Diarrhea causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Diarrhea}}
{{Diarrhea}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CZ}}; {{MUT}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CZ}}; {{MUT}}; {{M.P}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
The principal cause of diarrhea stems from ingestion of unsafe [[drinking water]] (typically from admixture of raw sewage to water supplies); the occurrence is predominantly in lesser developed countries.  The common causes of acute diarrhea are [[infection]], [[allergy]], [[food intolerance]], [[foodborne illness]] and/or extreme excesses of [[vitamin C]] and/or magnesium and may be accompanied by [[abdominal pain]], [[nausea]] and [[vomiting]].  Infectious diarrhea is most commonly caused by [[virus (biology)|viral]] infections or [[bacterium|bacterial]] toxins.  Diarrhea can also be a principal symptom of more serious diseases, such as [[dysentery]], [[Montezuma's Revenge (illness)|Montezuma's Revenge]], [[cholera]], or [[botulism]], and can also be indicative of a chronic syndrome such as [[Crohn's disease]].  Temporary diarrhea can also result from the ingestion of [[laxative]] medications or large quantities of certain foods like prunes with laxative properties.  Though [[appendicitis]] patients do not generally have diarrhea, it is a common symptom of a ruptured [[vermiform appendix|appendix]].  It is also an effect of severe [[Radiation poisoning|radiation sickness]].
==Causes==
==Causes==
The principal cause of diarrhea stems from ingestion of unsafe [[drinking water]] (typically from admixture of raw sewage to water supplies); the occurrence is predominantly in lesser developed countries.
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
{{MultiCol|80%}}
*[[Acute appendicitis]]
*[[Acute kidney failure]]
*[[Acute pancreatitis]]
*[[Anaphylaxis]]
*[[Angioedema]]
*[[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
*[[Digoxin warnings and precautions|Digoxin toxicity]]
*[[Ergotism]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Food poisoning]]
*[[Heavy metal poisoning]]
*[[Herbal extract|Herbal extract overdose]]
*[[Infectious diarrhea]]
*[[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
*[[Insect bites and stings|Insect bite allergy]]
*[[Intususception]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Ischemic colitis]]
*[[Organophosphate poisoning]]
*[[Pesticide poisoning]]
*[[Pseudomembranous colitis]]
*[[Severe combined immunodeficiency]]
*[[Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome]]
*[[Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome]]
{{EndMultiCol}}
 
===Common Causes===
{{MultiCol|80%}}
*[[ACE inhibitors]]
*[[Alcohol intoxication]]
*[[Alcohol withdrawal]]
*[[Amebiasis]]
*[[AIDS medical therapy#Anti Retroviral Therapy (ART)|Anti retroviral agents]]
*[[Antifungals]]
*[[Bacillary dysentery]]
*[[Bacterial toxin]]
*[[Bile acid sequestrant]]
*[[Campylobacter jejuni]]
*[[Cephalosporins]]
*[[Chemotherapeutic agents]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Cholestatic jaundice]]
*[[Citalopram]]
*[[Colitis]]
*[[Colorectal polyps]]
*[[Diabetic neuropathy]]
*[[Diverticulitis]]
*[[Doxycycline]]
*[[Entamoeba histolytica]]
*[[Escherichia coli]]
*[[Food poisoning]]
*[[Fosfomycin]]
*[[Helminthiasis]]
*[[Hepatitis A]]
*[[Hepatitis E]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
*[[Lactose intolerance]]
*[[Macrolides]]
*[[Malabsorption syndrome]]
*[[Opioid withdrawal]]
*[[Proton pump inhibitors]]
*[[Pseudomembranous colitis]]
*[[Radiation sickness]]
*[[Salmonellosis]]
*[[Statins]]
*[[Thiazide diuretics]]
*[[Triptans]]
{{EndMultiCol}}
 
===Causes According to Pathophysiology===
 
====Osmotic Diarrhea====
{{MultiCol|80%}}
*[[Abetalipoproteinaemia]]
*[[Alagille syndrome]]
*[[Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor]]
*[[Aminoglycosides]]
*[[Ampicillin]]
*[[Antacids]]
*[[Apolipoprotein B deficiency]]
*[[Ascariasis]]
*[[Auranofin]]
*[[Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome]]
*[[Bacitracin]]
*[[Biguanides]]
*[[Stomach cancer surgery|Billroth II procedure]]
*[[Blind loop syndrome]]
*[[Carcinoid syndrome]]
*[[Celiac disease]]
*[[Cholesteryl ester storage disease]]
*[[Cholestyramine]]
*[[Chronic granulomatous disease]]
*[[Chylomicron retention disease]]
*[[Colchicine]]
*[[Colestyramine]]
{{ColBreak}}


Causes of diarrhea can be [[infection]], [[allergy]], [[food intolerance]], [[foodborne illness]] and/or extreme excesses of [[Vitamin C]] and/or magnesium and may be accompanied by [[abdominal pain]], [[nausea]] and [[vomiting]]. Temporary diarrhea can also result from the ingestion of [[laxative]] medications or large quantities of certain foods like prunes with laxative properties.  There are other conditions which involve some but not all of the symptoms of diarrhea, and so the formal medical definition of diarrhea involves [[defecation]] of more than 200 grams per day (although formal weighing of stools to determine a diagnosis is rarely actually carried out).
*[[Common variable immunodeficiency]]
*[[Cronkhite-Canada disease]]
*[[Diabetic neuropathy]]
*[[systemic sclerosis|Diffuse systemic sclerosis]]
*[[Dumping syndrome]]
*[[Eflornithine]]
*[[Fasciolopsiasis]]
*[[Fructose malabsorption]]
*[[amyloidosis|Gastrointestinal amyloidosis]]
*[[lymphomas|Gastrointestinal lymphomas]]
*[[Giardiasis]]
*[[Glucose-galactose malabsorption]]
*[[HIV]]
*[[Kanamycin]]
*[[Kwashiorkor]]
*[[Lactose intolerance]]
*[[Magnesium|Magnesium salts]]
*[[Malabsorption syndrome]]
*[[Malassimilation]]
*[[Mannitol]]
*[[Mastocytosis]]
*[[Ménétrier's disease]]
{{ColBreak}}


Diarrhea occurs when insufficient fluid is absorbed by the [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]].  As part of normal [[digestion]], food is mixed with large amounts of water.  The water is supplied, as needed, by the [[stomach]] and [[small intestine]]. The colon recovers this water, leaving the remaining material as a semisolid stool. If the colon is damaged or inflamed, however, absorption is inhibited, and watery stools result.
*[[Methyldopa]]
*[[Microsporidiosis]]
*[[Milk allergy]]
*[[Mixed connective tissue disease]]
*[[Neomycin]]
*[[Octreotide]]
*[[Orlistat]]
*[[laxative|Osmotic laxative]]
*[[Pearson syndrome]]
*[[Protein losing enteropathy]]
*[[Short bowel syndrome]]
*[[Shwachman-Diamond syndrome]]
*[[Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome]]
*[[Somatostatinoma]]
*[[Sorbitol]]
*[[Strongyloidiasis]]
*[[Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency]]
*[[Sucrose intolerance]]
*[[Tetracyclines]]
*[[Tropical sprue]]
*[[Whipple disease]]
{{EndMultiCol}}


Diarrhea is most commonly caused by [[virus (biology)|viral]] infections or [[bacterium|bacteria]]l toxins. In sanitary living conditions and with ample food and water available, an otherwise healthy patient typically recovers from the common viral infections in a few days and at most a week.  However, for ill or malnourished individuals diarrhea can lead to severe [[dehydration]] and can become life-threatening without treatment.
====Secretory Diarrhea====
{{MultiCol|80%}}
*[[Addison's disease]]
*[[Anaphylaxis]]
*[[Angioedema]]
*[[Anthraquinone]]
*[[Antidepressants]]
*[[Antineoplastic agents]]
*[[Auranofin]]
*[[Bacterial toxin]]
*[[Biguanides]]
*[[Bisacodyl]]
*[[Brainerd diarrhea]]
*[[Calcitonin]]
*[[Carcinoid syndrome]]
*[[Cardiac glycosides]]
*[[Cephalosporins]]
*[[Chenodeoxycholic acid]]
*[[Cholera]]
*[[Cholestatic jaundice]]
*[[Colchicine]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Collagenous colitis]]
*[[Colorectal cancer]]
*[[Congenital chloride diarrhea]]
*[[Diabetic neuropathy]]
*[[Diacerein]]
*[[Diverticulitis]]
*[[Gastrinoma]]
*[[Graves disease]]
*[[Heavy metal poisoning]]
*[[Herbal extract|Herbal extract poisoning]]
*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
*[[Hypoaldosteronism]]
*[[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
*[[lymphoma|Intestinal lymphoma]]
*[[IPEX (syndrome)]]
*[[Irritable bowel syndrome]]
*[[Lymphocytic colitis]]
*[[Macrolides]]
*[[Mastocytosis]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Medullary carcinoma of thyroid]]
*[[Microvillous inclusion disease]]
*[[Mushroom poisoning]]
*[[NSAIDS]]
*[[Olsalazine]]
*[[Oxyphenisatin]]
*[[Penicillins]]
*[[Pesticide poisoning]]
*[[Phenolphthalein]]
*[[sympathectomy|Postsympathectomy]]
*[[vagotomy|Postvagotomy]]
*[[Prostaglandins]]
*[[Ricinoleic acid]]
*[[Somatostatinoma]]
*[[Ticlopidine]]
*[[Vasculitis]]
*[[Villous adenoma]]
*[[VIPoma]]
*[[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]]
{{EndMultiCol}}


Diarrhea can also be a symptom of more serious diseases, such as [[dysentery]], [[Montezuma's Revenge (illness)|Montezuma's Revenge]], [[cholera]], or [[botulism]], and can also be indicative of a chronic syndrome such as [[Crohn's disease]]. Though [[appendicitis]] patients do not generally have diarrhea, it is a common symptom of a ruptured [[vermiform appendix|appendix]]. It is also an effect of severe [[Radiation poisoning|radiation sickness]].
====Motility Related Diarrhea====
{{MultiCol|80%}}
*[[Cephalosporins]]
*[[Cisapride]]
*[[Colchicine]]
*[[Diabetic neuropathy]]
*[[Erythromycin]]
*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Levothyroxine]]
*[[Macrolides]]
*[[Penicillins]]
*[[Abdominal surgery|Postileal resection]]
*[[vagotomy|Postvagotomy]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Quinolones]]
*[[Short bowel syndrome]]
*[[Sulphonamides]]
*[[Tetracyclines]]
*[[Ticlopidine]]
{{EndMultiCol}}


Diarrhea can also be caused by dairy intake in those who are [[Lactose intolerance|lactose intolerant]].
===Causes According to Duration===
 
====Acute Diarrhea====
{{MultiCol|80%}}
* [[Addison's disease]]
* [[Appendicitis]]
* Bacterial:
** [[Aeromonas]]
** [[Campylobacter jejuni]]
** [[Chlamydia]]
** [[Clostridium difficile]]
** [[Escherichia coli|E.coli]]
** [[Enterobacter]]
** [[Klebsiella]]
** [[Neisseria gonorrhea]]
** [[Plesiomonas]]
** [[Salmonella]]
** [[Shigella]]
** [[Staphylococcus aureus]]
** [[Vibrio cholerae]]
** [[Yersinia enterocolitica]]
*[[Carcinoid syndrome]]
* [[Parafollicular cell|C-cell carcinoma]]
* [[inflammatory bowel disease|Chronic inflammatory bowel disease]]
* [[Colitis]]
{{ColBreak}}
* Drugs:
** [[Laxative#Laxative Abuse|Abuse of laxatives]]
** [[Alcohol]]
** [[Antibiotics]]
** [[Biguanides]]
** [[Cefpodoxime]]
** [[Chemotherapeutics]]
** [[Chemotherapy]]
** [[Cholestyramine|Cholestyramin]]
** [[Digitalis]]
** [[Diuretics]]
** [[Ergotamine]]
** [[Hydralazine]]
** [[Hydrochlorothiazide]]
** [[Mercaptopurine]]
** [[Opiate withdrawal]]
** [[Parasympathomimetics]]
**[[Physostigmine]]
** [[Quinidine]]
** [[Rabeprazole]]
** [[Reserpine]]
** [[Warfarin]]
* Food:
** [[Bacillus cereus]]
** [[Clostridium perfringens]]
** [[Staphylococcus aureus]]
{{ColBreak}}
* [[Allergy|Food allergy]]
* [[Graft versus host reaction]]
* [[Heavy metal intoxication]]
* [[HIV]]
* [[Hyperthyroidism]]
* [[Irritable bowel syndrome]] (IBS)
* [[Lactose intolerance]]
* [[Neuroendocrine tumors]]
* Parasites:
** [[Cryptosporidium]]
** [[Entamoeba histolytica]]
** [[Giardia intestinalis]]
* Viral:
** [[Adenovirus]]
** [[Coxsackie virus]]
** [[Cytomegalovirus]] ([[CMV]])
** [[Echovirus]]
** [[Influenza virus]]
** [[Norwalk virus]]
** [[Poliovirus]]
** [[Rotavirus]]
{{EndMultiCol}}
 
====Chronic Diarrhea====
{{MultiCol|80%}}
* [[Achylia]]
* [[Addison's Disease]]
* [[Amebiasis]]
* [[Amyloidosis]]
* [[Anxiety]]
* [[Neuropathy|Autonomous neuropathy]]
* [[Bacterial gastroenteritis]]
* [[Bacterial toxin]]
* [[Behcet syndrome]]
* [[Malabsorption|Bile acid malabsorption]]
* [[Biliary fistula]]
* [[Carcinoid syndrome]]
* [[Pancreatic cancer|Carcinoma of the pancreas]]
* [[Celiac Sprue]]
* [[Chronic inflammatory bowel disease]]
* [[Collagenous colitis]]
* [[Colon cancer]]
* [[Colorectal polyps]]
* [[Cryptosporidiosis]]
* [[Enteropathy|Diabetic enteropathy]]
* [[Diverticular disease]]
{{ColBreak}}
* Drugs:
** [[Antacids]]
** [[Anthraquinone]]
** [[Castor oil]]
**[[Elvitegravir]]
** [[Lactulose]]
** [[Levofloxacin]]
** [[Mannitol]]
** [[Sorbitol]]
* [[Dumping syndrome]]
* Excess [[coffee]], [[tea]]
* [[Fecal impaction]]
* [[fistula|Gastrocolic fistula]]
* [[Giardia]]
* [[Hyperthyroidism]]
* [[HIV]]
* [[primary lymphedema|Idiopathic lymphangiectasis]]
* [[Irritable bowel syndrome]]
* [[Lymphocytic colitis]]
* [[Lymphomas]]
* [[Malabsorption]]
* [[Maldigestion]]
* [[Medullary thyroid carcinoma]]
{{ColBreak}}
* [[Neuroendocrine tumors]]
* [[Nontropical sprue]]
* [[Obstructive jaundice]]
* Parasites:
** [[Ascariasis]]
** [[Hookworm]]
** [[Whipworm]]
* [[Pellagra]]
* [[Polyarteritis]]
* [[Abdominal surgery|Postileal resection]]
* [[vagotomy|Postvagotomy]]
* [[Prostaglandins]]
* [[Proctitis|Radiation proctitis]]
* [[Rectal prolapse surgery|Rectal surgery]]
* [[Scleroderma]]
* [[Short bowel syndrome]]
* [[Tuberculosis]]
* [[Verner-Morrison syndrome]]
* [[Villous adenoma]]
* [[Villous carcinoma]]
* [[Whipple's disease]]
{{EndMultiCol}}
 
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Portal vein thrombosis]], [[superior mesenteric artery syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
[[Acrodynia]],
[[Amlodipine besylate and Atorvastatin calcium trihydrate]],
[[zinc|acute zinc toxicity]],
[[arsenic poisoning]], [[Azacitidine]] , [[Cabozantinib]]
[[carbamate insecticide poisoning]],
[[carbon monoxide poisoning]],
[[chlordane|chlordane toxicity]],
[[chloroform|chloroform toxicity]],
[[Copper|copper toxicity]],
[[diazinon|diazinon poisoning]],
[[Glutaraldehyde|glutaraldehyde toxicity]],
[[heavy metal poisoning]],
[[lead poisoning]],
[[mercury poisoning]],
[[metal fume fever]],
[[Naphthalene|naphthalene poisoning]],
[[organophosphate poisoning]],
[[Paraquat|paraquat toxicity]],
[[Selenium|selenium toxicity]],
[[thallium|thallium toxicity]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acrodermatitis enteropathica]], [[necrotizing fasciitis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
[[Ambenonium]],
[[2C-B]],
[[5-HT3 antagonist]],
[[tryptamine|5-methoxy-diisopropyl tryptamine]],
[[abacavir]],
[[Acamprosate calcium]],
[[acarbose]],
[[acebutolol]],
[[Acetylcysteine]],
[[acyclovir]],
[[acitretin]],
[[aconitine]],
[[adefovir]],
[[afatinib]],
[[alatrofloxacin]],
[[albendazole]],
[[aldesleukin]],
[[Alemtuzumab]],
[[alendronate]],
[[aliskiren]],
[[allopurinol]],
[[alosetron]],
[[alpha-amanitin]],
[[alpha-glucosidase inhibitor]],
[[alprazolam]],
[[altretamine]],
[[ambenonium chloride]],
[[amifostine]],
[[amiloride]],
[[aminocaproic acid]],
[[aminophylline]],
[[amlexanox]],
[[amlodipine]],
[[Amlodipine besylate and Atorvastatin calcium trihydrate]],
[[ammonium lauryl sulfate]],
[[amoxicillin]],
[[amphetamine]],
[[amphotericin B]],
[[amprenavir]],
[[amitriptyline]],
[[anadenanthera peregrina]],
[[anagrelide]],
[[anakinra]],
[[anastrozole]],
[[Anidulafungin]],
[[anisindione]],
[[Apremilast]],
[[aprepitant]],
[[atazanavir]],
[[atenolol]],
[[atorvastatin]],
[[atovaquone]],
[[Atropine]],
[[auranofin]],
[[azithromycin]],
[[aztreonam]],
[[bacitracin]],
[[baclofen]],
[[barium nitrate]],
[[barium sulfate]],
[[Basiliximab]],
[[Benzphetamine]],
[[benazepril]],
[[bentiromide]],
[[bepridil]],
[[betaxolol]],
[[Bethanechol chloride]],
[[bevacizumab]],
[[bezafibrate]],
[[bicalutamide]],
[[biguanide]],
[[bisacodyl]],
[[bisoprolol]],
[[bortezomib]],
[[Bosutinib]],
[[bromocriptine]],
[[brompheniramine]],
[[bumetanide]],
[[buspirone]],
[[busulfan]],
[[candesartan]],
[[capecitabine]],
[[carbamazepine]],
[[carbidopa]],
[[carboplatin]],
[[carvedilol]],
[[cefaclor]],
[[cefadroxil]],
[[cefamandole nafate]],
[[cefazolin]],
[[cefazolin]],
[[cefdinir]],
[[Cefditoren]],
[[cefepime]],
[[Cefixime]],
[[cefoperazone]],
[[cefotaxime]],
[[cefotetan disodium]],
[[cefoxitin]],
[[cefpodoxime]],
[[Cefprozil]],
[[Ceftaroline fosamil]],
[[ceftazidime]],
[[Ceftibuten]],
[[ceftizoxime]],
[[ceftriaxone]],
[[cefuroxime]],
[[cephalexin]],
[[cephradine]],
[[Ceritinib]],
[[cerivastatin]],
[[cetuximab]],
[[cevimeline]],
[[Chenodiol]],
[[chloral hydrate]],
[[chlorambucil]],
[[chlordiazepoxide]],
[[chlorodyne]],
[[chlorothiazide]],
[[chlorpheniramine]],
[[Chlorpropamide]],
[[chlorthalidone]],
[[cholestyramine]],
[[ciclosporin]],
[[cidofovir]],
[[cilostazol]],,
[[cinacalcet]],
[[cisapride]],
[[citalopram]],
[[cladribine]],
[[clamoxyquine]],
[[clarithromycin]],
[[clavulanic acid]],
[[clindamycin]],
[[clofarabine]],
[[clofibrate]],
[[clomipramine]],
[[clonazepam]],
[[clopidogrel]],
[[clorazepate]],
[[Conjugated estrogens/bazedoxifene]],
[[colchicine]],
[[colistimethate]],
[[conjugated estrogens]],
[[Crizotinib]],
[[cyclophosphamide]],
[[cyproheptadine]],
[[cytarabine]],
[[dactinomycin]],
[[dalfopristin]],
[[dantrolene]],
[[daptomycin]],
[[darbepoetin alfa]],
[[darifenacin]],
[[darunavir]],
[[dasatinib]],
[[daunorubicin]],
[[deferasirox]],
[[delavirdine]],
[[demeclocycline]],
[[Denileukin diftitox]]
[[deracoxib]],
[[desoxyn]],
[[Dexchlorpheniramine]],
[[dextroamphetamine]],
[[dextromethorphan]],
[[diacerein]],
[[diazepam]],
[[diclofenac]],
[[dicloxacillin]],
[[didanosine]],
[[diflunisal]],
[[digitoxin]],
[[digoxin]],
[[diltiazem]],
[[dipyridamole]],
[[dirithromycin]],
[[disopyramide]],
[[docetaxel]],
[[dofetilide]],
[[dolasetron]],
[[donepezil]],
[[doripenem]],
[[doxorubicin]],
[[doxycycline]],
[[DTPA]],
[[duloxetine]],
[[Ecallantide]],
[[eculizumab]],
[[efavirenz]],
[[Elvitegravir]],
[[emtricitabine]],
[[Emtricitabine, Rilpivirine Hydrochloride, And Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate]]
[[enalapril]],
[[endosulfan]],
[[enoxacin]],
[[entacapone]],
[[Epirubicin hydrochloride]],
[[eplerenone]],
[[epoetin alfa]],
[[ergotamine]],
[[erlotinib]],
[[Eliglustat]],
[[erythromycin]],
[[esomeprazole]],
[[estazolam]],
[[estradiol]],
[[ethacrynic acid]],
[[ethosuximide]],
[[etidronate]],
[[etodolac]],
[[etoposide]],
[[exemestane]],
[[exenatide]],
[[ezetimibe]],
[[famciclovir]],
[[famotidine]],
[[felbamate]],
[[Ferric oxyhydroxide]],
[[fexofenadine]],
[[floxuridine]],
[[foscarnet sodium]],
[[fluconazole]],
[[flucytosine]],
[[fludarabine]],
[[fluoride]],
[[fluorouracil]],
[[fluoxetine]],
[[flurazepam]],
[[Flurbiprofen]],
[[flutamide]],
[[fluticasone]],
[[fluvastatin]],
[[fluvoxamine]],
[[fosamprenavir]],
[[foscarnet]],
[[fosinopril]],
[[frovatriptan]],
[[fulvestrant]],
[[gabapentin]],
[[galantamine]],
[[ganciclovir]],
[[gatifloxacin]],
[[gefitinib]],
[[gemcitabine]],
[[gemeprost]],
[[gemfibrozil]],
[[glatiramer]],
[[Glipizide]],
[[Glyburide and Metformin]],
[[glycopyrrolate]],
[[granisetron]],
[[griseofulvin]],
[[guanethidine]],
[[guanfacine]],
[[hydralazine]],
[[hydrochlorothiazide]],
[[hydroxychloroquine]],
[[Hydroxyprogesterone caproate]]
[[hydroxyurea]],
[[hyoscyamine]],
[[ibandronate]],
[[Ibritumomab Tiuxetan]]
[[ibuprofen]],
[[idarubicin]],
[[Idelalisib]],
[[Idursulfase]],
[[imatinib]],
[[Imiglucerase]]
[[infliximab]],
[[interferon alfacon-1 ]],
[[Interferon alfa-2b ]] ,
[[interferon beta-1b]],
[[irinotecan hydrochloride]],
[[iron supplements]],
[[isocarboxazid]],
[[isradipine]],
[[itraconazole]],
[[Ivacaftor]],
[[Ivermectin]],
[[Ixabepilone]],
[[ketoconazole]],
[[Ketorolac tromethamine]],
[[Lactulose]],
[[lamivudine]],
[[lamotrigine]],
[[lanreotide]],
[[lansoprazole]],
[[lanthanum]],[[Lapatinib]],
[[leflunomide]],
[[lenalidomide]],
[[letrozole]],
[[leuprolide]],
[[levalbuterol]],
[[levetiracetam]],
[[Lenvatinib]],
[[levocarnitine]],
[[levodopa]],
[[levofloxacin]],
[[Linaclotide]],
[[Lincomycin Hydrochloride]],
[[linezolid]],
[[liothyronine sodium]],
[[lisinopril]],
[[lithium]],
[[lomefloxacin]],
[[lopinavir]],
[[loracarbef]],
[[loratadine]],
[[lorazepam]],
[[loxapine]],
[[magnesium hydroxide]],
[[mebendazole]],
[[mechlorethamine]],
[[meclofenamate]],
[[Mercaptopurine]],
[[mefenamic acid]],
[[mefloquine]],
[[megestrol]],
[[Meloxicam]],
[[meprobamate]],
[[mercaptopurine]],
[[meropenem]],
[[mesalazine]],
[[mesna]],
[[mesoridazine]],
[[Metirosine]],
[[metformin]],
[[methamphetamine]],
[[methenamine]],
[[methotrexate]],
[[methoxychlor]],
[[methsuximide]],
[[methyclothiazide]],
[[methylergonovine]],
[[methyprylon]],
[[metoclopramide]],
[[metolachlor]],
[[metolazone]],
[[metoprolol]],
[[metronidazole]],
[[Micafungin sodium]],
[[miconazole]],
[[mifepristone]],
[[miglitol]],
[[Miglustat]],
[[miltefosine]]
[[minocycline]],
[[misoprostol]],
[[mitotane]],
[[mitoxantrone]],
[[moclobemide]],
[[modafinil]],
[[moexipril]],
[[moricizine]],
[[moxifloxacin]],
[[mycophenolate]],
[[nabumetone]],
[[nafcillin]],
[[naltrexone]],
[[naphthalene]],
[[naproxen and esomeprazole magnesium]],
[[natalizumab]],
[[natamycin]],
[[nateglinide]],
[[nelfinavir]],
[[nevirapine]],
[[Niacin/simvastatin]],
[[niclosamide]],
[[Nilotinib]],
[[Nintedanib]],
[[nizatidine]],
[[norfloxacin]],
[[nystatin]],
[[ofloxacin]],
[[Olsalazine]],
[[omalizumab]],
[[omeprazole]],
[[ondansetron]],
[[oseltamivir]],
[[oxaliplatin]],
[[oxazepam]],
[[oxcarbazepine]],
[[oxtriphylline]],
[[oxybutynin]],
[[Palbociclib]],
[[palivizumab]],
[[pancrelipase]],
[[Panitumumab]],
[[pantoprazole]],
[[Paromomycin sulfate]],
[[Paroxetine]],
[[Pasireotide]],
[[pegaspargase]],
[[peginterferon alfa-2a]],
[[peginterferon alfa-2b]],
[[pemetrexed]],
[[pemoline]],
[[penbutolol]],
[[penicillin]],
[[pentamidine]],
[[pentostatin]],
[[pergolide]],
[[perindopril]],
[[perphenazine]],
[[Pertuzumab]],
[[phenazopyridine]],
[[Phenoxymethylpenicillin]],
[[phentermine]],
[[pilocarpine]],
[[pimecrolimus]],
[[pimozide]],
[[Pirfenidone]],
[[piroxicam]],
[[Plerixafor]],
[[Potassium iodide]],
[[plicamycin]],
[[polythiazide]],
[[posaconazole]],
[[Potassium chloride]],
[[Potassium citrate]],
[[pramipexole]],
[[pramlintide]],
[[prazepam]],
[[praziquantel]],
[[prazosin]],
[[procainamide]],
[[procarbazine]],
[[promethazine]],
[[propafenone]],
[[propranolol]],
[[permethrin]],
[[protriptyline]],
[[pseudoephedrine]],
[[Pyrantel pamoate]],
[[pyridostigmine]],
[[quinapril]],
[[quinidine]],
[[quinupristin]],
[[rabeprazole]],
[[Radium chloride]],
[[ramipril]],
[[Ramucirumab]],
[[ranitidine]],
[[rasagiline]],
[[Rasburicase]],
[[repaglinide]],
[[reserpine]],
[[retapamulin]],
[[ribavirin]],
[[rifabutin]],
[[rifampin]],
[[rilmenidine]],
[[riluzole]],
[[risedronate]],
[[risperidone]],
[[ritonavir]],
[[rituximab]],
[[rivastigmine]],
[[rizatriptan]],
[[Riluzole]],
[[roflumilast]],
[[Sacrosidase]],
[[salsalate]],
[[saquinavir mesylate]],
[[Saxagliptin hydrochloride and Metformin hydrochloride]]
[[sargramostim]],
[[Secukinumab]],
[[selegiline]],
[[sevelamer]],
[[sildenafil]],
[[Siltuximab]],
[[simethicone]],
[[simvastatin]],
[[sirolimus]],
[[sitagliptin]],
[[sodium oxybate]],
[[sodium picosulfate]],
[[sodium polystyrene sulfonate]],
[[solanine]],
[[solifenacin]],
[[sorafenib]],
[[sotalol]],
[[sparfloxacin]],
[[spironolactone]],
[[stavudine]],
[[streptozocin]],
[[sulfadiazine]],
[[sulfasalazine]],
[[sulfisoxazole]],
[[sulfisoxazole]],
[[sulindac]],
[[sumatriptan]],
[[sunitinib]],
[[tacrine]],
[[Tacrolimus]],
[[tamsulosin]],
[[tedizolid]],
[[tegaserod]],
[[telbivudine]],
[[telithromycin]],
[[telmisartan]],
[[temozolomide]],
[[teniposide]],
[[tenofovir]],
[[terbinafine]],
[[teriparatide]],
[[tetraferric tricitrate decahydrate]],
[[Thallous Chloride Tl 201]],
[[theophylline]],
[[thiabendazole]],
[[thioguanine]],
[[thioridazine]],
[[thiothixene]],
[[thyroxine]],
[[ticlopidine]],
[[Tigecycline]],
[[tiludronate]],
[[tipranavir]],
[[tocopherol]],
[[tolcapone]],
[[Tolmetin]],
[[topiramate]],
[[topotecan]],
[[Trametinib dimethyl sulfoxide]],
[[trandolapril]],
[[tranylcypromine]],
[[trastuzumab]],
[[trazodone]],
[[treprostinil]],
[[Tretinoin]],
[[triamterene]],
[[triazolam]],
[[trifluoperazine]],
[[trihexyphenidyl]],
[[trimeprazine]],
[[trimethadione]],
[[trimethobenzamide]],
[[trimetrexate glucuronate]],
[[trimipramine]],
[[triprolidine]],
[[trovafloxacin]],
[[valacyclovir]],
[[valganciclovir]],
[[valproic acid]],
[[valsartan]],
[[verapamil]],
[[Vandetanib]],
[[Vilazodone]],
[[vinblastine]],
[[voriconazole]],
[[vorinostat]],
[[zanamivir]],
[[Zafirlukast]],
[[zidovudine]],
[[ziprasidone]],
[[zoledronic acid]],
[[zolmitriptan]],
[[Zoledronate]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Otitis media|Otitis media in children]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
[[Addison's disease]],
[[carcinoid syndrome]],
[[diabetes insipidus]],
[[diabetic neuropathy]],
[[glucagonoma]],
[[Graves disease]],
[[hyperthyroidism]],
[[hypoaldosteronism]],
[[multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]]
[[neuroendocrine tumors]],
[[somatostatinoma]],
[[subacute thyroiditis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[List of poisonous plants|Abrus precatorious]], [[agastache rugosa]], [[alchornea castaneifolia]], [[Amanita phalloides|amanita phalloides poisoning]], [[amnesic shellfish poisoning]], [[Azalea|azalea poisoning]], [[Bee sting|bee stings]], [[datura stramonium|datura stramonium poisoning]], [[endosulfan|endosulfan toxication]], [[food poisoning]], [[Herbal extract|herbal extract overdose]], [[Grayanotoxin|honey intoxication]], [[Insect bites and stings|insect bite allergy]], [[isomalt|isomalt toxicity]], [[lycorine]], [[marine toxins]], [[mushroom poisoning]], [[narcissus pseudonarcissus]], [[oleander poisoning]], [[pesticide poisoning]], [[phytohaemagglutinin|phytohaemagglutinin poisoning]], [[phytolacca americana#toxicity|phytolacca americana toxicity]], [[ricin|ricinus communis poisoning]], [[snakebites]], [[solanine|solanine poisoning]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
[[Abdominal abscess]],
[[abdominal cancer]],
[[achlorhydria]],
[[acute appendicitis]],
[[acute gastritis]],
[[bile acid sequestrant]],
[[biliary atresia]],
[[biliary tract cancer]],
[[blind loop syndrome]],
[[caecitis]],
[[carcinoid syndrome]],
[[celiac disease]],
[[cholestatic jaundice]],
[[colitis]],
[[Megacolon other imaging findings|colonic inertia]],
[[colonic malakoplakia]],
[[colonic villous adenomata]],
[[colorectal cancer]],
[[colorectal polyps]],
[[Crohn's disease]],
[[diverticulitis]],
[[enteritis]],
[[vaginal prolapse|enterocele]],
[[enterocolitis]],
[[food poisoning]],
[[fructose malabsorption]],
[[gastric dumping syndrome]],
[[gastrinoma]],
[[gastritis]],
[[neuroendocrine tumor|gastro-enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor]],
[[gastroenteritis]],
[[amyloidosis|gastrointestinal amyloidosis]],
[[glucose-galactose malabsorption]],
[[gluten sensitivity]],
[[Habba Syndrome|Habba syndrome]]
[[ileitis]],
[[inflammatory bowel disease]],
[[Primary lymphedema|intestinal lymphangiectasis]],
[[intestinal pseudoobstruction]],
[[intususception]],
[[irritable bowel syndrome]],
[[ischemic colitis]],
[[lactose intolerance]],
[[listeriosis]],
[[malabsorption syndrome]],
[[malassimilation]],
[[Meckel diverticulitis]],
[[polyposis]],
[[proctitis]],
[[protein losing enteropathy]],
[[tropical sprue]],
[[ulcerative colitis]],
[[Whipple's disease]],
[[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
[[3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency]],
[[3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency]],
[[abetalipoproteinaemia]],
[[Arakawa's syndrome II]],
[[aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency]],
[[aspartylglycosaminuria]],
[[Baber's syndrome]],
[[Brown-symmers disease]],
[[congenital adrenal hyperplasia]],
[[congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1B]],
[[Intrinsic factor|congenital intrinsic factor deficiency]],
[[congenital short bowel syndrome]],
[[congenital toxoplasmosis]],
[[Cornelia de Lange syndrome 2]],
[[Cronkhite-Canada disease]],
[[dibasic aminoaciduria 2]],
[[Fabry's disease]],
[[familial amyloid polyneuropathy]],
[[galactosemia]],
[[Gardner's syndrome]],
[[Gilbert's syndrome]],
[[glutathione synthetase deficiency]],
[[Hartnup disease]],
[[hereditary angioedema]],
[[HNPCC]],
[[hyper IgM syndrome]],
[[hyperlipoproteinemia type I]],
[[inborn amino acid metabolism disorder]],
[[juvenile polyposis syndrome]],
[[lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia]],
[[malonic aciduria]],
[[malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency]],
[[mucopolysaccharidosis]],
[[neuroblastoma]],
[[neurofibromatosis]],
[[Sanfilippo syndrome]],
[[Slone's disease]],
[[sphingolipidosis]],
[[sucrase-isomaltase deficiency]],
[[Turcot syndrome]],
[[very long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency]],
[[Von Gierke disease]],
[[Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome]],
[[X-linked agammaglobulinaemia]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
[[Amyloidosis]],
[[hereditary angioedema|C1 esterase inhibitor]],
[[chronic myeloproliferative disorders]],
[[hyper IgM syndrome]],
[[idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome]],
[[megaloblastic anemia]],
[[myleofibrosis]],
[[neutropenia]],
[[porphyria]]
[[Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome]],
[[X-linked agammaglobulinaemia]]
 
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
[[Adjustable gastric band]],
[[colonoscopy]],
[[dumping syndrome]],
[[graft versus host disease]],
[[percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy]],
[[Abdominal surgery|postileal resection]],
[[vagotomy|postvagotomy]],
[[Proctitis|radiation proctitis]],
[[Rectal prolapse surgery|rectal surgery]],
[[radiation sickness]],
[[short bowel syndrome]],
[[vaccination]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
[[Adenophorea]],
[[adenoviridae]],
[[aeromonas hydrophila]],
[[AIDS]],
[[amebiasis]],
[[ancylostoma duodenale]],
[[anguillulosis]],
[[anthrax]],
[[ascariasis]],
[[astrovirus]],
[[bacillary dysentery]],
[[bacillus cereus]],
[[bacterial toxin]],
[[balantidiasis]],
[[beef tapeworm]],
[[blastocystis hominis]],
[[borrelia anserina]],
[[botulism]],
[[campylobacter jejuni]],
[[candida]],
[[capillaria]],
[[cestoda]],
[[ciguatera poisoning]],
[[clostridium difficile]],
[[clostridium perfringens]],
[[clostridium sordellii]],
[[clostridium welchii]],
[[coccidia]],
[[cryptosporidiosis]],
[[cyclosporiasis]],
[[cysticercosis]],
[[cytomegalovirus]],
[[dientamoeba fragilis]],
[[diphyllobothrium infection]],
[[dipylidium caninum infection]],
[[Ebola]],
[[echinococcosis]],
[[ehrlichiosis]],
[[entamoeba histolytica]],
[[escherichia coli]],
[[fasciolopsiasis]],
[[filariasis]],
[[flavivirus]],
[[fusarium venenatum]],
[[giardia lamblia]],
[[hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]],
[[helminthiasis]],
[[hepatitis A]],
[[hepatitis B]],
[[hepatitis C]],
[[hepatitis D]],
[[hepatitis E]],
[[hepatitis X]],
[[hookworm infection]],
[[isosporiasis]],
[[katayama fever]],
[[lassa fever]],
[[legionella pneumophila]],
[[legionnaires' disease]],
[[leptospirosis]],
[[lymphogranuloma venereum]],
[[malaria]],
[[marburg virus]],
[[measles]],
[[metagonimiasis]],
[[mycobacterium avium complex]],
[[norwalk gastroenteritis]],
[[opisthorchis infection]],
[[paragonimus infection]],
[[pelvic abscess]],
[[pseudomembranous colitis]],
[[psittacosis]],
[[Q fever]],
[[rhabditida]],
[[rotavirus]],
[[roundworm]],
[[salmonellosis]],
[[sarcocystis]],
[[schistosomiasis]],
[[secernentea]],
[[shigellosis]],
[[small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome]],
[[staphylococcal food poisoning]],
[[staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome]],
[[streptobacillus]],
[[streptococcal infections]],
[[strongyloides]],
[[tapeworms]],
[[trematoda]],
[[trichinella spiralis]],
[[trichinosis]],
[[trichuriasis]],
[[tularemia]],
[[typhoid fever]],
[[vancomycin]],
[[vibrio cholerae]],
[[Vibrio|vibrio mimicus]],
[[vibrio parahemolyticus]],
[[vibrio vulnificus]],
[[visceral leishmaniasis]],
[[Whipple disease]], [[whipworm infection]], [[yersinia enterocolitica]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Common migraine]], [[neuroblastoma]], [[Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
[[Folate deficiency]],
[[food allergies]],
[[food intolerances]],
[[iron supplements]],
[[kwashiorkor]],
[[lactose intolerance]],
[[milk allergy]],
[[pellagra]],
[[pernicious anemia]],
[[protein losing enteropathy]],
[[sucrose intolerance]],
[[vitamin C toxicity]],
[[zinc deficiency]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Childbirth]], [[endometriosis]], [[neonatal sepsis]], [[ovarian cancer]], [[ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
[[Adrenal tumor]],
[[carcinoid syndrome]],
[[colorectal cancer]],
[[Ewing's sarcoma]],
[[Gardner's syndrome]],
[[gastric cancer]],
[[HNPCC]],
[[juvenile polyposis syndrome]],
[[Kaposi's sarcoma]],
[[multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]],
[[neuroendocrine tumors]],
[[pancreatic adenoma]],
[[mesothelioma|peritoneal mesothelioma]],
[[neuroendocrine tumors]],
[[ovarian cancer]],
[[small bowel lymphoma]],
[[somatostatinoma]],
[[thymus cancer]],
[[Vipoma]],
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
[[Carbon monoxide toxicity]],
[[carnitine overuse]],
[[colchicine toxicity]],
[[Digoxin|digoxin toxicity]],
[[ergotism]],
[[heavy metal ingestion]],
[[mazindol]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anxiety-tension syndrome]], [[chronic fatigue syndrome]], [[dissociative disorder]], [[panic attack]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anthrax]], [[cystic fibrosis]], [[systemic sclerosis|diffuse systemic sclerosis]], [[legionellosis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute kidney failure]], [[chronic renal failure]], [[hyperchloremia]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
[[Acquired angioedema]],
[[Amyloidosis]],
[[anaphylaxis]],
[[autoimmune adrenalitis]],
[[autoimmune enteropathy]],
[[autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome]],
[[autonomic neuropathy]],
[[hereditary angioedema|C1 esterase inhibitor]],
[[chronic granulomatous disease]],
[[complement 5 deficiency]],
[[hereditary angioedema]],
[[hyper IgM syndrome]],
[[Kawasaki disease]],
[[Omenn syndrome]],
[[Reiter’s syndrome]],
[[Satoyoshi syndrome]],
[[severe combined immunodeficiency]],
[[Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome]],
[[X-linked agammaglobulinaemia]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Proctitis]], [[Reiter’s syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
[[Alcohol intoxication]],
[[alcohol withdrawal]],
[[anopsology]]
|-
|}
 
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{Columns-list|5|
*[[2C-B]]
*[[3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency]]
*[[3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency]]
*[[5-HT3 antagonist]]
*[[tryptamine|5-methoxy-diisopropyltryptamine]]
*[[Abacavir]]
*[[Abdominal abscess]]
*[[Abdominal cancer]]
*[[Abetalipoproteinemia]]
*[[List of poisonous plants|Abrus precatorious]]
*[[Acamprosate calcium]]
*[[Acarbose]]
*[[Acebutolol]]
*[[Acetylcysteine]]
*[[Achlorhydria]]
*[[Achylia]]]
*[[Acitretin]]
*[[Aconitine]]
*[[Acquired angioedema]]
*[[Acrodermatitis enteropathica]]
*[[Acrodynia]]
*[[Acute appendicitis]]
*[[Acute gastritis]]
*[[Acute kidney failure]]
*[[Acute pancreatitis]]
*[[zinc|Acute zinc toxicity]]
*[[Acyclovir]]
*[[Addison's disease]]
*[[Adefovir]]
*[[Adenophorea]]
*[[Adenoviridae]]
*[[Adjustable gastric band]]
*[[Adrenal tumor]]
*[[Aeromonas hydrophila]]
*[[Agastache rugosa]]
*[[AIDS]]
*[[Alagille syndrome]]
*[[Alatrofloxacin]]
*[[Albendazole]]
*[[Alchornea castaneifolia]]
*[[Alcohol intoxication]]
*[[Alcohol withdrawal]]
*[[Aldesleukin]]
*[[Alemtuzumab]]
*[[Alendronate]]
*[[Aliskiren]]
*[[Allopurinol]]
*[[Alosetron]]
*[[Alpha-amanitin]]
*[[Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor]]
*[[Alprazolam]]
*[[Altretamine]]
*[[Amanita phalloides|Amanita phalloides poisoning]]
*[[Ambenonium]]
*[[Amebiasis]]
*[[Amifostine]]
*[[Amikacin]]
*[[Amiloride]]
*[[Aminocaproic acid]]
*[[Aminophylline]]
*[[Amitriptyline]]
*[[Amlexanox]]
*[[Amlodipine]]
*[[Ammonium lauryl sulfate]]
*[[Amnesic shellfish poisoning]]
*[[Amoxicillin]]
*[[Amphetamine]]
*[[Amphotericin B]]
*[[Ampicillin]]
*[[Amprenavir]]
*[[Amyloidosis]]
*[[Anadenanthera peregrina]]
*[[Anagrelide]]
*[[Anakinra]]
*[[Anaphylaxis]]
*[[Anastrozole]]
*[[Ancylostoma duodenale]]
*[[Angioedema]]
*[[Anguillulosis]]
*[[Anidulafungin]]
*[[Anisindione]]
*[[Anopsology]]
*[[Antacids]]
*[[Anthraquinone]]
*[[Anthrax]]
*[[Antidepressants]]
*[[Antineoplastic agents]]
*[[Anxiety-tension syndrome]]
*[[Apolipoprotein B deficiency]]
*[[Apomorphine]]
*[[Appendicitis]]
*[[Applesauce]]
*[[Aprepitant]]
*[[Arakawa's syndrome II]]
*[[Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency]]
*[[Arsenic poisoning]]
*[[Ascariasis]]
*[[Aspartylglycosaminuria]]
*[[Astrovirus]]
*[[Atazanavir]]
*[[Atenolol]]
*[[Athabaskan severe combined immunodeficiency]]
*[[Atorvastatin]]
*[[Atovaquone]]
*[[Auranofin]]
*[[Autoimmune adrenalitis]]
*[[Autoimmune enteropathy]]
*[[Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome]]
*[[Autonomic neuropathy]]
*[[Ayahuasca]]
*[[Azithromycin]]
*[[Aztreonam]]
*[[Baber's syndrome]]
*[[Bacillary dysentery]]
*[[Bacillus cereus]]
*[[Bacitracin]]
*[[Baclofen]]
*[[Bacterial toxin]]
*[[Balantidiasis]]
*[[Barium nitrate]]
*[[Barium sulfate]]
*[[Beef tapeworm]]
*[[Benazepril]]
*[[Bepridil]]
*[[Bethanechol chloride]]
*[[Bevacizumab]]
*[[Bezafibrate]]
*[[Bicalutamide]]
*[[Biguanide]]
*[[Bile acid sequestrant]]
*[[Biliary atresia]]
*[[Biliary tract cancer]]
*[[Stomach cancer surgery|Billroth II procedure]]
*[[Bisacodyl]]
*[[Bisoprolol]]
*[[Blastocystis hominis]]
*[[Blind loop syndrome]]
*[[Borrelia anserina]]
*[[Bortezomib]]
*[[Botulism]]
*[[Brainerd diarrhea]]
*[[Bromelain]]
*[[Brompheniramine]]
*[[Brown-symmers disease]]
*[[Bumetanide]]
*[[Buspirone]]
*[[Busulfan]]
*[[Hereditary angioedema|C1 esterase inhibitor]]
*[[Caecitis]]
*[[Calcitonin]]
*[[Campylobacter jejuni]]
*[[Candesartan]]
*[[Candida]]
*[[Capecitabine]]
*[[Capillaria]]
*[[Capsaicin]]
*[[Carbamazepine]]
*[[Carbon monoxide toxicity]]
*[[Carboplatin]]
*[[Carcinoid syndrome]]
*[[Cardiac glycosides]]
*[[Carmustine]]
*[[Carnitine overuse]]
*[[Carteolol]]
*[[Carvedilol]]
*[[Castor oil]]
*[[Cefaclor]]
*[[Cefadroxil]]
*[[Cefamandole nafate]]
*[[Cefazolin]]
*[[Cefdinir]]
*[[Cefepime]]
*[[Cefixime]]
*[[Cefoperazone]]
*[[Cefotaxime]]
*[[Cefotetan disodium]]
*[[Cefoxitin]]
*[[Cefpodoxime]]
*[[Cefprozil]]
*[[Ceftaroline fosamil]]
*[[Ceftazidime]]
*[[Ceftibuten]]
*[[Ceftizoxime]]
*[[Ceftriaxone]]
*[[Cefuroxime]]
*[[Celiac disease]]
*[[Cephalexin]]
*[[Cephalosporins]]
*[[Cephradine]]
*[[Cerivastatin]]
*[[Cestoda]]
*[[Cetuximab]]
*[[Cevimeline]]
*[[Chenodeoxycholic acid]]
*[[Childbirth]]
*[[Chlamydia]]
*[[Chloral hydrate]]
*[[Chlorambucil]]
*[[Chlordane]]
*[[Chlordiazepoxide]]
*[[Chlorodyne]]
*[[Chloroquine]]
*[[Chlorothiazide ]]
*[[Chlorpheniramine ]]
*[[Chlorpropamide]]
*[[Chlorthalidone ]]
*[[Cholecystitis]]
*[[Cholestatic jaundice]]
*[[Cholesteryl ester storage disease]]
*[[Cholestyramine ]]
*[[Chronic fatigue syndrome]]
*[[Chronic granulomatous disease]]
*[[Chronic myeloproliferative disorders]]
*[[Chronic pancreatitis]]
*[[Chronic renal failure]]
*[[Chylomicron retention disease]]
*[[Ciclosporin]]
*[[Cidofovir]]
*[[Ciguatera poisoning]]
*[[Cilostazol]]
*[[Cinacalcet]]
*[[Cinchonism]]
*[[Ciprofloxacin]]
*[[Cisapride]]
*[[Citalopram]]
*[[Cladribine]]
*[[Clamoxyquine]]
*[[Clarithromycin]]
*[[Clavulanic acid]]
*[[Clindamycin]]
*[[Clofarabine]]
*[[Clofibrate]]
*[[Clomipramine ]]
*[[Clonazepam]]
*[[Clopidogrel]]
*[[Clorazepate]]
*[[Clostridium difficile]]
*[[Clostridium perfringens]]
*[[Clostridium sordellii]]
*[[Clostridium welchii]]
*[[Coccidia]]
*[[Colchicine]]
*[[Colestyramine]]
*[[Colistimethate]]
*[[Colitis]]
*[[Collagenous colitis]]
*[[Megacolon|Colonic inertia]]
*[[Colonic malakoplakia]]
*[[Colonic villous adenomata]]
*[[Colonoscopy]]
*[[Colorectal cancer]]
*[[Colorectal polyps]]
*[[Common migraine]]
*[[Common variable immunodeficiency]]
*[[Complement 5 deficiency]]
*[[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]]
*[[Congenital chloride diarrhea]]
*[[Congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1B]]
*[[intrinsic factor|Congenital intrinsic factor deficiency]]
*[[Congenital short bowel syndrome]]
*[[Congenital toxoplasmosis]]
*[[Cornelia de Lange syndrome 2]]
*[[Crohn's disease]]
*[[Cronkhite-Canada disease]]
*[[Cryptosporidiosis]]
*[[Cyclophosphamide]]
*[[Cyclosporiasis]]
*[[Cyproheptadine]]
*[[Cystic fibrosis]]
*[[Cysticercosis]]
*[[Cytarabine]]
*[[Cytomegalovirus]]
*[[Dactinomycin]]
*[[Dalfopristin]]
*[[Dantrolene]]
*[[Daptomycin]]
*[[Darbepoetin alfa]]
*[[Darifenacin]]
*[[Darunavir]]
*[[Dasatinib]]
*[[datura stramonium|Datura stramonium poisoning]]
*[[Daunorubicin]]
*[[Deferasirox]]
*[[Delavirdine]]
*[[Demeclocycline]]
*[[Deracoxib]]
*[[Desoxyn]]
*[[Dextroamphetamine]]
*[[Dextromethorphan]]
*[[Diabetes insipidus]]
*[[Diabetic neuropathy]]
*[[Diacerein]]
*[[Diazepam]]
*[[Diazinon]]
*[[Dibasic aminoaciduria 2]]
*[[Diclofenac]]
*[[Dicloxacillin]]
*[[Didanosine]]
*[[Dientamoeba fragilis]]
*[[systemic sclerosis|Diffuse systemic sclerosis]]
*[[Diflunisal]]
*[[Digitoxin]]
*[[Digoxin]]
*[[Diltiazem]]
*[[Diphyllobothrium infection]]
*[[Dipylidium caninum infection]]
*[[Dipyridamole]]
*[[Dirithromycin]]
*[[Dissociative disorder]]
*[[Distigmine]]
*[[Diverticulitis]]
*[[Docetaxel]]
*[[Dofetilide]]
*[[Dolasetron]]
*[[Donepezil]]
*[[Doripenem]]
*[[Doxorubicin]]
*[[Doxycycline]]
*[[Dracunculiasis]]
*[[DTPA]]
*[[Duloxetine]]
*[[Dumping syndrome]]
*[[Ebola]]
*[[Echinococcosis]]
*[[Echovirus]]
*[[Eculizumab]]
*[[Efavirenz ]]
*[[Eflornithine]]
*[[Ehrlichiosis]]
*[[Emtricitabine]]
*[[Enalapril]]
*[[End stage liver failure]]
*[[Endometriosis]]
*[[Endosulfan]]
*[[Enoxacin]]
*[[Entacapone]]
*[[Entamoeba histolytica]]
*[[Enteritis]]
*[[Enterobacter]]
*[[Vaginal prolapse|Enterocele]]
*[[Enterocolitis]]
*[[Escherichia coli|Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC)]]
*[[Escherichia coli|Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) ]]
*[[Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli|Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)]]
*[[Epirubicin hydrochloride]]
*[[Eplerenone]]
*[[Epoetin alfa]]
*[[Ergotamine]]
*[[Ergotism]]
*[[Erlotinib]]
*[[Erythromycin]]
*[[Escherichia coli O157:H7]]
*[[Esomeprazole]]
*[[Estazolam]]
*[[Estradiol]]
*[[Ethacrynic acid]]
*[[Ethanol]]
*[[Ethosuximide]]
*[[Etidronate]]
*[[Etodolac]]
*[[Etoposide]]
*[[Everolimus]]
* Excess [[coffee]], [[tea]]
*[[Exemestane]]
*[[Exenatide]]
*[[Ezetimibe]]
*[[Fabry's disease]]
*[[Famciclovir]]
*[[Familial amyloid polyneuropathy]]
*[[Famotidine]]
*[[Fasciolopsiasis]]
*[[Favism]]
*[[Fecal impaction]]
*[[Felbamate]]
*[[Fexofenadine]]
*[[Filariasis]]
*[[Flavivirus]]
*[[Floxuridine]]
*[[Fluconazole]]
*[[Flucytosine]]
*[[Fludarabine]]
*[[Fluke|Fluke infections]]
*[[Fluoride]]
*[[Fluorouracil]]
*[[Fluoxetine]]
*[[Flurazepam]]
*[[Flurbiprofen]]
*[[Flutamide]]
*[[Fluticasone]]
*[[Fluvastatin]]
*[[Fluvoxamine]]
*[[Folate deficiency]]
*[[Food allergies]]
*[[Food intolerances]]
*[[Food poisoning]]
*[[Fosamprenavir]]
*[[Foscarnet]]
*[[Fosinopril]]
*[[Frovatriptan]]
*[[Fructose malabsorption]]
*[[Fulvestrant]]
*[[Fusarium venenatum]]
*[[Gabapentin]]
*[[Galactosemia]]
*[[Galantamine]]
*[[Ganciclovir]]
*[[Gardner's syndrome]]
*[[Gastric cancer]]
*[[Gastric dumping syndrome]]
*[[Gastrinoma]]
*[[Gastritis]]
*[[neuroendocrine tumor|Gastro-enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor]]
* [[fistula|Gastrocolic fistula]]
*[[Gastroenteritis]]
*[[amyloidosis|Gastrointestinal amyloidosis]]
*[[Gatifloxacin]]
*[[Gefitinib]]
*[[Gemcitabine]]
*[[Gemeprost]]
*[[Gemfibrozil]]
*[[Gentamicin]]
*[[Giardia lamblia]]
*[[Gilbert's syndrome]]
*[[Glatiramer]]
*[[Glipizide]]
*[[Glucagonoma]]
*[[Glucosamine]]
*[[Glucose-galactose malabsorption]]
*[[Glutathione synthetase deficiency]]
*[[Gluten sensitivity]]
*[[Glycopyrrolate]]
*[[Graft versus host disease]]
*[[Granisetron]]
*[[Graves' disease]]
*[[Griseofulvin]]
*[[Guanethidine]]
*[[Guanfacine]]
*[[Habba Syndrome|Habba syndrome]]
*[[Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]]
*[[Hartnup disease]]
*[[Heavy metal ingestion]]
*[[Helminthiasis]]
*[[Hemolytic uremic syndrome]]
*[[Hepatitis A]]
*[[Hepatitis B]]
*[[Hepatitis C]]
*[[Hepatitis D]]
*[[Hepatitis E]]
*[[Hepatitis X]]
*[[Herbal extract|Herbal extract overdose]]
*[[Hereditary angioedema]]
*[[Heroin dependence]]
*[[Heroin withdrawal]]
*[[HNPCC]]
*[[Grayanotoxin|Honey intoxication]]
*[[Hookworm infection]]
*[[Hydralazine]]
*[[Hydrochlorothiazide]]
*[[Hydroxychloroquine]]
*[[Hydroxyurea]]
*[[Hymenolepis infection]]
*[[Hyoscyamine]]
*[[Hyper IgM syndrome]]
*[[Hyperchloremia]]
*[[Hyperlipoproteinemia type I]]
*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
*[[Hypoaldosteronism]]
*[[Ibandronate]]
*[[Ibuprofen]]
*[[Idarubicin]]
*[[Idelalisib]]
*[[Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome]]
*[[Ileitis]]
*[[Imatinib]]
*[[Imipenem]]
*[[Inborn amino acid metabolism disorder]]
*[[Indomethacin]]
*[[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
*[[Infliximab]]
*[[Influenza virus]]
*[[Insect bites and stings|Insect bite allergy]]
*[[Insulin lispro]]
*[[Interferon alpha]]
*[[Interferon Beta-1b]]
*[[primary lymphedema|Intestinal lymphangiectasis]]
*[[Intestinal pseudoobstruction]]
*[[Intususception]]
*[[IPEX (syndrome)]]
*[[Irinotecan hydrochloride]]
*[[Iron supplements]]
*[[Irritable bowel syndrome]]
*[[Ischemic colitis]]
*[[Isocarboxazid]]
*[[Isomalt|Isomalt toxicity]]
*[[Isosporiasis]]
*[[Isradipine]]
*[[Itraconazole]]
*[[Ivacaftor]]
*[[Ixabepilone]]
*[[Juvenile polyposis syndrome]]
*[[Kanamycin]]
*[[Kaposi's sarcoma]]
*[[Katayama fever]]
*[[Kawasaki disease]]
*[[Ketoconazole]]
*[[Ketorolac]]
*[[Klebsiella]]
*[[Kwashiorkor]]
*[[Laburnum]]
*[[Lactose intolerance]]
*[[Lamivudine]]
*[[Lamotrigine]]
*[[Lanreotide]]
*[[Lansoprazole]]
*[[Lanthanum]]
*[[Lapatinib ditosylate]]
*[[Lassa fever]]
*[[Laxative abuse]]
*[[Lead poisoning]]
*[[Leflunomide]]
*[[Legionella pneumophila]]
*[[Legionnaires' disease]]
*[[Leptospirosis]]
*[[Letrozole]]
*[[Leuprolide]]
*[[Levalbuterol]]
*[[Levetiracetam]]
*[[Levocarnitine]]
*[[Levodopa]]
*[[Levofloxacin]]
*[[Levothyroxine]]
*[[Lincomycin]]
*[[Linezolid]]
*[[Liothyronine sodium]]
*[[Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia]]
*[[Lisinopril]]
*[[Listeriosis]]
*[[Lithium]]
*[[Lomefloxacin]]
*[[Lopinavir]]
*[[Loracarbef]]
*[[Loratadine]]
*[[Lorazepam]]
*[[Loxapine]]
*[[Lycorine]]
*[[Lymphangiectasis]]
*[[Lymphocytic colitis]]
*[[Lymphogranuloma venereum]]
*[[Macrolides]]
*[[Magnesium hydroxide]]
*[[Magnesium|Magnesium salts]]
*[[Malabsorption syndrome]]
*[[Malaria]]
*[[Malassimilation]]
*[[Malonic aciduria]]
*[[Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency]]
*[[Mannitol]]
*[[Marburg virus]]
*[[Marine toxins]]
*[[Mastocytosis]]
*[[Mazindol]]
*[[Measles]]
*[[Mebendazole]]
*[[Mechlorethamine]]
*[[Meckel diverticulitis]]
*[[Meclofenamate]]
*[[Medullary carcinoma of thyroid]]
*[[Mefenamic acid]]
*[[Mefloquine]]
*[[Megaloblastic anemia]]
*[[Megesterol]]
*[[Melarsoprol]]
*[[Meloxicam]]
*[[Ménétrier's disease]]
*[[Meprobamate]]
*[[Mercaptopurine]]
*[[Mercury poisoning]]
*[[Meropenem]]
*[[Mesalazine]]
*[[Mesna]]
*[[Mesoridazine]]
*[[Metabolic disorders]]
*[[Metagonimiasis]]
*[[Metal fume fever]]
*[[Metformin]]
*[[Methenamine]]
*[[Methotrexate]]
*[[Methoxychlor]]
*[[Methsuximide]]
*[[Methyclothiazide]]
*[[Methyldopa]]
*[[Methylergonovine]]
*[[Methyprylon]]
*[[Metoclopramide]]
*[[Metolachlor]]
*[[Metolazone]]
*[[Metoprolol]]
*[[Metronidazole]]
*[[Micafungin sodium]]
*[[Miconazole]]
*[[Microvillous inclusion disease]]
*[[Mifepristone]]
*[[Miglitol]]
*[[Milk allergy]]
*[[Mineral oil]]
*[[Minocycline]]
*[[Misoprostol]]
*[[Mitotane]]
*[[Mixed connective tissue disease]]
*[[Moclobemide]]
*[[Modafinil]]
*[[Moexipril]]
*[[Mastocytosis|Monoclonal mast cell activation syndrome]]
*[[Moricizine ]]
*[[Morphine withdrawal]]
*[[Moxifloxacin]]
*[[Mucopolysaccharidosis]]
*[[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]]
*[[Muscarine]]
*[[Mushroom poisoning]]
*[[Mycobacterium avium complex]]
*[[Mycophenolate]]
*[[Myleofibrosis]]
*[[Nabumetone]]
*[[Nafcillin]]
*[[Nalidixic acid]]
*[[Naltrexone ]]
*[[Naphthalene]]
*[[Narcissus pseudonarcissus]]
*[[Natalizumab]]
*[[Natamycin]]
*[[Nateglinide]]
*[[Necrotizing fasciitis]]
*[[Neisseria gonorrhea]]
*[[Nelfinavir]]
*[[Neomycin]]
*[[Neostigmine]]
*[[Netilmicin]]
*[[Neuroblastoma]]
*[[Neuroendocrine tumors]]
*[[Neurofibromatosis]]
*[[Neutropenia]]
*[[Nevirapine ]]
*[[Niclosamide]]
*[[Nintedanib]]
*[[Nizatidine]]
*[[Nontropical sprue]]
*[[Norfloxacin]]
*[[Norwalk gastroenteritis]]
*[[Nystatin]]
*[[Octreotide]]
*[[Ofloxacin]]
*[[Oleander|Oleander poisoning]]
*[[Olsalazine]]
*[[Omalizumab]]
*[[Omenn syndrome]]
*[[Omeprazole]]
*[[Ondansetron]]
*[[Opioid withdrawal]]
*[[Opisthorchis infection]]
*[[Organophosphates]]
*[[Orlistat]]
*[[Oseltamivir]]
*[[laxative|Osmotic laxative]]
*[[Otitis media|Otitis media in children]]
*[[Ovarian cancer]]
*[[Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome]]
*[[Oxaliplatin]]
*[[Oxazepam]]
*[[Oxcarbazepine]]
*[[Oxtriphylline]]
*[[Oxybutynin]]
*[[Oxyphenisatine]]
*[[Palbociclib]]
*[[Palivizumab]]
*[[Pancreatic adenoma]]
*[[Pancrelipase]]
*[[Panitumumab]]
*[[Pantoprazole]]
*[[Paragonimus infection]]
*[[Paraquat]]
*[[Parasympathomimetics]]
*[[Parathion]]
*[[Paroxetine]]
*[[Pearson syndrome]]
*[[Pegaspargase]]
*[[Peginterferon alfa-2a]]
*[[Peginterferon alfa-2b]]
*[[Pellagra]]
*[[Pelvic abscess]]
*[[Pemetrexed]]
*[[Pemoline]]
*[[Penbutolol]]
*[[Penicillin allergy]]
*[[Penicillium marneffei]]
*[[Pentamidine]]
*[[Pentostatin]]
*[[Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy]]
*[[Pergolide]]
*[[Perindopril]]
*[[Periodic hyperlysinemia]]
*[[Mesothelioma|Peritoneal mesothelioma]]
*[[Pernicious anemia]]
*[[Perphenazine]]
*[[Persin]]
*[[Pesticide poisoning]]
*[[Phenoxymethylpenicillin]]
*[[Phentermine]]
*[[Phentolamine]]
*[[Phycomycosis]]
*[[Phytohaemagglutinin|Phytohaemagglutinin poisoning]]
*[[phytolacca americana|Phytolacca americana toxicity]]
*[[Pilocarpine]]
*[[Pimecrolimus]]
*[[Pimozide]]
*[[Pirfenidone]]
*[[Piroxicam]]
*[[Plerixafor]]
*[[Plicamycin]]
*[[Poliovirus]]
*[[Polyposis]]
*[[Polythiazide]]
*[[Porphyria]]
*[[Portal vein thrombosis]]
*[[Posaconazole]]
*[[abdominal surgery|Postileal resection]]
*[[sympathectomy|Postsympathectomy]]
*[[Vagotomy|Postvagotomy]]
*[[Potassium citrate]]
*[[Pramipexole ]]
*[[Pramlintide]]
*[[Prazepam]]
*[[Praziquantel]]
*[[Prazosin]]
*[[Procainamide]]
*[[Procarbazine]]
*[[Proctitis]]
*[[Promethazine]]
*[[Propafenone]]
*[[Propranolol]]
*[[Prostaglandins]]
*[[Protein losing enteropathy]]
*[[Protriptyline ]]
*[[Pseudoephedrine]]
*[[Pseudomembranous colitis]]
*[[Psittacosis]]
*[[Pyrantel pamoate]]
*[[Pyridostigmine]]
*[[Q fever]]
*[[Quinapril]]
*[[Quinidine]]
*[[Quinolones]]
*[[Quinupristin]]
*[[Rabeprazole ]]
*[[proctitis|Radiation proctitis]]
*[[Radiation sickness]]
*[[Radium chloride]]
*[[Raltitrexed]]
*[[Ramipril]]
*[[Ranitidine]]
*[[Rasagiline]]
*[[Rectal cancer]]
*[[Rectal prolapse surgery|Rectal surgery]]
*[[Refsum disease]]
*[[Reiter’s syndrome]]
*[[Repaglinide]]
*[[Reserpine]]
*[[Retapamulin]]
*[[Rhabditida]]
*[[Ribavirin]]
*[[Ricinoleic acid]]
*[[Ricin|Ricinus communis poisoning]]
*[[Rifabutin]]
*[[Rifampin ]]
*[[Rilmenidine]]
*[[Riluzole]]
*[[Risedronate]]
*[[Risperidone]]
*[[Ritonavir]]
*[[Rituximab]]
*[[Rivastigmine]]
*[[Rizatriptan]]
*[[Roflumilast]]
*[[Rotavirus]]
*[[Roundworm]]
*[[Salmonellosis]]
*[[Salsalate]]
*[[Sanfilippo syndrome]]
*[[Saquinavir mesylate]]
*[[Sarcocystis]]
*[[Sargramostim]]
*[[Satoyoshi syndrome]]
*[[Schistosomiasis]]
*[[Scombroid food poisoning]]
*[[Secernentea]]
*[[Selegiline]]
*[[selenium|Selenium toxicity]]
*[[Serotonin syndrome]]
*[[Sevelamer]]
*[[Severe combined immunodeficiency]]
*[[Shigellosis]]
*[[Short bowel syndrome]]
*[[Shwachman-Diamond syndrome]]
*[[Sildenafil]]
*[[Siltuximab]]
*[[Simethicone]]
*[[Simvastatin]]
*[[Sirolimus]]
*[[Sitagliptin]]
*[[Slone's disease]]
*[[Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome]]
*[[Small bowel lymphoma]]
*[[Sodium oxybate]]
*[[Sodium picosulfate]]
*[[Sodium polystyrene sulfonate ]]
*[[Sofosbuvir]]
*[[solanine|Solanine poisoning]]
*[[Solifenacin]]
*[[Somatostatinoma]]
*[[Sorafenib]]
*[[Sorbitol]]
*[[Sotalol]]
*[[Sparfloxacin]]
*[[Sphingolipidosis]]
*[[Spironolactone]]
*[[Stachybotrys chartarum]]
*[[Staphylococcal food poisoning]]
*[[Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome]]
*[[Stavudine]]
*[[Streptobacillus]]
*[[Streptococcal infections]]
*[[Streptococcus suis]]
*[[Streptozocin]]
*[[Strongyloides]]
*[[Subacute thyroiditis]]
*[[Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency]]
*[[Sucrose intolerance]]
*[[Sulfadiazine]]
*[[Sulfasalazine]]
*[[Sulfisoxazole]]
*[[Sulindac]]
*[[Sulphonamides]]
*[[Sumatriptan]]
*[[Sunitinib]]
*[[Superior mesenteric artery syndrome]]
*[[Tacrine]]
*[[Tacrolimus]]
*[[Tamsulosin]]
*[[Tapeworms]]
*[[TASB (psychedelics)]]
*[[Tegafur]]
*[[Tegaserod]]
*[[Telbivudine]]
*[[Telithromycin]]
*[[Telmisartan]]
*[[Temozolomide]]
*[[Teniposide]]
*[[Tenofovir]]
*[[Terbinafine]]
*[[Teriparatide]]
*[[Tetracyclines]]
*[[Tetrodotoxin]]
*[[Thallium]]
*[[Theophylline]]
*[[Thiabendazole]]
*[[Thioguanine]]
*[[Thioridazine]]
*[[Thiothixene]]
*[[Thymus cancer]]
*[[Thyroid carcinoma]]
*[[Thyroxine]]
*[[Ticlopidine]]
*[[Tigecycline]]
*[[Tiludronate]]
*[[Tipranavir]]
*[[Tocopherol]]
*[[Tolcapone]]
*[[Topiramate]]
*[[Topotecan]]
*[[Toxocara]]
*[[Toxoplasmosis]]
*[[Trametinib dimethyl sulfoxide]]
*[[Tranexamic acid]]
*[[Tranylcypromine]]
*[[Trastuzumab]]
*[[Traveler's diarrhea]]
*[[Trazodone]]
*[[Trematoda]]
*[[Treprostinil]]
*[[Tretinoin]]
*[[Triamterene]]
*[[Triazolam]]
*[[Trichinella spiralis]]
*[[Trichinosis]]
*[[Trichuriasis]]
*[[Trifluoperazine]]
*[[Trihexyphenidyl]]
*[[Trimeprazine]]
*[[Trimethadione]]
*[[Trimethobenzamide]]
*[[Trimetrexate glucuronate]]
*[[Trimipramine]]
*[[Tropical sprue]]
*[[Trovafloxacin]]
*[[Tuberculosis]]
*[[Tularemia]]
*[[Turcot syndrome]]
*[[Typhoid fever]]
*[[Ulcerative colitis]]
*[[Urofollitropin]]
*[[Ursodeoxycholic acid]]
*[[Vaccination]]
*[[Valacyclovir]]
*[[Valganciclovir]]
*[[Valinemia]]
*[[Valproic acid]]
*[[Valsartan]]
*[[Vasculitis]]
*[[Vasculitis hypersensitivity]]
*[[Verapamil]]
*[[Vipoma|Verner-Morrison syndrome]]
*[[Very long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency]]
*[[Vibrio cholerae]]
*[[Vibrio|Vibrio mimicus]]
*[[Vibrio parahemolyticus]]
*[[Vibrio vulnificus]]
*[[Vilazodone]]
*[[Villous adenoma]]
*[[Vinblastine]]
*[[Vinorelbine Tartrate|Vinorelbine tartrate]]
*[[Vipoma]]
*[[Visceral leishmaniasis]]
*[[Vitamin C toxicity]]
*[[Von Gierke disease]]
*[[Voriconazole]]
*[[Vorinostat]]
*[[Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome]]
*[[Weil syndrome]]
*[[West Nile fever]]
*[[Whipple's disease]]
*[[Whipworm Infection]]
*[[Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome]]
*[[X-linked agammaglobulinaemia]]
*[[Yersinia enterocolitica]]
*[[Zanamivir]]
*[[Zidovudine]]
*[[Zinc deficiency]]
*[[Ziprasidone ]]
*[[Zoledronic acid]]
*[[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]]
*[[Zolmitriptan]]
*[[Zolpidem]]
}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
{{WS}}
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]

Latest revision as of 21:22, 29 July 2020

Diarrhea Microchapters

Home

Overview

Patient Information

Classification

Acute Diarrhea
Chronic diarrhea

Differential Diagnosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; M.Umer Tariq [3]; Mugilan Poongkunran M.B.B.S [4]

Overview

The principal cause of diarrhea stems from ingestion of unsafe drinking water (typically from admixture of raw sewage to water supplies); the occurrence is predominantly in lesser developed countries. The common causes of acute diarrhea are infection, allergy, food intolerance, foodborne illness and/or extreme excesses of vitamin C and/or magnesium and may be accompanied by abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Infectious diarrhea is most commonly caused by viral infections or bacterial toxins. Diarrhea can also be a principal symptom of more serious diseases, such as dysentery, Montezuma's Revenge, cholera, or botulism, and can also be indicative of a chronic syndrome such as Crohn's disease. Temporary diarrhea can also result from the ingestion of laxative medications or large quantities of certain foods like prunes with laxative properties. Though appendicitis patients do not generally have diarrhea, it is a common symptom of a ruptured appendix. It is also an effect of severe radiation sickness.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.


Common Causes


Causes According to Pathophysiology

Osmotic Diarrhea


Secretory Diarrhea


Motility Related Diarrhea


Causes According to Duration

Acute Diarrhea


Chronic Diarrhea


Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Portal vein thrombosis, superior mesenteric artery syndrome
Chemical / poisoning

Acrodynia, Amlodipine besylate and Atorvastatin calcium trihydrate, acute zinc toxicity, arsenic poisoning, Azacitidine , Cabozantinib carbamate insecticide poisoning, carbon monoxide poisoning, chlordane toxicity, chloroform toxicity, copper toxicity, diazinon poisoning, glutaraldehyde toxicity, heavy metal poisoning, lead poisoning, mercury poisoning, metal fume fever, naphthalene poisoning, organophosphate poisoning, paraquat toxicity, selenium toxicity, thallium toxicity

Dermatologic Acrodermatitis enteropathica, necrotizing fasciitis
Drug Side Effect

Ambenonium, 2C-B, 5-HT3 antagonist, 5-methoxy-diisopropyl tryptamine, abacavir, Acamprosate calcium, acarbose, acebutolol, Acetylcysteine, acyclovir, acitretin, aconitine, adefovir, afatinib, alatrofloxacin, albendazole, aldesleukin, Alemtuzumab, alendronate, aliskiren, allopurinol, alosetron, alpha-amanitin, alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, alprazolam, altretamine, ambenonium chloride, amifostine, amiloride, aminocaproic acid, aminophylline, amlexanox, amlodipine, Amlodipine besylate and Atorvastatin calcium trihydrate, ammonium lauryl sulfate, amoxicillin, amphetamine, amphotericin B, amprenavir, amitriptyline, anadenanthera peregrina, anagrelide, anakinra, anastrozole, Anidulafungin, anisindione, Apremilast, aprepitant, atazanavir, atenolol, atorvastatin, atovaquone, Atropine, auranofin, azithromycin, aztreonam, bacitracin, baclofen, barium nitrate, barium sulfate, Basiliximab, Benzphetamine, benazepril, bentiromide, bepridil, betaxolol, Bethanechol chloride, bevacizumab, bezafibrate, bicalutamide, biguanide, bisacodyl, bisoprolol, bortezomib, Bosutinib, bromocriptine, brompheniramine, bumetanide, buspirone, busulfan, candesartan, capecitabine, carbamazepine, carbidopa, carboplatin, carvedilol, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefamandole nafate, cefazolin, cefazolin, cefdinir, Cefditoren, cefepime, Cefixime, cefoperazone, cefotaxime, cefotetan disodium, cefoxitin, cefpodoxime, Cefprozil, Ceftaroline fosamil, ceftazidime, Ceftibuten, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, cephalexin, cephradine, Ceritinib, cerivastatin, cetuximab, cevimeline, Chenodiol, chloral hydrate, chlorambucil, chlordiazepoxide, chlorodyne, chlorothiazide, chlorpheniramine, Chlorpropamide, chlorthalidone, cholestyramine, ciclosporin, cidofovir, cilostazol,, cinacalcet, cisapride, citalopram, cladribine, clamoxyquine, clarithromycin, clavulanic acid, clindamycin, clofarabine, clofibrate, clomipramine, clonazepam, clopidogrel, clorazepate, Conjugated estrogens/bazedoxifene, colchicine, colistimethate, conjugated estrogens, Crizotinib, cyclophosphamide, cyproheptadine, cytarabine, dactinomycin, dalfopristin, dantrolene, daptomycin, darbepoetin alfa, darifenacin, darunavir, dasatinib, daunorubicin, deferasirox, delavirdine, demeclocycline, Denileukin diftitox deracoxib, desoxyn, Dexchlorpheniramine, dextroamphetamine, dextromethorphan, diacerein, diazepam, diclofenac, dicloxacillin, didanosine, diflunisal, digitoxin, digoxin, diltiazem, dipyridamole, dirithromycin, disopyramide, docetaxel, dofetilide, dolasetron, donepezil, doripenem, doxorubicin, doxycycline, DTPA, duloxetine, Ecallantide, eculizumab, efavirenz, Elvitegravir, emtricitabine, Emtricitabine, Rilpivirine Hydrochloride, And Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate enalapril, endosulfan, enoxacin, entacapone, Epirubicin hydrochloride, eplerenone, epoetin alfa, ergotamine, erlotinib, Eliglustat, erythromycin, esomeprazole, estazolam, estradiol, ethacrynic acid, ethosuximide, etidronate, etodolac, etoposide, exemestane, exenatide, ezetimibe, famciclovir, famotidine, felbamate, Ferric oxyhydroxide, fexofenadine, floxuridine, foscarnet sodium, fluconazole, flucytosine, fludarabine, fluoride, fluorouracil, fluoxetine, flurazepam, Flurbiprofen, flutamide, fluticasone, fluvastatin, fluvoxamine, fosamprenavir, foscarnet, fosinopril, frovatriptan, fulvestrant, gabapentin, galantamine, ganciclovir, gatifloxacin, gefitinib, gemcitabine, gemeprost, gemfibrozil, glatiramer, Glipizide, Glyburide and Metformin, glycopyrrolate, granisetron, griseofulvin, guanethidine, guanfacine, hydralazine, hydrochlorothiazide, hydroxychloroquine, Hydroxyprogesterone caproate hydroxyurea, hyoscyamine, ibandronate, Ibritumomab Tiuxetan ibuprofen, idarubicin, Idelalisib, Idursulfase, imatinib, Imiglucerase infliximab, interferon alfacon-1 , Interferon alfa-2b , interferon beta-1b, irinotecan hydrochloride, iron supplements, isocarboxazid, isradipine, itraconazole, Ivacaftor, Ivermectin, Ixabepilone, ketoconazole, Ketorolac tromethamine, Lactulose, lamivudine, lamotrigine, lanreotide, lansoprazole, lanthanum,Lapatinib, leflunomide, lenalidomide, letrozole, leuprolide, levalbuterol, levetiracetam, Lenvatinib, levocarnitine, levodopa, levofloxacin, Linaclotide, Lincomycin Hydrochloride, linezolid, liothyronine sodium, lisinopril, lithium, lomefloxacin, lopinavir, loracarbef, loratadine, lorazepam, loxapine, magnesium hydroxide, mebendazole, mechlorethamine, meclofenamate, Mercaptopurine, mefenamic acid, mefloquine, megestrol, Meloxicam, meprobamate, mercaptopurine, meropenem, mesalazine, mesna, mesoridazine, Metirosine, metformin, methamphetamine, methenamine, methotrexate, methoxychlor, methsuximide, methyclothiazide, methylergonovine, methyprylon, metoclopramide, metolachlor, metolazone, metoprolol, metronidazole, Micafungin sodium, miconazole, mifepristone, miglitol, Miglustat, miltefosine minocycline, misoprostol, mitotane, mitoxantrone, moclobemide, modafinil, moexipril, moricizine, moxifloxacin, mycophenolate, nabumetone, nafcillin, naltrexone, naphthalene, naproxen and esomeprazole magnesium, natalizumab, natamycin, nateglinide, nelfinavir, nevirapine, Niacin/simvastatin, niclosamide, Nilotinib, Nintedanib, nizatidine, norfloxacin, nystatin, ofloxacin, Olsalazine, omalizumab, omeprazole, ondansetron, oseltamivir, oxaliplatin, oxazepam, oxcarbazepine, oxtriphylline, oxybutynin, Palbociclib, palivizumab, pancrelipase, Panitumumab, pantoprazole, Paromomycin sulfate, Paroxetine, Pasireotide, pegaspargase, peginterferon alfa-2a, peginterferon alfa-2b, pemetrexed, pemoline, penbutolol, penicillin, pentamidine, pentostatin, pergolide, perindopril, perphenazine, Pertuzumab, phenazopyridine, Phenoxymethylpenicillin, phentermine, pilocarpine, pimecrolimus, pimozide, Pirfenidone, piroxicam, Plerixafor, Potassium iodide, plicamycin, polythiazide, posaconazole, Potassium chloride, Potassium citrate, pramipexole, pramlintide, prazepam, praziquantel, prazosin, procainamide, procarbazine, promethazine, propafenone, propranolol, permethrin, protriptyline, pseudoephedrine, Pyrantel pamoate, pyridostigmine, quinapril, quinidine, quinupristin, rabeprazole, Radium chloride, ramipril, Ramucirumab, ranitidine, rasagiline, Rasburicase, repaglinide, reserpine, retapamulin, ribavirin, rifabutin, rifampin, rilmenidine, riluzole, risedronate, risperidone, ritonavir, rituximab, rivastigmine, rizatriptan, Riluzole, roflumilast, Sacrosidase, salsalate, saquinavir mesylate, Saxagliptin hydrochloride and Metformin hydrochloride sargramostim, Secukinumab, selegiline, sevelamer, sildenafil, Siltuximab, simethicone, simvastatin, sirolimus, sitagliptin, sodium oxybate, sodium picosulfate, sodium polystyrene sulfonate, solanine, solifenacin, sorafenib, sotalol, sparfloxacin, spironolactone, stavudine, streptozocin, sulfadiazine, sulfasalazine, sulfisoxazole, sulfisoxazole, sulindac, sumatriptan, sunitinib, tacrine, Tacrolimus, tamsulosin, tedizolid, tegaserod, telbivudine, telithromycin, telmisartan, temozolomide, teniposide, tenofovir, terbinafine, teriparatide, tetraferric tricitrate decahydrate, Thallous Chloride Tl 201, theophylline, thiabendazole, thioguanine, thioridazine, thiothixene, thyroxine, ticlopidine, Tigecycline, tiludronate, tipranavir, tocopherol, tolcapone, Tolmetin, topiramate, topotecan, Trametinib dimethyl sulfoxide, trandolapril, tranylcypromine, trastuzumab, trazodone, treprostinil, Tretinoin, triamterene, triazolam, trifluoperazine, trihexyphenidyl, trimeprazine, trimethadione, trimethobenzamide, trimetrexate glucuronate, trimipramine, triprolidine, trovafloxacin, valacyclovir, valganciclovir, valproic acid, valsartan, verapamil, Vandetanib, Vilazodone, vinblastine, voriconazole, vorinostat, zanamivir, Zafirlukast, zidovudine, ziprasidone, zoledronic acid, zolmitriptan, Zoledronate

Ear Nose Throat Otitis media in children
Endocrine

Addison's disease, carcinoid syndrome, diabetes insipidus, diabetic neuropathy, glucagonoma, Graves disease, hyperthyroidism, hypoaldosteronism, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 neuroendocrine tumors, somatostatinoma, subacute thyroiditis

Environmental Abrus precatorious, agastache rugosa, alchornea castaneifolia, amanita phalloides poisoning, amnesic shellfish poisoning, azalea poisoning, bee stings, datura stramonium poisoning, endosulfan toxication, food poisoning, herbal extract overdose, honey intoxication, insect bite allergy, isomalt toxicity, lycorine, marine toxins, mushroom poisoning, narcissus pseudonarcissus, oleander poisoning, pesticide poisoning, phytohaemagglutinin poisoning, phytolacca americana toxicity, ricinus communis poisoning, snakebites, solanine poisoning
Gastroenterologic

Abdominal abscess, abdominal cancer, achlorhydria, acute appendicitis, acute gastritis, bile acid sequestrant, biliary atresia, biliary tract cancer, blind loop syndrome, caecitis, carcinoid syndrome, celiac disease, cholestatic jaundice, colitis, colonic inertia, colonic malakoplakia, colonic villous adenomata, colorectal cancer, colorectal polyps, Crohn's disease, diverticulitis, enteritis, enterocele, enterocolitis, food poisoning, fructose malabsorption, gastric dumping syndrome, gastrinoma, gastritis, gastro-enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, gastroenteritis, gastrointestinal amyloidosis, glucose-galactose malabsorption, gluten sensitivity, Habba syndrome ileitis, inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal lymphangiectasis, intestinal pseudoobstruction, intususception, irritable bowel syndrome, ischemic colitis, lactose intolerance, listeriosis, malabsorption syndrome, malassimilation, Meckel diverticulitis, polyposis, proctitis, protein losing enteropathy, tropical sprue, ulcerative colitis, Whipple's disease, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Genetic

3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency, 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency, abetalipoproteinaemia, Arakawa's syndrome II, aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency, aspartylglycosaminuria, Baber's syndrome, Brown-symmers disease, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1B, congenital intrinsic factor deficiency, congenital short bowel syndrome, congenital toxoplasmosis, Cornelia de Lange syndrome 2, Cronkhite-Canada disease, dibasic aminoaciduria 2, Fabry's disease, familial amyloid polyneuropathy, galactosemia, Gardner's syndrome, Gilbert's syndrome, glutathione synthetase deficiency, Hartnup disease, hereditary angioedema, HNPCC, hyper IgM syndrome, hyperlipoproteinemia type I, inborn amino acid metabolism disorder, juvenile polyposis syndrome, lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia, malonic aciduria, malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency, mucopolysaccharidosis, neuroblastoma, neurofibromatosis, Sanfilippo syndrome, Slone's disease, sphingolipidosis, sucrase-isomaltase deficiency, Turcot syndrome, very long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency, Von Gierke disease, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, X-linked agammaglobulinaemia

Hematologic

Amyloidosis, C1 esterase inhibitor, chronic myeloproliferative disorders, hyper IgM syndrome, idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome, megaloblastic anemia, myleofibrosis, neutropenia, porphyria Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, X-linked agammaglobulinaemia

Iatrogenic

Adjustable gastric band, colonoscopy, dumping syndrome, graft versus host disease, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, postileal resection, postvagotomy, radiation proctitis, rectal surgery, radiation sickness, short bowel syndrome, vaccination

Infectious Disease

Adenophorea, adenoviridae, aeromonas hydrophila, AIDS, amebiasis, ancylostoma duodenale, anguillulosis, anthrax, ascariasis, astrovirus, bacillary dysentery, bacillus cereus, bacterial toxin, balantidiasis, beef tapeworm, blastocystis hominis, borrelia anserina, botulism, campylobacter jejuni, candida, capillaria, cestoda, ciguatera poisoning, clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens, clostridium sordellii, clostridium welchii, coccidia, cryptosporidiosis, cyclosporiasis, cysticercosis, cytomegalovirus, dientamoeba fragilis, diphyllobothrium infection, dipylidium caninum infection, Ebola, echinococcosis, ehrlichiosis, entamoeba histolytica, escherichia coli, fasciolopsiasis, filariasis, flavivirus, fusarium venenatum, giardia lamblia, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, helminthiasis, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, hepatitis E, hepatitis X, hookworm infection, isosporiasis, katayama fever, lassa fever, legionella pneumophila, legionnaires' disease, leptospirosis, lymphogranuloma venereum, malaria, marburg virus, measles, metagonimiasis, mycobacterium avium complex, norwalk gastroenteritis, opisthorchis infection, paragonimus infection, pelvic abscess, pseudomembranous colitis, psittacosis, Q fever, rhabditida, rotavirus, roundworm, salmonellosis, sarcocystis, schistosomiasis, secernentea, shigellosis, small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome, staphylococcal food poisoning, staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome, streptobacillus, streptococcal infections, strongyloides, tapeworms, trematoda, trichinella spiralis, trichinosis, trichuriasis, tularemia, typhoid fever, vancomycin, vibrio cholerae, vibrio mimicus, vibrio parahemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus, visceral leishmaniasis, Whipple disease, whipworm infection, yersinia enterocolitica

Musculoskeletal / Ortho No underlying causes
Neurologic Common migraine, neuroblastoma, Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome
Nutritional / Metabolic

Folate deficiency, food allergies, food intolerances, iron supplements, kwashiorkor, lactose intolerance, milk allergy, pellagra, pernicious anemia, protein losing enteropathy, sucrose intolerance, vitamin C toxicity, zinc deficiency

Obstetric/Gynecologic Childbirth, endometriosis, neonatal sepsis, ovarian cancer, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
Oncologic

Adrenal tumor, carcinoid syndrome, colorectal cancer, Ewing's sarcoma, Gardner's syndrome, gastric cancer, HNPCC, juvenile polyposis syndrome, Kaposi's sarcoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, neuroendocrine tumors, pancreatic adenoma, peritoneal mesothelioma, neuroendocrine tumors, ovarian cancer, small bowel lymphoma, somatostatinoma, thymus cancer, Vipoma,

Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity

Carbon monoxide toxicity, carnitine overuse, colchicine toxicity, digoxin toxicity, ergotism, heavy metal ingestion, mazindol

Psychiatric Anxiety-tension syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, dissociative disorder, panic attack
Pulmonary Anthrax, cystic fibrosis, diffuse systemic sclerosis, legionellosis
Renal / Electrolyte Acute kidney failure, chronic renal failure, hyperchloremia
Rheum / Immune / Allergy

Acquired angioedema, Amyloidosis, anaphylaxis, autoimmune adrenalitis, autoimmune enteropathy, autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome, autonomic neuropathy, C1 esterase inhibitor, chronic granulomatous disease, complement 5 deficiency, hereditary angioedema, hyper IgM syndrome, Kawasaki disease, Omenn syndrome, Reiter’s syndrome, Satoyoshi syndrome, severe combined immunodeficiency, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, X-linked agammaglobulinaemia

Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic Proctitis, Reiter’s syndrome
Miscellaneous

Alcohol intoxication, alcohol withdrawal, anopsology

Causes in Alphabetical Order

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References

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