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__NOTOC__
{{Ventricular tachycardia}}
{{Ventricular tachycardia}}
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-in Chief''': [[User:Avirupguha|Avirup Guha, M.B.B.S.]][mailto:avirup.guha@gmail.com]
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} [[User:Avirupguha|Avirup Guha, M.B.B.S.]][mailto:avirup.guha@gmail.com]; {{M.P}}


Underlying Causes of Ventricular Tachycardia
==Overview==
[[Ischemic heart disease]] is a common cause of [[ventricular tachycardia]]. Other causes of [[ventricular tachycardia]] include [[congenital heart disease]], [[valvular heart disease]],  dilated [[non-ischemic cardiomyopathy]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[infiltrative cardiomyopathy]], [[inflammatory cardiomyopathy]], and inherited [[channelopathies]]. In addition, illicit drug use  with [[sympathetic activity]] such as [[cocaine]] and [[methamphetamine]], and drugs with [[QT interval prolongation]] effect and also [[electrolyte disturbances]] such as [[hypokalemia]], [[hypomagnesemia]], and [[hypocalcemia]] may cause [[ventricular tachycardia]].


* [[Caffeine]]
==Causes==
* [[Cardiomyopathy]]
===Life Threatening Causes===
* [[Cocaine]]
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. They are mainly due to acute conditions that promote rapid dysfunction of [[automaticity]] and include:<ref name="AjijolaTung2014">{{cite journal|last1=Ajijola|first1=Olujimi A.|last2=Tung|first2=Roderick|last3=Shivkumar|first3=Kalyanam|title=Ventricular tachycardia in ischemic heart disease substrates|journal=Indian Heart Journal|volume=66|year=2014|pages=S24–S34|issn=00194832|doi=10.1016/j.ihj.2013.12.039}}</ref><ref name="Meja LopezMalhotra2019">{{cite journal|last1=Meja Lopez|first1=Eliany|last2=Malhotra|first2=Rohit|title=Ventricular Tachycardia in Structural Heart Disease|journal=Journal of Innovations in Cardiac Rhythm Management|volume=10|issue=8|year=2019|pages=3762–3773|issn=21563977|doi=10.19102/icrm.2019.100801}}</ref><ref name="CoughtrieBehr2017">{{cite journal|last1=Coughtrie|first1=Abigail L|last2=Behr|first2=Elijah R|last3=Layton|first3=Deborah|last4=Marshall|first4=Vanessa|last5=Camm|first5=A John|last6=Shakir|first6=Saad A W|title=Drugs and life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia risk: results from the DARE study cohort|journal=BMJ Open|volume=7|issue=10|year=2017|pages=e016627|issn=2044-6055|doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016627}}</ref><ref name="El-Sherif2001">{{cite journal|last1=El-Sherif|first1=Nabil|title=Mechanism of Ventricular Arrhythmias in the Long QT Syndrome: On Hermeneutics|journal=Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology|volume=12|issue=8|year=2001|pages=973–976|issn=1045-3873|doi=10.1046/j.1540-8167.2001.00973.x}}</ref>
* [[Congenital Heart Disease]]
*[[Acute coronary syndrome]]
* [[Congestive heart failure]]
*[[Congestive heart failure]]
* [[Electrolyte imbalance]]
*[[NSTEMI]]
* [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
*[[STEMI]]
* [[Hypocalcemia]]
*[[Unstable angina]]
* [[Hypokalemia]]
 
* [[Hypomagnesia]]
===Common Causes===
* Iatrogenic due to [[pulmonary artery catheter]], [[right heart catheterization]], or electrophysiologic sutdy
*[[Acid-base disturbances]]
* [[Methamphetamine]]
*[[Antiarrhythmics]]
* [[STEMI]]
*[[Azithromycin]]
* Ventricular [[aneurysm]]
*[[Cardioversion]]
*[[Clarithromycin]]
*[[Claritin]]
*[[Cocaine]]
*[[Congestive heart failure]]
*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Erythromycin]]
*[[Hypokalemia]]
*[[Hypomagnesemia]]
*[[Myocarditis]]
*[[Obstructive sleep apnea]]
*[[Pulmonary artery catheter]]
*[[STEMI]]
*[[Tricyclic antidepressants]]
 
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute coronary syndrome]], [[Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis]], [[arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia]], [[AV block]], [[Brugada syndrome]], [[cardiomyopathy]], [[catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia]], [[congenital heart disease]], [[congestive heart failure]], [[dilated cardiomyopathy]], [[hypertensive heart disease]], [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]], [[ischemic heart disease]], [[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]], [[long QT syndrome]], [[mitral valve prolapse]], [[myocardial infarction]], [[myocarditis]], [[noncompaction cardiomyopathy]], [[NSTEMI]], [[QT lengthening]], [[right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia]], [[Romano-Ward syndrome]], [[short QT syndrome]], [[short QT syndrome type 1]], [[short QT syndrome type 2]], [[short QT syndrome type 3]], [[short QT syndrome type 4]], [[short QT syndrome type 5]], [[STEMI]], [[Timothy syndrome]], [[torsade de pointes]], [[unstable angina]], [[valvular heart disease]], [[ventricular aneurysm]], [[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acetaminophen]], [[arsenic trioxide]], [[arsenicals]], [[methanol]], [[aconitine]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acetaminophen]], [[alimemazine]], [[almokalant]], [[amiodarone]], [[amitriptyline]], [[amphetamines]], [[antiarrhythmics]], [[asenapine]], [[aspirin]], [[astemizole]], [[azimilide]], [[azithromycin]], [[bepridil]], [[bretylium]],  [[bromocriptine]],  [[budipine]], [[chloroquine]], [[cibenzoline]], [[cisapride]], [[citalopram]], [[claritin]], [[clomipramine]], [[clozapine]], [[cocaine]], [[crizotinib]], [[desipramine]], [[digitalis]], [[diphenhydramine]], [[disopyramide]], [[dofetilide]], [[dolasetron]], [[doxepin]], [[dronedarone]], [[droperidol]], [[Eletriptan]], [[eribulin mesylate]], [[erythromycin]], [[fluconazole]], [[fosphenytoin]], [[grepafloxacin]], [[halofantrine]], [[haloperidol]], [[ibutilide]], [[imipramine]], [[indapamide]], [[inotropes]], [[ketanserin]], [[ketoconazole]], [[lidoflazine]], [[lubeluzole]], [[methadone]], [[methadyl acetate]], [[methamphetamine]], [[midodrine]], [[mizolastine]], [[moxifloxacin]], [[naratriptan]], [[nicardipine]], [[nilotinib]], [[Nizatidine]], [[ondansetron]], [[pasireotide]], [[pazopanib]], [[pentamidine]], [[pergolide]], [[phenothiazines]], [[pimozide]], [[piperaquine]], [[prenylamine]], [[probucol]], [[procainamide]], [[propoxyphene]], [[quinidine]], [[quinine]], [[ranolazine]], [[retigabine]], [[ritodrine]], [[ritonavir]], [[saquinavir]], [[sertindole]], [[sotalol]], [[sparfloxacin]], [[sumatriptan]], [[sympathomimetic agents]], [[tedisamil]], [[telithromycin]], [[terfenadine]], [[terodiline]], [[tetrabenazine]], [[theophylline]], [[thioridazine]], [[tricyclic antidepressants]], [[vandetanib]], [[vemurafenib]], [[venlafaxine]], [[vernakalant]], [[voriconazole]], [[vorinostat]], [[ziprasidone]], [[zotepine]], [[zuclopenthixol]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Addisonian crisis]], [[Cushing's syndrome]], [[diabetic ketoacidosis]], [[hyperthyroidism]], [[hypothyroidism]], [[myxedema]], [[pheochromocytoma]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Heat stroke]], [[hypothermia]], [[zero gravity]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis]], [[channelopathies]], [[Fabry disease]], [[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]], [[myotonic dystrophy]], [[Romano-Ward syndrome]], [[short QT syndrome type 1]], [[short QT syndrome type 2]], [[short QT syndrome type 3]], [[short QT syndrome type 4]], [[short QT syndrome type 5]], [[Timothy syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cardioversion]], [[defibrillation]], [[heart surgery]], [[malignant hyperthermia|post-anesthesia]], [[pulmonary artery catheter]], [[right heart catheterisation]], [[runaway pacemaker syndrome]], [[cardiac transplantation]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  [[chagas disease|Chagas heart disease]], [[Lyme disease]], [[myocarditis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis]], [[Timothy syndrome]], [[myotonic dystrophy]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Stroke|Acute stroke]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acid-base disturbances]], [[acidosis]], [[acute starvation]], [[electrolyte imbalance]], [[hyperkalaemia]], [[hypocalcemia]], [[hypoglycaemia]], [[hypokalemia]], [[hypomagnesemia]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alimemazine]], [[almokalant]], [[amiodarone]], [[amitriptyline]], [[amphetamines]], [[antiarrhythmics]], [[bretylium]], [[budipine]], [[chloroquine]], [[cibenzoline]], [[cisapride]], [[clomipramine]], [[clozapine]], [[crizotinib]], [[desipramine]], [[digitalis]], [[diphenhydramine]], [[disopyramide]], [[dofetilide]], [[doxepin]], [[dronedarone]], [[droperidol]], [[eribulin mesylate]], [[halofantrine]], [[haloperidol]], [[ibutilide]], [[lidoflazine]], [[methadone]], [[methadyl acetate]], [[methamphetamine]], [[midodrine]], [[mizolastine]], [[pentamidine]], [[phenothiazines]], [[pimozide]], [[piperaquine]], [[prenylamine]], [[probucol]], [[procainamide]], [[propoxyphene]], [[quinidine]], [[quinine]], [[ranolazine]], [[retigabine]], [[ritodrine]], [[ritonavir]], [[sertindole]], [[tedisamil]], [[telithromycin]], [[terfenadine]], [[terodiline]], [[tetrabenazine]], [[thioridazine]], [[vandetanib]], [[vemurafenib]], [[venlafaxine]], [[voriconazole]], [[ziprasidone]], [[zotepine]], [[zuclopenthixol]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anorexia nervosa]], [[major depression]], [[Takotsubo cardiomyopathy]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[pulmonary hypertension|Chronic pulmonary artery hypertension]], [[COPD]], [[hypoxia]], [[obstructive sleep apnea]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acid-base disturbances]], [[acidosis]], [[electrolyte imbalance]], [[hyperkalaemia]], [[hypocalcemia]], [[hypoglycaemia]], [[hypokalemia]], [[hypomagnesemia]], [[renal failure]], [[uremia]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amyloidosis]], [[sarcoidosis|cardiac sarcoidosis]], [[giant cell myocarditis]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[chest trauma|Blunt chest trauma]], [[myocardial contusion]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  [[Alcoholism]], [[idiopathic]]
|-
|}
 
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{collist|colwidth=20em|
*[[Acid-base disturbances]]
*[[Acidosis]]
*[[aconitine|Aconitine toxin]]
*[[Acute coronary syndrome]]
*[[Acute starvation]]
*[[Stroke|Acute stroke]]
*[[Addisonian crisis]]
*[[Alcoholism]]
*[[Alimemazine]]
*[[Almokalant]]
*[[Amiodarone]]
*[[Amitriptyline]]
*[[Amphetamines]]
*[[Amyloidosis]]
*[[Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis]]
*[[Anorexia nervosa]]
*[[Antiarrhythmics]]
*[[Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia]]
*[[Arsenic trioxide]]
*[[Arsenicals]]
*[[Asenapine]]
*[[Astemizole]]
*[[AV block]]
*[[Azimilide]]
*[[Azithromycin]]
*[[Bepridil]]
*[[Chest trauma|Blunt chest trauma]]
*[[Bretylium]]
*[[Brugada syndrome]]
*[[Budipine]]
*[[Caffeine]]
*[[Sarcoidosis|Cardiac sarcoidosis]]
*[[Cardiac transplantation]]
*[[Cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Cardioversion]]
*[[Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia]]
*[[chagas disease|Chagas heart disease]]
*[[Channelopathies]]
*[[Chloroquine]]
*[[Pulmonary hypertension|Chronic pulmonary artery hypertension]]
*[[Cibenzoline]]
*[[Cisapride]]
*[[Citalopram]]
*[[Claritin]]
*[[Clomipramine]]
*[[Clozapine]]
*[[Cocaine]]
*[[Congenital Heart Disease]]
*[[Congestive heart failure]]
*[[COPD]]
*[[Crizotinib]]
*[[Cushing's syndrome]]
*[[Defibrillation]]
*[[Desipramine]]
*[[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]
*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Digitalis]]
*[[Diphenhydramine]]
*[[Disopyramide]]
*[[Dofetilide]]
*[[Dolasetron]]
*[[Doxepin]]
*[[Dronedarone]]
*[[Droperidol]]
*[[Electrolyte imbalance]]
*[[Eribulin mesylate]]
*[[Erythromycin]]
*[[Fabry disease]]
*[[Fluconazole]]
*[[Fosphenytoin]]
*[[Giant cell myocarditis]]
*[[Grepafloxacin]]
*[[Halofantrine]]
*[[Haloperidol]]
*[[Heart surgery]]
*[[Heat stroke]]
*[[Hyperkalaemia]]
*[[Hypertensive heart disease]]
*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Hypocalcemia]]
*[[Hypoglycaemia]]
*[[Hypokalemia]]
*[[Hypomagnesemia]]
*[[Hypothermia]]
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Hypoxia]]
*[[Ibutilide]]
*[[Idiopathic]]
*[[Imipramine]]
*[[Indapamide]]
*[[Inotropes]]
*[[Ischemic heart disease]]
*[[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]]
*[[Ketanserin]]
*[[Ketoconazole]]
*[[Lidoflazine]]
*[[Long QT Syndrome]]
*[[Lubeluzole]]
*[[Lyme disease]]
*[[Major depression]]
*[[Methadone]]
*[[Methadyl acetate]]
*[[Methamphetamine]]
*[[Midodrine]]
*[[Mitral valve prolapse]]
*[[Mizolastine]]
*[[Moxifloxacin]]
*[[Myocardial Infarction]]
*[[Myocarditis]]
*[[Myotonic dystrophy]]
*[[Myxedema]]
*[[Naratriptan]]
*[[Nicardipine]]
*[[Nilotinib]]
*[[Noncompaction cardiomyopathy]]
*[[NSTEMI]]
*[[Obstructive sleep apnea]]
*[[Ondansetron]]
*[[Pasireotide]]
*[[Pazopanib]]
*[[Pentamidine]]
*[[Pergolide]]
*[[Phenothiazines]]
*[[Pimozide]]
*[[Piperaquine]]
*[[malignant hyperthermia|Post-anesthesia]]
*[[Prenylamine]]
*[[Probucol]]
*[[Procainamide]]
*[[Propoxyphene]]
*[[Pulmonary artery catheter]]
*[[QT lengthening]]
*[[Quinidine]]
*[[Quinine]]
*[[Renal failure]]
*[[Ranolazine]]
*[[Retigabine]]
*[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
*[[Right heart catheterisation]]
*[[Right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia]]
*[[Ritodrine]]
*[[Ritonavir]]
*[[Romano-Ward syndrome]]
*[[Runaway pacemaker syndrome]]
*[[Saquinavir]]
*[[Sertindole]]
*[[Short QT syndrome]]
*[[Short QT syndrome type 1]]
*[[Short QT syndrome type 2]]
*[[Short QT syndrome type 3]]
*[[Short QT syndrome type 4]]
*[[Short QT syndrome type 5]]
*[[Sleep apnea]]
*[[Sotalol]]
*[[Sparfloxacin]]
*[[STEMI]]
*[[Sumatriptan]]
*[[Sympathomimetic agents]]
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
*[[Takotsubo cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Tedisamil]]
*[[Telithromycin]]
*[[Terfenadine]]
*[[Terodiline]]
*[[Tetrabenazine]]
*[[Thioridazine]]
*[[Timothy syndrome]]
*[[Torsade de pointes]]
*[[Unstable angina]]
*[[Uremia]]
*[[Valvular heart disease]]
*[[Vandetanib]]
*[[Vemurafenib]]
*[[Venlafaxine]]
*[[Ventricular aneurysm]]
*[[Vernakalant]]
*[[Voriconazole]]
*[[Vorinostat]]
*[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
*[[Zero gravity]]
*[[Ziprasidone]]
*[[Zotepine]]
*[[Zuclopenthixol]]
}}
 
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
 
[[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]
[[Category:Best pages]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Electrophysiology]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date cardiology]]
 
{{WS}}
{{WH}}

Latest revision as of 10:13, 21 May 2021

Ventricular tachycardia Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Avirup Guha, M.B.B.S.[2]; Mugilan Poongkunran M.B.B.S [3]

Overview

Ischemic heart disease is a common cause of ventricular tachycardia. Other causes of ventricular tachycardia include congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, dilated non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, sarcoidosis, infiltrative cardiomyopathy, inflammatory cardiomyopathy, and inherited channelopathies. In addition, illicit drug use with sympathetic activity such as cocaine and methamphetamine, and drugs with QT interval prolongation effect and also electrolyte disturbances such as hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypocalcemia may cause ventricular tachycardia.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. They are mainly due to acute conditions that promote rapid dysfunction of automaticity and include:[1][2][3][4]

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Acute coronary syndrome, Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, AV block, Brugada syndrome, cardiomyopathy, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, congenital heart disease, congestive heart failure, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertensive heart disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, ischemic heart disease, Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, long QT syndrome, mitral valve prolapse, myocardial infarction, myocarditis, noncompaction cardiomyopathy, NSTEMI, QT lengthening, right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia, Romano-Ward syndrome, short QT syndrome, short QT syndrome type 1, short QT syndrome type 2, short QT syndrome type 3, short QT syndrome type 4, short QT syndrome type 5, STEMI, Timothy syndrome, torsade de pointes, unstable angina, valvular heart disease, ventricular aneurysm, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
Chemical / poisoning Acetaminophen, arsenic trioxide, arsenicals, methanol, aconitine
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Acetaminophen, alimemazine, almokalant, amiodarone, amitriptyline, amphetamines, antiarrhythmics, asenapine, aspirin, astemizole, azimilide, azithromycin, bepridil, bretylium, bromocriptine, budipine, chloroquine, cibenzoline, cisapride, citalopram, claritin, clomipramine, clozapine, cocaine, crizotinib, desipramine, digitalis, diphenhydramine, disopyramide, dofetilide, dolasetron, doxepin, dronedarone, droperidol, Eletriptan, eribulin mesylate, erythromycin, fluconazole, fosphenytoin, grepafloxacin, halofantrine, haloperidol, ibutilide, imipramine, indapamide, inotropes, ketanserin, ketoconazole, lidoflazine, lubeluzole, methadone, methadyl acetate, methamphetamine, midodrine, mizolastine, moxifloxacin, naratriptan, nicardipine, nilotinib, Nizatidine, ondansetron, pasireotide, pazopanib, pentamidine, pergolide, phenothiazines, pimozide, piperaquine, prenylamine, probucol, procainamide, propoxyphene, quinidine, quinine, ranolazine, retigabine, ritodrine, ritonavir, saquinavir, sertindole, sotalol, sparfloxacin, sumatriptan, sympathomimetic agents, tedisamil, telithromycin, terfenadine, terodiline, tetrabenazine, theophylline, thioridazine, tricyclic antidepressants, vandetanib, vemurafenib, venlafaxine, vernakalant, voriconazole, vorinostat, ziprasidone, zotepine, zuclopenthixol
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Addisonian crisis, Cushing's syndrome, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, myxedema, pheochromocytoma
Environmental Heat stroke, hypothermia, zero gravity
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis, channelopathies, Fabry disease, Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, Romano-Ward syndrome, short QT syndrome type 1, short QT syndrome type 2, short QT syndrome type 3, short QT syndrome type 4, short QT syndrome type 5, Timothy syndrome
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic Cardioversion, defibrillation, heart surgery, post-anesthesia, pulmonary artery catheter, right heart catheterisation, runaway pacemaker syndrome, cardiac transplantation
Infectious Disease Chagas heart disease, Lyme disease, myocarditis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis, Timothy syndrome, myotonic dystrophy
Neurologic Acute stroke
Nutritional / Metabolic Acid-base disturbances, acidosis, acute starvation, electrolyte imbalance, hyperkalaemia, hypocalcemia, hypoglycaemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity Alimemazine, almokalant, amiodarone, amitriptyline, amphetamines, antiarrhythmics, bretylium, budipine, chloroquine, cibenzoline, cisapride, clomipramine, clozapine, crizotinib, desipramine, digitalis, diphenhydramine, disopyramide, dofetilide, doxepin, dronedarone, droperidol, eribulin mesylate, halofantrine, haloperidol, ibutilide, lidoflazine, methadone, methadyl acetate, methamphetamine, midodrine, mizolastine, pentamidine, phenothiazines, pimozide, piperaquine, prenylamine, probucol, procainamide, propoxyphene, quinidine, quinine, ranolazine, retigabine, ritodrine, ritonavir, sertindole, tedisamil, telithromycin, terfenadine, terodiline, tetrabenazine, thioridazine, vandetanib, vemurafenib, venlafaxine, voriconazole, ziprasidone, zotepine, zuclopenthixol
Psychiatric Anorexia nervosa, major depression, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
Pulmonary Chronic pulmonary artery hypertension, COPD, hypoxia, obstructive sleep apnea
Renal / Electrolyte Acid-base disturbances, acidosis, electrolyte imbalance, hyperkalaemia, hypocalcemia, hypoglycaemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, renal failure, uremia
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Amyloidosis, cardiac sarcoidosis, giant cell myocarditis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Blunt chest trauma, myocardial contusion
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Alcoholism, idiopathic

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Ajijola, Olujimi A.; Tung, Roderick; Shivkumar, Kalyanam (2014). "Ventricular tachycardia in ischemic heart disease substrates". Indian Heart Journal. 66: S24–S34. doi:10.1016/j.ihj.2013.12.039. ISSN 0019-4832.
  2. ↑ Meja Lopez, Eliany; Malhotra, Rohit (2019). "Ventricular Tachycardia in Structural Heart Disease". Journal of Innovations in Cardiac Rhythm Management. 10 (8): 3762–3773. doi:10.19102/icrm.2019.100801. ISSN 2156-3977.
  3. ↑ Coughtrie, Abigail L; Behr, Elijah R; Layton, Deborah; Marshall, Vanessa; Camm, A John; Shakir, Saad A W (2017). "Drugs and life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia risk: results from the DARE study cohort". BMJ Open. 7 (10): e016627. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016627. ISSN 2044-6055.
  4. ↑ El-Sherif, Nabil (2001). "Mechanism of Ventricular Arrhythmias in the Long QT Syndrome: On Hermeneutics". Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology. 12 (8): 973–976. doi:10.1046/j.1540-8167.2001.00973.x. ISSN 1045-3873.

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