Hyperkalemia history and symptoms: Difference between revisions
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===History=== | ===History=== | ||
* Dietary history | |||
A detailed history taking is very helpful in diagnosing the cause of [[hyperkalemia]]. | |||
* '''Dietary history''' | |||
Diets with low [[sodium]] and rich in [[potassium]] such as | |||
** Fruits, dried fruits, juices, banana and vegetables | ** Fruits, dried fruits, juices, banana and vegetables | ||
** Diets recommended for patients with [[cardiac disease]], [[hypertension]], and [[diabetes mellitus]] | ** Diets recommended for patients with [[cardiac disease]], [[hypertension]], and [[diabetes mellitus]] | ||
** Potassium supplements in herbal supplements, salt substitutes | ** Potassium supplements in herbal supplements, salt substitutes | ||
* Medications history | * '''Medications history''' | ||
Drugs causing a decreased excretion of potassium | |||
** Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | ** [[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]] | ||
** Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | ** [[Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors]] | ||
** Angiotensin receptor blockers | ** [[Angiotensin receptor blockers]] (potassium-sparing diuretics, especially popular in the treatment of [[cirrhosis]] and [[congestive heart failure]]) | ||
** Cyclosporine or tacrolimus | ** [[Cyclosporine]] or [[tacrolimus]] | ||
** Antibiotics, such as pentamidine or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | ** Antibiotics, such as [[pentamidine]] or [[trimethoprim]]/[[sulfamethoxazole]] | ||
* Medical history | * '''Medical history''' | ||
** Renal failure | ** [[Renal failure]] | ||
** Diabetes mellitus | ** [[Diabetes mellitus]] | ||
** Sickle cell disease or trait | ** [[Sickle cell disease]] or trait | ||
** Urinary tract obstruction - Type IV renal tubular acidosis, also called hyperkalemic renal tubular acidosis. It can be seen with polycystic kidney disease, amyloidosis and diabetes mellitus. | ** [[Urinary tract obstruction]] - Type IV [[renal tubular acidosis]], also called hyperkalemic renal tubular acidosis. It can be seen with [[polycystic kidney disease]], [[amyloidosis]] and diabetes mellitus. | ||
** The combination of [[abdominal pain]], [[hypoglycemia]] and [[hyperpigmentation]], often in the context of a history of other [[Autoimmune diseases|autoimmune disorders]], may be signs of [[Addison's disease]], itself a medical emergency. | ** The combination of [[abdominal pain]], [[hypoglycemia]] and [[hyperpigmentation]], often in the context of a history of other [[Autoimmune diseases|autoimmune disorders]], may be signs of [[Addison's disease]], itself a medical emergency. | ||
Revision as of 02:05, 26 November 2011
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S. [2]
Overview
Hyperkalemia is an elevated blood level (above 5.0 mmol/L) of the electrolyte potassium. Hyperkalemia often has no symptoms. Occasionally, people may have the following symptoms:Irregular heartbeat, nausea, slow, weak, or absent pulse. Extreme degrees of hyperkalemia are considered a medical emergency due to the risk of potentially fatal arrhythmias.
History and Symptoms
Symptoms
Hyperkalemia often has no symptoms and the problem may be detected during screening blood tests for another medical disorder, or it may only come to medical attention after complications have developed, such as cardiac arrhythmia or sudden death. Patients may present with the symptoms such as, irregular heartbeat, nausea, slow, weak, or absent pulse. Extreme degrees of hyperkalemia are considered a medical emergency due to the risk of potentially fatal arrhythmias. Symptoms are fairly nonspecific and may include:
- Malaise
- Palpitations
- Muscle weakness
- Mild breathlessness may indicate metabolic acidosis, one of the settings in which hyperkalemia may occur.
History
A detailed history taking is very helpful in diagnosing the cause of hyperkalemia.
- Dietary history
Diets with low sodium and rich in potassium such as
- Fruits, dried fruits, juices, banana and vegetables
- Diets recommended for patients with cardiac disease, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus
- Potassium supplements in herbal supplements, salt substitutes
- Medications history
Drugs causing a decreased excretion of potassium
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
- Angiotensin receptor blockers (potassium-sparing diuretics, especially popular in the treatment of cirrhosis and congestive heart failure)
- Cyclosporine or tacrolimus
- Antibiotics, such as pentamidine or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
- Medical history
- Renal failure
- Diabetes mellitus
- Sickle cell disease or trait
- Urinary tract obstruction - Type IV renal tubular acidosis, also called hyperkalemic renal tubular acidosis. It can be seen with polycystic kidney disease, amyloidosis and diabetes mellitus.
- The combination of abdominal pain, hypoglycemia and hyperpigmentation, often in the context of a history of other autoimmune disorders, may be signs of Addison's disease, itself a medical emergency.
References
Template:Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic pathology