Coagulation factor II receptor: Difference between revisions

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{{redirect|F2R|the Navy fighter|Ryan XF2R Dark Shark}}
{{PBB_Controls
{{Infobox_gene}}
| update_page = yes
'''Proteinase-activated receptor 1''' (PAR1) also known as '''Protease-activated receptor 1''' or '''coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''F2R'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid8395910">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bahou WF, Nierman WC, Durkin AS, Potter CL, Demetrick DJ | title = Chromosomal assignment of the human thrombin receptor gene: localization to region q13 of chromosome 5 | journal = Blood | volume = 82 | issue = 5 | pages = 1532–7 | date = Sep 1993 | pmid = 8395910 | doi =  }}</ref> PAR1 is a [[G protein-coupled receptor]] involved in the regulation of [[thrombosis|thrombotic]] response. Proteolytic cleavage leads to the activation of the receptor.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: F2R coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2149| accessdate = }}</ref>
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
}}


<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
PAR-1 has multifaceted effects and plays a key role in mediating the interplay between coagulation and inflammation, which is important in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and fibrotic lung diseases.<ref name="PMID24186921">"{{cite journal | vauthors = José RJ, Williams AE, Chambers RC | title = Proteinase-activated receptors in fibroproliferative lung disease | journal = Thorax | volume = 69 | issue = 2 | pages = 190–2 | date = Feb 2014 | pmid = 24186921 | doi = 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204367 }}</ref> It is involved both in disruption and maintaining of [[Endothelium|endothelial]] barrier integrity, through interaction with either [[thrombin]] or [[Protein C#Cytoprotective effects|activated protein C]], respectively.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Feistritzer C, Riewald M | title = Endothelial barrier protection by activated protein C through PAR1-dependent sphingosine 1–phosphate receptor-1 crossactivation | journal = blood | volume = 105 | issue = 8 | pages = 3178–84 | date = Apr 2005 | pmid = 15626732 | doi = 10.1182/blood-2004-10-3985}}</ref>
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image =
| image_source =
| PDB =  
| Name = Coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor
| HGNCid = 3537
| Symbol = F2R
| AltSymbols =; CF2R; HTR; PAR1; TR
| OMIM = 187930
| ECnumber =
| Homologene = 1510
| MGIid = 101802
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_F2R_203989_x_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0001584 |text = rhodopsin-like receptor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004872 |text = receptor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005102 |text = receptor binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0015057 |text = thrombin receptor activity}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005794 |text = Golgi apparatus}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005886 |text = plasma membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005887 |text = integral to plasma membrane}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0000074 |text = regulation of progression through cell cycle}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006915 |text = apoptosis}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006919 |text = caspase activation}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006928 |text = cell motility}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007165 |text = signal transduction}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007186 |text = G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007260 |text = tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007262 |text = STAT protein nuclear translocation}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007275 |text = multicellular organismal development}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007596 |text = blood coagulation}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0009611 |text = response to wounding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0009653 |text = anatomical structure morphogenesis}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0043123 |text = positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade}}  
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 2149
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000181104
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_001983
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_001992
    | Hs_GenLoc_db = 
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 5
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 76047542
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 76067054
    | Hs_Uniprot = P25116
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 14062
    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000048376
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_010169
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_034299
    | Mm_GenLoc_db = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 13
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 96702488
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 96719173
    | Mm_Uniprot = Q3UK34
  }}
}}
'''Coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor''', also known as '''{{gene|F2R}}''' or '''protease activated receptor 1''' ('''PAR1''') is a human [[gene]].


<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
==Ligands==
{{PBB_Summary
Several selective antagonists for the PAR1 receptor have been developed, for use as anti-clotting agents for the treatment of heart disease.
| section_title =  
| summary_text = Coagulation factor II receptor is a 7-transmembrane receptor involved in the regulation of thrombotic response. Proteolytic cleavage leads to the activation of the receptor.  F2R is a G-protein coupled receptor family member.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: F2R coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2149| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}


==See also==
* [[SCH-530,348]]
 
SCH530348 has been recently shown to attenuate the [[neutrophilic]] inflammatory response to ''[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]'' by reducing levels of pro-inflamamtory [[cytokine]]s such as [[IL-1β]] and [[chemokine]]s [[CXCL1]], [[CCL2]] and [[CCL7]].<ref name="PMID25948816">{{cite journal | vauthors = José RJ, Williams AE, Mercer PF, Sulikowski MG, Brown JS, Chambers RC | title = Regulation of neutrophilic inflammation by proteinase-activated receptor 1 during bacterial pulmonary infection | journal = Journal of Immunology | volume = 194 | issue = 12 | pages = 6024–34 | date = Jun 2015 | pmid = 25948816 | doi = 10.4049/jimmunol.1500124 | pmc=4456635}}</ref>
 
== See also ==
* [[Protease-activated receptor]]
* [[Protease-activated receptor]]


==References==
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
 
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Coughlin SR, Vu TK, Hung DT, Wheaton VI | title = Characterization of a functional thrombin receptor. Issues and opportunities | journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigation | volume = 89 | issue = 2 | pages = 351–5 | date = Feb 1992 | pmid = 1310691 | pmc = 442859 | doi = 10.1172/JCI115592 }}
| citations =
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Wu H, Zhang Z, Li Y, Zhao R, Li H, Song Y, Qi J, Wang J | title = Time course of upregulation of inflammatory mediators in the hemorrhagic brain in rats: correlation with brain edema | journal = Neurochemistry International | volume = 57 | issue = 3 | pages = 248–53 | date = Oct 2010 | pmid = 20541575 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.06.002 | pmc=2910823}}
*{{cite journal | author=Coughlin SR, Vu TK, Hung DT, Wheaton VI |title=Characterization of a functional thrombin receptor. Issues and opportunities. |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=89 |issue= 2 |pages= 351-5 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1310691 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Howell DC, Laurent GJ, Chambers RC | title = Role of thrombin and its major cellular receptor, protease-activated receptor-1, in pulmonary fibrosis | journal = Biochemical Society Transactions | volume = 30 | issue = 2 | pages = 211–6 | date = Apr 2002 | pmid = 12023853 | doi = 10.1042/BST0300211 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Howell DC, Laurent GJ, Chambers RC |title=Role of thrombin and its major cellular receptor, protease-activated receptor-1, in pulmonary fibrosis. |journal=Biochem. Soc. Trans. |volume=30 |issue= 2 |pages= 211-6 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12023853 |doi= 10.1042/ }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Tellez C, Bar-Eli M | title = Role and regulation of the thrombin receptor (PAR-1) in human melanoma | journal = Oncogene | volume = 22 | issue = 20 | pages = 3130–7 | date = May 2003 | pmid = 12789289 | doi = 10.1038/sj.onc.1206453 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Tellez C, Bar-Eli M |title=Role and regulation of the thrombin receptor (PAR-1) in human melanoma. |journal=Oncogene |volume=22 |issue= 20 |pages= 3130-7 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12789289 |doi= 10.1038/sj.onc.1206453 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Remillard CV, Yuan JX | title = PGE2 and PAR-1 in pulmonary fibrosis: a case of biting the hand that feeds you? | journal = American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology | volume = 288 | issue = 5 | pages = L789-92 | date = May 2005 | pmid = 15821019 | doi = 10.1152/ajplung.00016.2005 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Remillard CV, Yuan JX |title=PGE2 and PAR-1 in pulmonary fibrosis: a case of biting the hand that feeds you? |journal=Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. |volume=288 |issue= 5 |pages= L789-92 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15821019 |doi= 10.1152/ajplung.00016.2005 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Leger AJ, Covic L, Kuliopulos A | title = Protease-activated receptors in cardiovascular diseases | journal = Circulation | volume = 114 | issue = 10 | pages = 1070–7 | date = Sep 2006 | pmid = 16952995 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.574830 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Leger AJ, Covic L, Kuliopulos A |title=Protease-activated receptors in cardiovascular diseases. |journal=Circulation |volume=114 |issue= 10 |pages= 1070-7 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16952995 |doi= 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.574830 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Traynelis SF, Trejo J | title = Protease-activated receptor signaling: new roles and regulatory mechanisms | journal = Current Opinion in Hematology | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 230–5 | date = May 2007 | pmid = 17414212 | doi = 10.1097/MOH.0b013e3280dce568 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Traynelis SF, Trejo J |title=Protease-activated receptor signaling: new roles and regulatory mechanisms. |journal=Curr. Opin. Hematol. |volume=14 |issue= 3 |pages= 230-5 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17414212 |doi= 10.1097/MOH.0b013e3280dce568 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Vu TK, Hung DT, Wheaton VI, Coughlin SR | title = Molecular cloning of a functional thrombin receptor reveals a novel proteolytic mechanism of receptor activation | journal = Cell | volume = 64 | issue = 6 | pages = 1057–68 | date = Mar 1991 | pmid = 1672265 | doi = 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90261-V }}
*{{cite journal | author=Vu TK, Hung DT, Wheaton VI, Coughlin SR |title=Molecular cloning of a functional thrombin receptor reveals a novel proteolytic mechanism of receptor activation. |journal=Cell |volume=64 |issue= 6 |pages= 1057-68 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1672265 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Wojtukiewicz MZ, Tang DG, Ben-Josef E, Renaud C, Walz DA, Honn KV | title = Solid tumor cells express functional "tethered ligand" thrombin receptor | journal = Cancer Research | volume = 55 | issue = 3 | pages = 698–704 | date = Feb 1995 | pmid = 7834643 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Wojtukiewicz MZ, Tang DG, Ben-Josef E, ''et al.'' |title=Solid tumor cells express functional "tethered ligand" thrombin receptor. |journal=Cancer Res. |volume=55 |issue= 3 |pages= 698-704 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7834643 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Hein L, Ishii K, Coughlin SR, Kobilka BK | title = Intracellular targeting and trafficking of thrombin receptors. A novel mechanism for resensitization of a G protein-coupled receptor | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 269 | issue = 44 | pages = 27719–26 | date = Nov 1994 | pmid = 7961693 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Hein L, Ishii K, Coughlin SR, Kobilka BK |title=Intracellular targeting and trafficking of thrombin receptors. A novel mechanism for resensitization of a G protein-coupled receptor. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=269 |issue= 44 |pages= 27719-26 |year= 1994 |pmid= 7961693 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Mathews II, Padmanabhan KP, Ganesh V, Tulinsky A, Ishii M, Chen J, Turck CW, Coughlin SR, Fenton JW | title = Crystallographic structures of thrombin complexed with thrombin receptor peptides: existence of expected and novel binding modes | journal = Biochemistry | volume = 33 | issue = 11 | pages = 3266–79 | date = Mar 1994 | pmid = 8136362 | doi = 10.1021/bi00177a018 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Mathews II, Padmanabhan KP, Ganesh V, ''et al.'' |title=Crystallographic structures of thrombin complexed with thrombin receptor peptides: existence of expected and novel binding modes. |journal=Biochemistry |volume=33 |issue= 11 |pages= 3266-79 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8136362 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Offermanns S, Laugwitz KL, Spicher K, Schultz G | title = G proteins of the G12 family are activated via thromboxane A2 and thrombin receptors in human platelets | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 91 | issue = 2 | pages = 504–8 | date = Jan 1994 | pmid = 8290554 | pmc = 42977 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.91.2.504 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Offermanns S, Laugwitz KL, Spicher K, Schultz G |title=G proteins of the G12 family are activated via thromboxane A2 and thrombin receptors in human platelets. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=91 |issue= 2 |pages= 504-8 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8290554 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Hoffman M, Church FC | title = Response of blood leukocytes to thrombin receptor peptides | journal = Journal of Leukocyte Biology | volume = 54 | issue = 2 | pages = 145–51 | date = Aug 1993 | pmid = 8395550 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Hoffman M, Church FC |title=Response of blood leukocytes to thrombin receptor peptides. |journal=J. Leukoc. Biol. |volume=54 |issue= 2 |pages= 145-51 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8395550 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Schmidt VA, Vitale E, Bahou WF | title = Genomic cloning and characterization of the human thrombin receptor gene. Structural similarity to the proteinase activated receptor-2 gene | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 271 | issue = 16 | pages = 9307–12 | date = Apr 1996 | pmid = 8621593 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.271.16.9809 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Bahou WF, Nierman WC, Durkin AS, ''et al.'' |title=Chromosomal assignment of the human thrombin receptor gene: localization to region q13 of chromosome 5. |journal=Blood |volume=82 |issue= 5 |pages= 1532-7 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8395910 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Li F, Baykal D, Horaist C, Yan CN, Carr BN, Rao GN, Runge MS | title = Cloning and identification of regulatory sequences of the human thrombin receptor gene | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 271 | issue = 42 | pages = 26320–8 | date = Oct 1996 | pmid = 8824285 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.271.42.26320 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Schmidt VA, Vitale E, Bahou WF |title=Genomic cloning and characterization of the human thrombin receptor gene. Structural similarity to the proteinase activated receptor-2 gene. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=271 |issue= 16 |pages= 9307-12 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8621593 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Shapiro MJ, Trejo J, Zeng D, Coughlin SR | title = Role of the thrombin receptor's cytoplasmic tail in intracellular trafficking. Distinct determinants for agonist-triggered versus tonic internalization and intracellular localization | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 271 | issue = 51 | pages = 32874–80 | date = Dec 1996 | pmid = 8955127 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.271.51.32874 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Li F, Baykal D, Horaist C, ''et al.'' |title=Cloning and identification of regulatory sequences of the human thrombin receptor gene. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=271 |issue= 42 |pages= 26320-8 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8824285 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ogino Y, Tanaka K, Shimizu N | title = Direct evidence for two distinct G proteins coupling with thrombin receptors in human neuroblastoma SH-EP cells | journal = European Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 316 | issue = 1 | pages = 105–9 | date = Nov 1996 | pmid = 8982657 | doi = 10.1016/S0014-2999(96)00653-X }}
*{{cite journal | author=Shapiro MJ, Trejo J, Zeng D, Coughlin SR |title=Role of the thrombin receptor's cytoplasmic tail in intracellular trafficking. Distinct determinants for agonist-triggered versus tonic internalization and intracellular localization. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=271 |issue= 51 |pages= 32874-80 |year= 1997 |pmid= 8955127 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Molino M, Bainton DF, Hoxie JA, Coughlin SR, Brass LF | title = Thrombin receptors on human platelets. Initial localization and subsequent redistribution during platelet activation | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 272 | issue = 9 | pages = 6011–7 | date = Feb 1997 | pmid = 9038223 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.272.9.6011 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Ogino Y, Tanaka K, Shimizu N |title=Direct evidence for two distinct G proteins coupling with thrombin receptors in human neuroblastoma SH-EP cells. |journal=Eur. J. Pharmacol. |volume=316 |issue= 1 |pages= 105-9 |year= 1997 |pmid= 8982657 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Renesto P, Si-Tahar M, Moniatte M, Balloy V, Van Dorsselaer A, Pidard D, Chignard M | title = Specific inhibition of thrombin-induced cell activation by the neutrophil proteinases elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase 3: evidence for distinct cleavage sites within the aminoterminal domain of the thrombin receptor | journal = Blood | volume = 89 | issue = 6 | pages = 1944–53 | date = Mar 1997 | pmid = 9058715 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Molino M, Bainton DF, Hoxie JA, ''et al.'' |title=Thrombin receptors on human platelets. Initial localization and subsequent redistribution during platelet activation. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=272 |issue= 9 |pages= 6011-7 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9038223 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Renesto P, Si-Tahar M, Moniatte M, ''et al.'' |title=Specific inhibition of thrombin-induced cell activation by the neutrophil proteinases elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase 3: evidence for distinct cleavage sites within the aminoterminal domain of the thrombin receptor. |journal=Blood |volume=89 |issue= 6 |pages= 1944-53 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9058715 |doi=  }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


{{NLM content}}
{{NLM content}}
{{membrane-protein-stub}}
 
{{G protein-coupled receptors}}
{{G protein-coupled receptors}}
[[Category:Receptors]]
[[Category:Receptors]]
[[Category:G protein coupled receptors]]
[[Category:G protein coupled receptors]]
{{transmembranereceptor-stub}}

Revision as of 00:41, 27 October 2017

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Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

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Ensembl

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UniProt

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RefSeq (mRNA)

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RefSeq (protein)

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Location (UCSC)n/an/a
PubMed searchn/an/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Proteinase-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) also known as Protease-activated receptor 1 or coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the F2R gene.[1] PAR1 is a G protein-coupled receptor involved in the regulation of thrombotic response. Proteolytic cleavage leads to the activation of the receptor.[2]

PAR-1 has multifaceted effects and plays a key role in mediating the interplay between coagulation and inflammation, which is important in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and fibrotic lung diseases.[3] It is involved both in disruption and maintaining of endothelial barrier integrity, through interaction with either thrombin or activated protein C, respectively.[4]

Ligands

Several selective antagonists for the PAR1 receptor have been developed, for use as anti-clotting agents for the treatment of heart disease.

SCH530348 has been recently shown to attenuate the neutrophilic inflammatory response to Streptococcus pneumoniae by reducing levels of pro-inflamamtory cytokines such as IL-1β and chemokines CXCL1, CCL2 and CCL7.[5]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Bahou WF, Nierman WC, Durkin AS, Potter CL, Demetrick DJ (Sep 1993). "Chromosomal assignment of the human thrombin receptor gene: localization to region q13 of chromosome 5". Blood. 82 (5): 1532–7. PMID 8395910.
  2. ↑ "Entrez Gene: F2R coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor".
  3. ↑ "José RJ, Williams AE, Chambers RC (Feb 2014). "Proteinase-activated receptors in fibroproliferative lung disease". Thorax. 69 (2): 190–2. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204367. PMID 24186921.
  4. ↑ Feistritzer C, Riewald M (Apr 2005). "Endothelial barrier protection by activated protein C through PAR1-dependent sphingosine 1–phosphate receptor-1 crossactivation". blood. 105 (8): 3178–84. doi:10.1182/blood-2004-10-3985. PMID 15626732.
  5. ↑ José RJ, Williams AE, Mercer PF, Sulikowski MG, Brown JS, Chambers RC (Jun 2015). "Regulation of neutrophilic inflammation by proteinase-activated receptor 1 during bacterial pulmonary infection". Journal of Immunology. 194 (12): 6024–34. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1500124. PMC 4456635. PMID 25948816.

Further reading

  • Coughlin SR, Vu TK, Hung DT, Wheaton VI (Feb 1992). "Characterization of a functional thrombin receptor. Issues and opportunities". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 89 (2): 351–5. doi:10.1172/JCI115592. PMC 442859. PMID 1310691.
  • Wu H, Zhang Z, Li Y, Zhao R, Li H, Song Y, Qi J, Wang J (Oct 2010). "Time course of upregulation of inflammatory mediators in the hemorrhagic brain in rats: correlation with brain edema". Neurochemistry International. 57 (3): 248–53. doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2010.06.002. PMC 2910823. PMID 20541575.
  • Howell DC, Laurent GJ, Chambers RC (Apr 2002). "Role of thrombin and its major cellular receptor, protease-activated receptor-1, in pulmonary fibrosis". Biochemical Society Transactions. 30 (2): 211–6. doi:10.1042/BST0300211. PMID 12023853.
  • Tellez C, Bar-Eli M (May 2003). "Role and regulation of the thrombin receptor (PAR-1) in human melanoma". Oncogene. 22 (20): 3130–7. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1206453. PMID 12789289.
  • Remillard CV, Yuan JX (May 2005). "PGE2 and PAR-1 in pulmonary fibrosis: a case of biting the hand that feeds you?". American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 288 (5): L789–92. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00016.2005. PMID 15821019.
  • Leger AJ, Covic L, Kuliopulos A (Sep 2006). "Protease-activated receptors in cardiovascular diseases". Circulation. 114 (10): 1070–7. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.574830. PMID 16952995.
  • Traynelis SF, Trejo J (May 2007). "Protease-activated receptor signaling: new roles and regulatory mechanisms". Current Opinion in Hematology. 14 (3): 230–5. doi:10.1097/MOH.0b013e3280dce568. PMID 17414212.
  • Vu TK, Hung DT, Wheaton VI, Coughlin SR (Mar 1991). "Molecular cloning of a functional thrombin receptor reveals a novel proteolytic mechanism of receptor activation". Cell. 64 (6): 1057–68. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90261-V. PMID 1672265.
  • Wojtukiewicz MZ, Tang DG, Ben-Josef E, Renaud C, Walz DA, Honn KV (Feb 1995). "Solid tumor cells express functional "tethered ligand" thrombin receptor". Cancer Research. 55 (3): 698–704. PMID 7834643.
  • Hein L, Ishii K, Coughlin SR, Kobilka BK (Nov 1994). "Intracellular targeting and trafficking of thrombin receptors. A novel mechanism for resensitization of a G protein-coupled receptor". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (44): 27719–26. PMID 7961693.
  • Mathews II, Padmanabhan KP, Ganesh V, Tulinsky A, Ishii M, Chen J, Turck CW, Coughlin SR, Fenton JW (Mar 1994). "Crystallographic structures of thrombin complexed with thrombin receptor peptides: existence of expected and novel binding modes". Biochemistry. 33 (11): 3266–79. doi:10.1021/bi00177a018. PMID 8136362.
  • Offermanns S, Laugwitz KL, Spicher K, Schultz G (Jan 1994). "G proteins of the G12 family are activated via thromboxane A2 and thrombin receptors in human platelets". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 91 (2): 504–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.2.504. PMC 42977. PMID 8290554.
  • Hoffman M, Church FC (Aug 1993). "Response of blood leukocytes to thrombin receptor peptides". Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 54 (2): 145–51. PMID 8395550.
  • Schmidt VA, Vitale E, Bahou WF (Apr 1996). "Genomic cloning and characterization of the human thrombin receptor gene. Structural similarity to the proteinase activated receptor-2 gene". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (16): 9307–12. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.16.9809. PMID 8621593.
  • Li F, Baykal D, Horaist C, Yan CN, Carr BN, Rao GN, Runge MS (Oct 1996). "Cloning and identification of regulatory sequences of the human thrombin receptor gene". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (42): 26320–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.42.26320. PMID 8824285.
  • Shapiro MJ, Trejo J, Zeng D, Coughlin SR (Dec 1996). "Role of the thrombin receptor's cytoplasmic tail in intracellular trafficking. Distinct determinants for agonist-triggered versus tonic internalization and intracellular localization". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (51): 32874–80. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.51.32874. PMID 8955127.
  • Ogino Y, Tanaka K, Shimizu N (Nov 1996). "Direct evidence for two distinct G proteins coupling with thrombin receptors in human neuroblastoma SH-EP cells". European Journal of Pharmacology. 316 (1): 105–9. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(96)00653-X. PMID 8982657.
  • Molino M, Bainton DF, Hoxie JA, Coughlin SR, Brass LF (Feb 1997). "Thrombin receptors on human platelets. Initial localization and subsequent redistribution during platelet activation". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (9): 6011–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.9.6011. PMID 9038223.
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This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.



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