Sandbox:Karina: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 21:55, 27 February 2018

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Karina Zavaleta, MD [2]

Overview

Etiology on the basis of anatomy	Diseases	Clinical manifestations								Diagnosis					Other features
		Symptoms					Physical exam					Imaging
		Onset	Coughfam	Dyspnea	Fever	Slurred speech	Cyanosis	Clubbing	Auscultation	Labs	Pulmonary function testing	Chest imaging	Other	Gold standard
Extrathoracic upper airway diseases	Laryngeal edema (Anaphylaxis)	Acute	-	✔	-	✔	✔	-	Hoarseness Stridor	High levels of serum tryptase Increased levels of plasma histamine Sking test	Not specific	Not required	Not required	Acute onset with one of them: Respiratory compromised Reduced blood pressure (BP) Two or more after the exposure to a likely allergern Respiratory compromised Reduced BP Gastrointestinal symptoms Skin-mucosal involment BP reduced after exposure of a known allergen Adult BP systolic <90 mmHg Children: Low systolic BP ^[1]	Nasal discharge, altered mental status, redness and hives of the skin Common allergens: food, insect stings, biologic materials, natural rubber latex, etc
	Cricoarytenoid arthritis	Acute	✔	✔	-	✔	-	-	Hoarseness Stridor	Test for Rheumatoid arthritis	Forced inspiratory flow decreased Forced expiratory flow decreased	Clear chest	Hyperdense intra-articular sclerotic cricoid and arytenoid cartilages in CT ^[2]	Direct laryngoscopy	Cartilage erosion can lead on joint luxation and inmovilization of the cord^[2]
	Vocal fold edema/Hematoma/Paralysis^[3]	Acute	✔	✔	-	✔	-	-	Hoarseness Short breathing	Not specific	Variable	Clear chest	Not required	Laryngoscopy	Associated to neck surgery
	Paradoxical vocal fold motion	Acute	✔	✔	-	✔	-	-	Inspiratory stridor	Hypercapnia in Arterial blood gases when distress is severe	Forced insiparatory flow decrease but normal between episodes ^[4]	Clear chest	CT and Color flow Doppler to rule out other diseases ^[5]	Abnormal adduction of vocal fold Laryngoscopy	Throat tightness, choking sensation Associated to exercise, asthma, postextubation, etc ^[6]
	Laryngeal stenosis^[7]	Acute, chronic	✔	✔	-	✔	✔	-	Glottic or supraglottic: Inspiratory stridor Glottis through trachea: Biphasic stridor	Not specific	FV loop variable	Clear chest	Stenosis visualized in neck x-ray	Palpation of arytenoid for passive mobility and laryngoscopy ^[8]	History of neck trauma or intubation
	Laryngocele	Chronic	✔	✔	-	-	-	-	Inspiratory stridor Hoarseness	Not specific	Normal function	Clear chest	Cyst wiht Liquid or air content in ultrasound, radiography or CT	Smooth swelling visualized in laryngoscopy ^[9]	Dysphagia, laryngeal discomfort Usually asymptomatic
	Epiglottitis (supraglottitis)	Acute
	Goiter
	Postnasal drip syndrome
	Relapsing polychondritis
	Retropharyngeal abscess
	Tonsillar hypertrophy
	Tumor of pharynx/larynx/upper trachea
Central airway diseases (Intrathoracic upper airway obstruction)	Mediastinal mass/lymphadenopathy
	Respiratory papillomatosis
	Tracheobronchomalacia
	Tracheal stenosis
	Tracheal and bronchial tumors
	Vascular ring or aneurysm
Lower airway obstruction	Bronchiectasis
	Bronchiolitis
	Carcinoid syndrome
	Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (DIPNECH)
	Heart failure
	Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema
	Parasitic infection with VLM (eg, Ascaris Strongyloides, filaria)
	Pulmonary thromboembolism
	Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome
	Tracheobronchomalacia

Type of respiratory failure	Causes/Etiology		Onset	Clinical manifestations		Investigations	Gold standard	Other features
Type of respiratory failure	Causes/Etiology		Onset	Symptoms	Physical exam	Investigations	Gold standard	Other features
Hypoxic respiratory failure (Type 1 respiratory failure)	Cardiogenic pulmonary edema	Acute decompensated heart failure	Acute	Cough with pink frothy expectoration Dyspnea Increased pulse rate	Wheezing Crackles Leg edema in both legs Obtundation	Cardiomegaly and interstitial edema in chest radiograph ST and T waves abnormalities in ECG SaO2 <90% ^[10]	Clinical diagnosis (test results are supportive)	High levels of BNP and pro-BNP^[11]
	Non cardiogenic pulmonary edema	Adult respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS)	Acute	Dyspnea Cyanosis	Diffuse crackles	Hypoxemia in arterial blood gases Alveolar infiltrates in chest X-Ray Bilateral opacities in CT	According to Berlin definition^[12]: One week of new or worse respiratory symptoms or clinical insult Symptoms can not be explain by cardiac disease Bilateral opacities in chest X-Ray or CT Compromised oxygenation	Exlcusion of cardiogenic pulmonary edema
		High-Altitude Pulmonary edema (HAPE)^[13]	Acute	Dyspnea Cough with pink frothy sputum Chest tightness Decreased exercise performance	Wheezing	High levels of white blood cell count Decreased of oxygen saturation Bilateral infiltration in chest X-Ray	Clinical diagnosis	Occurrs over 2500 m Descent is mandatory in >4000 m ^[13]
		Neurogenic pulmonary edema	Acute	Dyspnea Hemoptysis	Rales Bilateral crackles	Leukocytosis Bilateral hyperdense infiltration in chest X-Ray PaO2/FiO2 ratio <200	PaO2/FiO2 ratio <200^[14] Bilateral infiltration No left atrial hypertension CNS injury No evidence of other causes of ARDS	Major causes of NPE are epileptic seizures, cerebral hemorrhages and brain injury
		Pulmonary embolism	Acute, subacute, Chronic	Dyspnea Chest pain Cough Orthopnea	Wheezing Tachypnea Edema Decreased breath sounds Tachycardia	Leukocytosis, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation and lactic acid in complete blood count Hypoxemia in arterial blood gas ^[15] D-dimer to rule out other diseases Hamptom and Westermark sign in chest X-Ray Tachycardia and abnormalities in ST-segment and T waves are observed in ECG	Computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) or catheter based pulmonary angiography ^[16]	Venous thromboembolism(VTE)
	Pneumonia^[17]		Acute	Productive cough Chest pain Fever	Egophony Crackles Tactile fremitus	Leukocytosis Infiltration in chest X-Ray Optional microbiological test	Clinical manifestations and infiltration chest X-Ray with or without microbiological test ^[18]	Community-acquired pneumonia Hospital-acquired pneumonia Healthcare-associated pneumonia Ventilator-associated pneumonia Aspiration pneumonia
	Idiopatic chronic lung fibrosis^[19]		Chronic	Dyspnea Non-productive cough	Clubbing of the digits Crackles	Reticular or nodular pattern in chest X-Ray Nodules and bilateral hiliar adenopathy in CT	Lung biopsy when Lab, imaging and PFT do not allow to do the diagnosis	Reduced FEV1 and FVC in spirometry
Hypercapnic respiratory failure (Type 2 respiratory failure)	COPD
	Sedative abuse
	Encephalitis
	Stroke
	Obesity hypoventilation
	Hypothermia
	Hypothiroidism
	Myasthenia gravis
	Guillain-Barré syndrome
Perioperative respiratory failure (Type 3 respiratory failure)	Post-operative atelectasis		Acute	Asyptomatic or increase work of breathing	Skin or lips blue Tachypnea Tachycardia	Bronchoscopy CT and chest X-Ray PaO2/FiO2 <300 mmHg ^[20]	Clinical diagnosis with supportive test	Obstructive Non Obstructive^[21]
Type 4 respiratory failure	Shock^[22]		Acute	Oliguria Abnormal mental status Clammy skin Cool extremities	Hypotension Tachycardia Tachypnea Rales Gallop rythm	Electrocardigogram with isquemic abnormalities Visible congestion in chest X-Ray High levels of nitrogen Increased levels of lactic acid Low levels of Bicarbonate Echocardiography to identify any dysfunction	Clinical diagnosis with supportive test ^[23]	Cardiac index decreased Troponin leves, chemestry screen, complete blood count ^[23] Cardiogenic shock Septic shock Hypovolemic shock

Cough

Organ system		Diseases	Clinical manifestations								Diagnosis				Other features
			Symptoms							Physical exam	Diagnosis
			Onset	Duration	Productive cough	Hemoptysis	Weight lost	Fever	Dyspnea	Ascultation	Lab findings	Imaging	PFT	Gold standard
Respiratory	Upper airway diseases	Epiglottitis^[24]^[25]	Abrupt or acute	12-24 hours	-	-	-	✔	✔	Stridor Hoarseness	Elevated white blood count in CBC Blood culture may show bacterial growth Epiglottal culture in intubated patients may show bacterial growth	Enlarge epiglottis (>8 mm), loss of vallecular air space and distended hypopharynx in neck X-ray	Normal function	Direct visualization of erythematous and edematous epiglottis	Tripod posture Drooling Tenderness of the anterior part of the neck Etiology: Haemophilus influenzae
		Croup^[26]	Acute	3-5 days	✔	-	-	-	✔	Stridor Crackles	Low White blood cell count (WBC) in CBC	Subglottic narrowing (steeple sign) in postero-anterior radiograph chest	Decresed tidal volume	Clinical diagnosis. Laboratory findings and imaging are not necessary for diagnosis	Barking cough Etiology: Parainfluenza virus type 1 (most common)
		Pertussis^[27]^[28]	Acute	Two weeks	✔ Whooping sound	-	✔	-	✔	Clear chest	Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) shows Bordetella pertussis Serologic testing	Atelectasis Lymphadenopathy	Normal function	Culture	Etiology: Bordetella pertussis Phases: Catarrhal, paroxysmal and convalescent
		Laryngopharyngeal reflux^[29]^[30]	Chronic	Variable	✔	-	-	-	✔	Hoarseness Stridor	Decreased levels of salivary epidermal growth factor (EGF) Increased levels of NKTR Biopsy	X-Ray Endoscopy examination	Normal function	24 hour-dual sensor pH probe	Throat clearing Globus sensation
		Common Cold^[31]	Acute	3-10 days	✔	-	-	✔	-	Rales Wheezing	Bacterial culture is not indicated	Chest X-Ray in patients with signs of consolidation	Normal function	Clinical diagnosis	Conjunctival injection Nasal congestion
		Seasonal Influenza ^[32]	Acute	5-10 days	-	-	-	✔	✔	Shorteness of breath	RT-PCR Antigen detection test	Reticular or reticulonodular opacities in chest X-Ray	Normal function	Clinical diagnosis	Etiology: A or B Influenza virus
		Rhinosinusitis^[33]^[34]	Acute, subacute, chronic, recurrent	Acute: Less than 4 weeks Subacute: 4-12 weeks Chronic: More than 12 weeks Recurrent: 4 or more episodes or acute rhinosinusitis per year	✔	-	-	✔	✔	Clear chest	In complicated acute bacterial rhinosinusitis, endoscopic cultures or sinus aspirate is indicated Nasal culture	Air-fluid level, mucosal edema and bony erosion of sinus on CT MRI for distinguish the etiology	Normal function	Clinical diagnosis: Nasal congestion, obstruction, and purulent rhinorrhea	Erythema in periorbital area
	Lower airway	Asthma^[35]	Chronic	Years	✔ Clear mucoid or yellow sputum	-	-	-	✔	Wheezing (expiratory) Rales Rhonchi	Eosinophilia is observed in complete blood count (CBC) Total serum IgE in test for allergy	Normal airways in chest X-ray CT if there any abnormality in chest X-Ray	FEV1/FVC ratio <70% and FEV1 >15% increase after 15 minutes of 2 puffs of beta 2 sympathomimetic drug After physical active FEV1 decreases by >15% After inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)FEV1 increased by >15%	Airflow limitation on spirometry	Family history Seasonal variation
		Acute Bronchitis^[36]	Acute	From 5 days to 1 or 3 weeks	✔	-	-	-	✔	Wheezing Rhonchi	Sputum culture is not indicated PCR in bacterial infection	Chest X-ray to exclude other diseases	FEV1 < 80%	Clinical diagnosis	Majority of cases are caused by respiratory viruses
		Chronic Bronchitis^[37]^[38]	Chronic	Most of the days for three months in the las two years.	✔ Clear sputum	-	-	✔	✔	Wheezing Rhonchi	Blood test Arterial blood gas (ABG)	Chest X-Ray to exclude other diseases CT	FEV1/FVC ratio < 70% Post bronchodilatador FEV1 > 80% Reduced FVC after bronchodilatador administration Decread vital capacity Increased total lung capacity	Demostration of airflow limitation on spirometry	Smoker's cough Cigarette smoking Pollution
		Non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis^[39]^[40]	Chronic	More than 8 weeks	✔ Eosinophilic sputum		-	-	✔	Wheezing Shortness of breath	High levels of IgE Airway eosinophilia in sputum induction or bronchial wash fluid from bronchoscopy (bronchoalveolar lavage)	Normal chest X-Ray	FEV1/FVC >70% No response of short acting bronchodilator	Bronchial biopsy eosinophilia	Exposure to an occupational cause
		Bronchiectasis^[41]	Chronic	Months to years	✔ Mucopurulent sputum	✔		-	✔	Crackles Wheezing Shortness of breath	Complete blood count (CBC) IgG, IgM and IgA Sputum culture for fungi, bacteria and mycobacteria	Linear atelectasis and dilated airways in chest X-Ray	FEV1/FVC <70% Normal FVC Low levels of FEV1	CT of chest	Digital clubbing Recurrent pleurisy
		Emphysema ^[42]	Chronic	Months to years	✔ Mucoid or purulent sputum	-	-	✔	✔	Shortness of breath Wheezing Prolonged expiration Crackles	Blood test Testing for alpha 1-antitrypsin	Chest X-Ray to exclude other diseases CT	FEV1/FVC <70% Post bronchodilator FEV1 >80	Detection of early emphysema in CT of chest	Exposure of tobacco and air pollution
		Foreing body aspiration^[43]^[44]^[45]	Acute	Variable	✔	✔	-	✔	✔	Wheezing Decreased breath sounds	No specific	Hyperinflated lungs, atelectasis, and mediastinitis Shift in chest radiograph when the object is radio-opaque CT	Not specific	Bronchoscopy	In children <1 year and adults >75 years Organic materials in children Inorganic materials in adults
		Bronchiolitis^[46]^[47]	Acute	8-15 days	✔	-		✔	✔	Wheezing Crackles Increased respiratory rate	Complete blood count (CBC) Urinalysis (in infants) Urine culture ( in infants)	Chest X-Ray	Normal function or obstructive changes (FEV1/FVC <70%) Air trapping in Lung volumes Reduced Diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide ( DLCO)	Clinical diagnosis	Etiology: Respiratory syncytial virus, Rhinovirus Children <2 years
	Parenchyma	Pneumonia^[48]^[49]	Acute	Variable	✔ Mucopurulent sputum	-	-	✔	✔	Crackles Egophony Decreased bronchial sounds	Leftward shift leukocytosis Blood culture in hospitalized patients Sputum culture in hospitalized patients	Consolidation, cavitation, and infiltrated interstitial in chest X-ray Anatomical changes observed in chest CT	Not specific	Infiltration observed in chest X-ray	Community-acquired pneumonia Healthcare-associated pneumonia
		Pneumoconioses^[50]^[51]	Acute, Chronic	Years	-	-	✔	✔	✔	Wheezing Rhonchi Crackles	Arterial blood gas Complete blood count (CBC)	Small oppacities and fibrosis observed in chest X-ray CT FDG-PET	FEV1/FVC <70% FEV1 <80%	Exposure history and chest radiograph	Fibrogenic: Silica, asbestos Inert: Iron, barium Granulomatous: Beryllium Giant cell pneumonia: Cobalt
		Lung cancer^[52]^[53]	Chronic	Years	✔	✔	✔	-	✔	Hoarseness	Complete blood count (CBC) ALT, AST Calcium Alkaline phosphatase LDH Creatinine	Contrast-enhanced CT of chest and upper abdomen	Not specific	Tissue biopsy (sample should be sufficient for molecular testing)	Risk factor: Cigarette smoking Types Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
		Interstitial lung disease^[54]^[55]	Chronic	Variable	-	✔	✔	-	✔	Wheezing Crackles or velcro rales Inspiratory high-pitched rhonchi	Test for hepatic and renal function Hematologic test in differential CBC Serological testing	Nodular, reticular or both pattern in chest X-ray CT in patients with diffuse pulmonary lung disease	Reduction in FVC, RV, FRC, TLC and FEV1 on spirometry FEV1/FVC normal or increase Lung volumes Diffusion capacity (DLCO reduced)	Lung biopsy when lab, imaging, and PFT has indeterminate result	Clubbing is common in asbestosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
		Tuberculosis (TB)^[56]^[57]	Chronic	More than 2 or 3 weeks	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	Pleural effusion Crackles Whispered pectoriloquy Decreased fremitus Rhonchi	Sputum acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear Mycobacterial culture Molecular testing	Reactivation of TB is observed as infiltration in the upper lobe in chest X-Ray In patients with HIV, Tb is observed as lobar infiltration, adenopathy, lung mass named tuberculoma, small fibronodular lesions, and/or pleural effusion chest X-Ray CT can detect early nodal process	Decreased FEV1 Reduced FVC	Isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from some secretion	Etiology: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complications: Pneumothorax, bronchiectasis, pulmonary destruction and chronic pulmonary aspergillosis
		Cystic fibrosis (CF)^[58]^[59]	Chronic	Variable	✔	-	✔		✔	Barrel-shaped chest Wheezing Tachypnea	Respiratory tract culture for CF Bronchoalveolar lavage for cytology ≥ 60 mmol/L Sweat chloride test CFTR mutation in molecular testing	Hyperinflation, atelectasis, and infiltrates on chest X-Ray Severe patients present bronchietasis, "tram tracks" peribronchial cuffing in chest X-Ray The extension of bronchietasis can be defined by CT	RV/TLC ratio increased FEV1/FVC ratio <70% Low levels of FEV1 High levels of TLC RV increased	Sweat chloride test	Evidence of CFTR dysfunction
Cardiac		Cardiogenic pulmonary edema^[60]^[61]	Acute	Days to weeks	✔ Pink frothy, liquid	-	✔	-	✔	Crackles Increased respiratory rate Wheezing Rhonchi Gurgling sounds	Arterial blood gas BUN Serum creatinin Serum troponin Electrolytes Lactic acid Complete blood count	Cardiomegaly, pleural effusion, interstitial edema, alveolar edema and blood redistribution in lower lobes in chest X-ray	Not specific	Clinical diagnosis Tests are supportive	12-lead ECG Plasma BNP and NT-proBNP Echocardiography
		Mitral Stenosis^[62]^[63]	Chronic	Variable	✔ Pink frothy	✔	-	-	✔	Crackles Hoarseness	Not specifc	Electrocardiogram Enlargement of left atrium and appendage in chest radiograph	FVC reduced	Resting transthoracic echocardiography	Stress testing Cardiac catheterization
		Pulmonary hypertension^[64]^[65]	Chronic	More than 2 years	-	✔	✔	-	✔	Hoarseness	HIV serology Antinuclear antibody (ANA) Rheumatoid factor (RF) Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)	Enlargement of the central pulmonary artery and right heart in chest X-Ray Pulmonary artery systolic pressure can be estimated in echocardiography	Low levels of FEV1 Decreased FVC DLCO reduced	Mean pulmonary artery pressure more than 25 mmHg at rest	Chest pain Ascites Syncope Peripherial edema
Gastrointestinal		Gastroesophageal reflux^[66]^[67]	Chronic	Variable	✔	-	✔	-	✔	Wheezing Hoarseness	Not specific	Upper endoscopy Barium esophagram	Normal function	PH testing	--
Autoinmune		Goodpasture syndrome^[68]^[69]	Chronic	Variable	-	✔	-	-	✔	Shortness of breath	Complete blood count (CBC) ANCA positive Anti-GBM in ELISA or western blot	Pulmonary infiltratation in chest X-Ray CT parenchimal envolment	Increased DLCO Decreased TLC Decreased FVC	Renal biopsy	Hematuria Proteinuria
		Wegener's disease (GPA) ^[70]^[71]	Chronic	Months	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	Hoarseness Stridor Wheezing	ANCA, P-ANCA, C-ANCA BUN Creatinine Complete blood count Urinalysis Lung biopsy	Nodules, pulmonary infiltrates, reticular margins, pleural opacities and cavities in chest X-Ray Nodules, cavities and stellate-shaped peripherial pulmonary in chest CT Bronchoscopy	Low levels of DLCO Reduce lung volumes	Tissue biopsy	Nasal crusting, sinus pain, chronic rhinosinusitis, nasal obstruction and discharge in upper airway Saddle nose deformity Purpura in lower extremities
		Sarcoidosis^[72]^[73]	Chronic	Years	-	-	✔	✔	✔	Wheezing Squeaky sounds	Complete blood count (CBC) Urinalysis BUN Liver function test Calcium Alkaline phosphatase levels Electrolytes Histopathologic detection	On chest X-Ray: Stage 1: Bilateral hiliar adenopathy Stage 2: Reticular opacities and hiliar adenopathy Stage 3: Shrink hiliar nodules and reticular opacities Stage 4: Lost of volume	Reduced FVC Decreased of TLC	Clinical diagnosis, histopathologic detection of noncaseating granulomas and exclusion of other diseases	Young adults Skin, joint and eye lesions
		Microscopic polyangitis (MPA)^[74]	Chronic	Variable	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	Hoarseness Stridor Wheezing	ANCA positive BUN Creatinine Complete blood count Urinalysis	Cavitation, nodules, and alveolar opacities in chest X-ray Head and chest CT Electromyography/nerve conduction study	Reduced lung volumes	Tissue biopsy	Nerve damage Rhinosinusitis Purpura involving lower extremities
		Churg-Strauss^[75]^[76]	Chronic	Variable	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	Wheezing Rales Rhonchi Expiratory sounds(related to asthma)	Peripherial eosinophilia In active phase CRP and erytrocyte sedimentation rate high High levels of IgE ANCA positive	Infiltrates in chest X-Ray Ground glass opacities, tree-in-bud sign and small nodules in chest CT	Lung volumes decreased FVC reduced FEV1/FVC ratio <70%	Tissue biopsy	Asthma Eosinophilia Rhinosinusitis
Medication		ACE inhibitors^[77]^[78]	Acute (depend on the medication)	From 2 weeks to 6 months	-	-	-	-	✔	Wheezing	Not required	No required	Normal function	Clinical diagnosis	Resolves in four to five days of stopping the medication Angioedema

Microscopic Pathology

Transmission:^[79]
1. Multiplication
2. asjdh

Associated Conditions

Pathophysiology
	Pathophysiology	Gross Pathophysiology
Macroscopic	a	c
Microscopic	b	d

GASTROINTESTINAL

Condition	Onset	Duration	Type of pain	Location	Exacerbating factors	Alleviating factors	Radiation	Associated features	Labs	Imaging
GERD, Peptic Ulcer	Acute	Minutes to hours (gastroesophageal reflux) Prolonged (peptic ulcer)	Burning	Substernal Epigastric	Alcohol Aspirin Post meal Lying down Morning Empty stomach	Antiacid Food	Not specific	Not specific	Ambulatory reflux monitoring	Not specific
Esophageal Spasm	Acute	Minutes to hours	Burning Pressure	Retrosternal	Not specific	Sublingual nitroglycerine	Not specific	Not specific (closely mimic angina)	Esophageal manometry is more than 20% premature contractions	Not specific
Esophagitis^[80]	Acute	Variable	Burning	Epigastric	Immunosuppression alcohol smoking Excessive vomiting Radiation	Acid supression therapy Proton pump inhibitors Topical pain medication	Back	Not specific	Elevated IgE Elevated peripherial eosinophil Biopsies	Endoscopy
Eosinophilic esophagitis^[81]	Chronic	Variable	Burning	Retrosternal Abdominal	Cold and dry climates European ancestry	Proton pum inhibitors Corticosteroids Biologicals Amino acid-based diet	Not specific	Alergic diseases Asthma Rinithis Eczema	More than 15 eosinophils per high-power field	Not specific
Esophageal perforation^[82]	Acute	Minutes to hours	Burning	Upper abdominal	Excessive vomiting Weightlifing alcohol	Intravenos fluids Antibiotics Nasogastric suction NPO	Back Left shoulder	Eating disorders such as bulimia	Not specific	Confirmed by water-soluble contrast esophagram
Mediastinitis^[83]	Acute, Chronic	Variable	Irritation	Retrosternal	Recent chest surgery Smoking obesity endoscopy	Not specific	Not specific	Histoplasmosis tuberculosis Radiation	Postive organisms in sternal culture	CT X-Ray
Cholelithiasis^[84]	Acute, subacute	Minutes to hours	Burning Colicky	Right upper abdomen Substernal epigastric	Post meal Fatty foodd	Analgesics	Not specific	Not specific	Liver biochemical test Amylase levels Llipase levels	Transabdominal ultrasound (TAUS) X-ray
Pancreatitis^[85]	Acute, Chronic	Variable	Pressure	Epigastric Upper left side of the abdomen	Lying flat on the back After eating Drinking	Analgesics	Back Below the left shoulder	Primary cirrhosis Primary sclerosing colangitis	Amylase levels Lipase levels	CT MRI Transabdominal ultrasound ((TAUS)
Sliding hiatal hernia^[86]	Acute	Variable	Burning	Epigastric	Recumbent position Inspiration	Proton pump inhibitors H-2 blokers	Back	Obstruction Cameron ulcers	Not specific	Radiographic Endoscopy Manometry

Rheumatic diseases:

Condition	Onset	Duration	Type of pain	Location	Exacerbating factors	Alleviating factors	Radiation	Associated features	Labs	Imaging
Fibromyalgia^[87]	Chronic	Variable	Deep ache Burning	Shoulders Back of the Neck Chest Lower Back Elbows Hips Shin Knees	Stressful or traumatic events Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Worst at night During activity	During the day Physical therapy Stress-relief methods Exercise and fitness program	Spreads out the tender points	Somatization Depression	Normal Blood and urine test (mandatory to rule out other diseases)	Normal (mandatory to rule out other diseases)
Rheumatoid arthritis^[88]^[89]	Chronic	Years	Both sides in the same joint	Wrist Fingers Knees Feet Ankles	Increases at mornings Occupational activities related to silica and asbestos Smoking	Physical therapy Combination of three drugs DMARD Biologic medication Anti-inflammatory medication	Wildespread	Not specific	Positive Rheumatic Factor Anti-CCP body	Joint X-ray Joint ultrasound or MRI
Ankylosing spondylitis^[90]	Chronic	Years	Interminent	Spine joint Sacroiliac joint	Increases at morning and nights Less activity	NSAIDs Physical therapy Excersices DMARD TNF alpha	Not specific	Patients with HLA-27 variant	Complete blood count (CBC) Erythrocyte sedimetation rate (ESR) Antigen HLA-27 Negative Rheumatic Factor	X-Ray of Spine and Pelvis MRI of Spine and Pelvis
Psoriatic arthritis^[91]	Chronic	Years	Asymmetrical Intermitent (Comes and goes)	Interphalangeal joints Nails Wrist Knees Ankles Lower Back	Less activity	NSAIDs TNF inhibitors Physical therapy Glucocorticoids Heat therapy Splint Braces	Not specific	Psoriasis	Serum complement Levels of Long Prentaxin 3 protein (PTX3) Increased levels of CRP	X-Ray Utrasonography CT scan MRI
Sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis (SAPHO syndrome)^[92]	Chronic	Years	Recurrent Multifocal	Sternoclavicular joint	Shrugging or retractin the ipsilateral shoulder	NSAIDs Corticosteroid	Shoulder Neck Upper anterior wall chest	Palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP)	Serologic testing for exclude other diseases High levels of alcalin phosphatase	Hyperostosis, sclerosis and bone hypertrophy in X-Ray
Systemic lupus erythematosus ^[93]	Chronic	Years	Not specific	Skin Joints (fingers, wrist, knees) Kidneys	Sun exposure Sleep quality	Hydroxychloroquine NSAIDs Glucocorticoids Immunosuppressive therapy	Throught the body	HLA-genetic mutations Female gender Being younger than 50	Elevation of autoantibodies (ANA, anti-dsDNA, anti-SM, antiphospholipid) Complement levels decreased	Chest X-Ray
Relapsing polychondritis^[94]	Chronic	Years	Intermitent	Tissues that cover the end of the joints Cartilage of costal rib	Not specific	Corticosteroid	Nervous system Vascular system Kidneys	Hodkin's lymphoma Myelodysplastic syndromes Gastrointestinal disorders Type 1 Diabetes mellitus	Negative rheumatoid factor Biopsy	Not specific

MUSCULOSKELETAL

Condition	Onset	Duration	Type of pain	Location	Exacerbating factors	Alleviating factors	Radiation	Associated features	Diagnostic Tests
Musculo-skeletal Pain	Acute, subacute	Variable	Pressure, aching	Localized to involved area	Increases by movement and pressure on involved area	Analgesics	Not specific	Not specific	MRI
Rib pain	Acute, Chronic	Variable	Aching	Depend on the area involved	Movements during breathing Specific position that increases the pressure	Analgesics Compressive wraps Resting	Not specific	Broken ribs	X-Ray MRI
Isolated musculoskeletal chest pain syndromes^[95]	Acute, Chronic	Variable	Pressure	Ribs Sternum Joints	Overused Stress fractures Sporting activities	Analgesics	Not specific	Athlets injuries Costosternal pain syndromes Costochondral pain syndromes	CT X-Ray
Rheumatic diseases	Chronic	Variable	Intermitent	Depend on the area involve	Depend on the disease	Physical therapy NSAIDs Corticosteroids	Wildspread	Not specific	CT X-Ray
Traumatic	Acute	Variable	Aching	Localized to the area involved	Physicological distress	Pain management	Not specific	Tissue adjacent	X-Ray CT

Isolated musculoskeletal chest pain syndromes:

Condition	Onset	Duration	Type of pain	Location	Exacerbating factors	Alleviating factors	Radiation	Associated features	Diagnostic Tests
Costosternal syndromes (costochondritis)^[96]	Acute, subacute	Days to weeks	Pressure	Anterior part of chest wall	Deep breath Cough	Analgesics Lie down Breath quietly Lightly massage Hot or cold compresses	Back Stomach	Not specific	Palpation of tender areas Chest X-ray
Lower rib pain syndromes^[97]	Chronic	Variable	Aching	Lower chest Upper abdomen	Pressing in the spot Hypermobility of the anterior end of the costal cartilage	Analgesics	Not specific	Not specifc	Hooking maneuver
Sternalis syndrome^[98]	Chronic	Variable	Pressure	Over the body of sternum Sternalis muscle Left or middle side of the chest wall	Daily activities Emotional distress Anxiety	Not specific	Both arms	Cardiac diseases	X-ray
Tietze's syndrome^[99]	Acute	Weeks	Pressure	Costosternal joint Sternoclavicular joint Costochondral joint Second and thrid ribs	Exacerbated with respiration	Minimal physical activity NSAIDs Heat or ice	Arms Shoulders	Sneezing Exercise Cough Quick movements	Test are for rule out other diseases
Xiphoidalgia^[100]	Acute	Variable	Pressure	Over the xiphoid process Sternum Xiphosternal joint	Heavy meals Twisting movements Bending	Analgesics Topical heat and cold Elastic rib belt	Back	Cough Heavy work	Provocative test
Spontaneous sternoclavicular subluxation^[101]	Acute, Chronic	Variable	Aching	Sternoclavicular joint	Moderate to heavy repetitive tasks	Analgesics	Not specific	Abnormal contraction of pectoralis major	CT Esclerosis in X-ray
Posterior chest wall pain syndromes^[102]	Chronic	Variable	Band-like chest pain	Costovertebral joint Scapulothoracic articulation Posterior chest wall	Cough Deep breath Throwing activities	Physical therapy Muscular strengthening NSAIDs Corticosteroid injections	Not specific	Ankylosing spondylitis	Imaging test Pain by palpation

OTHER

Condition	Onset	Duration	Type of pain	Location	Exacerbating factors	Alleviating factors	Radiation	Associated features	Diagnostic Tests
Substance abuse (Cocaine)^[103]	Acute	Hours	Pressure	Chest	Beta Blockers (Not recommended)	Aspirin Calcium channels blockers Nitroglycerin Cessation of cocaine use	Not specific	Anxiety Dyspnea Nausea Palpitations	Frontal chest radiography Serum biomarkers (Troponin I, Troponin T) Electrocardiogram
Referred pain^[104]	Acute, Chronic	Variable	Visceral Somatic	Corresponding dermatomes Corresponding myotomes	Spurling maneuver	Shoulders abduction	Not specific	Pain in abdominal organs Disease in cervical discs	Neuroimaging Electrodiagnostic test
Herpes Zoster^[105]^[106]	Acute, Chronic	Variable	Burning	Chest Upper back Lower back	Light touch (in Postherpetic neuralgia PHN)	Pain medications (Tricyclic antidepressants) Physical therapy Relaxation therapy Massage Cold or heat pad	Dermatomal distribution	People who had chickenpox	Nerve test Blood test
Domestic abuse^[107]	Acute, chronic	Variable	Depend on the injury	Head Chest Neck Genital area Breast	Not specific	Pain medications	Not specific	Depression Anxiety Panic disorder Eating disorders Abortion	Assesment for IPV (intimate partner violence) in patients wiht suggested abuse
Stress fracture^[108]	Acute	Minutes	Aching	Lumbar spine Femoral head Superior side of femoral head Ribs Sacrum Patella	Increased activity History of prior stress fracture Low levels of physical activity	Pain medication Protection of the fracture Proper nutrition Minimal physical activity	Not specific	Athlets	MRI Radiography
Sickle cell disease^[109]	Chronic	From birth	Aching	Lower back Legs Chest Abdomen Arms	Ketorolac Miperidine	Opioid analgesia Massage	Not specific	Anxiety Depression	Blood test: High performance liquid chromatography Prenatal test: DNA samples from chorionic villus from 8-10 weeks of gestation

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@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 ==Overview==
-{{Family tree/start}}
+{| class="wikitable"
-{{Family tree | | | | A01 | | | |A01= Pathophysiology}}
+! rowspan="3" |Etiology on the basis of anatomy
-{{Family tree | | | | |!| | | | | }}
+! rowspan="3" |Diseases
-{{Family tree | | | | B01 | | | |B01= Gross Pathophysiology}}
+! colspan="8" |Clinical manifestations
-{{Family tree | |,|-|-|^|-|-|.| | }}
+! colspan="5" |Diagnosis
-{{Family tree | C01 | | | | C02 |C01= Macroscopic Pathology| C02= Microscopic Pathology}}
+! rowspan="3" |Other features
-{{Family tree/end}}
+|-
+! colspan="5" |Symptoms
+! colspan="3" |Physical exam
+! colspan="2" |
+! colspan="2" |Imaging
+!
+|-
+!Onset
+!Coughfam
+!Dyspnea
+!Fever
+!Slurred speech
+!Cyanosis
+!Clubbing
+!Auscultation
+!Labs
+!Pulmonary function testing
+!Chest imaging
+!Other
+!Gold standard
+|-
+| rowspan="13" |'''Extrathoracic upper airway diseases'''
+|'''Laryngeal edema'''
+('''[[Anaphylaxis]]''')
+|Acute
+| -
+|✔
+|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|✔
+|✔
+|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
+* [[Hoarseness]]
+* [[Stridor]]
+|
+* High levels of [[serum]] [[tryptase]] <ref />
+* Increased levels of [[Blood plasma|plasma]] [[histamine]] <ref />
+* [[Skin allergy testing|Sking test]]
+|
+* Not specific
+|
+* Not required
+|
+* Not required
+|
+Acute onset with one of them:
+* Respiratory compromised
+* Reduced [[blood pressure]]  ([[Blood pressure|BP]])
+Two or more after the exposure to a likely allergern
+* Respiratory compromised
+* Reduced [[Blood pressure|BP]]
+* [[Gastrointestinal tract|Gastrointestinal]] symptoms
+* [[Skin and soft-tissue infections|Skin-mucosa]]<nowiki/>l involment
+[[Blood pressure|BP]] reduced after exposure of a known [[allergen]]
+* Adult [[Blood pressure|BP]] [[Systole (medicine)|systolic]] <90 mmHg
+* Children: Low [[Systolic blood pressure|systolic BP]]  <ref name="pmid16461139" />
+|
+* [[Nasal discharge]], [[altered mental status]], redness and hives of the [[skin]]
+* Common [[Allergen|allergens]]: food, insect stings, biologic materials, natural rubber latex, etc
+|-
+|'''Cricoarytenoid arthritis'''
+|Acute
+|✔
+|✔
+| -
+|✔
+|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
+* [[Hoarseness]]
+* [[Stridor]]
+|
+* Test for [[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
+|
+* [[Lung volumes|Forced inspiratory flow]] decreased
+* [[Lung volumes|Forced expiratory flow]] decreased
+|
+* Clear chest
+|
+* Hyperdense intra-articular sclerotic [[Cricoid cartilage|cricoid]] and [[arytenoid cartilage]]<nowiki/>s in [[Computed tomography|CT]] <ref name="pmid22884484" />
+|
+* [[Laryngoscopy|Direct laryngoscopy]]
+|
+* [[Cartilage]] erosion can lead on joint luxation and inmovilization of the [[cord]]<ref name="pmid22884484">{{cite journal |vauthors=Greco A, Fusconi M, Macri GF, Marinelli C, Polettini E, Benincasa AT, de Vincentiis M |title=Cricoarytenoid joint involvement in rheumatoid arthritis: radiologic evaluation |journal=Am J Otolaryngol |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=753–5 |date= 2012 |pmid=22884484 |doi=10.1016/j.amjoto.2012.06.004 |url= |author=}}</ref>
+|-
+|'''Vocal fold edema/Hematoma/Paralysis'''<ref name="pmid170114232">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ishman SL, Halum SL, Patel NJ, Kerschner JE, Merati AL |title=Management of vocal paralysis: a comparison of adult and pediatric practices |journal=Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=135 |issue=4 |pages=590–4 |date=October 2006 |pmid=17011423 |doi=10.1016/j.otohns.2006.04.014 |url= |author=}}</ref>
+|Acute
+|✔
+|✔
+| -
+|✔
+|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
+* [[Hoarseness]]
+* Short breathing
+|
+* Not specific
+|
+* Variable
+|
+* Clear chest
+|
+* Not required
+|
+* [[Laryngoscopy]]
+|
+* Associated to [[Archives of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery|neck surgery]]
+|-
+|'''Paradoxical vocal fold motion'''
+|Acute
+|✔
+|✔
+| -
+|✔
+| -
+| -
+|
+* Inspiratory [[stridor]]
+|
+* Hypercapnia in [[Arterial blood gas|Arterial blood gases]] when [[distress]] is severe
+|
+* [[Lung function tests|Forced insiparatory flow]] decrease but normal between episodes <ref name="pmid22434681">{{cite journal |vauthors=Forrest LA, Husein T, Husein O |title=Paradoxical vocal cord motion: classification and treatment |journal=Laryngoscope |volume=122 |issue=4 |pages=844–53 |date=April 2012 |pmid=22434681 |doi=10.1002/lary.23176 |url= |author=}}</ref>
+|
+* Clear chest
+|
+* [[Computed tomography|CT]] and Color flow [[Doppler]] to rule out other diseases <ref name="pmid9207723">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nastasi KJ, Howard DA, Raby RB, Lew DB, Blaiss MS |title=Airway fluoroscopic diagnosis of vocal cord dysfunction syndrome |journal=Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. |volume=78 |issue=6 |pages=586–8 |date=June 1997 |pmid=9207723 |doi=10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63220-6 |url= |author=}}</ref>
+|
+* Abnormal [[adduction]] of [[vocal fold]][[Laryngoscopy]]
+|
+* [[Throat]] tightness, choking sensation
+* Associated to [[exercise]], [[asthma]], postextubation, etc <ref name="pmid23097011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chiang T, Marcinow AM, deSilva BW, Ence BN, Lindsey SE, Forrest LA |title=Exercise-induced paradoxical vocal fold motion disorder: diagnosis and management |journal=Laryngoscope |volume=123 |issue=3 |pages=727–31 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23097011 |doi=10.1002/lary.23654 |url= |author=}}</ref>
+|-
+|'''Laryngeal stenosis'''<ref name="pmid27508129">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nair S, Nilakantan A, Sood A, Gupta A, Gupta A |title=Challenges in the Management of Laryngeal Stenosis |journal=Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=294–9 |date=September 2016 |pmid=27508129 |pmc=4961642 |doi=10.1007/s12070-015-0936-2 |url= |author=}}</ref>
+|Acute, chronic
+|✔
+|✔
+| -
+|✔
+|✔
+|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
+* [[Glottic]] or [[Glottis|supraglottic]]: Inspiratory [[stridor]]
+* [[Glottis]] through [[trachea]]: Biphasic [[stridor]]
+|
+* Not specific
+|
+* [[Vital capacity|FV]] loop variable
+|
+* Clear chest
+|
+* Stenosis visualized in [[neck]] [[x-ray]]
+|
+* Palpation of [[Arytenoid cartilage|arytenoid]] for passive mobility and [[Laryngoscope|laryngoscopy]] <ref name="pmid7208045">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bogdasarian RS, Olson NR |title=Posterior glottic laryngeal stenosis |journal=Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. |volume=88 |issue=6 |pages=765–72 |date= 1980 |pmid=7208045 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
+|
+* History of neck trauma or [[intubation]]
+|-
+|'''Laryngocele'''
+|Chronic
+|✔
+|✔
+|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| -
+|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|
+* Inspiratory [[stridor]]
+* [[Hoarseness]]
+|
+* Not specific
+|
+* Normal function
+|
+* Clear chest
+|
+* Cyst wiht Liquid or air content in [[ultrasound]], [[radiography]] or [[Computed tomography|CT]]
+|
+* Smooth swelling visualized in [[laryngoscopy]] <ref name="pmid8166980">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chu L, Gussack GS, Orr JB, Hood D |title=Neonatal laryngoceles. A cause for airway obstruction |journal=Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. |volume=120 |issue=4 |pages=454–8 |date=April 1994 |pmid=8166980 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
+|
+* Dysphagia, laryngeal discomfort
+* Usually asymptomatic
+|-
+|Epiglottitis (supraglottitis)
+|Acute
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|Goiter
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|Postnasal drip syndrome
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|Relapsing polychondritis
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|Retropharyngeal abscess
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|Tonsillar hypertrophy
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|Tumor of pharynx/larynx/upper trachea
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| rowspan="6" |Central airway diseases
+(Intrathoracic upper airway obstruction)
+|Mediastinal mass/lymphadenopathy
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|Respiratory papillomatosis
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|Tracheobronchomalacia
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|Tracheal stenosis
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|Tracheal and bronchial tumors
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|Vascular ring or aneurysm
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+| rowspan="10" |Lower airway obstruction
+|Bronchiectasis
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|Bronchiolitis
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|Carcinoid syndrome
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (DIPNECH)
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|Heart failure
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|Parasitic infection with VLM (eg, Ascaris Strongyloides, filaria)
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|Pulmonary thromboembolism
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|Tracheobronchomalacia
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|}
 {| class="wikitable"
 |-
@@ Line 83: / Line 638: @@
 |
 * Occurrs over 2500 m
-* Descent is mandatory in >4000 m
+* Descent is mandatory in >4000 m <ref name="urlJournal of Medical Laboratory and Diagnosis - Article Cited by" />
 |-
 |'''Neurogenic pulmonary edema'''
@@ Line 126: / Line 681: @@
 * [[Tachycardia]] and abnormalities in [[ST-segment]] and [[T wave|T waves]] are observed in [[The electrocardiogram|ECG]]
 |
-* Computed tomography pulmonary angiography [[CT pulmonary angiogram|(CTPA)]] or catheter based [[pulmonary angiography]] <ref name="pmid17848685">{{cite journal |vauthors=Remy-Jardin M, Pistolesi M, Goodman LR, Gefter WB, Gottschalk A, Mayo JR, Sostman HD |title=Management of suspected acute pulmonary embolism in the era of CT angiography: a statement from the Fleischner Society |journal=Radiology |volume=245 |issue=2 |pages=315–29 |year=2007 |pmid=17848685 |doi=10.1148/radiol.2452070397 |url=}}</ref>
+* Computed tomography pulmonary angiogram [[CT pulmonary angiogram|(CTPA)]] or catheter based [[pulmonary angiography]] <ref name="pmid17848685">{{cite journal |vauthors=Remy-Jardin M, Pistolesi M, Goodman LR, Gefter WB, Gottschalk A, Mayo JR, Sostman HD |title=Management of suspected acute pulmonary embolism in the era of CT angiography: a statement from the Fleischner Society |journal=Radiology |volume=245 |issue=2 |pages=315–29 |year=2007 |pmid=17848685 |doi=10.1148/radiol.2452070397 |url=}}</ref>
 |
 * [[Venous thromboembolism]]([[VTE]])
@@ Line 292: / Line 847: @@
 * [[Hypovolemic shock]]
 |}
-==Pathophysiology==
+==Cough==
 {| class="wikitable"
-! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Organ system
+! colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Organ system
-! rowspan="3" |Diseases
+! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Diseases
-! colspan="8" |Clinical manifestations
+! colspan="8" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Clinical manifestations
-! colspan="4" rowspan="2" |Diagnosis
+! colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Diagnosis
-! rowspan="3" |Other features
+! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Other features
 |-
-! colspan="7" |Symptoms
+! colspan="7" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Symptoms
-!Physical exam
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Physical exam
 |-
-!Onset
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Onset
-!Duration
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Duration
-!Productive cough
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Productive cough
-!Hemoptysis
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Hemoptysis
-!Weight lost
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Weight lost
-!Fever
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Fever
-!Dyspnea
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Dyspnea
-!Ascultation
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Ascultation
-!Lab findings
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Lab findings
-!Imaging
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Imaging
-!PFT
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |PFT
-!Gold standard
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Gold standard
 |-
-| rowspan="21" |[[Respiratory system|'''Respiratory''']]
+| rowspan="21" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Respiratory system|'''Respiratory''']]
-| rowspan="7" |[[Upper respiratory tract|'''Upper airway''']]
+| rowspan="7" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Upper respiratory tract|'''Upper airway diseases''']]
-|[[Epiglottitis|'''Epiglottitis''']]<ref name="pmid11464324">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stroud RH, Friedman NR |title=An update on inflammatory disorders of the pediatric airway: epiglottitis, croup, and tracheitis |journal=Am J Otolaryngol |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=268–75 |year=2001 |pmid=11464324 |doi=10.1053/ajot.2001.24825 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9857318">{{cite journal |vauthors=Solomon P, Weisbrod M, Irish JC, Gullane PJ |title=Adult epiglottitis: the Toronto Hospital experience |journal=J Otolaryngol |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=332–6 |year=1998 |pmid=9857318 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Epiglottitis|'''Epiglottitis''']]<ref name="pmid11464324">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stroud RH, Friedman NR |title=An update on inflammatory disorders of the pediatric airway: epiglottitis, croup, and tracheitis |journal=Am J Otolaryngol |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=268–75 |year=2001 |pmid=11464324 |doi=10.1053/ajot.2001.24825 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9857318">{{cite journal |vauthors=Solomon P, Weisbrod M, Irish JC, Gullane PJ |title=Adult epiglottitis: the Toronto Hospital experience |journal=J Otolaryngol |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=332–6 |year=1998 |pmid=9857318 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-|Abrupt or acute
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Abrupt or acute
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * 12-24 hours
-| -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Stridor]]
 * [[Hoarseness]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Complete blood count]] ([[Complete blood count|CBC]])
+* Elevated white blood count in CBC
-* [[Blood culture]]
+* [[Blood culture]] may show bacterial growth
-* Epiglottal culture in intubated patients
+* Epiglottal culture in intubated patients may show bacterial growth
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Enlarge [[epiglottis]] (>8 mm) , loss of vallecular air space and distended [[hypopharynx]] in neck [[X-rays|X-ray]]
+* Enlarge [[epiglottis]] (>8 mm), loss of vallecular air space and distended [[hypopharynx]] in neck [[X-rays|X-ray]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Normal function
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Direct visualization of [[Erythema|erythematous]] and edematous [[epiglottis]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Tripod posture
 * [[Drooling]]
-* Tenderness of the anterior part of the neck
+* [[Tenderness]] of the anterior part of the neck
 * Etiology: ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]''
 |-
-|[[Croup|'''Croup''']]<ref name="urlCroup: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia">{{cite web |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000959.htm |title=Croup: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Croup|'''Croup''']]<ref name="Cherry2008">{{cite journal|last1=Cherry|first1=James D.|title=Croup|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=358|issue=4|year=2008|pages=384–391|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp072022}}</ref>
-|Acute
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * 3-5 days
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-| -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-| -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Stridor]]
 * [[Rales|Crackles]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Low [[White blood cell count|White blood cell coun]]<nowiki/>t ([[White blood cells|WBC]]) in [[Blood test]]
+* Low [[White blood cell count|White blood cell coun]]<nowiki/>t ([[White blood cells|WBC]]) in CBC
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Respiratory system|Subglottic]] narrowing (Steeple sign) in Postero-anterior [[Radiography|radiograph]] chest
+* [[Respiratory system|Subglottic]] narrowing ([[steeple sign]]) in postero-anterior [[Radiography|radiograph]] chest
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Decresed [[Lung volumes|tidal volume]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Clinical diagnosis. Laboratory findings and imaging are not necessary for diagnosis
+* Clinical diagnosis.
-|
+* Laboratory findings and imaging are not necessary for diagnosis
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Barking cough]]
-* Etiology: [[Human parainfluenza viruses|''Parainfluenza virus type 1'']] (most common)
+* Etiology: [[Human parainfluenza viruses|''Parainfluenza'' virus type 1]] (most common)
 |-
-|[[Pertussis|'''Pertussis''']]<ref name="pmid3816065">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bellamy EA, Johnston ID, Wilson AG |title=The chest radiograph in whooping cough |journal=Clin Radiol |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=39–43 |year=1987 |pmid=3816065 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlPertussis | Whooping Cough | Clinical | Information | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/clinical/index.html |title=Pertussis &#124; Whooping Cough &#124; Clinical &#124; Information &#124; CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Pertussis|'''Pertussis''']]<ref name="pmid3816065">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bellamy EA, Johnston ID, Wilson AG |title=The chest radiograph in whooping cough |journal=Clin Radiol |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=39–43 |year=1987 |pmid=3816065 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlPertussis | Whooping Cough | Clinical | Information | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/clinical/index.html |title=Pertussis &#124; Whooping Cough &#124; Clinical &#124; Information &#124; CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
-|Acute
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Two weeks
-|✔ whooping sound
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔ Whooping sound
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-*   Clean lungs
+*   Clear chest
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Polymerase chain reaction|Polymerase chain reactio]]<nowiki/>n ([[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]])
+* [[Polymerase chain reaction|Polymerase chain reactio]]<nowiki/>n ([[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]) shows ''[[Bordetella pertussis]]''
 * Serologic testing
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Atelectasis]]
 * [[Lymphadenopathy]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Normal function
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Culture
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Etiology: ''[[Bordetella pertussis]]''
 * Phases: Catarrhal, paroxysmal and convalescent
 |-
-|'''[[Laryngopharyngeal reflux disease|Laryngopharyngeal reflux]]'''<ref name="urlWhat is LPR? | American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery">{{cite web |url=http://www.entnet.org/content/what-lpr |title=What is LPR? &#124; American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12461340">{{cite journal |vauthors=Noordzij JP, Khidr A, Desper E, Meek RB, Reibel JF, Levine PA |title=Correlation of pH probe-measured laryngopharyngeal reflux with symptoms and signs of reflux laryngitis |journal=Laryngoscope |volume=112 |issue=12 |pages=2192–5 |year=2002 |pmid=12461340 |doi=10.1097/00005537-200212000-00013 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''[[Laryngopharyngeal reflux disease|Laryngopharyngeal reflux]]'''<ref name="urlWhat is LPR? | American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery">{{cite web |url=http://www.entnet.org/content/what-lpr |title=What is LPR? &#124; American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12461340">{{cite journal |vauthors=Noordzij JP, Khidr A, Desper E, Meek RB, Reibel JF, Levine PA |title=Correlation of pH probe-measured laryngopharyngeal reflux with symptoms and signs of reflux laryngitis |journal=Laryngoscope |volume=112 |issue=12 |pages=2192–5 |year=2002 |pmid=12461340 |doi=10.1097/00005537-200212000-00013 |url=}}</ref>
-|Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Variable
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-| -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Hoarseness]]
 * [[Stridor]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Decreased levels of Salivary epidermal growth factor ([[EGF module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor|EGF]])
+* Decreased levels of salivary [[epidermal growth factor]] ([[EGF module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor|EGF]])
-* Increased levels of [[NKTR|NKT]]
+* Increased levels of [[NKTR]]
 * [[Biopsy]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[X-rays|X-Ray]]
 * [[Endoscopy]] examination
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Normal function
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* 24 hour-dual sensor [[PH]] probe
+* 24 hour-dual sensor [[pH]] probe
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Throat clearing
 * [[Globus pharyngis|Globus sensation]]
 |-
-|'''[[Common Cold Unit|Common Cold]]'''<ref name="pmid16253889">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eccles R |title=Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=5 |issue=11 |pages=718–25 |year=2005 |pmid=16253889 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''[[Common Cold Unit|Common Cold]]'''<ref name="pmid16253889">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eccles R |title=Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=5 |issue=11 |pages=718–25 |year=2005 |pmid=16253889 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X |url=}}</ref>
-|Acute
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * 3-10 days
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-| -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Rales]]
 * [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Bacterial cultures are not indicated
+* Bacterial culture is not indicated
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Chest X-ray|Chest X-Ray]] in patients with signs of consolidation
+* [[Chest X-ray|Chest X-Ray]] in patients with signs of [[consolidation]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Normal function
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Clinical diagnosis
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Conjunctival injection
+* [[Conjunctival injection]]
-* Nasal congestion
+* [[Nasal congestion]]
 |-
-|'''Seasonal [[Influenza (flu)|Influenza]]''' <ref name="pmid12376607">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim EA, Lee KS, Primack SL, Yoon HK, Byun HS, Kim TS, Suh GY, Kwon OJ, Han J |title=Viral pneumonias in adults: radiologic and pathologic findings |journal=Radiographics |volume=22 Spec No |issue= |pages=S137–49 |year=2002 |pmid=12376607 |doi=10.1148/radiographics.22.suppl_1.g02oc15s137 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Seasonal [[Influenza (flu)|Influenza]]''' <ref name="pmid12376607">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim EA, Lee KS, Primack SL, Yoon HK, Byun HS, Kim TS, Suh GY, Kwon OJ, Han J |title=Viral pneumonias in adults: radiologic and pathologic findings |journal=Radiographics |volume=22 Spec No |issue= |pages=S137–49 |year=2002 |pmid=12376607 |doi=10.1148/radiographics.22.suppl_1.g02oc15s137 |url=}}</ref>
-|Acute
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
 * 5-10 days
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Breath|Shorteness of breath]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction|RT-PCR]]
 * [[Antigen detection test]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Reticular]] or reticulonodular opacities in [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Normal function
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Clinical diagnosis
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Etiology: A or B [[Influenza virus]]
+* Etiology: A or B [[Influenza virus|''Influenza'' virus]]
 |-
-|[[Rhinosinusitis|'''Rhinosinusitis''']]<ref name="pmid3084646">{{cite journal |vauthors=James SL |title=Induction of protective immunity against Schistosoma mansoni by a nonliving vaccine. III. Correlation of resistance with induction of activated larvacidal macrophages |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=136 |issue=10 |pages=3872–7 |year=1986 |pmid=3084646 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25832968">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rosenfeld RM, Piccirillo JF, Chandrasekhar SS, Brook I, Ashok Kumar K, Kramper M, Orlandi RR, Palmer JN, Patel ZM, Peters A, Walsh SA, Corrigan MD |title=Clinical practice guideline (update): adult sinusitis |journal=Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=152 |issue=2 Suppl |pages=S1–S39 |year=2015 |pmid=25832968 |doi=10.1177/0194599815572097 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Rhinosinusitis|'''Rhinosinusitis''']]<ref name="pmid21490181">{{cite journal| author=Meltzer EO, Hamilos DL| title=Rhinosinusitis diagnosis and management for the clinician: a synopsis of recent consensus guidelines. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2011 | volume= 86 | issue= 5 | pages= 427-43 | pmid=21490181 | doi=10.4065/mcp.2010.0392 | pmc=3084646 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21490181  }}</ref><ref name="pmid25832968">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rosenfeld RM, Piccirillo JF, Chandrasekhar SS, Brook I, Ashok Kumar K, Kramper M, Orlandi RR, Palmer JN, Patel ZM, Peters A, Walsh SA, Corrigan MD |title=Clinical practice guideline (update): adult sinusitis |journal=Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=152 |issue=2 Suppl |pages=S1–S39 |year=2015 |pmid=25832968 |doi=10.1177/0194599815572097 |url=}}</ref>
-|[[Acute (medicine)|Acute]], [[Subacute]], [[Chronic (medical)|Chronic]], Recurrent
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |[[Acute (medicine)|Acute]], [[subacute]], [[chronic]], recurrent
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Acute (medicine)|Acute]]: Less than 4 weeks
 * [[Subacute]]: 4-12 weeks
 * [[Chronic (medical)|Chronic]]: More than 12 weeks
-* Recurrent: 4 or more episodes or ARS per year
+* Recurrent: 4 or more episodes or acute rhinosinusitis per year
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Clear chest
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* In complicated acute [[Rhinosinusitis|bacterial rhinosinusitis]] Endoscopic cultures or [[sinus]] aspirate
+* In complicated acute [[Rhinosinusitis|bacterial rhinosinusitis]], endoscopic cultures or [[sinus]] aspirate is indicated
 * Nasal culture
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Air-fluid level, mucosal [[edema]] and bony erosion in sinus [[Computed tomography|CT]]
+* Air-fluid level, mucosal [[edema]] and bony erosion of sinus on [[Computed tomography|CT]]
 * [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] for distinguish the [[etiology]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Normal function
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Clinical diagnosis: Nasal [[congestion]], [[obstruction]], purulent [[rhinorrhea]]
+* Clinical diagnosis: [[Nasal congestion]], [[obstruction]], and purulent [[rhinorrhea]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Erythema]] in [[Periorbital edema|periorbital]] area
 |-
-| rowspan="8" |[[Lower respiratory tract|'''Lower airway''']]
+| rowspan="8" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Lower respiratory tract|'''Lower airway''']]
-|[[Asthma|'''Asthma''']]<ref name="pmid2696883">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wegiel J, Medyńska E, Dziedziak W, Szirkowiec-Gmurczyk W, Dymecki J |title=[Effect of histological technics on the volume and weight of various brain structures of rats at the early stages of life] |language=Polish |journal=Neuropatol Pol |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=279–94 |year=1989 |pmid=2696883 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2831297">{{cite journal |vauthors=Santi MR, Cox DH, Guidotti A |title=Heterogeneity of gamma-aminobutyric acid/benzodiazepine/beta-carboline receptor complex in rat spinal cord |journal=J. Neurochem. |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=1080–6 |year=1988 |pmid=2831297 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Asthma|'''Asthma''']]<ref name="pmid19626179">{{cite journal| author=Ukena D, Fishman L, Niebling WB| title=Bronchial asthma: diagnosis and long-term treatment in adults. | journal=Dtsch Arztebl Int | year= 2008 | volume= 105 | issue= 21 | pages= 385-94 | pmid=19626179 | doi=10.3238/arztebl.2008.0385 | pmc=2696883 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19626179  }}</ref>
-|Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Years
-|✔  Clear [[Mucoid plaque|mucoid]] or yellow [[sputum]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔  Clear [[Mucoid plaque|mucoid]] or yellow [[sputum]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
+* [[Wheeze|Wheezing]] (expiratory)
 * [[Rales]]
 * [[Rhonchi]]
-* Expiratory noises
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-|
 * [[Eosinophilia]] is observed in [[complete blood count]] ([[Complete blood count|CBC]])
 * Total [[serum]] [[Immunoglobulin E|IgE]] in test for [[allergy]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Normal [[Airway|airways]] in chest X-Ray
+* Normal [[Airway|airways]] in [[chest X-ray]]
-* [[Computed tomography|CT]] as long as is there any abnormality in [[X-rays|X-Ray]]
+* [[Computed tomography|CT]] if there any abnormality in [[chest  X-Ray]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[FEV1/FVC ratio]] (force vital capacity) <70%  and [[FEV1]] >15% measure after 15 minutes of puffs of beta 2 [[Sympathomimetic drug|sympathomimetic]] drug
+* [[FEV1/FVC ratio]] <70%  and [[FEV1]] >15% increase after 15 minutes of 2 puffs of [[Beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists|beta 2 sympathomimetic drug]]
-* After physical active [[FEV1]] worse than >15%
+* After physical active [[FEV1]] decreases by >15%
-* After Inhaled [[corticosteroid]] (ICS)[[FEV1]] better than >15%
+* After inhaled [[corticosteroid]] (ICS)[[FEV1]] increased by >15%
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Airflow limitation in [[Spirometry]]
+* Airflow limitation on [[spirometry]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Family history
 * Seasonal variation
 |-
-|'''[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|Acute Bronchitis]]'''<ref name="pmid17108344">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wenzel RP, Fowler AA |title=Clinical practice. Acute bronchitis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=355 |issue=20 |pages=2125–30 |year=2006 |pmid=17108344 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp061493 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|Acute Bronchitis]]'''<ref name="pmid17108344">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wenzel RP, Fowler AA |title=Clinical practice. Acute bronchitis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=355 |issue=20 |pages=2125–30 |year=2006 |pmid=17108344 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp061493 |url=}}</ref>
-|Acute
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * From 5 days to 1 or 3 weeks
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Wheezing]]
 * [[Rhonchi]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Sputum culture]] is not indicated
 * [[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]] in bacterial infection
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Chest radiograph to exclude other diseases
+* [[Chest X-ray]] to exclude other diseases
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * FEV1 < 80%
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Clinical diagnosis
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Majority is caused by respiratory viruses
+* Majority of cases are caused by [[respiratory]] [[viruses]]
 |-
-|[[Chronic bronchitis|'''Chronic Bronchitis''']]<ref name="pmid24692133">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brusasco V, Martinez F |title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |journal=Compr Physiol |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–31 |year=2014 |pmid=24692133 |doi=10.1002/cphy.c110037 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17975186">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qaseem A, Snow V, Shekelle P, Sherif K, Wilt TJ, Weinberger S, Owens DK |title=Diagnosis and management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=147 |issue=9 |pages=633–8 |year=2007 |pmid=17975186 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Chronic bronchitis|'''Chronic Bronchitis''']]<ref name="pmid24692133">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brusasco V, Martinez F |title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |journal=Compr Physiol |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–31 |year=2014 |pmid=24692133 |doi=10.1002/cphy.c110037 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17975186">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qaseem A, Snow V, Shekelle P, Sherif K, Wilt TJ, Weinberger S, Owens DK |title=Diagnosis and management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=147 |issue=9 |pages=633–8 |year=2007 |pmid=17975186 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-|Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Most of the days for three months in the las two years.
-|✔ Clear [[sputum]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔ Clear [[sputum]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
 * [[Rhonchi]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Blood test]]
 * [[Arterial blood gas]] ([[Arterial blood gas|ABG]])
-* Test Oxigen levels in blood
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-|
+* [[Chest X-ray|Chest X-Ray]] to exclude other diseases
-* [[Chest X-ray|Chest X-Ray]] to exclude othe diseases
 * [[Computed tomography|CT]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[FEV1/FVC ratio]] < 70%
 * Post bronchodilatador [[FEV1]] > 80%
@@ Line 577: / Line 1,132: @@
 * Decread [[vital capacity]]
 * Increased [[total lung capacity]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Demostration of airflow limitation in [[Spirometry]]
+* Demostration of airflow limitation on [[spirometry]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Smoker's cough]]
 * Cigarette smoking
 * Pollution
 |-
-|'''Nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis'''<ref name="pmid16428700">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brightling CE |title=Chronic cough due to nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines |journal=Chest |volume=129 |issue=1 Suppl |pages=116S–121S |year=2006 |pmid=16428700 |doi=10.1378/chest.129.1_suppl.116S |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5760521">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lesher S, Sacher GA |title=Effects of age on cell proliferation in mouse duodenal crypts |journal=Exp. Gerontol. |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=211–7 |year=1968 |pmid=5760521 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis'''<ref name="pmid16428700">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brightling CE |title=Chronic cough due to nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines |journal=Chest |volume=129 |issue=1 Suppl |pages=116S–121S |year=2006 |pmid=16428700 |doi=10.1378/chest.129.1_suppl.116S |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29317659">{{cite journal| author=Cho J, Choi SM, Lee J, Park YS, Lee SM, Yoo CG et al.| title=Clinical Outcome of Eosinophilic Airway Inflammation in Chronic Airway Diseases Including Nonasthmatic Eosinophilic Bronchitis. | journal=Sci Rep | year= 2018 | volume= 8 | issue= 1 | pages= 146 | pmid=29317659 | doi=10.1038/s41598-017-18265-2 | pmc=5760521 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29317659  }}</ref>
-|Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * More than 8 weeks
-|✔ [[Eosinophilic]] [[sputum]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔ [[Eosinophilic]] [[sputum]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
-* Shortness of [[Breathing|breath]]
+* [[Shortness of breath]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * High levels of [[Immunoglobulin E|IgE]]
-* Airway [[eosinophilia]] in [[Sputum]] induction or [[Bronchial]] wash fluid from broncoscopy
+* Airway [[eosinophilia]] in [[sputum]] induction or bronchial wash fluid from [[bronchoscopy]] ([[bronchoalveolar lavage]])
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Normal chest [[X-rays|X-Ray]]
+* Normal [[chest X-Ray]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[FEV1/FVC ratio|FEV1/FVC]] >70%
-* No response of short acting bronchodilatador
+* No response of short acting [[bronchodilator]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Bronchial]] [[biopsy]] [[eosinophilia]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Exposure to an occupational cause
 |-
-|[[Bronchiectasis|'''Bronchiectasis''']]<ref name="pmid166509702">{{cite journal |vauthors=King PT, Holdsworth SR, Freezer NJ, Villanueva E, Holmes PW |title=Characterisation of the onset and presenting clinical features of adult bronchiectasis |journal=Respir Med |volume=100 |issue=12 |pages=2183–9 |year=2006 |pmid=16650970 |doi=10.1016/j.rmed.2006.03.012 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16650970">{{cite journal |vauthors=King PT, Holdsworth SR, Freezer NJ, Villanueva E, Holmes PW |title=Characterisation of the onset and presenting clinical features of adult bronchiectasis |journal=Respir Med |volume=100 |issue=12 |pages=2183–9 |year=2006 |pmid=16650970 |doi=10.1016/j.rmed.2006.03.012 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Bronchiectasis|'''Bronchiectasis''']]<ref name="pmid166509702">{{cite journal |vauthors=King PT, Holdsworth SR, Freezer NJ, Villanueva E, Holmes PW |title=Characterisation of the onset and presenting clinical features of adult bronchiectasis |journal=Respir Med |volume=100 |issue=12 |pages=2183–9 |year=2006 |pmid=16650970 |doi=10.1016/j.rmed.2006.03.012 |url=}}</ref>
-|Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Months to years
-|✔ Mucopurulent [[sputum]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔ Mucopurulent [[sputum]]
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Rales|Crackles]]
 * [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
-* Shortness of [[Breathing|breath]]
+* [[Shortness of breath]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Complete blood count]] ([[Complete blood count|CBC]])
 * [[Immunoglobulin G|IgG]], [[Immunoglobulin M|IgM]] and [[Immunoglobulin A|IgA]]
 * [[Sputum]] culture for [[Fungus|fungi]], [[bacteria]] and [[Mycobacterium|mycobacteria]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Linear [[atelectasis]] and dilated [[Airway|airways]] in chest X.Ray
+* Linear [[atelectasis]] and dilated [[Airway|airways]] in [[chest X-Ray]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-|
 * [[FEV1/FVC ratio|FEV1/FVC]] <70%
 * Normal [[Vital capacity|FVC]]
 * Low levels of [[Spirometry|FEV1]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" a+ |
 * [[Computed tomography|CT]] of chest
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Digital clubbing]]
-* Recurrente [[pleurisy]]
+* Recurrent [[pleurisy]]
 |-
-|'''[[Emphysema]]''' <ref name="pmid5587130">{{cite journal |vauthors=Queneau P, Le Guyader J, Detry, Pont M |title=[Clinical study of heptaminol acefyllinate] |language=French |journal=Lyon Med |volume=218 |issue=50 |pages=1561–6 |year=1967 |pmid=5587130 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''[[Emphysema]]''' <ref name="pmid28919728">{{cite journal| author=Rossi A, Butorac-Petanjek B, Chilosi M, Cosío BG, Flezar M, Koulouris N et al.| title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with mild airflow limitation: current knowledge and proposal for future research - a consensus document from six scientific societies. | journal=Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis | year= 2017 | volume= 12 | issue=  | pages= 2593-2610 | pmid=28919728 | doi=10.2147/COPD.S132236 | pmc=5587130 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28919728  }}</ref>
-|Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Months to years
-|✔ Mocuid or purulent [[sputum]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔ Mucoid or purulent [[sputum]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Shortness of [[Breathing|breath]]
 * [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
 * Prolonged [[Exhalation|expiration]]
 * [[Rales|Crackles]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Blood test]]
 * Testing for [[alpha 1-antitrypsin]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Chest X-ray|Chest X-Ray]] to exclude other diseases
 * [[Computed tomography|CT]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[FEV1/FVC ratio|FEV1/FVC]] <70%
-* Post bronchodilatador [[FEV1]] >80
+* Post [[bronchodilator]] [[FEV1]] >80
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Detection of early [[emphysema]] in [[Computed tomography|CT]] of chest
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Exposure of tabacco and air pollution
+* Exposure of tobacco and air pollution
 |-
-|'''Foreing body [[Aspiration of foreign body|aspiration]]'''<ref name="pmid5708401">{{cite journal |vauthors=Harasawa M, Fukuchi Y |title=[Acute severe diseases in geriatrics and first aid] |language=Japanese |journal=Naika |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=297–302 |year=1968 |pmid=5708401 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11444115">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rafanan AL, Mehta AC |title=Adult airway foreign body removal. What's new? |journal=Clin. Chest Med. |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=319–30 |year=2001 |pmid=11444115 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Foreing body [[Aspiration of foreign body|aspiration]]'''<ref name="pmid29221325">{{cite journal| author=Hewlett JC, Rickman OB, Lentz RJ, Prakash UB, Maldonado F| title=Foreign body aspiration in adult airways: therapeutic approach. | journal=J Thorac Dis | year= 2017 | volume= 9 | issue= 9 | pages= 3398-3409 | pmid=29221325 | doi=10.21037/jtd.2017.06.137 | pmc=5708401 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29221325  }}</ref><ref name="pmid11444115">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rafanan AL, Mehta AC |title=Adult airway foreign body removal. What's new? |journal=Clin. Chest Med. |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=319–30 |year=2001 |pmid=11444115 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26568942">{{cite journal| author=Haddadi S, Marzban S, Nemati S, Ranjbar Kiakelayeh S, Parvizi A, Heidarzadeh A| title=Tracheobronchial Foreign-Bodies in Children; A 7 Year Retrospective Study. | journal=Iran J Otorhinolaryngol | year= 2015 | volume= 27 | issue= 82 | pages= 377-85 | pmid=26568942 | doi= | pmc=4639691 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26568942  }}</ref>
-|Acute
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
-|Variable
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
-|✔
+* Variable
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
-* Decreased of [[breath sounds]]
+* Decreased [[breath sounds]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * No specific
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Hyperinflated lungs, [[atelectasis]] and [[mediastinitis]] shift in [[Chest X-ray|chest radiograph]] when the object is [[radio-opaque]]
+* Hyperinflated lungs, [[atelectasis]], and [[mediastinitis]]
+* Shift in [[Chest X-ray|chest radiograph]] when the object is [[radio-opaque]]
 * [[Computed tomography|CT]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Not specific
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Bronchoscopy]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* In childrens <1 year and adults >75 years
+* In children <1 year and adults >75 years
-* Organic materials in childrens
+* Organic materials in children
 * Inorganic materials in adults
 |-
-|[[Bronchiolitis|'''Bronchiolitis''']]<ref name="pmid14757603">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bordley WC, Viswanathan M, King VJ, Sutton SF, Jackman AM, Sterling L, Lohr KN |title=Diagnosis and testing in bronchiolitis: a systematic review |journal=Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med |volume=158 |issue=2 |pages=119–26 |year=2004 |pmid=14757603 |doi=10.1001/archpedi.158.2.119 |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlwww.nice.org.uk">{{cite web |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng9/resources/bronchiolitis-in-children-diagnosis-and-management-pdf-51048523717 |title=www.nice.org.uk |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Bronchiolitis|'''Bronchiolitis''']]<ref name="pmid14757603">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bordley WC, Viswanathan M, King VJ, Sutton SF, Jackman AM, Sterling L, Lohr KN |title=Diagnosis and testing in bronchiolitis: a systematic review |journal=Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med |volume=158 |issue=2 |pages=119–26 |year=2004 |pmid=14757603 |doi=10.1001/archpedi.158.2.119 |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlwww.nice.org.uk">{{cite web |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng9/resources/bronchiolitis-in-children-diagnosis-and-management-pdf-51048523717 |title=www.nice.org.uk |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
-|Acute
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * 8-15 days
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
 * [[Rales|Crackles]]
 * Increased [[respiratory rate]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Complete blood count]] ([[CBC]])
 * [[Urinalysis]] (in infants)
 * [[Urine culture]] ( in infants)
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Chest X-Ray
+* [[Chest X-Ray]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Normal function or obstructive changes ([[FEV1/FVC ratio|FEV1/FVC]] <70%)
 * Air trapping in [[Lung volumes]]
 * Reduced [[DLCO|Diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide]] ( [[DLCO]])
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Clinical diagnosis
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Etiology: ''Respiratory [[Human respiratory syncytial virus|syncytial virus]], [[Rhinovirus]]''
+* Etiology: Respiratory ''[[Human respiratory syncytial virus|syncytial virus]], [[Rhinovirus]]''
-* Childrens <2 years
+* Children <2 years
 |-
-| rowspan="6" |[[Parenchyma|'''Parenchyma''']]
+| rowspan="6" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Parenchyma|'''Parenchyma''']]
-|[[Pneumonia|'''Pneumonia''']]<ref name="pmid10987697">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, Mandell LA, File Jr TM, Musher DM, Fine MJ |title=Practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Infectious Diseases Society of America |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=347–82 |year=2000 |pmid=10987697 |doi=10.1086/313954 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17278083">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, Bartlett JG, Campbell GD, Dean NC, Dowell SF, File TM, Musher DM, Niederman MS, Torres A, Whitney CG |title=Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=44 Suppl 2 |issue= |pages=S27–72 |year=2007 |pmid=17278083 |doi=10.1086/511159 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Pneumonia|'''Pneumonia''']]<ref name="pmid10987697">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, Mandell LA, File Jr TM, Musher DM, Fine MJ |title=Practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Infectious Diseases Society of America |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=347–82 |year=2000 |pmid=10987697 |doi=10.1086/313954 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17278083">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, Bartlett JG, Campbell GD, Dean NC, Dowell SF, File TM, Musher DM, Niederman MS, Torres A, Whitney CG |title=Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=44 Suppl 2 |issue= |pages=S27–72 |year=2007 |pmid=17278083 |doi=10.1086/511159 |url=}}</ref>
-|Acute
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Variable
-|✔ Mucopurulent [[sputum]]
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔ Mucopurulent [[sputum]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Rales|Crackles]]
 * [[Egophony]]
-* Decreased bronquial sounds
+* Decreased bronchial sounds
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Leftward shift [[leukocytosis]]
 * [[Blood culture]] in hospitalized patients
 * [[Sputum culture]] in hospitalized patients
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Consolidation (medicine)|Consolidation]], [[cavitation]] and infiltrated [[interstitial]] in Chest [[X-Ray]]
+* [[Consolidation (medicine)|Consolidation]], [[cavitation]], and infiltrated [[interstitial]] in [[chest X-ray]]
 * Anatomical changes observed in chest [[Computed tomography|CT]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Not specific
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Infiltration observed in [[Chest X-ray|chest radiograph]]
+* Infiltration observed in [[chest X-ray]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Community-acquired pneumonia]]
-* [[Hospital-acquired pneumonia]]
 * [[Healthcare-associated pneumonia]]
-* [[Ventilator-associated pneumonia]]
-* [[Aspiration pneumonia]]
 |-
-|[[Pneumoconiosis|'''Pneumoconioses''']]<ref name="pmid27980247">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jp NA, Imanaka M, Suganuma N |title=Japanese workplace health management in pneumoconiosis prevention |journal=J Occup Health |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=91–103 |year=2017 |pmid=27980247 |pmc=5478517 |doi=10.1539/joh.16-0031-RA |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12668748">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weiland DA, Lynch DA, Jensen SP, Newell JD, Miller DE, Crausman RS, Kuhn C, Kern DG |title=Thin-section CT findings in flock worker's lung, a work-related interstitial lung disease |journal=Radiology |volume=227 |issue=1 |pages=222–31 |year=2003 |pmid=12668748 |doi=10.1148/radiol.2271011063 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Pneumoconiosis|'''Pneumoconioses''']]<ref name="pmid27980247">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jp NA, Imanaka M, Suganuma N |title=Japanese workplace health management in pneumoconiosis prevention |journal=J Occup Health |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=91–103 |year=2017 |pmid=27980247 |pmc=5478517 |doi=10.1539/joh.16-0031-RA |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12668748">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weiland DA, Lynch DA, Jensen SP, Newell JD, Miller DE, Crausman RS, Kuhn C, Kern DG |title=Thin-section CT findings in flock worker's lung, a work-related interstitial lung disease |journal=Radiology |volume=227 |issue=1 |pages=222–31 |year=2003 |pmid=12668748 |doi=10.1148/radiol.2271011063 |url=}}</ref>
-|Acute, Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute, Chronic
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Years
-| -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-| -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
 * [[Rhonchi]]
 * [[Rales|Crackles]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Blood gas analysis
+* [[Arterial blood gas]]
 * [[Complete blood count]] ([[Complete blood count|CBC]])
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Small oppacities and [[fibrosis]] observed in [[Chest X-ray|Chest X-Ray]]
+* Small oppacities and [[fibrosis]] observed in [[chest X-ray]]
 * [[Computed tomography|CT]]
 * [[Positron emission tomography|FDG-PET]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[FEV1/FVC ratio|FEV1/FVC]] <70%
 * [[FEV1]] <80%
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Exposure story and [[Chest X-ray|chest radiograph]]
+* Exposure history  and [[Chest X-ray|chest radiograph]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Fibrogenic: [[Silica]], [[Asbestos]]
+* Fibrogenic: [[Silica]], [[asbestos]]
-* Inert: [[Iron]], [[Barium]]
+* Inert: [[Iron]], [[barium]]
 * Granulomatous: [[Beryllium]]
 * Giant cell pneumonia: [[Cobalt]]
 |-
-|[[Lung cancer|'''Lung cancer''']]<ref name="pmid21296855">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D |title=Global cancer statistics |journal=CA Cancer J Clin |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=69–90 |year=2011 |pmid=21296855 |doi=10.3322/caac.20107 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23649435">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ost DE, Jim Yeung SC, Tanoue LT, Gould MK |title=Clinical and organizational factors in the initial evaluation of patients with lung cancer: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines |journal=Chest |volume=143 |issue=5 Suppl |pages=e121S–e141S |year=2013 |pmid=23649435 |pmc=4694609 |doi=10.1378/chest.12-2352 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Lung cancer|'''Lung cancer''']]<ref name="pmid21296855">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D |title=Global cancer statistics |journal=CA Cancer J Clin |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=69–90 |year=2011 |pmid=21296855 |doi=10.3322/caac.20107 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23649435">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ost DE, Jim Yeung SC, Tanoue LT, Gould MK |title=Clinical and organizational factors in the initial evaluation of patients with lung cancer: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines |journal=Chest |volume=143 |issue=5 Suppl |pages=e121S–e141S |year=2013 |pmid=23649435 |pmc=4694609 |doi=10.1378/chest.12-2352 |url=}}</ref>
-|Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Years
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Hoarseness]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Complete blood count]] ([[Complete blood count|CBC]])
 * [[Alanine transaminase|ALT]], [[Aspartate transaminase|AST]]
@@ Line 802: / Line 1,355: @@
 * [[Lactate dehydrogenase|LDH]]
 * [[Creatinine]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Contrast-enhance [[Computed tomography|CT]] of chest and upper abdomen
+* [[Contrast enhanced CT|Contrast-enhanced CT]] of chest and upper abdomen
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Not specific
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Tissue [[biopsy]], large enough for [[Molecule|molecular]] testing
+* Tissue [[biopsy]]  (sample should be sufficient for [[Molecule|molecular]] testing)
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Risk factor: [[Smoking|Cigarette smoking]]
+* Risk factor:
-* [[Small cell lung cancer|Small cell lung cance]]<nowiki/>r ([[Small cell lung cancer|SCLC]])
+** Cigarette smoking
-* [[Non small cell lung cancer|Non-small cell lung cance]]<nowiki/>r ([[Non small cell lung cancer|NSCLC]])
+* Types
+** [[Small cell lung cancer|Small cell lung cance]]<nowiki/>r ([[Small cell lung cancer|SCLC]])
+** [[Non small cell lung cancer|Non-small cell lung cance]]<nowiki/>r ([[Non small cell lung cancer|NSCLC]])
 |-
-|'''[[Interstitial lung disease]]'''<ref name="pmid15331185">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lama VN, Martinez FJ |title=Resting and exercise physiology in interstitial lung diseases |journal=Clin. Chest Med. |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=435–53, v |year=2004 |pmid=15331185 |doi=10.1016/j.ccm.2004.05.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15133338">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chetta A, Marangio E, Olivieri D |title=Pulmonary function testing in interstitial lung diseases |journal=Respiration |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=209–13 |year=2004 |pmid=15133338 |doi=10.1159/000077416 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''[[Interstitial lung disease]]'''<ref name="pmid15331185">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lama VN, Martinez FJ |title=Resting and exercise physiology in interstitial lung diseases |journal=Clin. Chest Med. |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=435–53, v |year=2004 |pmid=15331185 |doi=10.1016/j.ccm.2004.05.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15133338">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chetta A, Marangio E, Olivieri D |title=Pulmonary function testing in interstitial lung diseases |journal=Respiration |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=209–13 |year=2004 |pmid=15133338 |doi=10.1159/000077416 |url=}}</ref>
-|Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Variable
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
-* [[Rales|Crackles]] or Velcro rales
+* [[Rales|Crackles]] or velcro rales
 * [[Lung volumes|Inspiratory]] high-pitched [[rhonchi]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Test for [[Hepatic function test|hepatic]] and [[Renal function tests|renal function]]
 * Hematologic test in differential [[Complete blood count|CBC]]
 * [[Serology|Serological testing]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Nodular]], [[reticular]] or both pattern in chest [[X-rays|X-Ray]]
+* [[Nodular]], [[reticular]] or both pattern in [[chest X-ray]]
 * [[Computed tomography|CT]] in patients with diffuse pulmonary lung disease
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Reduction in [[Vital capacity|FVC]], [[Residual volume|RV]], [[Functional residual capacity|FRC]], [[Total lung capacity|TLC]] and [[FEV1]] in [[Spirometry]]
+* Reduction in [[Vital capacity|FVC]], [[Residual volume|RV]], [[Functional residual capacity|FRC]], [[Total lung capacity|TLC]] and [[FEV1]] on spirometry
 * [[FEV1/FVC ratio|FEV1/FVC]] normal or increase
 * [[Lung volumes]]
-* Diffusing capacity, [[DLCO]] reduced
+* Diffusion capacity ([[DLCO]] reduced)
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Lung [[biopsy]] when Lab, imaging and PFT do not allow to do the diagnosis
+* Lung [[biopsy]] when lab, imaging, and PFT has indeterminate result
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Clubbing is common in [[asbestosis]] and [[idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]]
 |-
-|'''[[Tuberculosis]] ([[Tuberculosis|TB]])'''<ref name="pmid9332519">{{cite journal |vauthors=Perlman DC, el-Sadr WM, Nelson ET, Matts JP, Telzak EE, Salomon N, Chirgwin K, Hafner R |title=Variation of chest radiographic patterns in pulmonary tuberculosis by degree of human immunodeficiency virus-related immunosuppression. The Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS (CPCRA). The AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=242–6 |year=1997 |pmid=9332519 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2456183">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barnes PF, Verdegem TD, Vachon LA, Leedom JM, Overturf GD |title=Chest roentgenogram in pulmonary tuberculosis. New data on an old test |journal=Chest |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=316–20 |year=1988 |pmid=2456183 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''[[Tuberculosis]] ([[Tuberculosis|TB]])'''<ref name="pmid9332519">{{cite journal |vauthors=Perlman DC, el-Sadr WM, Nelson ET, Matts JP, Telzak EE, Salomon N, Chirgwin K, Hafner R |title=Variation of chest radiographic patterns in pulmonary tuberculosis by degree of human immunodeficiency virus-related immunosuppression. The Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS (CPCRA). The AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=242–6 |year=1997 |pmid=9332519 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2456183">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barnes PF, Verdegem TD, Vachon LA, Leedom JM, Overturf GD |title=Chest roentgenogram in pulmonary tuberculosis. New data on an old test |journal=Chest |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=316–20 |year=1988 |pmid=2456183 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-|Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * More than 2 or 3 weeks
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Pleural effusion]]
 * [[Crackles]]
@@ Line 858: / Line 1,413: @@
 * Decreased fremitus
 * [[Rhonchi]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Sputum [[acid-fast]] bacilli ([[Acid-fast|AFB]])
+* Sputum [[acid-fast]] bacilli ([[Acid-fast|AFB]]) smear
 * [[Mycobacterium|Mycobacterial]] [[Culture media|culture]]
-* Molecular test
+* Molecular testing
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Reactivation of [[Tuberculosis|TB]] is observed as [[Infiltration (medical)|infiltration]] in the upper [[Lobe (anatomy)|lobe]] in [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]]
-* In Patients with [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]] is observed lobar [[Infiltration (medical)|infiltration]], [[adenopathy]], lung mass named [[tuberculoma]], small fibronodular lesions and/or [[pleural effusion]] [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]]
+* In patients with [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]], Tb is observed as lobar [[Infiltration (medical)|infiltration]], [[adenopathy]], lung mass named [[tuberculoma]], small fibronodular lesions, and/or [[pleural effusion]] [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]]
 * [[Computed tomography|CT]] can detect early nodal process
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Decreased [[FEV1]]
 * Reduced  [[Vital capacity|FVC]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Isolation of ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' from some [[secretion]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Etiology: ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]''
-* Complications: [[Pneumothorax]], [[Bronchiectasis]], pulmonary destruction and [[chronic pulmonary aspergillosis]]
+* Complications: [[Pneumothorax]], [[bronchiectasis]], pulmonary destruction and [[chronic pulmonary aspergillosis]]
 |-
-|[[Cystic fibrosis|'''Cystic fibrosis''']]<ref name="pmid18639722">{{cite journal |vauthors=Farrell PM, Rosenstein BJ, White TB, Accurso FJ, Castellani C, Cutting GR, Durie PR, Legrys VA, Massie J, Parad RB, Rock MJ, Campbell PW |title=Guidelines for diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in newborns through older adults: Cystic Fibrosis Foundation consensus report |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=153 |issue=2 |pages=S4–S14 |year=2008 |pmid=18639722 |pmc=2810958 |doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.05.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1285737">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kerem E, Reisman J, Corey M, Canny GJ, Levison H |title=Prediction of mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=326 |issue=18 |pages=1187–91 |year=1992 |pmid=1285737 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199204303261804 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Cystic fibrosis|'''Cystic fibrosis''']]  ([[Cystic fibrosis|CF]])<ref name="pmid18639722">{{cite journal |vauthors=Farrell PM, Rosenstein BJ, White TB, Accurso FJ, Castellani C, Cutting GR, Durie PR, Legrys VA, Massie J, Parad RB, Rock MJ, Campbell PW |title=Guidelines for diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in newborns through older adults: Cystic Fibrosis Foundation consensus report |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=153 |issue=2 |pages=S4–S14 |year=2008 |pmid=18639722 |pmc=2810958 |doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.05.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1285737">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kerem E, Reisman J, Corey M, Canny GJ, Levison H |title=Prediction of mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=326 |issue=18 |pages=1187–91 |year=1992 |pmid=1285737 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199204303261804 |url=}}</ref>
-|Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
 * Variable
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Barrel-shaped chest
 * [[Wheezing]]
 * [[Tachypnea]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Respiratory tract]] [[Culture media|culture]] for [[Cystic fibrosis|CF]]
-* [[Bronchoalveolar lavage]] for citology
+* [[Bronchoalveolar lavage]] for cytology
-* >= 60 mmol/L [[Sweat chloride test]]
+* ≥ 60 mmol/L [[Sweat chloride test]]
-* [[CFTR (gene)|CFTR]] [[mutation]] in molecular test
+* [[CFTR (gene)|CFTR]] [[mutation]] in molecular testing
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Hyperinflation and bronchovascular in [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]]
+* Hyperinflation, [[atelectasis]], and infiltrates on [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]]
-* More severe patients present bronchietasis, "tram tracks" [[Peribronchial cuffing|peribronchial cuffin]]<nowiki/>g in [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]]
+* Severe patients present bronchietasis, "tram tracks" [[Peribronchial cuffing|peribronchial cuffin]]<nowiki/>g in [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]]
-* The extension of bronchietasis can be defined by [[Computed tomography|CT]]
+* The extension of [[bronchietasis]] can be defined by [[Computed tomography|CT]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Residual volume|RV]]/[[Total lung capacity|TLC]] ratio increased
 * [[FEV1/FVC ratio]] <70%
 * Low levels of [[FEV1]]
 * High levels of [[Total lung capacity|TLC]]
 * [[Residual volume|RV]] increased
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Sweat chloride test]]
-|Clinical symptoms, one organ system and evidence of [[Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator|CFTR]] dysfunction
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+* Evidence of [[Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator|CFTR]] dysfunction
 |-
-| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |[[Heart|'''Cardiac''']]
+| colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Heart|'''Cardiac''']]
-|[[Pulmonary edema|'''Cardiogenic pulmonary edema''']]<ref name="pmid16365214">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gheorghiade M, Zannad F, Sopko G, Klein L, Piña IL, Konstam MA, Massie BM, Roland E, Targum S, Collins SP, Filippatos G, Tavazzi L |title=Acute heart failure syndromes: current state and framework for future research |journal=Circulation |volume=112 |issue=25 |pages=3958–68 |year=2005 |pmid=16365214 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.590091 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23741058">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Drazner MH, Fonarow GC, Geraci SA, Horwich T, Januzzi JL, Johnson MR, Kasper EK, Levy WC, Masoudi FA, McBride PE, McMurray JJ, Mitchell JE, Peterson PN, Riegel B, Sam F, Stevenson LW, Tang WH, Tsai EJ, Wilkoff BL |title=2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines |journal=Circulation |volume=128 |issue=16 |pages=e240–327 |year=2013 |pmid=23741058 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0b013e31829e8776 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Pulmonary edema|'''Cardiogenic pulmonary edema''']]<ref name="pmid16365214">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gheorghiade M, Zannad F, Sopko G, Klein L, Piña IL, Konstam MA, Massie BM, Roland E, Targum S, Collins SP, Filippatos G, Tavazzi L |title=Acute heart failure syndromes: current state and framework for future research |journal=Circulation |volume=112 |issue=25 |pages=3958–68 |year=2005 |pmid=16365214 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.590091 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23741058">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Drazner MH, Fonarow GC, Geraci SA, Horwich T, Januzzi JL, Johnson MR, Kasper EK, Levy WC, Masoudi FA, McBride PE, McMurray JJ, Mitchell JE, Peterson PN, Riegel B, Sam F, Stevenson LW, Tang WH, Tsai EJ, Wilkoff BL |title=2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines |journal=Circulation |volume=128 |issue=16 |pages=e240–327 |year=2013 |pmid=23741058 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0b013e31829e8776 |url=}}</ref>
-|Acute
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Days to weeks
-|✔ Pink frothy liquid
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔ Pink frothy, liquid
-| -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Rales|Crackles]]
 * Increased [[respiratory rate]]
@@ Line 924: / Line 1,479: @@
 * [[Rhonchi]]
 * Gurgling sounds
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Arterial blood gas|Arterial blood]] analysis
+* [[Arterial blood gas]]
 * [[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]]
 * [[Serum creatinine|Serum creatinin]]
@@ Line 932: / Line 1,487: @@
 * [[Lactic acid]]
 * [[Complete blood count]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Cardiomegaly]], [[pleural effusion]], intersticial edema, alveolar edema and  blood redistribution in lower lobes  in chest [[X-rays|X-Ray]]
+* [[Cardiomegaly]], [[pleural effusion]], interstitial [[edema]], alveolar [[edema]] and blood redistribution in lower lobes in [[chest X-ray]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Not specific
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Clinical diagnosis. Test are supportive
+* Clinical diagnosis
-|
+* Tests are supportive
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[12-lead ECG]]
 * Plasma [[Brain natriuretic peptide|BNP]] and [[NT-proBNP]]
 * [[Echocardiography]]
 |-
-|[[Mitral stenosis|'''Mitral Stenosis''']]<ref name="pmid1921207">{{cite journal |vauthors=Belorusov OS, Iurasov SE |title=[Characteristics of the early postoperative period following kidney allotransplantation and immunosuppression using Sandimmune (cyclosporin A)] |language=Russian |journal=Khirurgiia (Mosk) |volume= |issue=7 |pages=8–11 |year=1991 |pmid=1921207 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19747723">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chandrashekhar Y, Westaby S, Narula J |title=Mitral stenosis |journal=Lancet |volume=374 |issue=9697 |pages=1271–83 |year=2009 |pmid=19747723 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60994-6 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Mitral stenosis|'''Mitral Stenosis''']]<ref name="pmid13936649">{{cite journal| author=MUNROE DS, RALLY CR| title=The diagnosis of mitral stenosis. | journal=Can Med Assoc J | year= 1963 | volume= 88 | issue=  | pages= 611-22 | pmid=13936649 | doi= | pmc=1921207 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13936649  }}</ref><ref name="pmid19747723">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chandrashekhar Y, Westaby S, Narula J |title=Mitral stenosis |journal=Lancet |volume=374 |issue=9697 |pages=1271–83 |year=2009 |pmid=19747723 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60994-6 |url=}}</ref>
-|Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Variable
-|✔ Pink frothy
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔ Pink frothy
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-| -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Crackles]]
 * [[Hoarseness]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Not specifc
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Electrocardiogram]]
-* Elargement of [[left atrium]] and [[appendage]] in [[Chest X-ray|chest radiograph]]
+* Enlargement of [[left atrium]] and [[appendage]] in [[Chest X-ray|chest radiograph]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Vital capacity|FVC]] reduced
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Resting [[transthoracic echocardiography]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Stress testing]]
 * [[Cardiac catheterization]]
 |-
-|[[Pulmonary hypertension|'''Pulmonary hypertension''']]<ref name="pmid21393391">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brown LM, Chen H, Halpern S, Taichman D, McGoon MD, Farber HW, Frost AE, Liou TG, Turner M, Feldkircher K, Miller DP, Elliott CG |title=Delay in recognition of pulmonary arterial hypertension: factors identified from the REVEAL Registry |journal=Chest |volume=140 |issue=1 |pages=19–26 |year=2011 |pmid=21393391 |pmc=3198486 |doi=10.1378/chest.10-1166 |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlPulmonary function in primary pulmonary hypertension - ScienceDirect">{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109702029649?via%3Dihub |title=Pulmonary function in primary pulmonary hypertension - ScienceDirect |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Pulmonary hypertension|'''Pulmonary hypertension''']]<ref name="pmid21393391">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brown LM, Chen H, Halpern S, Taichman D, McGoon MD, Farber HW, Frost AE, Liou TG, Turner M, Feldkircher K, Miller DP, Elliott CG |title=Delay in recognition of pulmonary arterial hypertension: factors identified from the REVEAL Registry |journal=Chest |volume=140 |issue=1 |pages=19–26 |year=2011 |pmid=21393391 |pmc=3198486 |doi=10.1378/chest.10-1166 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12651053">{{cite journal| author=Sun XG, Hansen JE, Oudiz RJ, Wasserman K| title=Pulmonary function in primary pulmonary hypertension. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2003 | volume= 41 | issue= 6 | pages= 1028-35 | pmid=12651053 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12651053  }}</ref>
-|Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * More than 2 years
-| -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Dysphonia|Hoarseness]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]] serology
 * [[Anti-nuclear antibody|Antinuclear antibody]] ([[Antinuclear antibodies|ANA]])
 * [[Rheumatoid factor]] ([[RF]])
-* Anti-neutrophil  cytoplasmatic antibody ([[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|ANCA]])
+* [[Anti-neutrophil  cytoplasmic antibody]] ([[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|ANCA]])
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Enlargement of the central [[pulmonary artery]] and right heart  in [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]]
-* [[Pulmonary  artery]] systolic pressure can be estimated in [[Echocardiography]]
+* [[Pulmonary  artery]] systolic pressure can be estimated in [[echocardiography]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Low levels of [[FEV1]]
 * Decreased [[Vital capacity|FVC]]
 * [[DLCO]] reduced
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Mean [[pulmonary artery]] pressure more than 25 [[mmHg]] at rest
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Chest pain]]
 * [[Ascites]]
@@ Line 999: / Line 1,555: @@
 * Peripherial [[edema]]
 |-
-| colspan="2" |[[Gastrointestinal tract|'''Gastrointestinal''']]
+| colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Gastrointestinal tract|'''Gastrointestinal''']]
-|[[Gastroesophageal reflux disease|'''Gastroesophageal reflux''']]<ref name="pmid21508423">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kahrilas PJ, Hughes N, Howden CW |title=Response of unexplained chest pain to proton pump inhibitor treatment in patients with and without objective evidence of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease |journal=Gut |volume=60 |issue=11 |pages=1473–8 |year=2011 |pmid=21508423 |doi=10.1136/gut.2011.241307 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4133436">{{cite journal |vauthors=Harland PS |title=Letter: Measuring malnutrition |journal=Lancet |volume=1 |issue=7863 |pages=925 |year=1974 |pmid=4133436 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Gastroesophageal reflux disease|'''Gastroesophageal reflux''']]<ref name="pmid21508423">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kahrilas PJ, Hughes N, Howden CW |title=Response of unexplained chest pain to proton pump inhibitor treatment in patients with and without objective evidence of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease |journal=Gut |volume=60 |issue=11 |pages=1473–8 |year=2011 |pmid=21508423 |doi=10.1136/gut.2011.241307 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25133039">{{cite journal| author=Badillo R, Francis D| title=Diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. | journal=World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther | year= 2014 | volume= 5 | issue= 3 | pages= 105-12 | pmid=25133039 | doi=10.4292/wjgpt.v5.i3.105 | pmc=4133436 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25133039  }}</ref>
-|Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Variable
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-| -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
 * [[Hoarseness]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Not specific
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Upper endoscopy]]
 * [[Barium]] esophagram
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Normal function
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * PH testing
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | --
 |-
-| colspan="2" rowspan="5" |[[Autoimmune disease|'''Autoinmune''']]
+| colspan="2" rowspan="5" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Autoimmune disease|'''Autoinmune''']]
-|[[Goodpasture syndrome|'''Goodpasture syndrome''']]<ref name="pmid16183752">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bergs L |title=Goodpasture syndrome |journal=Crit Care Nurse |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=50–4, 56, 57–8 |year=2005 |pmid=16183752 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3728460">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boyce NW, Holdsworth SR |title=Pulmonary manifestations of the clinical syndrome of acute glomerulonephritis and lung hemorrhage |journal=Am. J. Kidney Dis. |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=31–6 |year=1986 |pmid=3728460 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Goodpasture syndrome|'''Goodpasture syndrome''']]<ref name="pmid3728460">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boyce NW, Holdsworth SR |title=Pulmonary manifestations of the clinical syndrome of acute glomerulonephritis and lung hemorrhage |journal=Am. J. Kidney Dis. |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=31–6 |year=1986 |pmid=3728460 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27496347">{{cite journal| author=Foster MH| title=Basement membranes and autoimmune diseases. | journal=Matrix Biol | year= 2017 | volume= 57-58 | issue=  | pages= 149-168 | pmid=27496347 | doi=10.1016/j.matbio.2016.07.008 | pmc=5290253 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27496347  }}</ref>
-|Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Variable
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Shortness of [[breath]]
+* [[Shortness of breath]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Complete blood count]] ([[Complete blood count|CBC]])
 * [[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|ANCA]] positive
-* [[Goodpasture syndrome|Anti-GBM]] in [[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|ELISA]] or Western Blood
+* [[Goodpasture syndrome|Anti-GBM]] in [[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|ELISA]] or [[western blot]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Pulmonary infiltratation in [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]]
 * [[Computed tomography|CT]] parenchimal envolment
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Increased [[DLCO]]
 * Decreased [[Total lung capacity|TLC]]
 * Decreased [[Vital capacity|FVC]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Renal [[biopsy]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Hematuria]]
 * [[Proteinuria]]
 |-
-|[[Granulomatosis with polyangiitis|'''Wegener's disease''']] ([[Granulomatosis with polyangiitis|'''GPA''']]) <ref name="pmid1739240">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hoffman GS, Kerr GS, Leavitt RY, Hallahan CW, Lebovics RS, Travis WD, Rottem M, Fauci AS |title=Wegener granulomatosis: an analysis of 158 patients |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=488–98 |year=1992 |pmid=1739240 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21374588">{{cite journal |vauthors=Falk RJ, Gross WL, Guillevin L, Hoffman GS, Jayne DR, Jennette JC, Kallenberg CG, Luqmani R, Mahr AD, Matteson EL, Merkel PA, Specks U, Watts RA |title=Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's): an alternative name for Wegener's granulomatosis |journal=Arthritis Rheum. |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=863–4 |year=2011 |pmid=21374588 |doi=10.1002/art.30286 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Granulomatosis with polyangiitis|'''Wegener's disease''']] ([[Granulomatosis with polyangiitis|'''GPA''']]) <ref name="pmid1739240">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hoffman GS, Kerr GS, Leavitt RY, Hallahan CW, Lebovics RS, Travis WD, Rottem M, Fauci AS |title=Wegener granulomatosis: an analysis of 158 patients |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=488–98 |year=1992 |pmid=1739240 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21374588">{{cite journal |vauthors=Falk RJ, Gross WL, Guillevin L, Hoffman GS, Jayne DR, Jennette JC, Kallenberg CG, Luqmani R, Mahr AD, Matteson EL, Merkel PA, Specks U, Watts RA |title=Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's): an alternative name for Wegener's granulomatosis |journal=Arthritis Rheum. |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=863–4 |year=2011 |pmid=21374588 |doi=10.1002/art.30286 |url=}}</ref>
-|Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Months
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Hoarseness]]
 * [[Stridor]]
 * [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|ANCA]], [[P-ANCA]], [[C-ANCA]]
 * [[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]]
@@ Line 1,071: / Line 1,627: @@
 * [[Complete blood count]]
 * [[Urinalysis]]
-* Lung biopsy
+* Lung [[biopsy]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Nodules]], [[Lung|pulmonary]] infiltrates, reticular margins, pleural opacities and [[Cavity|cavities]] in [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]]
-* [[Nodule (medicine)|Nodules]], [[cavities]] and stellate-shaped peripherial pulmonary in chest [[Computed tomography|CT]]
+* [[Nodule (medicine)|Nodules]], [[cavities]] and stellate-shaped peripherial [[pulmonary]] in chest [[Computed tomography|CT]]
 * [[Bronchoscopy]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Low levels of [[DLCO]]
 * Reduce [[lung volumes]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Tissue biopsy
+* Tissue [[biopsy]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Nasal crusting, sinus pain, chronic [[rhinosinusitis]], nasal obstruction and discharge in [[Upper respiratory tract|upper airway]]
-* Saddle nose deformity
+* [[Saddle nose|Saddle nose deformity]]
-* Purpura in lower extremities
+* [[Purpura]] in lower extremities
 |-
-|[[Sarcoidosis|'''Sarcoidosis''']]<ref name="pmid27378039">{{cite journal |vauthors=Carmona EM, Kalra S, Ryu JH |title=Pulmonary Sarcoidosis: Diagnosis and Treatment |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=91 |issue=7 |pages=946–54 |year=2016 |pmid=27378039 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.03.004 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12803116">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yanardağ H, Pamuk GE, Karayel T, Demirci S |title=Bone marrow involvement in sarcoidosis: an analysis of 50 bone marrow samples |journal=Haematologia (Budap) |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=419–25 |year=2002 |pmid=12803116 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Sarcoidosis|'''Sarcoidosis''']]<ref name="pmid27378039">{{cite journal |vauthors=Carmona EM, Kalra S, Ryu JH |title=Pulmonary Sarcoidosis: Diagnosis and Treatment |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=91 |issue=7 |pages=946–54 |year=2016 |pmid=27378039 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.03.004 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12803116">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yanardağ H, Pamuk GE, Karayel T, Demirci S |title=Bone marrow involvement in sarcoidosis: an analysis of 50 bone marrow samples |journal=Haematologia (Budap) |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=419–25 |year=2002 |pmid=12803116 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-|Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Years
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| -
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
 * Squeaky sounds
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Complete blood count]] ([[CBC]])
 * [[Urinalysis]]
@@ Line 1,107: / Line 1,663: @@
 * [[Electrolyte|Electrolytes]]
 * [[Histopathology|Histopathologic]] detection
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* In [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]] is observed bilateral hiliar [[adenopathy]] (stage 1), [[reticular]] opacities and hiliar adenopathy (stage 2),  shrink hiliar [[Nodule (medicine)|nodules]] and reticular opacities (stage 3) and lost of  volume (stage 4)
+* On [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]]:
-|
+** Stage 1: Bilateral hiliar [[adenopathy]]
+** Stage 2: [[Reticular]] opacities and hiliar adenopathy
+** Stage 3: Shrink hiliar [[Nodule (medicine)|nodules]] and [[reticular]] opacities
+** Stage 4: Lost of volume
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Reduced [[FVC]]
 * Decreased of [[Total lung capacity|TLC]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Clinical diagnosis, [[Histopathology|histopathologic]] detection of noncaseating [[Granuloma|granulomas]] and exclusion of other diseases
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Young adults
 * [[Skin]], [[joint]] and [[eye]] lesions
 |-
-|'''Microscopic polyangitis ([[Microscopic polyangiitis|MPA]])'''<ref name="urlMicroscopic Polyangiitis • Johns Hopkins Vasculitis Center">{{cite web |url=https://www.hopkinsvasculitis.org/types-vasculitis/microscopic-polyangiitis/#symptoms |title=Microscopic Polyangiitis • Johns Hopkins Vasculitis Center |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2323259">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cordier JF, Valeyre D, Guillevin L, Loire R, Brechot JM |title=Pulmonary Wegener's granulomatosis. A clinical and imaging study of 77 cases |journal=Chest |volume=97 |issue=4 |pages=906–12 |year=1990 |pmid=2323259 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Microscopic polyangitis ([[Microscopic polyangiitis|MPA]])'''<ref name="JennetteFalk1997">{{cite journal|last1=Jennette|first1=J. Charles|last2=Falk|first2=Ronald J.|title=Small-Vessel Vasculitis|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=337|issue=21|year=1997|pages=1512–1523|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM199711203372106}}</ref>
-|Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Variable
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Hoarseness]]
 * [[Stridor]]
 * [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* ANCA positive
+* [[ANCA]] positive
 * [[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]]
 * [[Creatinine]]
 * [[Complete blood count]]
 * [[Urinalysis]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[Cavitation]], [[Nodule (medicine)|nodules]] and alveolar oppacities in chest [[X-rays|X-Ray]]
+* [[Cavitation]], [[Nodule (medicine)|nodules]], and alveolar opacities in [[chest X-ray]]
 * Head and chest [[Computed tomography|CT]]
-* [[Electromyography]]/nerve conduction
+* [[Electromyography]]/[[nerve conduction study]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Reduced [[lung volumes]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Tissue [[biopsy]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Nerve]] damage
 * [[Rhinosinusitis]]
 * [[Purpura]] involving lower extremities
 |-
-|[[Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis|'''Churg-Strauss''']]<ref name="pmid23330816">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vaglio A, Buzio C, Zwerina J |title=Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss): state of the art |journal=Allergy |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=261–73 |year=2013 |pmid=23330816 |doi=10.1111/all.12088 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6366453">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lanham JG, Elkon KB, Pusey CD, Hughes GR |title=Systemic vasculitis with asthma and eosinophilia: a clinical approach to the Churg-Strauss syndrome |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=65–81 |year=1984 |pmid=6366453 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis|'''Churg-Strauss''']]<ref name="pmid23330816">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vaglio A, Buzio C, Zwerina J |title=Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss): state of the art |journal=Allergy |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=261–73 |year=2013 |pmid=23330816 |doi=10.1111/all.12088 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6366453">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lanham JG, Elkon KB, Pusey CD, Hughes GR |title=Systemic vasculitis with asthma and eosinophilia: a clinical approach to the Churg-Strauss syndrome |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=65–81 |year=1984 |pmid=6366453 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-|Chronic
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Variable
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
 * [[Rales]]
 * [[Rhonchi]]
-* Expiratory noises (related to [[asthma]])
+* Expiratory sounds(related to [[asthma]])
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Peripherial [[eosinophilia]]
 * In active phase [[C-reactive protein|CRP]] and [[Red blood cell|erytrocyte]] [[sedimentation]] rate high
 * High levels of [[Immunoglobulin E|IgE]]
 * [[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|ANCA]] positive
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Infiltrates in [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]]
-* Ground glass opacities , tree-in-bud sign and small nodules  in chest [[Computed tomography|CT]]
+* Ground glass opacities, tree-in-bud sign and small nodules  in chest [[Computed tomography|CT]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Lung volumes]] decreased
 * [[Vital capacity|FVC]] reduced
 * [[FEV1/FVC ratio]] <70%
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Tissue [[biopsy]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Asthma]]
 * [[Eosinophilia]]
 * [[Rhinosinusitis]]
 |-
-| colspan="2" |[[Medication|'''Medication''']]
+| colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Medication|'''Medication''']]
-|[[ACE inhibitor|'''ACE inhibitors''']]<ref name="pmid1365002">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rzeszowska G, Modrzewska R, Sebastianka M |title=[Sensitivity to antibiotics of Salmonella isolated from patients] |language=French |journal=Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska Med |volume=46 |issue= |pages=55–7 |year=1991 |pmid=1365002 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1616218">{{cite journal |vauthors=Israili ZH, Hall WD |title=Cough and angioneurotic edema associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy. A review of the literature and pathophysiology |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=117 |issue=3 |pages=234–42 |year=1992 |pmid=1616218 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[ACE inhibitor|'''ACE inhibitors''']]<ref name="pmid1616218">{{cite journal |vauthors=Israili ZH, Hall WD |title=Cough and angioneurotic edema associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy. A review of the literature and pathophysiology |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=117 |issue=3 |pages=234–42 |year=1992 |pmid=1616218 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7619667">{{cite journal| author=Wood R| title=Bronchospasm and cough as adverse reactions to the ACE inhibitors captopril, enalapril and lisinopril. A controlled retrospective cohort study. | journal=Br J Clin Pharmacol | year= 1995 | volume= 39 | issue= 3 | pages= 265-70 | pmid=7619667 | doi= | pmc=1365002 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7619667  }}</ref>
-|Acute (depend on the medication)
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute (depend on the medication)
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * From 2 weeks to 6 months
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|✔
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Wheeze|Wheezing]]
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Not  required
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * No required
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Normal function
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Clinical diagnosis
-|
+| style="background:#F5F5F5;" a+ |
-* Resolves in four or five days of stopping the medication
+* Resolves in four to five days of stopping the medication
+*[[Angioedema]]
 |}

Sandbox:Karina: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 21:55, 27 February 2018

Overview

Cough

Microscopic Pathology

Associated Conditions

GASTROINTESTINAL

Rheumatic diseases:

MUSCULOSKELETAL

Isolated musculoskeletal chest pain syndromes:

OTHER

References

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