Sandbox:Karina: Difference between revisions

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Bureaucrats, bureaucrats, nocaptcha, Administrators, Widget editors
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* Epiglottal culture in intubated patients
* Epiglottal culture in intubated patients
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* Enlarge [[epiglottis]] (>8 mm) , loss of vallecular air space and distended [[hypopharynx]] in neck [[X-rays|X-ray]]  
* Enlarge [[epiglottis]] (>8 mm), loss of vallecular air space and distended [[hypopharynx]] in neck [[X-rays|X-ray]]  
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* Normal function
* Normal function
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* Tripod posture  
* Tripod posture  
* [[Drooling]]  
* [[Drooling]]  
* Tenderness of the anterior part of the neck
* [[Tenderness]] of the anterior part of the neck
* Etiology: ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]''
* Etiology: ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]''
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* [[Rales|Crackles]]
* [[Rales|Crackles]]
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* Low [[White blood cell count|White blood cell coun]]<nowiki/>t ([[White blood cells|WBC]]) in [[Blood test]]   
* Low [[White blood cell count|White blood cell coun]]<nowiki/>t ([[White blood cells|WBC]]) in [[blood test]]   
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* [[Respiratory system|Subglottic]] narrowing (Steeple sign) in Postero-anterior [[Radiography|radiograph]] chest
* [[Respiratory system|Subglottic]] narrowing ([[steeple sign]]) in postero-anterior [[Radiography|radiograph]] chest
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* Decresed [[Lung volumes|tidal volume]]
* Decresed [[Lung volumes|tidal volume]]
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* Clinical diagnosis. Laboratory findings and imaging are not necessary for diagnosis
* Clinical diagnosis.
* Laboratory findings and imaging are not necessary for diagnosis
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* [[Barking cough]]
* [[Barking cough]]
* Etiology: [[Human parainfluenza viruses|''Parainfluenza virus type 1'']] (most common)
* Etiology: [[Human parainfluenza viruses|''Parainfluenza'' virus type 1]] (most common)
|-
|-
|[[Pertussis|'''Pertussis''']]<ref name="pmid3816065">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bellamy EA, Johnston ID, Wilson AG |title=The chest radiograph in whooping cough |journal=Clin Radiol |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=39–43 |year=1987 |pmid=3816065 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlPertussis | Whooping Cough | Clinical | Information | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/clinical/index.html |title=Pertussis &#124; Whooping Cough &#124; Clinical &#124; Information &#124; CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
|[[Pertussis|'''Pertussis''']]<ref name="pmid3816065">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bellamy EA, Johnston ID, Wilson AG |title=The chest radiograph in whooping cough |journal=Clin Radiol |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=39–43 |year=1987 |pmid=3816065 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlPertussis | Whooping Cough | Clinical | Information | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/clinical/index.html |title=Pertussis &#124; Whooping Cough &#124; Clinical &#124; Information &#124; CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
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* Two weeks
* Two weeks
|✔ whooping sound
|✔ Whooping sound
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|✔
|✔
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|✔
|✔
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*  Clean lungs
*  Clear chest
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* [[Polymerase chain reaction|Polymerase chain reactio]]<nowiki/>n ([[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]])
* [[Polymerase chain reaction|Polymerase chain reactio]]<nowiki/>n ([[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]])
Line 696: Line 697:
* [[Stridor]]
* [[Stridor]]
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* Decreased levels of Salivary epidermal growth factor ([[EGF module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor|EGF]])
* Decreased levels of salivary [[epidermal growth factor]] ([[EGF module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor|EGF]])
* Increased levels of [[NKTR|NKT]]
* Increased levels of [[NKTR]]
* [[Biopsy]]
* [[Biopsy]]
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* Normal function
* Normal function
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* 24 hour-dual sensor [[PH]] probe
* 24 hour-dual sensor [[pH]] probe
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* Throat clearing
* Throat clearing
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* [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
* [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
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* Bacterial cultures are not indicated
* Bacterial culture is not indicated
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* [[Chest X-ray|Chest X-Ray]] in patients with signs of consolidation
* [[Chest X-ray|Chest X-Ray]] in patients with signs of [[consolidation]]
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* Normal function
* Normal function
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* Clinical diagnosis
* Clinical diagnosis
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* Conjunctival injection
* [[Conjunctival injection]]
* Nasal congestion
* [[Nasal congestion]]
|-
|-
|'''Seasonal [[Influenza (flu)|Influenza]]''' <ref name="pmid12376607">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim EA, Lee KS, Primack SL, Yoon HK, Byun HS, Kim TS, Suh GY, Kwon OJ, Han J |title=Viral pneumonias in adults: radiologic and pathologic findings |journal=Radiographics |volume=22 Spec No |issue= |pages=S137–49 |year=2002 |pmid=12376607 |doi=10.1148/radiographics.22.suppl_1.g02oc15s137 |url=}}</ref>
|'''Seasonal [[Influenza (flu)|Influenza]]''' <ref name="pmid12376607">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim EA, Lee KS, Primack SL, Yoon HK, Byun HS, Kim TS, Suh GY, Kwon OJ, Han J |title=Viral pneumonias in adults: radiologic and pathologic findings |journal=Radiographics |volume=22 Spec No |issue= |pages=S137–49 |year=2002 |pmid=12376607 |doi=10.1148/radiographics.22.suppl_1.g02oc15s137 |url=}}</ref>
Line 755: Line 756:
* Clinical diagnosis
* Clinical diagnosis
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* Etiology: A or B [[Influenza virus]]
* Etiology: A or B [[Influenza virus|''Influenza'' virus]]
|-
|-
|[[Rhinosinusitis|'''Rhinosinusitis''']]<ref name="pmid3084646">{{cite journal |vauthors=James SL |title=Induction of protective immunity against Schistosoma mansoni by a nonliving vaccine. III. Correlation of resistance with induction of activated larvacidal macrophages |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=136 |issue=10 |pages=3872–7 |year=1986 |pmid=3084646 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25832968">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rosenfeld RM, Piccirillo JF, Chandrasekhar SS, Brook I, Ashok Kumar K, Kramper M, Orlandi RR, Palmer JN, Patel ZM, Peters A, Walsh SA, Corrigan MD |title=Clinical practice guideline (update): adult sinusitis |journal=Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=152 |issue=2 Suppl |pages=S1–S39 |year=2015 |pmid=25832968 |doi=10.1177/0194599815572097 |url=}}</ref>
|[[Rhinosinusitis|'''Rhinosinusitis''']]<ref name="pmid3084646">{{cite journal |vauthors=James SL |title=Induction of protective immunity against Schistosoma mansoni by a nonliving vaccine. III. Correlation of resistance with induction of activated larvacidal macrophages |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=136 |issue=10 |pages=3872–7 |year=1986 |pmid=3084646 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25832968">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rosenfeld RM, Piccirillo JF, Chandrasekhar SS, Brook I, Ashok Kumar K, Kramper M, Orlandi RR, Palmer JN, Patel ZM, Peters A, Walsh SA, Corrigan MD |title=Clinical practice guideline (update): adult sinusitis |journal=Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=152 |issue=2 Suppl |pages=S1–S39 |year=2015 |pmid=25832968 |doi=10.1177/0194599815572097 |url=}}</ref>
|[[Acute (medicine)|Acute]], [[Subacute]], [[Chronic (medical)|Chronic]], Recurrent
|[[Acute (medicine)|Acute]], [[subacute]], [[chronic]], recurrent
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* [[Acute (medicine)|Acute]]: Less than 4 weeks
* [[Acute (medicine)|Acute]]: Less than 4 weeks
* [[Subacute]]: 4-12 weeks
* [[Subacute]]: 4-12 weeks
* [[Chronic (medical)|Chronic]]: More than 12 weeks
* [[Chronic (medical)|Chronic]]: More than 12 weeks
* Recurrent: 4 or more episodes or ARS per year
* Recurrent: 4 or more episodes or acute rhinosinusitis per year
|✔
|✔
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
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* Clear chest  
* Clear chest  
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* In complicated acute [[Rhinosinusitis|bacterial rhinosinusitis]] Endoscopic cultures or [[sinus]] aspirate  
* In complicated acute [[Rhinosinusitis|bacterial rhinosinusitis]], endoscopic cultures or [[sinus]] aspirate is indicated
* Nasal culture
* Nasal culture
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* Air-fluid level, mucosal [[edema]] and bony erosion in sinus [[Computed tomography|CT]]  
* Air-fluid level, mucosal [[edema]] and bony erosion of sinus on [[Computed tomography|CT]]  
* [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] for distinguish the [[etiology]]
* [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] for distinguish the [[etiology]]
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* Normal function
* Normal function
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* Clinical diagnosis: Nasal [[congestion]], [[obstruction]], purulent [[rhinorrhea]]
* Clinical diagnosis: [[Nasal congestion]], [[obstruction]], and purulent [[rhinorrhea]]
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* [[Erythema]] in [[Periorbital edema|periorbital]] area
* [[Erythema]] in [[Periorbital edema|periorbital]] area
|-
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| rowspan="8" |[[Lower respiratory tract|'''Lower airway''']]
| rowspan="8" |[[Lower respiratory tract|'''Lower airway''']]
|[[Asthma|'''Asthma''']]<ref name="pmid2696883">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wegiel J, Medyńska E, Dziedziak W, Szirkowiec-Gmurczyk W, Dymecki J |title=[Effect of histological technics on the volume and weight of various brain structures of rats at the early stages of life] |language=Polish |journal=Neuropatol Pol |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=279–94 |year=1989 |pmid=2696883 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2831297">{{cite journal |vauthors=Santi MR, Cox DH, Guidotti A |title=Heterogeneity of gamma-aminobutyric acid/benzodiazepine/beta-carboline receptor complex in rat spinal cord |journal=J. Neurochem. |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=1080–6 |year=1988 |pmid=2831297 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|[[Asthma|'''Asthma''']]<ref name="pmid19626179">{{cite journal| author=Ukena D, Fishman L, Niebling WB| title=Bronchial asthma: diagnosis and long-term treatment in adults. | journal=Dtsch Arztebl Int | year= 2008 | volume= 105 | issue= 21 | pages= 385-94 | pmid=19626179 | doi=10.3238/arztebl.2008.0385 | pmc=2696883 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19626179  }}</ref>
|Chronic
|Chronic
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|✔
|✔
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* [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
* [[Wheeze|Wheezing]] (expiratory)
* [[Rales]]
* [[Rales]]
* [[Rhonchi]]
* [[Rhonchi]]
* Expiratory noises
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* [[Eosinophilia]] is observed in [[complete blood count]] ([[Complete blood count|CBC]])  
* [[Eosinophilia]] is observed in [[complete blood count]] ([[Complete blood count|CBC]])  
* Total [[serum]] [[Immunoglobulin E|IgE]] in test for [[allergy]]  
* Total [[serum]] [[Immunoglobulin E|IgE]] in test for [[allergy]]  
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* Normal [[Airway|airways]] in chest X-Ray
* Normal [[Airway|airways]] in [[chest X-ray]]
* [[Computed tomography|CT]] as long as is there any abnormality in [[X-rays|X-Ray]]
* [[Computed tomography|CT]] if there any abnormality in [[chest  X-Ray]]
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* [[FEV1/FVC ratio]] (force vital capacity) <70%  and [[FEV1]] >15% measure after 15 minutes of puffs of beta 2 [[Sympathomimetic drug|sympathomimetic]] drug
* [[FEV1/FVC ratio]] <70%  and [[FEV1]] >15% increase after 15 minutes of 2 puffs of [[Beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists|beta 2 sympathomimetic drug]]
* After physical active [[FEV1]] worse than >15%  
* After physical active [[FEV1]] decreases by >15%  
* After Inhaled [[corticosteroid]] (ICS)[[FEV1]] better than >15%
* After inhaled [[corticosteroid]] (ICS)[[FEV1]] increased by >15%
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* Airflow limitation in [[Spirometry]]
* Airflow limitation on [[spirometry]]
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* Family history
* Family history
Line 831: Line 831:
* [[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]] in bacterial infection
* [[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]] in bacterial infection
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* Chest radiograph to exclude other diseases
* [[Chest X-ray]] to exclude other diseases
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* FEV1 < 80%
* FEV1 < 80%
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* Clinical diagnosis
* Clinical diagnosis
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* Majority is caused by respiratory viruses
* Majority of cases are caused by [[respiratory]] [[viruses]]
|-
|-
|[[Chronic bronchitis|'''Chronic Bronchitis''']]<ref name="pmid24692133">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brusasco V, Martinez F |title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |journal=Compr Physiol |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–31 |year=2014 |pmid=24692133 |doi=10.1002/cphy.c110037 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17975186">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qaseem A, Snow V, Shekelle P, Sherif K, Wilt TJ, Weinberger S, Owens DK |title=Diagnosis and management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=147 |issue=9 |pages=633–8 |year=2007 |pmid=17975186 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|[[Chronic bronchitis|'''Chronic Bronchitis''']]<ref name="pmid24692133">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brusasco V, Martinez F |title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |journal=Compr Physiol |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–31 |year=2014 |pmid=24692133 |doi=10.1002/cphy.c110037 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17975186">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qaseem A, Snow V, Shekelle P, Sherif K, Wilt TJ, Weinberger S, Owens DK |title=Diagnosis and management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=147 |issue=9 |pages=633–8 |year=2007 |pmid=17975186 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
Line 854: Line 854:
* [[Blood test]]  
* [[Blood test]]  
* [[Arterial blood gas]] ([[Arterial blood gas|ABG]])  
* [[Arterial blood gas]] ([[Arterial blood gas|ABG]])  
* Test Oxigen levels in blood
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* [[Chest X-ray|Chest X-Ray]] to exclude othe diseases
* [[Chest X-ray|Chest X-Ray]] to exclude other diseases
* [[Computed tomography|CT]]
* [[Computed tomography|CT]]
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* Increased [[total lung capacity]]
* Increased [[total lung capacity]]
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* Demostration of airflow limitation in [[Spirometry]]
* Demostration of airflow limitation on [[spirometry]]
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* [[Smoker's cough]]
* [[Smoker's cough]]
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* Pollution
* Pollution
|-
|-
|'''Nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis'''<ref name="pmid16428700">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brightling CE |title=Chronic cough due to nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines |journal=Chest |volume=129 |issue=1 Suppl |pages=116S–121S |year=2006 |pmid=16428700 |doi=10.1378/chest.129.1_suppl.116S |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5760521">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lesher S, Sacher GA |title=Effects of age on cell proliferation in mouse duodenal crypts |journal=Exp. Gerontol. |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=211–7 |year=1968 |pmid=5760521 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|'''Non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis'''<ref name="pmid16428700">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brightling CE |title=Chronic cough due to nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines |journal=Chest |volume=129 |issue=1 Suppl |pages=116S–121S |year=2006 |pmid=16428700 |doi=10.1378/chest.129.1_suppl.116S |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5760521">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lesher S, Sacher GA |title=Effects of age on cell proliferation in mouse duodenal crypts |journal=Exp. Gerontol. |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=211–7 |year=1968 |pmid=5760521 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|Chronic
|Chronic
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* [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
* [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
* Shortness of [[Breathing|breath]]
* [[Shortness of breath]]
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* High levels of [[Immunoglobulin E|IgE]]
* High levels of [[Immunoglobulin E|IgE]]
* Airway [[eosinophilia]] in [[Sputum]] induction or [[Bronchial]] wash fluid from broncoscopy
* Airway [[eosinophilia]] in [[sputum]] induction or bronchial wash fluid from [[bronchoscopy]] ([[bronchoalveolar lavage]])
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* Normal chest [[X-rays|X-Ray]]
* Normal [[chest X-Ray]]
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* [[FEV1/FVC ratio|FEV1/FVC]] >70%
* [[FEV1/FVC ratio|FEV1/FVC]] >70%
* No response of short acting bronchodilatador
* No response of short acting [[bronchodilator]]
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* [[Bronchial]] [[biopsy]] [[eosinophilia]]
* [[Bronchial]] [[biopsy]] [[eosinophilia]]
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* [[Rales|Crackles]]
* [[Rales|Crackles]]
* [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
* [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
* Shortness of [[Breathing|breath]]
* [[Shortness of breath]]
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* [[Complete blood count]] ([[Complete blood count|CBC]])
* [[Complete blood count]] ([[Complete blood count|CBC]])
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* [[Sputum]] culture for [[Fungus|fungi]], [[bacteria]] and [[Mycobacterium|mycobacteria]]
* [[Sputum]] culture for [[Fungus|fungi]], [[bacteria]] and [[Mycobacterium|mycobacteria]]
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* Linear [[atelectasis]] and dilated [[Airway|airways]] in chest X.Ray  
* Linear [[atelectasis]] and dilated [[Airway|airways]] in [[chest X-Ray]]


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* [[Digital clubbing]]
* [[Digital clubbing]]
* Recurrente [[pleurisy]]
* Recurrent [[pleurisy]]
|-
|-
|'''[[Emphysema]]''' <ref name="pmid5587130">{{cite journal |vauthors=Queneau P, Le Guyader J, Detry, Pont M |title=[Clinical study of heptaminol acefyllinate] |language=French |journal=Lyon Med |volume=218 |issue=50 |pages=1561–6 |year=1967 |pmid=5587130 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|'''[[Emphysema]]''' <ref name="pmid5587130">{{cite journal |vauthors=Queneau P, Le Guyader J, Detry, Pont M |title=[Clinical study of heptaminol acefyllinate] |language=French |journal=Lyon Med |volume=218 |issue=50 |pages=1561–6 |year=1967 |pmid=5587130 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
Line 930: Line 929:
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* Months to years
* Months to years
|✔ Mocuid or purulent [[sputum]]
|✔ Mucoid or purulent [[sputum]]
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| -
| -
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* [[FEV1/FVC ratio|FEV1/FVC]] <70%
* [[FEV1/FVC ratio|FEV1/FVC]] <70%
* Post bronchodilatador [[FEV1]] >80  
* Post [[bronchodilator]] [[FEV1]] >80  
|
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* Detection of early [[emphysema]] in [[Computed tomography|CT]] of chest
* Detection of early [[emphysema]] in [[Computed tomography|CT]] of chest
|
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* Exposure of tabacco and air pollution
* Exposure of tobacco and air pollution
|-
|-
|'''Foreing body [[Aspiration of foreign body|aspiration]]'''<ref name="pmid5708401">{{cite journal |vauthors=Harasawa M, Fukuchi Y |title=[Acute severe diseases in geriatrics and first aid] |language=Japanese |journal=Naika |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=297–302 |year=1968 |pmid=5708401 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11444115">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rafanan AL, Mehta AC |title=Adult airway foreign body removal. What's new? |journal=Clin. Chest Med. |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=319–30 |year=2001 |pmid=11444115 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|'''Foreing body [[Aspiration of foreign body|aspiration]]'''<ref name="pmid5708401">{{cite journal |vauthors=Harasawa M, Fukuchi Y |title=[Acute severe diseases in geriatrics and first aid] |language=Japanese |journal=Naika |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=297–302 |year=1968 |pmid=5708401 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11444115">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rafanan AL, Mehta AC |title=Adult airway foreign body removal. What's new? |journal=Clin. Chest Med. |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=319–30 |year=2001 |pmid=11444115 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
Line 964: Line 963:
|
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* [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
* [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
* Decreased of [[breath sounds]]  
* Decreased [[breath sounds]]  
|
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* No specific
* No specific
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* Hyperinflated lungs, [[atelectasis]] and [[mediastinitis]] shift in [[Chest X-ray|chest radiograph]] when the object is [[radio-opaque]]
* Hyperinflated lungs, [[atelectasis]], and [[mediastinitis]]
* Shift in [[Chest X-ray|chest radiograph]] when the object is [[radio-opaque]]
 
* [[Computed tomography|CT]]
* [[Computed tomography|CT]]
|
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Line 975: Line 976:
* [[Bronchoscopy]]  
* [[Bronchoscopy]]  
|
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* In childrens <1 year and adults >75 years
* In children <1 year and adults >75 years
* Organic materials in childrens
* Organic materials in children
* Inorganic materials in adults
* Inorganic materials in adults
|-
|-
Line 997: Line 998:
* [[Urine culture]] ( in infants)
* [[Urine culture]] ( in infants)
|
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* Chest X-Ray
* [[Chest X-Ray]]
|
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* Normal function or obstructive changes ([[FEV1/FVC ratio|FEV1/FVC]] <70%)  
* Normal function or obstructive changes ([[FEV1/FVC ratio|FEV1/FVC]] <70%)  
Line 1,005: Line 1,006:
* Clinical diagnosis
* Clinical diagnosis
|
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* Etiology: ''Respiratory [[Human respiratory syncytial virus|syncytial virus]], [[Rhinovirus]]''
* Etiology: Respiratory ''[[Human respiratory syncytial virus|syncytial virus]], [[Rhinovirus]]''
* Childrens <2 years
* Children <2 years
|-
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Parenchyma|'''Parenchyma''']]
| rowspan="6" |[[Parenchyma|'''Parenchyma''']]
Line 1,021: Line 1,022:
* [[Rales|Crackles]]
* [[Rales|Crackles]]
* [[Egophony]]
* [[Egophony]]
* Decreased bronquial sounds
* Decreased bronchial sounds
|
|
* Leftward shift [[leukocytosis]]
* Leftward shift [[leukocytosis]]
Line 1,027: Line 1,028:
* [[Sputum culture]] in hospitalized patients
* [[Sputum culture]] in hospitalized patients
|
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* [[Consolidation (medicine)|Consolidation]], [[cavitation]] and infiltrated [[interstitial]] in Chest [[X-Ray]]
* [[Consolidation (medicine)|Consolidation]], [[cavitation]], and infiltrated [[interstitial]] in [[chest X-ray]]
* Anatomical changes observed in chest [[Computed tomography|CT]]
* Anatomical changes observed in chest [[Computed tomography|CT]]
|
|
* Not specific
* Not specific
|
|
* Infiltration observed in [[Chest X-ray|chest radiograph]]  
* Infiltration observed in [[chest X-ray]]  
|
|
* [[Community-acquired pneumonia]]
* [[Community-acquired pneumonia]]
* [[Hospital-acquired pneumonia]] 
* [[Healthcare-associated pneumonia]]
* [[Healthcare-associated pneumonia]]
* [[Ventilator-associated pneumonia]]
* [[Aspiration pneumonia]]
|-
|-
|[[Pneumoconiosis|'''Pneumoconioses''']]<ref name="pmid27980247">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jp NA, Imanaka M, Suganuma N |title=Japanese workplace health management in pneumoconiosis prevention |journal=J Occup Health |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=91–103 |year=2017 |pmid=27980247 |pmc=5478517 |doi=10.1539/joh.16-0031-RA |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12668748">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weiland DA, Lynch DA, Jensen SP, Newell JD, Miller DE, Crausman RS, Kuhn C, Kern DG |title=Thin-section CT findings in flock worker's lung, a work-related interstitial lung disease |journal=Radiology |volume=227 |issue=1 |pages=222–31 |year=2003 |pmid=12668748 |doi=10.1148/radiol.2271011063 |url=}}</ref>
|[[Pneumoconiosis|'''Pneumoconioses''']]<ref name="pmid27980247">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jp NA, Imanaka M, Suganuma N |title=Japanese workplace health management in pneumoconiosis prevention |journal=J Occup Health |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=91–103 |year=2017 |pmid=27980247 |pmc=5478517 |doi=10.1539/joh.16-0031-RA |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12668748">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weiland DA, Lynch DA, Jensen SP, Newell JD, Miller DE, Crausman RS, Kuhn C, Kern DG |title=Thin-section CT findings in flock worker's lung, a work-related interstitial lung disease |journal=Radiology |volume=227 |issue=1 |pages=222–31 |year=2003 |pmid=12668748 |doi=10.1148/radiol.2271011063 |url=}}</ref>
Line 1,054: Line 1,052:
* [[Rales|Crackles]]
* [[Rales|Crackles]]
|
|
* Blood gas analysis
* [[Arterial blood gas]]
* [[Complete blood count]] ([[Complete blood count|CBC]])
* [[Complete blood count]] ([[Complete blood count|CBC]])
|
|
* Small oppacities and [[fibrosis]] observed in [[Chest X-ray|Chest X-Ray]]
* Small oppacities and [[fibrosis]] observed in [[chest X-ray]]
* [[Computed tomography|CT]]
* [[Computed tomography|CT]]
* [[Positron emission tomography|FDG-PET]]
* [[Positron emission tomography|FDG-PET]]
Line 1,064: Line 1,062:
* [[FEV1]] <80%  
* [[FEV1]] <80%  
|
|
* Exposure story and [[Chest X-ray|chest radiograph]]
* Exposure history  and [[Chest X-ray|chest radiograph]]
|
|
* Fibrogenic: [[Silica]], [[Asbestos]]
* Fibrogenic: [[Silica]], [[asbestos]]
* Inert: [[Iron]], [[Barium]]
* Inert: [[Iron]], [[barium]]
* Granulomatous: [[Beryllium]]
* Granulomatous: [[Beryllium]]
* Giant cell pneumonia: [[Cobalt]]
* Giant cell pneumonia: [[Cobalt]]
Line 1,090: Line 1,088:
* [[Creatinine]]
* [[Creatinine]]
|
|
* Contrast-enhance [[Computed tomography|CT]] of chest and upper abdomen
* [[Contrast enhanced CT|Contrast-enhanced CT]] of chest and upper abdomen
|
|
* Not specific
* Not specific
|
|
* Tissue [[biopsy]], large enough for [[Molecule|molecular]] testing
* Tissue [[biopsy]] (sample should be sufficient for [[Molecule|molecular]] testing)
|
|
* Risk factor: [[Smoking|Cigarette smoking]]
* Risk factor:
* [[Small cell lung cancer|Small cell lung cance]]<nowiki/>r ([[Small cell lung cancer|SCLC]])
** Cigarette smoking
* [[Non small cell lung cancer|Non-small cell lung cance]]<nowiki/>r ([[Non small cell lung cancer|NSCLC]])
* Types
** [[Small cell lung cancer|Small cell lung cance]]<nowiki/>r ([[Small cell lung cancer|SCLC]])
** [[Non small cell lung cancer|Non-small cell lung cance]]<nowiki/>r ([[Non small cell lung cancer|NSCLC]])
|-
|-
|'''[[Interstitial lung disease]]'''<ref name="pmid15331185">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lama VN, Martinez FJ |title=Resting and exercise physiology in interstitial lung diseases |journal=Clin. Chest Med. |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=435–53, v |year=2004 |pmid=15331185 |doi=10.1016/j.ccm.2004.05.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15133338">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chetta A, Marangio E, Olivieri D |title=Pulmonary function testing in interstitial lung diseases |journal=Respiration |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=209–13 |year=2004 |pmid=15133338 |doi=10.1159/000077416 |url=}}</ref>
|'''[[Interstitial lung disease]]'''<ref name="pmid15331185">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lama VN, Martinez FJ |title=Resting and exercise physiology in interstitial lung diseases |journal=Clin. Chest Med. |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=435–53, v |year=2004 |pmid=15331185 |doi=10.1016/j.ccm.2004.05.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15133338">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chetta A, Marangio E, Olivieri D |title=Pulmonary function testing in interstitial lung diseases |journal=Respiration |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=209–13 |year=2004 |pmid=15133338 |doi=10.1159/000077416 |url=}}</ref>
Line 1,111: Line 1,111:
|
|
* [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
* [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
* [[Rales|Crackles]] or Velcro rales
* [[Rales|Crackles]] or velcro rales
* [[Lung volumes|Inspiratory]] high-pitched [[rhonchi]]
* [[Lung volumes|Inspiratory]] high-pitched [[rhonchi]]
|
|
Line 1,118: Line 1,118:
* [[Serology|Serological testing]]
* [[Serology|Serological testing]]
|
|
* [[Nodular]], [[reticular]] or both pattern in chest [[X-rays|X-Ray]]
* [[Nodular]], [[reticular]] or both pattern in [[chest X-ray]]
* [[Computed tomography|CT]] in patients with diffuse pulmonary lung disease
* [[Computed tomography|CT]] in patients with diffuse pulmonary lung disease
|
|
* Reduction in [[Vital capacity|FVC]], [[Residual volume|RV]], [[Functional residual capacity|FRC]], [[Total lung capacity|TLC]] and [[FEV1]] in [[Spirometry]]
* Reduction in [[Vital capacity|FVC]], [[Residual volume|RV]], [[Functional residual capacity|FRC]], [[Total lung capacity|TLC]] and [[FEV1]] on spirometry
* [[FEV1/FVC ratio|FEV1/FVC]] normal or increase
* [[FEV1/FVC ratio|FEV1/FVC]] normal or increase
* [[Lung volumes]]
* [[Lung volumes]]
* Diffusing capacity, [[DLCO]] reduced
* Diffusion capacity ([[DLCO]] reduced)
|
|
* Lung [[biopsy]] when Lab, imaging and PFT do not allow to do the diagnosis
* Lung [[biopsy]] when lab, imaging, and PFT has indeterminate result
|
|
* Clubbing is common in [[asbestosis]] and [[idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]]
* Clubbing is common in [[asbestosis]] and [[idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]]
Line 1,146: Line 1,146:
* [[Rhonchi]]
* [[Rhonchi]]
|
|
* Sputum [[acid-fast]] bacilli ([[Acid-fast|AFB]])
* Sputum [[acid-fast]] bacilli ([[Acid-fast|AFB]]) smear
* [[Mycobacterium|Mycobacterial]] [[Culture media|culture]]
* [[Mycobacterium|Mycobacterial]] [[Culture media|culture]]
* Molecular test
* Molecular testing
|
|
* Reactivation of [[Tuberculosis|TB]] is observed as [[Infiltration (medical)|infiltration]] in the upper [[Lobe (anatomy)|lobe]] in [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]]
* Reactivation of [[Tuberculosis|TB]] is observed as [[Infiltration (medical)|infiltration]] in the upper [[Lobe (anatomy)|lobe]] in [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]]
* In Patients with [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]] is observed lobar [[Infiltration (medical)|infiltration]], [[adenopathy]], lung mass named [[tuberculoma]], small fibronodular lesions and/or [[pleural effusion]] [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]]  
* In patients with [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]], Tb is observed as lobar [[Infiltration (medical)|infiltration]], [[adenopathy]], lung mass named [[tuberculoma]], small fibronodular lesions, and/or [[pleural effusion]] [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]]  
* [[Computed tomography|CT]] can detect early nodal process
* [[Computed tomography|CT]] can detect early nodal process
|
|
Line 1,160: Line 1,160:
|
|
* Etiology: ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]''
* Etiology: ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]''
* Complications: [[Pneumothorax]], [[Bronchiectasis]], pulmonary destruction and [[chronic pulmonary aspergillosis]]
* Complications: [[Pneumothorax]], [[bronchiectasis]], pulmonary destruction and [[chronic pulmonary aspergillosis]]
|-
|-
|[[Cystic fibrosis|'''Cystic fibrosis''']]<ref name="pmid18639722">{{cite journal |vauthors=Farrell PM, Rosenstein BJ, White TB, Accurso FJ, Castellani C, Cutting GR, Durie PR, Legrys VA, Massie J, Parad RB, Rock MJ, Campbell PW |title=Guidelines for diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in newborns through older adults: Cystic Fibrosis Foundation consensus report |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=153 |issue=2 |pages=S4–S14 |year=2008 |pmid=18639722 |pmc=2810958 |doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.05.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1285737">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kerem E, Reisman J, Corey M, Canny GJ, Levison H |title=Prediction of mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=326 |issue=18 |pages=1187–91 |year=1992 |pmid=1285737 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199204303261804 |url=}}</ref>
|[[Cystic fibrosis|'''Cystic fibrosis''']] ([[Cystic fibrosis|CF]])<ref name="pmid18639722">{{cite journal |vauthors=Farrell PM, Rosenstein BJ, White TB, Accurso FJ, Castellani C, Cutting GR, Durie PR, Legrys VA, Massie J, Parad RB, Rock MJ, Campbell PW |title=Guidelines for diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in newborns through older adults: Cystic Fibrosis Foundation consensus report |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=153 |issue=2 |pages=S4–S14 |year=2008 |pmid=18639722 |pmc=2810958 |doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.05.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1285737">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kerem E, Reisman J, Corey M, Canny GJ, Levison H |title=Prediction of mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=326 |issue=18 |pages=1187–91 |year=1992 |pmid=1285737 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199204303261804 |url=}}</ref>
|Chronic
|Chronic
|
|
Line 1,177: Line 1,177:
|
|
* [[Respiratory tract]] [[Culture media|culture]] for [[Cystic fibrosis|CF]]
* [[Respiratory tract]] [[Culture media|culture]] for [[Cystic fibrosis|CF]]
* [[Bronchoalveolar lavage]] for citology
* [[Bronchoalveolar lavage]] for cytology
* >= 60 mmol/L [[Sweat chloride test]]
* ≥ 60 mmol/L [[Sweat chloride test]]
* [[CFTR (gene)|CFTR]] [[mutation]] in molecular test
* [[CFTR (gene)|CFTR]] [[mutation]] in molecular testing
|
|
* Hyperinflation and bronchovascular in [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]]
* Hyperinflation, [[atelectasis]], and infiltrates on [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]]
* More severe patients present bronchietasis, "tram tracks" [[Peribronchial cuffing|peribronchial cuffin]]<nowiki/>g in [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]]
* Severe patients present bronchietasis, "tram tracks" [[Peribronchial cuffing|peribronchial cuffin]]<nowiki/>g in [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]]
* The extension of bronchietasis can be defined by [[Computed tomography|CT]]  
* The extension of [[bronchietasis]] can be defined by [[Computed tomography|CT]]  
|
|
* [[Residual volume|RV]]/[[Total lung capacity|TLC]] ratio increased  
* [[Residual volume|RV]]/[[Total lung capacity|TLC]] ratio increased  
Line 1,193: Line 1,193:
|
|
* [[Sweat chloride test]]
* [[Sweat chloride test]]
|Clinical symptoms, one organ system and evidence of [[Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator|CFTR]] dysfunction
|
* Evidence of [[Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator|CFTR]] dysfunction
|-
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |[[Heart|'''Cardiac''']]
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |[[Heart|'''Cardiac''']]
Line 1,200: Line 1,201:
|
|
* Days to weeks  
* Days to weeks  
|✔ Pink frothy liquid
|✔ Pink frothy, liquid
| -
| -
|✔
|✔
Line 1,212: Line 1,213:
* Gurgling sounds
* Gurgling sounds
|
|
* [[Arterial blood gas|Arterial blood]] analysis
* [[Arterial blood gas]]
* [[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]]  
* [[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]]  
* [[Serum creatinine|Serum creatinin]]
* [[Serum creatinine|Serum creatinin]]
Line 1,220: Line 1,221:
* [[Complete blood count]]
* [[Complete blood count]]
|
|
* [[Cardiomegaly]], [[pleural effusion]], intersticial edema, alveolar edema and blood redistribution in lower lobes in chest [[X-rays|X-Ray]]  
* [[Cardiomegaly]], [[pleural effusion]], interstitial [[edema]], alveolar [[edema]] and blood redistribution in lower lobes in [[chest X-ray]]  
|
|
* Not specific
* Not specific
|
|
* Clinical diagnosis. Test are supportive  
* Clinical diagnosis  
* Tests are supportive  
|
|
* [[12-lead ECG]]
* [[12-lead ECG]]
Line 1,246: Line 1,248:
|
|
* [[Electrocardiogram]]
* [[Electrocardiogram]]
* Elargement of [[left atrium]] and [[appendage]] in [[Chest X-ray|chest radiograph]]
* Enlargement of [[left atrium]] and [[appendage]] in [[Chest X-ray|chest radiograph]]
|
|
* [[Vital capacity|FVC]] reduced
* [[Vital capacity|FVC]] reduced
Line 1,270: Line 1,272:
* [[Anti-nuclear antibody|Antinuclear antibody]] ([[Antinuclear antibodies|ANA]])
* [[Anti-nuclear antibody|Antinuclear antibody]] ([[Antinuclear antibodies|ANA]])
* [[Rheumatoid factor]] ([[RF]])
* [[Rheumatoid factor]] ([[RF]])
* Anti-neutrophil  cytoplasmatic antibody ([[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|ANCA]])
* [[Anti-neutrophil  cytoplasmic antibody]] ([[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|ANCA]])
|
|
* Enlargement of the central [[pulmonary artery]] and right heart  in [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]]
* Enlargement of the central [[pulmonary artery]] and right heart  in [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]]
* [[Pulmonary  artery]] systolic pressure can be estimated in [[Echocardiography]]
* [[Pulmonary  artery]] systolic pressure can be estimated in [[echocardiography]]
|
|
* Low levels of [[FEV1]]
* Low levels of [[FEV1]]
Line 1,308: Line 1,310:
|
|
* PH testing
* PH testing
|
| --
|-
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="5" |[[Autoimmune disease|'''Autoinmune''']]
| colspan="2" rowspan="5" |[[Autoimmune disease|'''Autoinmune''']]
Line 1,321: Line 1,323:
|✔
|✔
|
|
* Shortness of [[breath]]
* [[Shortness of breath]]
|
|
* [[Complete blood count]] ([[Complete blood count|CBC]])
* [[Complete blood count]] ([[Complete blood count|CBC]])
* [[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|ANCA]] positive
* [[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|ANCA]] positive
* [[Goodpasture syndrome|Anti-GBM]] in [[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|ELISA]] or Western Blood
* [[Goodpasture syndrome|Anti-GBM]] in [[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|ELISA]] or [[western blot]]
|
|
* Pulmonary infiltratation in [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]]
* Pulmonary infiltratation in [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]]
Line 1,358: Line 1,360:
* [[Complete blood count]]
* [[Complete blood count]]
* [[Urinalysis]]
* [[Urinalysis]]
* Lung biopsy
* Lung [[biopsy]]
|
|
* [[Nodules]], [[Lung|pulmonary]] infiltrates, reticular margins, pleural opacities and [[Cavity|cavities]] in [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]]
* [[Nodules]], [[Lung|pulmonary]] infiltrates, reticular margins, pleural opacities and [[Cavity|cavities]] in [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]]
* [[Nodule (medicine)|Nodules]], [[cavities]] and stellate-shaped peripherial pulmonary in chest [[Computed tomography|CT]]
* [[Nodule (medicine)|Nodules]], [[cavities]] and stellate-shaped peripherial [[pulmonary]] in chest [[Computed tomography|CT]]
* [[Bronchoscopy]]
* [[Bronchoscopy]]
|
|
Line 1,367: Line 1,369:
* Reduce [[lung volumes]]
* Reduce [[lung volumes]]
|
|
* Tissue biopsy  
* Tissue [[biopsy]]
|
|
* Nasal crusting, sinus pain, chronic [[rhinosinusitis]], nasal obstruction and discharge in [[Upper respiratory tract|upper airway]]  
* Nasal crusting, sinus pain, chronic [[rhinosinusitis]], nasal obstruction and discharge in [[Upper respiratory tract|upper airway]]  
* Saddle nose deformity  
* [[Saddle nose|Saddle nose deformity]]
* Purpura in lower extremities  
* [[Purpura]] in lower extremities  
|-
|-
|[[Sarcoidosis|'''Sarcoidosis''']]<ref name="pmid27378039">{{cite journal |vauthors=Carmona EM, Kalra S, Ryu JH |title=Pulmonary Sarcoidosis: Diagnosis and Treatment |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=91 |issue=7 |pages=946–54 |year=2016 |pmid=27378039 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.03.004 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12803116">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yanardağ H, Pamuk GE, Karayel T, Demirci S |title=Bone marrow involvement in sarcoidosis: an analysis of 50 bone marrow samples |journal=Haematologia (Budap) |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=419–25 |year=2002 |pmid=12803116 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|[[Sarcoidosis|'''Sarcoidosis''']]<ref name="pmid27378039">{{cite journal |vauthors=Carmona EM, Kalra S, Ryu JH |title=Pulmonary Sarcoidosis: Diagnosis and Treatment |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=91 |issue=7 |pages=946–54 |year=2016 |pmid=27378039 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.03.004 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12803116">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yanardağ H, Pamuk GE, Karayel T, Demirci S |title=Bone marrow involvement in sarcoidosis: an analysis of 50 bone marrow samples |journal=Haematologia (Budap) |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=419–25 |year=2002 |pmid=12803116 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
Line 1,395: Line 1,397:
* [[Histopathology|Histopathologic]] detection  
* [[Histopathology|Histopathologic]] detection  
|
|
* In [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]] is observed bilateral hiliar [[adenopathy]] (stage 1), [[reticular]] opacities and hiliar adenopathy (stage 2), shrink hiliar [[Nodule (medicine)|nodules]] and reticular opacities (stage 3) and lost of volume (stage 4)  
* On [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]]:
** Stage 1: Bilateral hiliar [[adenopathy]]
** Stage 2: [[Reticular]] opacities and hiliar adenopathy   
** Stage 3: Shrink hiliar [[Nodule (medicine)|nodules]] and [[reticular]] opacities
** Stage 4: Lost of volume   
|
|
* Reduced [[FVC]]
* Reduced [[FVC]]
Line 1,419: Line 1,425:
* [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
* [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
|
|
* ANCA positive
* [[ANCA]] positive
* [[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]]
* [[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]]
* [[Creatinine]]
* [[Creatinine]]
Line 1,425: Line 1,431:
* [[Urinalysis]]
* [[Urinalysis]]
|
|
* [[Cavitation]], [[Nodule (medicine)|nodules]] and alveolar oppacities in chest [[X-rays|X-Ray]]
* [[Cavitation]], [[Nodule (medicine)|nodules]], and alveolar opacities in [[chest X-ray]]
* Head and chest [[Computed tomography|CT]]
* Head and chest [[Computed tomography|CT]]
* [[Electromyography]]/nerve conduction
* [[Electromyography]]/[[nerve conduction study]]
|
|
* Reduced [[lung volumes]]
* Reduced [[lung volumes]]
Line 1,450: Line 1,456:
* [[Rales]]
* [[Rales]]
* [[Rhonchi]]
* [[Rhonchi]]
* Expiratory noises (related to [[asthma]])
* Expiratory sounds(related to [[asthma]])
|
|
* Peripherial [[eosinophilia]]
* Peripherial [[eosinophilia]]
Line 1,458: Line 1,464:
|
|
* Infiltrates in [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]]
* Infiltrates in [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]]
* Ground glass opacities , tree-in-bud sign and small nodules  in chest [[Computed tomography|CT]]
* Ground glass opacities, tree-in-bud sign and small nodules  in chest [[Computed tomography|CT]]
|
|
* [[Lung volumes]] decreased
* [[Lung volumes]] decreased
Line 1,491: Line 1,497:
* Clinical diagnosis
* Clinical diagnosis
|
|
* Resolves in four or five days of stopping the medication
* Resolves in four to five days of stopping the medication
|}
|}


Revision as of 20:22, 19 February 2018


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Karina Zavaleta, MD [2]

Overview

 
 
 
Pathophysiology
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gross Pathophysiology
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Macroscopic Pathology
 
 
 
Microscopic Pathology
Causes/Etiology Onset Clinical manifestations Diagnosis Other features
Symptoms Physical exam Lab findings Imaging PFT Gold standard
Cough Dyspnea Fever Slurred speech X-Ray Other imaging
Upper airway Extrathoracic Anaphylaxis Acute - ✔ - ✔
  • Tachycardia
  • Hypotension
  • Hoarseness
  • Altered mental status
  • High levels of serum tryptase [1]
  • Incrieased levels of plasma histamine [2]
  • Sking test
  • Not required
  • Not required
  • Not specific
 Acute onset with one of them:
  • Respiratory compromised
  • Reduced blood pressure (BP)

Two or more after the exposure to a likely allergern

  • Respiratory compromised
  • Reduced BP
  • Gastrointestinal symptoms
  • Skin-mucosal involment

BP reduced after exposure of a known allergen

  • Adult BP systolic <90 mmHg
  • Children: Low systolic BP [3]
  • Nasal discharge, redness and hives of the skin
  • Common allergens: food, insect stings, biologic materials, natural rubber latex, etc
Paralysis of vocal cord
Laryngeal stenosis
Postnasal drip syndrome
Intrathoracic Tracheomalacia
Mediastinal mass
Tracheal stenosis
Goiter
Foreign body aspiration
Lower airway Intrathoracic Bronchiolitis
Asthma
Bronchiectasis
Cystic fibrosis
Pulmonary edema
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Pulmonary embolism
Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary

neuroendocrina cell hyperplasia (DPNECH)

Type of respiratory failure Causes/Etiology Onset Clinical manifestations Investigations Gold standard Other features
Symptoms Physical exam
Hypoxic respiratory failure (Type 1 respiratory failure) Cardiogenic pulmonary edema Acute decompensated heart failure Acute
  • Clinical diagnosis (test results are supportive)
  • High levels of BNP and pro-BNP[5]
Non cardiogenic pulmonary edema Adult respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) Acute According to Berlin definition[6]:
  • One week of new or worse respiratory symptoms or clinical insult
  • Symptoms can not be explain by cardiac disease
  • Bilateral opacities in chest X-Ray or CT
  • Compromised oxygenation
High-Altitude Pulmonary edema (HAPE)[7] Acute
  • Clinical diagnosis
  • Occurrs over 2500 m
  • Descent is mandatory in >4000 m [7]
Neurogenic pulmonary edema Acute
Pulmonary embolism Acute, subacute, Chronic
Pneumonia[11] Acute
  • Clinical manifestations and infiltration chest X-Ray with or without microbiological test [12]
Idiopatic chronic lung fibrosis[13] Chronic
  • Lung biopsy when Lab, imaging and PFT do not allow to do the diagnosis
Hypercapnic respiratory failure (Type 2 respiratory failure) COPD
Sedative abuse
Encephalitis
Stroke
Obesity hypoventilation
Hypothermia
Hypothiroidism
Myasthenia gravis
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Perioperative respiratory failure (Type 3 respiratory failure) Post-operative atelectasis Acute
  • Clinical diagnosis with supportive test
  • Obstructive
  • Non Obstructive[15]
Type 4 respiratory failure Shock[16] Acute
  • Clinical diagnosis with supportive test [17]

Cough

Organ system Diseases Clinical manifestations Diagnosis Other features
Symptoms Physical exam
Onset Duration Productive cough Hemoptysis Weight lost Fever Dyspnea Ascultation Lab findings Imaging PFT Gold standard
Respiratory Upper airway Epiglottitis[18][19] Abrupt or acute
  • 12-24 hours
 - - - ✔ ✔
  • Normal function
Croup[20] Acute
  • 3-5 days
 ✔ - - - ✔
  • Clinical diagnosis.
  • Laboratory findings and imaging are not necessary for diagnosis
Pertussis[21][22] Acute
  • Two weeks
 ✔ Whooping sound - ✔ - ✔
  • Clear chest
  • Normal function
  • Culture
Laryngopharyngeal reflux[23][24] Chronic
  • Variable
 ✔ - - - ✔
  • Normal function
  • 24 hour-dual sensor pH probe
Common Cold[25] Acute
  • 3-10 days
 ✔ - - ✔ -
  • Bacterial culture is not indicated
  • Normal function
  • Clinical diagnosis
Seasonal Influenza [26] Acute
  • 5-10 days
 ✔ ✔
  • Normal function
  • Clinical diagnosis
Rhinosinusitis[27][28] Acute, subacute, chronic, recurrent
  • Acute: Less than 4 weeks
  • Subacute: 4-12 weeks
  • Chronic: More than 12 weeks
  • Recurrent: 4 or more episodes or acute rhinosinusitis per year
 ✔ - - ✔ ✔
  • Clear chest
  • Air-fluid level, mucosal edema and bony erosion of sinus on CT
  • MRI for distinguish the etiology
  • Normal function
Lower airway Asthma[29] Chronic
  • Years
 ✔ Clear mucoid or yellow sputum - - - ✔
  • Family history
  • Seasonal variation
Acute Bronchitis[30] Acute
  • From 5 days to 1 or 3 weeks
 ✔ - - - ✔
  • FEV1 < 80%
  • Clinical diagnosis
Chronic Bronchitis[31][32] Chronic
  • Most of the days for three months in the las two years.
 ✔ Clear sputum - - ✔ ✔
Non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis[33][34] Chronic
  • More than 8 weeks
 ✔ Eosinophilic sputum - - ✔
  • Exposure to an occupational cause
Bronchiectasis[35][36] Chronic
  • Months to years
 ✔ Mucopurulent sputum ✔ - ✔
  • CT of chest
Emphysema [37] Chronic
  • Months to years
 ✔ Mucoid or purulent sputum - - ✔ ✔
  • Exposure of tobacco and air pollution
Foreing body aspiration[38][39] Acute Variable ✔ ✔ - ✔ ✔
  • No specific
  • Not specific
  • In children <1 year and adults >75 years
  • Organic materials in children
  • Inorganic materials in adults
Bronchiolitis[40][41] Acute
  • 8-15 days
 ✔ - ✔ ✔
  • Clinical diagnosis
Parenchyma Pneumonia[42][43] Acute
  • Variable
 ✔ Mucopurulent sputum - - ✔ ✔
  • Not specific
Pneumoconioses[44][45] Acute, Chronic
  • Years
 - - ✔ ✔ ✔
Lung cancer[46][47] Chronic
  • Years
 ✔ ✔ ✔ - ✔
  • Not specific
Interstitial lung disease[48][49] Chronic
  • Variable
 - ✔ ✔ - ✔
  • Lung biopsy when lab, imaging, and PFT has indeterminate result
Tuberculosis (TB)[50][51] Chronic
  • More than 2 or 3 weeks
 ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Cystic fibrosis (CF)[52][53] Chronic
  • Variable
 ✔ - ✔ ✔
  • Low levels of FEV1
  • High levels of TLC
  • RV increased
  • Evidence of CFTR dysfunction
Cardiac Cardiogenic pulmonary edema[54][55] Acute
  • Days to weeks
 ✔ Pink frothy, liquid - ✔ - ✔
  • Not specific
  • Clinical diagnosis
  • Tests are supportive
Mitral Stenosis[56][57] Chronic
  • Variable
 ✔ Pink frothy ✔ - - ✔
  • Not specifc
Pulmonary hypertension[58][59] Chronic
  • More than 2 years
 - ✔ ✔ - ✔
Gastrointestinal Gastroesophageal reflux[60][61] Chronic
  • Variable
 ✔ - ✔ - ✔
  • Not specific
  • Normal function
  • PH testing
 --
Autoinmune Goodpasture syndrome[62][63] Chronic
  • Variable
 - ✔ - - ✔
Wegener's disease (GPA) [64][65] Chronic
  • Months
 ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Sarcoidosis[66][67] Chronic
  • Years
 - - ✔ ✔ ✔
Microscopic polyangitis (MPA)[68][69] Chronic
  • Variable
 ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Churg-Strauss[70][71] Chronic
  • Variable
 ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
  • Infiltrates in chest X-Ray
  • Ground glass opacities, tree-in-bud sign and small nodules in chest CT
Medication ACE inhibitors[72][73] Acute (depend on the medication)
  • From 2 weeks to 6 months
 - - - - ✔
  • Not required
  • No required
  • Normal function
  • Clinical diagnosis
  • Resolves in four to five days of stopping the medication

Microscopic Pathology

  1. Transmission:[74]
    1. Multiplication
    2. asjdh

Associated Conditions

Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology Gross Pathophysiology
Macroscopic a c
Microscopic b d

GASTROINTESTINAL

Condition Onset Duration Type of pain Location Exacerbating factors Alleviating factors Radiation Associated features Labs Imaging
GERD, Peptic Ulcer Acute
  • Burning
  • Antiacid
  • Food
  • Not specific
  • Not specific
  • Ambulatory reflux monitoring
  • Not specific
Esophageal Spasm Acute
  • Minutes to hours
  • Burning
  • Pressure
  • Retrosternal
  • Not specific
  • Not specific
  • Not specific (closely mimic angina)
  • Esophageal manometry is more than 20% premature contractions
  • Not specific
Esophagitis[75] Acute
  • Variable
  • Burning
  • Back
  • Not specific
  • Endoscopy
Eosinophilic esophagitis[76] Chronic
  • Variable
  • Burning
  • Retrosternal
  • Abdominal
  • Cold and dry climates
  • European ancestry
  • Not specific
  • Not specific
Esophageal perforation[77] Acute
  • Minutes to hours
  • Burning
  • Upper abdominal
  • Not specific
  • Confirmed by water-soluble contrast esophagram
Mediastinitis[78] Acute, Chronic Variable
  • Irritation
  • Retrosternal
  • Not specific
  • Not specific
  • Postive organisms in sternal culture
  • CT
  • X-Ray
Cholelithiasis[79] Acute, subacute Minutes to hours
  • Burning
  • Colicky
  • Post meal
  • Fatty foodd
  • Not specific
  • Not specific
  • Liver biochemical test
  • Amylase levels
  • Llipase levels
Pancreatitis[80] Acute, Chronic Variable
  • Pressure
  • Lying flat on the back
  • After eating
  • Drinking
  • Primary cirrhosis
  • Primary sclerosing colangitis
Sliding hiatal hernia[81] Acute Variable
  • Burning
 Epigastric
  • Not specific

Rheumatic diseases:

Condition Onset Duration Type of pain Location Exacerbating factors Alleviating factors Radiation Associated features Labs Imaging
Fibromyalgia[82] Chronic Variable
  • Spreads out the tender points
 Normal Blood and urine test (mandatory to rule out other diseases) Normal (mandatory to rule out other diseases)
Rheumatoid arthritis[83][84] Chronic Years
  • Both sides in the same joint
  • Wrist
  • Fingers
  • Knees
  • Feet
  • Ankles
  • Increases at mornings
  • Occupational activities related to silica and asbestos
  • Smoking
  • Wildespread
  • Not specific
  • Positive Rheumatic Factor
  • Anti-CCP body
Ankylosing spondylitis[85] Chronic Years
  • Interminent
  • Increases at morning and nights
  • Less activity
  • Not specific
  • Patients with HLA-27 variant
Psoriatic arthritis[86] Chronic Years
  • Asymmetrical
  • Intermitent (Comes and goes)
  • Less activity
  • Not specific
  • Serum complement
  • Levels of Long Prentaxin 3 protein (PTX3)
  • Increased levels of CRP
  • X-Ray
  • Utrasonography
  • CT scan
  • MRI
Sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis (SAPHO syndrome)[87] Chronic Years
  • Recurrent
  • Multifocal
  • Shrugging or retractin the ipsilateral shoulder
Systemic lupus erythematosus [88] Chronic Years Not specific
  • Sun exposure
  • Sleep quality
  • Throught the body
  • HLA-genetic mutations
  • Female gender
  • Being younger than 50
  • Chest X-Ray
Relapsing polychondritis[89] Chronic Years Intermitent
  • Not specific
  • Not specific

MUSCULOSKELETAL

Condition Onset Duration Type of pain Location Exacerbating factors Alleviating factors Radiation Associated features Diagnostic Tests
Musculo-skeletal Pain Acute, subacute Variable Pressure, aching
  • Localized to involved area
  • Increases by movement and pressure on involved area
  • Analgesics
 Not specific
  • Not specific
 MRI
Rib pain Acute, Chronic Variable Aching
  • Depend on the area involved
  • Movements during breathing
  • Specific position that increases the pressure
 Not specific
  • Broken ribs
  • X-Ray
  • MRI
Isolated musculoskeletal chest pain syndromes[90] Acute, Chronic Variable Pressure
  • Ribs
  • Sternum
  • Joints
  • Overused
  • Stress fractures
  • Sporting activities
 Not specific
  • Athlets injuries
  • Costosternal pain syndromes
  • CT
  • X-Ray
Rheumatic diseases Chronic Variable Intermitent
  • Depend on the area involve
  • Depend on the disease
 Wildspread
  • Not specific
  • CT
  • X-Ray
Traumatic Acute Variable Aching
  • Localized to the area involved
  • Physicological distress
 Not specific
  • Tissue adjacent
  • X-Ray
  • CT

Isolated musculoskeletal chest pain syndromes:

Condition Onset Duration Type of pain Location Exacerbating factors Alleviating factors Radiation Associated features Diagnostic Tests
Costosternal syndromes (costochondritis)[91] Acute, subacute Days to weeks Pressure Anterior part of chest wall
  • Analgesics
  • Lie down
  • Breath quietly
  • Lightly massage
  • Hot or cold compresses
  • Back
  • Stomach
  • Not specific
  • Palpation of tender areas
  • Chest X-ray
Lower rib pain syndromes[92] Chronic Variable Aching
  • Lower chest
  • Upper abdomen
  • Not specific
  • Not specifc
  • Hooking maneuver
Sternalis syndrome[93] Chronic Variable Pressure
  • Over the body of sternum
  • Sternalis muscle
  • Left or middle side of the chest wall
  • Not specific
  • Both arms
Tietze's syndrome[94] Acute Weeks Pressure
  • Exacerbated with respiration
  • Minimal physical activity
  • NSAIDs
  • Heat or ice
  • Arms
  • Shoulders
  • Sneezing
  • Exercise
  • Cough
  • Quick movements
  • Test are for rule out other diseases
Xiphoidalgia[95] Acute Variable Pressure
  • Over the xiphoid process
  • Sternum
  • Xiphosternal joint
  • Heavy meals
  • Twisting movements
  • Bending
  • Back
  • Cough
  • Heavy work
  • Provocative test
Spontaneous sternoclavicular subluxation[96] Acute, Chronic Variable Aching
  • Moderate to heavy repetitive tasks
  • Not specific
Posterior chest wall pain syndromes[97] Chronic Variable Band-like chest pain
  • Costovertebral joint
  • Scapulothoracic articulation
  • Posterior chest wall
  • Cough
  • Deep breath
  • Throwing activities
  • Not specific
  • Imaging test
  • Pain by palpation

OTHER

Condition Onset Duration Type of pain Location Exacerbating factors Alleviating factors Radiation Associated features Diagnostic Tests
Substance abuse (Cocaine)[98] Acute Hours
  • Pressure
  • Chest
 Not specific
Referred pain[99] Acute, Chronic Variable
  • Corresponding dermatomes
  • Corresponding myotomes
  • Spurling maneuver
 Not specific
Herpes Zoster[100][101] Acute, Chronic Variable
  • Burning
  • Chest
  • Upper back
  • Lower back
  • Light touch (in Postherpetic neuralgia PHN)
 Dermatomal distribution
Domestic abuse[102] Acute, chronic Variable
  • Depend on the injury
  • Head
  • Chest
  • Neck
  • Genital area
  • Breast
  • Not specific
 Not specific
  • Assesment for IPV (intimate partner violence) in patients wiht suggested abuse
Stress fracture[103] Acute Minutes
  • Aching
  • Increased activity
  • History of prior stress fracture
  • Low levels of physical activity
  • Pain medication
  • Protection of the fracture
  • Proper nutrition
  • Minimal physical activity
 Not specific
  • Athlets
Sickle cell disease[104] Chronic From birth
  • Aching
  • Lower back
  • Legs
  • Chest
  • Abdomen
  • Arms
 Not specific

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