Tricuspid stenosis causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohammed Salih, M.D. Syed Musadiq Ali M.B.B.S.[2] Rim Halaby, M.D. [3]
Overview
The most common cause of tricuspid stenosis (TS) is rheumatic heart disease. Other causes of tricuspid stenosis include carcinoid syndrome, congenital abnormalities, endocarditis, lupus, and mechanical obstruction by a tumor.
Causes
Common Causes
- Rheumatic heart disease is one of the most common causes of TS and almost always occurs in conjunction with mitral stenosis.[1][2][3]
- Large vegetations in infective endocarditis can cause relative stenosis.
- Carcinoid syndrome may cause isolated TS or mixed with the regurgitant lesion.[4]
- Systemic diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), antiphospholipid antibody (APLA) syndrome and the presence of permanent pacing and fusion of implantable cardioverter defibrillator leads to sub-valvular structures can cause tricuspid stenosis.[5][6]
- Benign tumors like atrial myxomas can cause functional TS[7].
- Blunt trauma has also been described as a risk factor. Renal and ovarian tumors can grow into the tricuspid orifice causing stenosis.
Less Common Causes
- Other less common causes of TS include congenital abnormalities (Ebstein’s anomaly), metabolic or enzymatic abnormalities (Fabry’s disease, Whipple’s disease).[3][8]
- Sometimes described are intravenous leiomyomatosis, ventriculoatrial shunts causing TS.[9][10]
- Valvulopathy associated with drugs like fenfluramine/phentermine and methysergide is characterized by thickened fibrotic and hypomobile tricuspid leaflets, with various degrees of valve stenosis and regurgitation.[11]
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | Congenital heart disease, cardiac tumor, saphenous vein bypass graft aneurysm, Ebstein's anomaly, endomyocardial fibrosis, infective endocarditis, myxoma, rheumatic heart disease.[12] |
| Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | Methysergide |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | Carcinoid syndrome |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | No underlying causes |
| Genetic | No underlying causes |
| Hematologic | No underlying causes |
| Iatrogenic | Pacemaker infection, pacemaker leads[13], device closure of right coronary arteriovenous fistula.[14] |
| Infectious Disease | Infective endocarditis |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | Fabry disease, Whipple's disease |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | Carcinoid syndrome, cardiac tumor, intravenous leiomyomatous tumor,[10] metastatic tumor, myxoma |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
| Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | Amyloidosis,[15] systemic lupus erythematosus |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | No underlying causes |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | Giant blood cyst |
Causes by Alphabetical Order
- Amyloidosis[15]
- Carcinoid syndrome
- Cardiac tumor
- Congenital heart disease
- Ebstein's anomaly
- Endomyocardial fibrosis
- Fabry disease
- Giant blood cyst
- Infective endocarditis
- Intravenous leiomyomatous tumor[10]
- Metastatic tumor
- Myxoma
- Pacemaker infection
- Pacemaker leads
- Rheumatic heart disease
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Whipple's disease
References
- ↑ Roberts WC, Ko JM (July 2008). "Some observations on mitral and aortic valve disease". Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 21 (3): 282–99. doi:10.1080/08998280.2008.11928412. PMC 2446420. PMID 18628928.
- ↑ Baumgartner H, Hung J, Bermejo J, Chambers JB, Evangelista A, Griffin BP; et al. (2009). "Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice". Eur J Echocardiogr. 10 (1): 1–25. doi:10.1093/ejechocard/jen303. PMID 19065003.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Waller BF, Howard J, Fess S (1995). "Pathology of tricuspid valve stenosis and pure tricuspid regurgitation--Part I." Clin Cardiol. 18 (2): 97–102. PMID 7720297.
- ↑ Pellikka PA, Tajik AJ, Khandheria BK, Seward JB, Callahan JA, Pitot HC, Kvols LK (April 1993). "Carcinoid heart disease. Clinical and echocardiographic spectrum in 74 patients". Circulation. 87 (4): 1188–96. doi:10.1161/01.cir.87.4.1188. PMID 7681733.
- ↑ Gur AK, Odabasi D, Kunt AG, Kunt AS (July 2014). "Isolated tricuspid valve repair for Libman-Sacks endocarditis". Echocardiography. 31 (6): E166–8. doi:10.1111/echo.12558. PMID 24661289.
- ↑ Al-Hijji M, Yoon Park J, El Sabbagh A, Amin M, Maleszewski JJ, Borgeson DD (August 2015). "The Forgotten Valve: Isolated Severe Tricuspid Valve Stenosis". Circulation. 132 (7): e123–5. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.016315. PMID 26283605.
- ↑ Şaşkın H, Düzyol Ç, Özcan KS, Aksoy R (August 2015). "Right atrial myxoma mimicking tricuspid stenosis". BMJ Case Rep. 2015. doi:10.1136/bcr-2015-210818. PMC 4550937. PMID 26272962.
- ↑ Khatib N, Blumenfeld Z, Bronshtein M (November 2012). "Early prenatal diagnosis of tricuspid stenosis". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 207 (5): e6–8. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2012.08.030. PMID 22964066.
- ↑ Akram Q, Saravanan D, Levy R (April 2011). "Valvuloplasty for tricuspid stenosis caused by a ventriculoatrial shunt". Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 77 (5): 722–5. doi:10.1002/ccd.22745. PMID 20824751.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Nili M, Liban E, Levy MJ (June 1982). "Tricuspid stenosis due to intravenous leiomyomatosis--a call for caution: case report and review of the literature". Tex Heart Inst J. 9 (2): 231–5. PMC 351617. PMID 15226964.
- ↑ Muraru D, Badano LP, Sarais C, Soldà E, Iliceto S (June 2011). "Evaluation of tricuspid valve morphology and function by transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiography". Curr Cardiol Rep. 13 (3): 242–9. doi:10.1007/s11886-011-0176-3. PMID 21365261.
- ↑ Jellis CL, Navia JL, Flamm SD, Rodriguez LL (2016). "Severe Functional Tricuspid Stenosis Secondary to a Giant Saphenous Vein Bypass Graft Aneurysm". Circulation. 133 (21): 2099–102. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.014772. PMID 27217436 PMID: 27217436 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Taira K, Suzuki A, Fujino A, Watanabe T, Ogyu A, Ashikawa K (2006). "Tricuspid valve stenosis related to subvalvular adhesion of pacemaker lead: a case report". J Cardiol. 47 (6): 301–6. PMID 16800373.
- ↑ Changchien C, Lin MT, Wang CC, Liu HM, Wang CC, Chiu SN; et al. (2015). "Neonatal tricuspid stenosis caused by device closure of a large coronary fistula". EuroIntervention. 11 (7): e1. doi:10.4244/EIJV11I7A162. PMID 26603866 PMID: 26603866 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ 15.0 15.1 Kim KH, Park CH, Park HS, Kim YR, Choi EY (2014). "Amyloidosis-induced tricuspid stenosis mimicking rheumatic heart disease". Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 15 (10): 1167. doi:10.1093/ehjci/jeu075. PMID 24797117.