Ventricular tachycardia causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Ventricular tachycardia}}
{{Ventricular tachycardia}}
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-in Chief''': [[User:Avirupguha|Avirup Guha, M.B.B.S.]][mailto:avirup.guha@gmail.com]
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} [[User:Avirupguha|Avirup Guha, M.B.B.S.]][mailto:avirup.guha@gmail.com]; {{M.P}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Common causes of ventricular tachycardia include [[ischemic heart disease]], illicit drugs ([[cocaine]] and [[methamphetamine]]), structural [[heart disease]] (including [[congenital heart disease]]s such as [[tetralogy of Fallot]]), inherited [[channelopathies]], drug toxicity ([[digoxin]], drugs that [[prolong the QT interval]]) and [[electrolyte disturbances]] (such as [[hypokalemia]], [[hypomagnesemia]], and [[hypocalcemia]]).
[[Ischemic heart disease]] is a common cause of [[ventricular tachycardia]]. Other causes of [[ventricular tachycardia]] include [[congenital heart disease]], [[valvular heart disease]],  dilated [[non-ischemic cardiomyopathy]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[infiltrative cardiomyopathy]], [[inflammatory cardiomyopathy]], and inherited [[channelopathies]]. In addition, illicit drug use  with [[sympathetic activity]] such as [[cocaine]] and [[methamphetamine]], and drugs with [[QT interval prolongation]] effect and also [[electrolyte disturbances]] such as [[hypokalemia]], [[hypomagnesemia]], and [[hypocalcemia]] may cause [[ventricular tachycardia]].


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. They are mainly due to acute conditions that promote rapid dysfunction of [[automaticity]] and include:<ref name="AjijolaTung2014">{{cite journal|last1=Ajijola|first1=Olujimi A.|last2=Tung|first2=Roderick|last3=Shivkumar|first3=Kalyanam|title=Ventricular tachycardia in ischemic heart disease substrates|journal=Indian Heart Journal|volume=66|year=2014|pages=S24–S34|issn=00194832|doi=10.1016/j.ihj.2013.12.039}}</ref><ref name="Meja LopezMalhotra2019">{{cite journal|last1=Meja Lopez|first1=Eliany|last2=Malhotra|first2=Rohit|title=Ventricular Tachycardia in Structural Heart Disease|journal=Journal of Innovations in Cardiac Rhythm Management|volume=10|issue=8|year=2019|pages=3762–3773|issn=21563977|doi=10.19102/icrm.2019.100801}}</ref><ref name="CoughtrieBehr2017">{{cite journal|last1=Coughtrie|first1=Abigail L|last2=Behr|first2=Elijah R|last3=Layton|first3=Deborah|last4=Marshall|first4=Vanessa|last5=Camm|first5=A John|last6=Shakir|first6=Saad A W|title=Drugs and life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia risk: results from the DARE study cohort|journal=BMJ Open|volume=7|issue=10|year=2017|pages=e016627|issn=2044-6055|doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016627}}</ref><ref name="El-Sherif2001">{{cite journal|last1=El-Sherif|first1=Nabil|title=Mechanism of Ventricular Arrhythmias in the Long QT Syndrome: On Hermeneutics|journal=Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology|volume=12|issue=8|year=2001|pages=973–976|issn=1045-3873|doi=10.1046/j.1540-8167.2001.00973.x}}</ref>
*[[Acute coronary syndrome]]
*[[Congestive heart failure]]
*[[NSTEMI]]
*[[STEMI]]
*[[Unstable angina]]
===Common Causes===  
===Common Causes===  
 
*[[Acid-base disturbances]]
====Across All Ages====
*[[Antiarrhythmics]]
*[[Azithromycin]]
*[[Cardioversion]]
*[[Clarithromycin]]
*[[Claritin]]
*[[Cocaine]]
*[[Congestive heart failure]]
*[[Congestive heart failure]]
*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Erythromycin]]
*[[Hypokalemia]]
*[[Hypokalemia]]
*[[Hypomagnesemia]]
*[[Hypomagnesemia]]
*[[Myocarditis]]
*[[Obstructive sleep apnea]]
*[[Pulmonary artery catheter]]
*[[STEMI]]
*[[STEMI]]
 
*[[Tricyclic antidepressants]]
====Among Patients Under 35 Years of Age====
*[[Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia]]
*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Long QT syndrome]]
*[[Myocarditis]]
*[[Short QT syndrome]]
* [[Short QT syndrome type 1]]
* [[Short QT syndrome type 2]]
* [[Short QT syndrome type 3]]
* [[Short QT syndrome type 4]]
* [[Short QT syndrome type 5]]


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
 
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{|style="width:70%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute coronary syndrome]], [[Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis]], [[Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia]], [[AV block]], [[Cardiomyopathy]], [[Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia]], [[Congenital Heart Disease]], [[Congestive heart failure]], [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]], [[Ischaemic heart disease]], [[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]], [[Long QT Syndrome]], [[Myocardial Infarction]], [[Myocarditis]], [[NSTEMI]], [[Right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia]], [[Romano-Ward syndrome]], [[Short QT syndrome]], [[Short QT syndrome type 1]], [[Short QT syndrome type 2]], [[Short QT syndrome type 3]], [[Short QT syndrome type 4]], [[Short QT syndrome type 5]], [[STEMI]], , [[Timothy syndrome]], [[Torsade de pointes]], [[Unstable angina]], [[Valvular heart disease]], [[Ventricular aneurysm]], [[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute coronary syndrome]], [[Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis]], [[arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia]], [[AV block]], [[Brugada syndrome]], [[cardiomyopathy]], [[catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia]], [[congenital heart disease]], [[congestive heart failure]], [[dilated cardiomyopathy]], [[hypertensive heart disease]], [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]], [[ischemic heart disease]], [[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]], [[long QT syndrome]], [[mitral valve prolapse]], [[myocardial infarction]], [[myocarditis]], [[noncompaction cardiomyopathy]], [[NSTEMI]], [[QT lengthening]], [[right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia]], [[Romano-Ward syndrome]], [[short QT syndrome]], [[short QT syndrome type 1]], [[short QT syndrome type 2]], [[short QT syndrome type 3]], [[short QT syndrome type 4]], [[short QT syndrome type 5]], [[STEMI]], [[Timothy syndrome]], [[torsade de pointes]], [[unstable angina]], [[valvular heart disease]], [[ventricular aneurysm]], [[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Arsenic trioxide]], [[Arsenicals]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acetaminophen]], [[arsenic trioxide]], [[arsenicals]], [[methanol]], [[aconitine]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alimemazine]], [[Almokalant]], [[Amiodarone]], [[Amitriptyline]], [[Amphetamines]], [[Antiarrhythmics]], [[Asenapine]], [[Astemizole]], [[Azimilide]], [[Azithromycin]], [[Bepridil]], [[Bretylium]], [[Budipine]], [[Chloroquine]], [[Cibenzoline]], [[Cisapride]], [[Citalopram]], [[Clomipramine]], [[Clozapine]], [[Cocaine]], [[Crizotinib]], [[Desipramine]], [[Digitalis]], [[Diphenhydramine]], [[Disopyramide]], [[Dofetilide]], [[Dolasetron]], [[Doxepin]], [[Dronedarone]], [[Droperidol]], [[Eribulin mesylate]], [[Fluconazole]], [[Grepafloxacin]], [[Halofantrine]], [[Haloperidol]], [[Ibutilide]], [[Imipramine]], [[Indapamide]], [[Inotropes]], [[Ketanserin]], [[Ketoconazole]], [[Lidoflazine]], [[Lubeluzole]], [[Methadone]], [[Methadyl acetate]], [[Methamphetamine]], [[Midodrine]], [[Mizolastine]], [[Moxifloxacin]], [[Naratriptan]], [[Nicardipine]], [[Nilotinib]], [[Ondansetron]], [[Pasireotide]], [[Pazopanib]], [[Pentamidine]], [[Phenothiazines]], [[Pimozide]], [[Piperaquine]], [[Prenylamine]], [[Probucol]], [[Procainamide]], [[Propoxyphene]], [[Quinidine]], [[Quinine]], [[Ranolazine]], [[Retigabine]], [[Ritodrine]], [[Ritonavir]], [[Saquinavir]], [[Sertindole]], [[Sotalol]], [[Sparfloxacin]], [[Sympathomimetic agents]], [[Tedisamil]], [[Telithromycin]], [[Terfenadine]], [[Terodiline]], [[Tetrabenazine]], [[Thioridazine]], [[Vandetanib]], [[Vemurafenib]], [[Venlafaxine]], [[Vernakalant]], [[Voriconazole]], [[Vorinostat]], [[Ziprasidone]], [[Zotepine]], [[Zuclopenthixol]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acetaminophen]], [[alimemazine]], [[almokalant]], [[amiodarone]], [[amitriptyline]], [[amphetamines]], [[antiarrhythmics]], [[asenapine]], [[aspirin]], [[astemizole]], [[azimilide]], [[azithromycin]], [[bepridil]], [[bretylium]], [[bromocriptine]], [[budipine]], [[chloroquine]], [[cibenzoline]], [[cisapride]], [[citalopram]], [[claritin]], [[clomipramine]], [[clozapine]], [[cocaine]], [[crizotinib]], [[desipramine]], [[digitalis]], [[diphenhydramine]], [[disopyramide]], [[dofetilide]], [[dolasetron]], [[doxepin]], [[dronedarone]], [[droperidol]], [[Eletriptan]], [[eribulin mesylate]], [[erythromycin]], [[fluconazole]], [[fosphenytoin]], [[grepafloxacin]], [[halofantrine]], [[haloperidol]], [[ibutilide]], [[imipramine]], [[indapamide]], [[inotropes]], [[ketanserin]], [[ketoconazole]], [[lidoflazine]], [[lubeluzole]], [[methadone]], [[methadyl acetate]], [[methamphetamine]], [[midodrine]], [[mizolastine]], [[moxifloxacin]], [[naratriptan]], [[nicardipine]], [[nilotinib]], [[Nizatidine]], [[ondansetron]], [[pasireotide]], [[pazopanib]], [[pentamidine]], [[pergolide]], [[phenothiazines]], [[pimozide]], [[piperaquine]], [[prenylamine]], [[probucol]], [[procainamide]], [[propoxyphene]], [[quinidine]], [[quinine]], [[ranolazine]], [[retigabine]], [[ritodrine]], [[ritonavir]], [[saquinavir]], [[sertindole]], [[sotalol]], [[sparfloxacin]], [[sumatriptan]], [[sympathomimetic agents]], [[tedisamil]], [[telithromycin]], [[terfenadine]], [[terodiline]], [[tetrabenazine]], [[theophylline]], [[thioridazine]], [[tricyclic antidepressants]], [[vandetanib]], [[vemurafenib]], [[venlafaxine]], [[vernakalant]], [[voriconazole]], [[vorinostat]], [[ziprasidone]], [[zotepine]], [[zuclopenthixol]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hypothyroidism]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Addisonian crisis]], [[Cushing's syndrome]], [[diabetic ketoacidosis]], [[hyperthyroidism]], [[hypothyroidism]], [[myxedema]], [[pheochromocytoma]]
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Heat stroke]], [[hypothermia]], [[zero gravity]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Channelopathies]], [[Myotonic dystrophy]], [[Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis]], [[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]], [[Romano-Ward syndrome]], [[Short QT syndrome type 1]], [[Short QT syndrome type 2]], [[Short QT syndrome type 3]], [[Short QT syndrome type 4]], [[Short QT syndrome type 5]], [[Timothy syndrome]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis]], [[channelopathies]], [[Fabry disease]], [[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]], [[myotonic dystrophy]], [[Romano-Ward syndrome]], [[short QT syndrome type 1]], [[short QT syndrome type 2]], [[short QT syndrome type 3]], [[short QT syndrome type 4]], [[short QT syndrome type 5]], [[Timothy syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cardioversion]], [[Defibrillation]], [[Electrophysiologic studies]], [[Heart surgery]], [[Pulmonary artery catheter ]], [[Right heart catheterisation]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cardioversion]], [[defibrillation]], [[heart surgery]], [[malignant hyperthermia|post-anesthesia]], [[pulmonary artery catheter]], [[right heart catheterisation]], [[runaway pacemaker syndrome]], [[cardiac transplantation]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[chagas disease|Chagas heart disease]], [[Lyme disease]], [[myocarditis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis]], [[Timothy syndrome]], [[Myotonic dystrophy]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis]], [[Timothy syndrome]], [[myotonic dystrophy]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Stroke|Acute stroke]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acidosis]], [[Acid-base disturbances]], [[Acute starvation]], [[Electrolyte imbalance]], [[Hyperkalaemia]], [[Hypocalcemia]], [[Hypoglycaemia]], [[Hypokalemia]], [[Hypomagnesemia]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acid-base disturbances]], [[acidosis]], [[acute starvation]], [[electrolyte imbalance]], [[hyperkalaemia]], [[hypocalcemia]], [[hypoglycaemia]], [[hypokalemia]], [[hypomagnesemia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alimemazine]], [[Almokalant]], [[Amiodarone]], [[Amitriptyline]], [[Amphetamines]], [[Antiarrhythmics]], [[Asenapine]], [[Astemizole]], [[Azimilide]], [[Azithromycin]], [[Bepridil]], [[Bretylium]], [[Budipine]], [[Chloroquine]], [[Cibenzoline]], [[Cisapride]], [[Citalopram]], [[Clomipramine]], [[Clozapine]], [[Cocaine]], [[Crizotinib]], [[Desipramine]], [[Digitalis]], [[Diphenhydramine]], [[Disopyramide]], [[Dofetilide]], [[Dolasetron]], [[Doxepin]], [[Dronedarone]], [[Droperidol]], [[Eribulin mesylate]], [[Fluconazole]], [[Grepafloxacin]], [[Halofantrine]], [[Haloperidol]], [[Ibutilide]], [[Imipramine]], [[Indapamide]], [[Inotropes]], [[Ketanserin]], [[Ketoconazole]], [[Lidoflazine]], [[Lubeluzole]], [[Methadone]], [[Methadyl acetate]], [[Methamphetamine]], [[Midodrine]], [[Mizolastine]], [[Moxifloxacin]], [[Naratriptan]], [[Nicardipine]], [[Nilotinib]], [[Ondansetron]], [[Pasireotide]], [[Pazopanib]], [[Pentamidine]], [[Phenothiazines]], [[Pimozide]], [[Piperaquine]], [[Prenylamine]], [[Probucol]], [[Procainamide]], [[Propoxyphene]], [[Quinidine]], [[Quinine]], [[Ranolazine]], [[Retigabine]], [[Ritodrine]], [[Ritonavir]], [[Saquinavir]], [[Sertindole]], [[Sotalol]], [[Sparfloxacin]], [[Sympathomimetic agents]], [[Tedisamil]], [[Telithromycin]], [[Terfenadine]], [[Terodiline]], [[Tetrabenazine]], [[Thioridazine]], [[Vandetanib]], [[Vemurafenib]], [[Venlafaxine]], [[Vernakalant]], [[Voriconazole]], [[Vorinostat]], [[Ziprasidone]], [[Zotepine]], [[Zuclopenthixol]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alimemazine]], [[almokalant]], [[amiodarone]], [[amitriptyline]], [[amphetamines]], [[antiarrhythmics]], [[bretylium]], [[budipine]], [[chloroquine]], [[cibenzoline]], [[cisapride]], [[clomipramine]], [[clozapine]], [[crizotinib]], [[desipramine]], [[digitalis]], [[diphenhydramine]], [[disopyramide]], [[dofetilide]], [[doxepin]], [[dronedarone]], [[droperidol]], [[eribulin mesylate]], [[halofantrine]], [[haloperidol]], [[ibutilide]], [[lidoflazine]], [[methadone]], [[methadyl acetate]], [[methamphetamine]], [[midodrine]], [[mizolastine]], [[pentamidine]], [[phenothiazines]], [[pimozide]], [[piperaquine]], [[prenylamine]], [[probucol]], [[procainamide]], [[propoxyphene]], [[quinidine]], [[quinine]], [[ranolazine]], [[retigabine]], [[ritodrine]], [[ritonavir]], [[sertindole]], [[tedisamil]], [[telithromycin]], [[terfenadine]], [[terodiline]], [[tetrabenazine]], [[thioridazine]], [[vandetanib]], [[vemurafenib]], [[venlafaxine]], [[voriconazole]], [[ziprasidone]], [[zotepine]], [[zuclopenthixol]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anorexia nervosa]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anorexia nervosa]], [[major depression]], [[Takotsubo cardiomyopathy]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hypoxia]], [[Obstructive sleep apnea]], [[Sleep apnea]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[pulmonary hypertension|Chronic pulmonary artery hypertension]], [[COPD]], [[hypoxia]], [[obstructive sleep apnea]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acid-base disturbances]], [[acidosis]], [[electrolyte imbalance]], [[hyperkalaemia]], [[hypocalcemia]], [[hypoglycaemia]], [[hypokalemia]], [[hypomagnesemia]], [[renal failure]], [[uremia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amyloidosis]], [[sarcoidosis|cardiac sarcoidosis]], [[giant cell myocarditis]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[chest trauma|Blunt chest trauma]], [[myocardial contusion]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Caffeine]], [[Hypothermia]], [[Zero gravity]], [[Cocaine]], [[Channelopathies]], [[Acidosis]], [[Acid-base disturbances]], [[Acute starvation]], [[Electrolyte imbalance]], [[Hyperkalaemia]], [[Hypoglycaemia]], [[Hypomagnesemia]], [[Obstructive sleep apnea]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alcoholism]], [[idiopathic]]
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
 
{{collist|colwidth=20em|
{{MultiCol}}
*[[Acid-base disturbances]]
*[[Acid-base disturbances]]  
 
*[[Acidosis]]
*[[Acidosis]]
 
*[[aconitine|Aconitine toxin]]
*[[Acute coronary syndrome]]
*[[Acute coronary syndrome]]
*[[Acute starvation]]
*[[Acute starvation]]
 
*[[Stroke|Acute stroke]]
*[[Addisonian crisis]]
*[[Alcoholism]]
*[[Alimemazine]]
*[[Alimemazine]]
*[[Almokalant]]
*[[Almokalant]]
*[[Amiodarone]]
*[[Amiodarone]]
*[[Amitriptyline]]
*[[Amitriptyline]]
*[[Amphetamines]]
*[[Amphetamines]]
 
*[[Amyloidosis]]
*[[Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis]]
*[[Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis]]
*[[Anorexia nervosa]]
*[[Anorexia nervosa]]
*[[Antiarrhythmics]]
*[[Antiarrhythmics]]
*[[Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia]]
*[[Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia]]
*[[Arsenic trioxide]]
*[[Arsenic trioxide]]
*[[Arsenicals]]
*[[Arsenicals]]
*[[Asenapine]]
*[[Asenapine]]
*[[Astemizole]]
*[[Astemizole]]
*[[AV block]]
*[[AV block]]
*[[Azimilide]]
*[[Azimilide]]
*[[Azithromycin]]
*[[Azithromycin]]
*[[Bepridil]]
*[[Bepridil]]
 
*[[Chest trauma|Blunt chest trauma]]
*[[Bretylium]]
*[[Bretylium]]
 
*[[Brugada syndrome]]
*[[Budipine]]
*[[Budipine]]
*[[Caffeine]]
*[[Caffeine]]
 
*[[Sarcoidosis|Cardiac sarcoidosis]]
*[[Cardiac transplantation]]
*[[Cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Cardioversion]]
*[[Cardioversion]]
*[[Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia]]
*[[Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia]]
 
*[[chagas disease|Chagas heart disease]]
*[[Channelopathies]]
*[[Channelopathies]]
*[[Chloroquine]]
*[[Chloroquine]]
 
*[[Pulmonary hypertension|Chronic pulmonary artery hypertension]]
*[[Cibenzoline]]
*[[Cibenzoline]]
*[[Cisapride]]
*[[Cisapride]]
*[[Citalopram]]
*[[Citalopram]]
 
*[[Claritin]]
*[[Clomipramine]]
*[[Clomipramine]]
*[[Clozapine]]
*[[Clozapine]]
*[[Cocaine]]
*[[Cocaine]]
*[[Congenital Heart Disease]]
*[[Congenital Heart Disease]]
*[[Congestive heart failure]]
*[[Congestive heart failure]]
 
*[[COPD]]
*[[Crizotinib]]
*[[Crizotinib]]
 
*[[Cushing's syndrome]]
*[[Defibrillation]]
*[[Defibrillation]]
*[[Desipramine]]
*[[Desipramine]]
 
*[[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]
*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Digitalis]]
*[[Digitalis]]
*[[Diphenhydramine]]
*[[Diphenhydramine]]
*[[Disopyramide]]
*[[Disopyramide]]
*[[Dofetilide]]
*[[Dofetilide]]
*[[Dolasetron]]
*[[Dolasetron]]
*[[Doxepin]]
*[[Doxepin]]
*[[Dronedarone]]
*[[Dronedarone]]
*[[Droperidol]]
*[[Droperidol]]
*[[Electrolyte imbalance]]
*[[Electrolyte imbalance]]
*[[Electrophysiologic studies]]
*[[Eribulin mesylate]]
*[[Eribulin mesylate]]
 
*[[Erythromycin]]
*[[Fabry disease]]
*[[Fluconazole]]
*[[Fluconazole]]
 
*[[Fosphenytoin]]
*[[Giant cell myocarditis]]
*[[Grepafloxacin]]
*[[Grepafloxacin]]
*[[Halofantrine]]
*[[Halofantrine]]
*[[Haloperidol]]
*[[Haloperidol]]
*[[Heart surgery]]
*[[Heart surgery]]
 
*[[Heat stroke]]
*[[Hyperkalaemia]]
*[[Hyperkalaemia]]
 
*[[Hypertensive heart disease]]
*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Hypocalcemia]]
*[[Hypocalcemia]]
*[[Hypoglycaemia]]
*[[Hypoglycaemia]]
*[[Hypokalemia]]
*[[Hypokalemia]]
*[[Hypomagnesemia]]
*[[Hypomagnesemia]]
*[[Hypothermia]]
*[[Hypothermia]]
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Hypoxia]]
*[[Hypoxia]]
*[[Ibutilide]]
*[[Ibutilide]]
 
*[[Idiopathic]]
*[[Imipramine]]
*[[Imipramine]]
*[[Indapamide]]
*[[Indapamide]]
*[[Inotropes]]
*[[Inotropes]]
 
*[[Ischemic heart disease]]
*[[Ischaemic heart disease]]
 
*[[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]]
*[[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]]
*[[Ketanserin]]
*[[Ketanserin]]
*[[Ketoconazole]]
*[[Ketoconazole]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Lidoflazine]]
*[[Lidoflazine]]
*[[Long QT Syndrome]]
*[[Long QT Syndrome]]
*[[Lubeluzole]]
*[[Lubeluzole]]
 
*[[Lyme disease]]
*[[Major depression]]
*[[Methadone]]
*[[Methadone]]
*[[Methadyl acetate]]
*[[Methadyl acetate]]
*[[Methamphetamine]]
*[[Methamphetamine]]
*[[Midodrine]]
*[[Midodrine]]
 
*[[Mitral valve prolapse]]
*[[Mizolastine]]
*[[Mizolastine]]
*[[Moxifloxacin]]
*[[Moxifloxacin]]
*[[Myocardial Infarction]]
*[[Myocardial Infarction]]
*[[Myocarditis]]
*[[Myocarditis]]
*[[Myotonic dystrophy]]
*[[Myotonic dystrophy]]
 
*[[Myxedema]]
*[[Naratriptan]]
*[[Naratriptan]]
*[[Nicardipine]]
*[[Nicardipine]]
*[[Nilotinib]]
*[[Nilotinib]]
 
*[[Noncompaction cardiomyopathy]]
*[[NSTEMI]]
*[[NSTEMI]]
*[[Obstructive sleep apnea]]
*[[Obstructive sleep apnea]]
*[[Ondansetron]]
*[[Ondansetron]]
*[[Pasireotide]]
*[[Pasireotide]]
*[[Pazopanib]]
*[[Pazopanib]]
*[[Pentamidine]]
*[[Pentamidine]]
 
*[[Pergolide]]
*[[Phenothiazines]]
*[[Phenothiazines]]
*[[Pimozide]]
*[[Pimozide]]
*[[Piperaquine]]
*[[Piperaquine]]
 
*[[malignant hyperthermia|Post-anesthesia]]
*[[Prenylamine]]
*[[Prenylamine]]
*[[Probucol]]
*[[Probucol]]
*[[Procainamide]]
*[[Procainamide]]
*[[Propoxyphene]]
*[[Propoxyphene]]
 
*[[Pulmonary artery catheter]]
*[[Pulmonary artery catheter ]]
*[[QT lengthening]]
 
*[[Quinidine]]
*[[Quinidine]]
*[[Quinine]]
*[[Quinine]]
 
*[[Renal failure]]
*[[Ranolazine]]
*[[Ranolazine]]
*[[Retigabine]]
*[[Retigabine]]
 
*[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
*[[Right heart catheterisation]]
*[[Right heart catheterisation]]
*[[Right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia]]
*[[Right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia]]
*[[Ritodrine]]
*[[Ritodrine]]
*[[Ritonavir]]
*[[Ritonavir]]
*[[Romano-Ward syndrome]]
*[[Romano-Ward syndrome]]
 
*[[Runaway pacemaker syndrome]]
*[[Saquinavir]]
*[[Saquinavir]]
*[[Sertindole]]
*[[Sertindole]]
*[[Short QT syndrome]]
*[[Short QT syndrome]]
*[[Short QT syndrome type 1]]
*[[Short QT syndrome type 1]]
*[[Short QT syndrome type 2]]
*[[Short QT syndrome type 2]]
*[[Short QT syndrome type 3]]
*[[Short QT syndrome type 3]]
*[[Short QT syndrome type 4]]
*[[Short QT syndrome type 4]]
*[[Short QT syndrome type 5]]
*[[Short QT syndrome type 5]]
*[[Sleep apnea]]
*[[Sleep apnea]]
*[[Sotalol]]
*[[Sotalol]]
*[[Sparfloxacin]]
*[[Sparfloxacin]]
*[[STEMI]]
*[[STEMI]]
 
*[[Sumatriptan]]
*[[Sympathomimetic agents]]
*[[Sympathomimetic agents]]
 
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
*[[Takotsubo cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Tedisamil]]
*[[Tedisamil]]
*[[Telithromycin]]
*[[Telithromycin]]
*[[Terfenadine]]
*[[Terfenadine]]
*[[Terodiline]]
*[[Terodiline]]
*[[Tetrabenazine]]
*[[Tetrabenazine]]
*[[Thioridazine]]
*[[Thioridazine]]
*[[Timothy syndrome]]
*[[Timothy syndrome]]
*[[Torsade de pointes]]
*[[Torsade de pointes]]
*[[Unstable angina]]
*[[Unstable angina]]
 
*[[Uremia]]
*[[Valvular heart disease]]
*[[Valvular heart disease]]
*[[Vandetanib]]
*[[Vandetanib]]
*[[Vemurafenib]]
*[[Vemurafenib]]
*[[Venlafaxine]]
*[[Venlafaxine]]
*[[Ventricular aneurysm]]
*[[Ventricular aneurysm]]
*[[Vernakalant]]
*[[Vernakalant]]
*[[Voriconazole]]
*[[Voriconazole]]
*[[Vorinostat]]
*[[Vorinostat]]
*[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
*[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
*[[Zero gravity]]
*[[Zero gravity]]
*[[Ziprasidone]]
*[[Ziprasidone]]
*[[Zotepine]]
*[[Zotepine]]
*[[Zuclopenthixol]]
*[[Zuclopenthixol]]
{{EndMultiCol}}
}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


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Latest revision as of 10:13, 21 May 2021

Ventricular tachycardia Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Avirup Guha, M.B.B.S.[2]; Mugilan Poongkunran M.B.B.S [3]

Overview

Ischemic heart disease is a common cause of ventricular tachycardia. Other causes of ventricular tachycardia include congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, dilated non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, sarcoidosis, infiltrative cardiomyopathy, inflammatory cardiomyopathy, and inherited channelopathies. In addition, illicit drug use with sympathetic activity such as cocaine and methamphetamine, and drugs with QT interval prolongation effect and also electrolyte disturbances such as hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypocalcemia may cause ventricular tachycardia.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. They are mainly due to acute conditions that promote rapid dysfunction of automaticity and include:[1][2][3][4]

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Acute coronary syndrome, Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, AV block, Brugada syndrome, cardiomyopathy, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, congenital heart disease, congestive heart failure, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertensive heart disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, ischemic heart disease, Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, long QT syndrome, mitral valve prolapse, myocardial infarction, myocarditis, noncompaction cardiomyopathy, NSTEMI, QT lengthening, right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia, Romano-Ward syndrome, short QT syndrome, short QT syndrome type 1, short QT syndrome type 2, short QT syndrome type 3, short QT syndrome type 4, short QT syndrome type 5, STEMI, Timothy syndrome, torsade de pointes, unstable angina, valvular heart disease, ventricular aneurysm, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
Chemical / poisoning Acetaminophen, arsenic trioxide, arsenicals, methanol, aconitine
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Acetaminophen, alimemazine, almokalant, amiodarone, amitriptyline, amphetamines, antiarrhythmics, asenapine, aspirin, astemizole, azimilide, azithromycin, bepridil, bretylium, bromocriptine, budipine, chloroquine, cibenzoline, cisapride, citalopram, claritin, clomipramine, clozapine, cocaine, crizotinib, desipramine, digitalis, diphenhydramine, disopyramide, dofetilide, dolasetron, doxepin, dronedarone, droperidol, Eletriptan, eribulin mesylate, erythromycin, fluconazole, fosphenytoin, grepafloxacin, halofantrine, haloperidol, ibutilide, imipramine, indapamide, inotropes, ketanserin, ketoconazole, lidoflazine, lubeluzole, methadone, methadyl acetate, methamphetamine, midodrine, mizolastine, moxifloxacin, naratriptan, nicardipine, nilotinib, Nizatidine, ondansetron, pasireotide, pazopanib, pentamidine, pergolide, phenothiazines, pimozide, piperaquine, prenylamine, probucol, procainamide, propoxyphene, quinidine, quinine, ranolazine, retigabine, ritodrine, ritonavir, saquinavir, sertindole, sotalol, sparfloxacin, sumatriptan, sympathomimetic agents, tedisamil, telithromycin, terfenadine, terodiline, tetrabenazine, theophylline, thioridazine, tricyclic antidepressants, vandetanib, vemurafenib, venlafaxine, vernakalant, voriconazole, vorinostat, ziprasidone, zotepine, zuclopenthixol
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Addisonian crisis, Cushing's syndrome, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, myxedema, pheochromocytoma
Environmental Heat stroke, hypothermia, zero gravity
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis, channelopathies, Fabry disease, Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, Romano-Ward syndrome, short QT syndrome type 1, short QT syndrome type 2, short QT syndrome type 3, short QT syndrome type 4, short QT syndrome type 5, Timothy syndrome
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic Cardioversion, defibrillation, heart surgery, post-anesthesia, pulmonary artery catheter, right heart catheterisation, runaway pacemaker syndrome, cardiac transplantation
Infectious Disease Chagas heart disease, Lyme disease, myocarditis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis, Timothy syndrome, myotonic dystrophy
Neurologic Acute stroke
Nutritional / Metabolic Acid-base disturbances, acidosis, acute starvation, electrolyte imbalance, hyperkalaemia, hypocalcemia, hypoglycaemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity Alimemazine, almokalant, amiodarone, amitriptyline, amphetamines, antiarrhythmics, bretylium, budipine, chloroquine, cibenzoline, cisapride, clomipramine, clozapine, crizotinib, desipramine, digitalis, diphenhydramine, disopyramide, dofetilide, doxepin, dronedarone, droperidol, eribulin mesylate, halofantrine, haloperidol, ibutilide, lidoflazine, methadone, methadyl acetate, methamphetamine, midodrine, mizolastine, pentamidine, phenothiazines, pimozide, piperaquine, prenylamine, probucol, procainamide, propoxyphene, quinidine, quinine, ranolazine, retigabine, ritodrine, ritonavir, sertindole, tedisamil, telithromycin, terfenadine, terodiline, tetrabenazine, thioridazine, vandetanib, vemurafenib, venlafaxine, voriconazole, ziprasidone, zotepine, zuclopenthixol
Psychiatric Anorexia nervosa, major depression, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
Pulmonary Chronic pulmonary artery hypertension, COPD, hypoxia, obstructive sleep apnea
Renal / Electrolyte Acid-base disturbances, acidosis, electrolyte imbalance, hyperkalaemia, hypocalcemia, hypoglycaemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, renal failure, uremia
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Amyloidosis, cardiac sarcoidosis, giant cell myocarditis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Blunt chest trauma, myocardial contusion
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Alcoholism, idiopathic

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Ajijola, Olujimi A.; Tung, Roderick; Shivkumar, Kalyanam (2014). "Ventricular tachycardia in ischemic heart disease substrates". Indian Heart Journal. 66: S24–S34. doi:10.1016/j.ihj.2013.12.039. ISSN 0019-4832.
  2. ↑ Meja Lopez, Eliany; Malhotra, Rohit (2019). "Ventricular Tachycardia in Structural Heart Disease". Journal of Innovations in Cardiac Rhythm Management. 10 (8): 3762–3773. doi:10.19102/icrm.2019.100801. ISSN 2156-3977.
  3. ↑ Coughtrie, Abigail L; Behr, Elijah R; Layton, Deborah; Marshall, Vanessa; Camm, A John; Shakir, Saad A W (2017). "Drugs and life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia risk: results from the DARE study cohort". BMJ Open. 7 (10): e016627. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016627. ISSN 2044-6055.
  4. ↑ El-Sherif, Nabil (2001). "Mechanism of Ventricular Arrhythmias in the Long QT Syndrome: On Hermeneutics". Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology. 12 (8): 973–976. doi:10.1046/j.1540-8167.2001.00973.x. ISSN 1045-3873.

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