">{{cite journal|last1=Currie|first1=Stephen P.|last2=Doherty|first2=Gayle H.|last3=Sillar|first3=Keith T.|title=Deep-brain photoreception links luminance detection to motor output in frog tadpoles|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=10 May 2016|pages=6053–8|doi=10.1073/pnas.1515516113|volume=113|issue=21|pmid=27166423|pmc=4889350}}</ref>
 
Searches of publicly available databases of genetic sequences have found putative neuropsin orthologs in both major branches of [[Bilateria]]: [[protostomes]] and [[deuterostomes]]. Among protostomes, putative neuropsins have been found in the [[Mollusca|molluscs]] owl limpet (''[[Lottia gigantea]]'') (a species of sea snail) and [[Pacific oyster]] (''Crassostrea gigas''), in the [[water flea]] (''[[Daphnia pulex]]'') (an [[arthropoda|arthropod]]), and in the [[annelid]] worm ''[[Capitella teleta]]''.<ref name="Hering_2014"/>
 
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


==Further reading==
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin|2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Terakita A | title = The opsins | journal = Genome Biology | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | pages = 213 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15774036 | pmc = 1088937 | doi = 10.1186/gb-2005-6-3-213 }}
| citations =
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Vassilatis DK, Hohmann JG, Zeng H, Li F, Ranchalis JE, Mortrud MT, Brown A, Rodriguez SS, Weller JR, Wright AC, Bergmann JE, Gaitanaris GA | title = The G protein-coupled receptor repertoires of human and mouse | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 100 | issue = 8 | pages = 4903–8 | date = Apr 2003 | pmid = 12679517 | pmc = 153653 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0230374100 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Terakita A |title=The opsins. |journal=Genome Biol. |volume=6 |issue= 3 |pages= 213 |year= 2006 |pmid= 15774036 |doi= 10.1186/gb-2005-6-3-213 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, ''et al.'' |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899-903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Vassilatis DK, Hohmann JG, Zeng H, ''et al.'' |title=The G protein-coupled receptor repertoires of human and mouse. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=100 |issue= 8 |pages= 4903-8 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12679517 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.0230374100 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Mungall AJ, Palmer SA, Sims SK, ''et al.'' |title=The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6. |journal=Nature |volume=425 |issue= 6960 |pages= 805-11 |year= 2003 |pmid= 14574404 |doi= 10.1038/nature02055 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Fredriksson R, Höglund PJ, Gloriam DE, ''et al.'' |title=Seven evolutionarily conserved human rhodopsin G protein-coupled receptors lacking close relatives. |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=554 |issue= 3 |pages= 381-8 |year= 2003 |pmid= 14623098 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Tarttelin EE, Bellingham J, Hankins MW, ''et al.'' |title=Neuropsin (Opn5): a novel opsin identified in mammalian neural tissue. |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=554 |issue= 3 |pages= 410-6 |year= 2003 |pmid= 14623103 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, ''et al.'' |title=Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=36 |issue= 1 |pages= 40-5 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14702039 |doi= 10.1038/ng1285 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, ''et al.'' |title=The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). |journal=Genome Res. |volume=14 |issue= 10B |pages= 2121-7 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15489334 |doi= 10.1101/gr.2596504 }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


{{NLM content}}
{{NLM content}}
{{membrane-protein-stub}}
 
{{Eye proteins}}
{{G protein-coupled receptors}}
{{G protein-coupled receptors}}
[[Category:G protein coupled receptors]]


{{WikiDoc Sources}}
[[Category:G protein-coupled receptors]]
{{transmembranereceptor-stub}}

Latest revision as of 14:22, 4 November 2018

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Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

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Ensembl

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UniProt

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RefSeq (mRNA)

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RefSeq (protein)

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Location (UCSC)n/an/a
PubMed searchn/an/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Neuropsin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OPN5 gene.[1][2][3] It is a photoreceptor protein sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) light. The OPN5 gene was discovered in mouse and human genomes and its mRNA expression was also found in neural tissues. Neuropsin is bistable at 0 °C and activates a UV-sensitive, heterotrimeric G protein Gi-mediated pathway in mammalian and avian tissues.[4][5]

Function

Opsins are members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Human neuropsin is expressed in the eye, brain, testes, and spinal cord. Neuropsin belongs to the seven-exon subfamily of mammalian opsin genes that includes peropsin (RRH) and retinal G protein coupled receptor (RGR). Neuropsin has different isoforms created by alternative splicing.[3]

Photochemistry

When reconstituted with 11-cis-retinal, mouse and human neuropsins absorb maximally at 380 nm. When illuminated these neuropsins are converted into blue-absorbing photoproducts (470 nm), which are stable in the dark. The photoproducts are converted back to the UV-absorbing form, when they are illuminated with orange light (> 520 nm).[4]

Phylogeny

The neuropsins constitute one of the four subclades of the Go/RGR group of opsins, also known as RGR/Go or Group 4. Go/RGR is one of the four major subclades of type-II opsins, also known as metazoan or animal opsins. Go/RGR comprises Go-coupled, RGR, peropsins, and neuropsins. Type-II opsins comprise four subclades: C-opsins (ciliary), R-opsins (rhabdomeric), Cnidops (cnidarian), and Go/RGR. Three of these subclades occur only in Bilateria (all but Cnidops). However, the bilaterian clades constitute a parphyletic taxon without Cnidops.[6][7]

Species Distribution

Neuropsin and its orthologs have been found experimentally in a small number of animals, among them human, house mouse (Mus musculus),[1] chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus),[5][8] the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica),[9] the European brittle star Amphiura filiformis (related to starfish),[10] the tardigrade water bear (Hypsibius dujardini),[11] and the tadpole of Xenopus laevis.[12]

Searches of publicly available databases of genetic sequences have found putative neuropsin orthologs in both major branches of Bilateria: protostomes and deuterostomes. Among protostomes, putative neuropsins have been found in the molluscs owl limpet (Lottia gigantea) (a species of sea snail) and Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), in the water flea (Daphnia pulex) (an arthropod), and in the annelid worm Capitella teleta.[11]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Tarttelin EE, Bellingham J, Hankins MW, Foster RG, Lucas RJ (Nov 2003). "Neuropsin (Opn5): a novel opsin identified in mammalian neural tissue". FEBS Letters. 554 (3): 410–6. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01212-2. PMID 14623103.
  2. ↑ Fredriksson R, Höglund PJ, Gloriam DE, Lagerström MC, Schiöth HB (Nov 2003). "Seven evolutionarily conserved human rhodopsin G protein-coupled receptors lacking close relatives". FEBS Letters. 554 (3): 381–8. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01196-7. PMID 14623098.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Entrez Gene: OPN5 opsin 5".
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Kojima D, Mori S, Torii M, Wada A, Morishita R, Fukada Y (2011). "UV-sensitive photoreceptor protein OPN5 in humans and mice". PLOS ONE. 6 (10): e26388. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026388. PMC 3197025. PMID 22043319.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Yamashita, T.; Ohuchi, H.; Tomonari, S.; Ikeda, K.; Sakai, K.; Shichida, Y. (6 December 2010). "Opn5 is a UV-sensitive bistable pigment that couples with Gi subtype of G protein" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (51): 22084–22089. doi:10.1073/pnas.1012498107. PMC 3009823. PMID 21135214.
  6. ↑ Porter ML, Blasic JR, Bok MJ, Cameron EG, Pringle T, Cronin TW, Robinson PR (Jan 2012). "Shedding new light on opsin evolution". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1726): 3–14. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.1819. PMC 3223661. PMID 22012981.
  7. ↑ Liegertová M, Pergner J, Kozmiková I, Fabian P, Pombinho AR, Strnad H, Pačes J, Vlček Č, Bartůněk P, Kozmik Z (2015). "Cubozoan genome illuminates functional diversification of opsins and photoreceptor evolution". Scientific Reports. 5: 11885. doi:10.1038/srep11885. PMC 5155618. PMID 26154478.
  8. ↑ Tomonari S, Migita K, Takagi A, Noji S, Ohuchi H (Jul 2008). "Expression patterns of the opsin 5-related genes in the developing chicken retina". Developmental Dynamics. 237 (7): 1910–22. doi:10.1002/dvdy.21611. PMID 18570255.
  9. ↑ Nakane Y, Ikegami K, Ono H, Yamamoto N, Yoshida S, Hirunagi K, Ebihara S, Kubo Y, Yoshimura T (Aug 2010). "A mammalian neural tissue opsin (Opsin 5) is a deep brain photoreceptor in birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (34): 15264–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.1006393107. PMC 2930557. PMID 20679218.
  10. ↑ Delroisse J, Ullrich-Lüter E, Ortega-Martinez O, Dupont S, Arnone MI, Mallefet J, Flammang P (2014). "High opsin diversity in a non-visual infaunal brittle star". BMC Genomics. 15 (1): 1035. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1035. PMC 4289182. PMID 25429842.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Hering L, Mayer G (Sep 2014). "Analysis of the opsin repertoire in the tardigrade Hypsibius dujardini provides insights into the evolution of opsin genes in panarthropoda". Genome Biology and Evolution. 6 (9): 2380–91. doi:10.1093/gbe/evu193. PMC 4202329. PMID 25193307.
  12. ↑ Currie, Stephen P.; Doherty, Gayle H.; Sillar, Keith T. (10 May 2016). "Deep-brain photoreception links luminance detection to motor output in frog tadpoles". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (21): 6053–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.1515516113. PMC 4889350. PMID 27166423.

Further reading

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.


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