PRRX1: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox_gene}}
{{PBB_Controls
'''Paired related homeobox 1''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''PRRX1'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid1509260">{{cite journal | vauthors = Grueneberg DA, Natesan S, Alexandre C, Gilman MZ | title = Human and Drosophila homeodomain proteins that enhance the DNA-binding activity of serum response factor | journal = Science | volume = 257 | issue = 5073 | pages = 1089–95 |date=Sep 1992 | pmid = 1509260 | pmc =  | doi =10.1126/science.257.5073.1089  }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: PRRX1 paired related homeobox 1| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=5396| accessdate = }}</ref>
| update_page = yes
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
}}


<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
== Function ==
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image =
| image_source =
| PDB =
| Name = Paired related homeobox 1
| HGNCid = 9142
| Symbol = PRRX1
| AltSymbols =; PHOX1; PMX1; PRX1
| OMIM = 167420
| ECnumber = 
| Homologene = 7896
| MGIid = 97712
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_PRRX1_205991_s_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0003700 |text = transcription factor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0003713 |text = transcription coactivator activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0043565 |text = sequence-specific DNA binding}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005634 |text = nucleus}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006355 |text = regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007275 |text = multicellular organismal development}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 5396
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000116132
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_008833
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_006902
    | Hs_GenLoc_db = 
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 1
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 168898947
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 168975184
    | Hs_Uniprot = P54821
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 18933
    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000026586
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_001025570
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_001020741
    | Mm_GenLoc_db = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 1
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 165081791
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 165150325
    | Mm_Uniprot = P63013
  }}
}}
'''Paired related homeobox 1''', also known as '''PRRX1''', is a human [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: PRRX1 paired related homeobox 1| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=5396| accessdate = }}</ref>


<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
The DNA-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the paired family of [[homeobox]] proteins localized to the nucleus. The protein functions as a [[transcription coactivator]], enhancing the DNA-binding activity of [[serum response factor]], a protein required for the induction of genes by growth and differentiation factors. The protein regulates muscle [[creatine kinase]], indicating a role in the establishment of diverse [[mesodermal]] muscle types. Alternative splicing yields two isoforms that differ in abundance and expression patterns.<ref name="entrez" />
{{PBB_Summary
 
| section_title =
== Role in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation ==
| summary_text = The DNA-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the paired family of homeobox proteins localized to the nucleus. The protein functions as a transcription co-activator, enhancing the DNA-binding activity of serum response factor, a protein required for the induction of genes by growth and differentiation factors. The protein regulates muscle creatine kinase, indicating a role in the establishment of diverse mesodermal muscle types. Alternative splicing yields two isoforms that differ in abundance and expression patterns.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: PRRX1 paired related homeobox 1| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=5396| accessdate = }}</ref>
 
}}
''Prrx1'' expression is restricted to the [[mesoderm]] during [[embryonic development]], and both Prrx1 and [[PRRX2|Prrx2]] are expressed in [[mesenchymal]] tissues in adult mice.<ref name="pmid1383943">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kern MJ, Witte DP, Valerius MT, Aronow BJ, Potter SS | title = A novel murine homeobox gene isolated by a tissue specific PCR cloning strategy | journal = Nucleic Acids Res. | volume = 20 | issue = 19 | pages = 5189–95 |date=October 1992 | pmid = 1383943 | pmc = 334304 | doi = 10.1093/nar/20.19.5189 }}</ref><ref name="pmid8101172">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nohno T, Koyama E, Myokai F, Taniguchi S, Ohuchi H, Saito T, Noji S | title = A chicken homeobox gene related to Drosophila paired is predominantly expressed in the developing limb | journal = Dev. Biol. | volume = 158 | issue = 1 | pages = 254–64 |date=July 1993 | pmid = 8101172 | doi = 10.1006/dbio.1993.1184 }}</ref><ref name="pmid9876178">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lu MF, Cheng HT, Kern MJ, Potter SS, Tran B, Diekwisch TG, Martin JF | title = prx-1 functions cooperatively with another paired-related homeobox gene, prx-2, to maintain cell fates within the craniofacial mesenchyme | journal = Development | volume = 126 | issue = 3 | pages = 495–504 |date=February 1999 | pmid = 9876178 | url = http://dev.biologists.org/content/126/3/495.full.pdf }}</ref><ref name="pmid9817598">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hu YS, Zhou H, Kartsogiannis V, Eisman JA, Martin TJ, Ng KW | title = Expression of rat homeobox gene, rHOX, in developing and adult tissues in mice and regulation of its mRNA expression in osteoblasts by bone morphogenetic protein 2 and parathyroid hormone-related protein | journal = Mol. Endocrinol. | volume = 12 | issue = 11 | pages = 1721–32 |date=November 1998 | pmid = 9817598 | doi = 10.1210/me.12.11.1721 }}</ref><ref name="pmid1360403">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cserjesi P, Lilly B, Bryson L, Wang Y, Sassoon DA, Olson EN | title = MHox: a mesodermally restricted homeodomain protein that binds an essential site in the muscle creatine kinase enhancer | journal = Development | volume = 115 | issue = 4 | pages = 1087–101 |date=August 1992 | pmid = 1360403 | doi = }}</ref> Mice that lack both Prrx1 and Prrx2 have profound defects in mesenchymal cell differentiation in the [[craniofacial]] region.<ref name="pmid9876178" /><ref name="pmid9729491">{{cite journal | vauthors = ten Berge D, Brouwer A, Korving J, Martin JF, Meijlink F | title = Prx1 and Prx2 in skeletogenesis: roles in the craniofacial region, inner ear and limbs | journal = Development | volume = 125 | issue = 19 | pages = 3831–42 |date=October 1998 | pmid = 9729491 | doi = }}</ref> Several  recent studies demonstrate that PRRX1 can regulate differentiation of mesenchymal precursors. For example, PRRX1 inhibits adipogenesis by activating [[transforming growth factor-beta]] (TGF-beta) signaling,<ref name="pmid23250756">{{cite journal | vauthors = Du B, Cawthorn WP, Su A, Doucette CR, Yao Y, Hemati N, Kampert S, McCoin C, Broome DT, Rosen CJ, Yang G, MacDougald OA | title = The transcription factor paired-related homeobox 1 (Prrx1) inhibits adipogenesis by activating transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 288 | issue = 5 | pages = 3036–47 |date=February 2013 | pmid = 23250756 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M112.440370 | pmc = 3561528 }}</ref> and also acts downstream of [[tumor necrosis factor-alpha]] to inhibit [[osteoblast]] differentiation.<ref name="pmid20683885">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lu X, Beck GR, Gilbert LC, Camalier CE, Bateman NW, Hood BL, Conrads TP, Kern MJ, You S, Chen H, Nanes MS | title = Identification of the homeobox protein Prx1 (MHox, Prrx-1) as a regulator of osterix expression and mediator of tumor necrosis factor α action in osteoblast differentiation | journal = J. Bone Miner. Res. | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 209–19 |date=January 2011 | pmid = 20683885 | pmc = 3179318 | doi = 10.1002/jbmr.203 }}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}
 
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Grueneberg DA, Simon KJ, Brennan K, Gilman M |title=Sequence-specific targeting of nuclear signal transduction pathways by homeodomain proteins |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=15 |issue= 6 |pages= 3318–26 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7760827 |doi= | pmc=230565 }}
| citations =
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Maruyama K, Sugano S |title=Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides |journal=Gene |volume=138 |issue= 1–2 |pages= 171–4 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8125298 |doi=10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Grueneberg DA, Natesan S, Alexandre C, Gilman MZ |title=Human and Drosophila homeodomain proteins that enhance the DNA-binding activity of serum response factor. |journal=Science |volume=257 |issue= 5073 |pages= 1089-95 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1509260 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors = Grueneberg DA, Henry RW, Brauer A, Novina CD, Cheriyath V, Roy AL, Gilman M | title = A multifunctional DNA-binding protein that promotes the formation of serum response factor/homeodomain complexes: identity to TFII-I | journal = Genes Dev. | volume = 11 | issue = 19 | pages = 2482–93 |date=October 1997 | pmid = 9334314 | doi = 10.1101/gad.11.19.2482 | pmc=316568}}
*{{cite journal  | author=Grueneberg DA, Simon KJ, Brennan K, Gilman M |title=Sequence-specific targeting of nuclear signal transduction pathways by homeodomain proteins. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=15 |issue= 6 |pages= 3318-26 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7760827 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors = Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S | title = Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library | journal = Gene | volume = 200 | issue = 1-2 | pages = 149–56 |date=October 1997 | pmid = 9373149 | doi = 10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Maruyama K, Sugano S |title=Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides. |journal=Gene |volume=138 |issue= 1-2 |pages= 171-4 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8125298 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Nakamura T, Yamazaki Y, Hatano Y, Miura I |title=NUP98 is fused to PMX1 homeobox gene in human acute myelogenous leukemia with chromosome translocation t(1;11)(q23;p15) |journal=Blood |volume=94 |issue= 2 |pages= 741–7 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10397741 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Grueneberg DA, Henry RW, Brauer A, ''et al.'' |title=A multifunctional DNA-binding protein that promotes the formation of serum response factor/homeodomain complexes: identity to TFII-I. |journal=Genes Dev. |volume=11 |issue= 19 |pages= 2482-93 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9334314 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Kataoka K, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Shioda S, Nishizawa M |title=A set of Hox proteins interact with the Maf oncoprotein to inhibit its DNA binding, transactivation, and transforming activities |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=276 |issue= 1 |pages= 819–26 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11036080 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M007643200 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, ''et al.'' |title=Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library. |journal=Gene |volume=200 |issue= 1-2 |pages= 149-56 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9373149 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors = Norris RA, Scott KK, Moore CS, Stetten G, Brown CR, Jabs EW, Wulfsberg EA, Yu J, Kern MJ | title = Human PRRX1 and PRRX2 genes: cloning, expression, genomic localization, and exclusion as disease genes for Nager syndrome | journal = Mamm. Genome | volume = 11 | issue = 11 | pages = 1000–5 |date=November 2000 | pmid = 11063257 | doi = 10.1007/s003350010193 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Nakamura T, Yamazaki Y, Hatano Y, Miura I |title=NUP98 is fused to PMX1 homeobox gene in human acute myelogenous leukemia with chromosome translocation t(1;11)(q23;p15). |journal=Blood |volume=94 |issue= 2 |pages= 741-7 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10397741 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors = Jones FS, Meech R, Edelman DB, Oakey RJ, Jones PL | title = Prx1 controls vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and tenascin-C expression and is upregulated with Prx2 in pulmonary vascular disease | journal = Circ. Res. | volume = 89 | issue = 2 | pages = 131–8 |date=July 2001 | pmid = 11463719 | doi = 10.1161/hh1401.093582 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Dias Neto E, Correa RG, Verjovski-Almeida S, ''et al.'' |title=Shotgun sequencing of the human transcriptome with ORF expressed sequence tags. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=97 |issue= 7 |pages= 3491-6 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10737800 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors = Izmailova E, Bertley FM, Huang Q, Makori N, Miller CJ, Young RA, Aldovini A | title = HIV-1 Tat reprograms immature dendritic cells to express chemoattractants for activated T cells and macrophages | journal = Nat. Med. | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | pages = 191–7 |date=February 2003 | pmid = 12539042 | doi = 10.1038/nm822 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Kataoka K, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Shioda S, Nishizawa M |title=A set of Hox proteins interact with the Maf oncoprotein to inhibit its DNA binding, transactivation, and transforming activities. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=276 |issue= 1 |pages= 819-26 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11036080 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M007643200 }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors = Wissmüller S, Kosian T, Wolf M, Finzsch M, Wegner M | title = The high-mobility-group domain of Sox proteins interacts with DNA-binding domains of many transcription factors | journal = Nucleic Acids Res. | volume = 34 | issue = 6 | pages = 1735–44 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16582099 | pmc = 1421504 | doi = 10.1093/nar/gkl105 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Norris RA, Scott KK, Moore CS, ''et al.'' |title=Human PRRX1 and PRRX2 genes: cloning, expression, genomic localization, and exclusion as disease genes for Nager syndrome. |journal=Mamm. Genome |volume=11 |issue= 11 |pages= 1000-5 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11063257 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors = Gregory SG, Barlow KF, McLay KE, Kaul R, Swarbreck D, Dunham A, Scott CE, Howe KL, Woodfine K, Spencer CC, et al. | title = The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1 | journal = Nature | volume = 441 | issue = 7091 | pages = 315–21 |date=May 2006 | pmid = 16710414| doi = 10.1038/nature04727 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Jones FS, Meech R, Edelman DB, ''et al.'' |title=Prx1 controls vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and tenascin-C expression and is upregulated with Prx2 in pulmonary vascular disease. |journal=Circ. Res. |volume=89 |issue= 2 |pages= 131-8 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11463719 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors = Kim YJ, Ahn JY, Liang P, Ip C, Zhang Y, Park YM | title = Human prx1 gene is a target of Nrf2 and is up-regulated by hypoxia/reoxygenation: implication to tumor biology | journal = Cancer Res. | volume = 67 | issue = 2 | pages = 546–54 |date=January 2007 | pmid = 17234762 | doi = 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-2401 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, ''et al.'' |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899-903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Izmailova E, Bertley FM, Huang Q, ''et al.'' |title=HIV-1 Tat reprograms immature dendritic cells to express chemoattractants for activated T cells and macrophages. |journal=Nat. Med. |volume=9 |issue= 2 |pages= 191-7 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12539042 |doi= 10.1038/nm822 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, ''et al.'' |title=The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). |journal=Genome Res. |volume=14 |issue= 10B |pages= 2121-7 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15489334 |doi= 10.1101/gr.2596504 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Wissmüller S, Kosian T, Wolf M, ''et al.'' |title=The high-mobility-group domain of Sox proteins interacts with DNA-binding domains of many transcription factors. |journal=Nucleic Acids Res. |volume=34 |issue= 6 |pages= 1735-44 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16582099 |doi= 10.1093/nar/gkl105 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Gregory SG, Barlow KF, McLay KE, ''et al.'' |title=The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1. |journal=Nature |volume=441 |issue= 7091 |pages= 315-21 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16710414 |doi= 10.1038/nature04727 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Kim YJ, Ahn JY, Liang P, ''et al.'' |title=Human prx1 gene is a target of Nrf2 and is up-regulated by hypoxia/reoxygenation: implication to tumor biology. |journal=Cancer Res. |volume=67 |issue= 2 |pages= 546-54 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17234762 |doi= 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-2401 }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


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* {{MeshName|PRRX1+protein,+human}}
* {{MeshName|PRRX1+protein,+human}}


{{NLM content}}
{{Transcription factors|g3}}


{{protein-stub}}
{{NLM content}}
{{Transcription factors}}
[[Category:Transcription factors]]
[[Category:Transcription factors]]
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Latest revision as of 18:46, 7 September 2017

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Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

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Ensembl

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UniProt

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RefSeq (mRNA)

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RefSeq (protein)

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Location (UCSC)n/an/a
PubMed searchn/an/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Paired related homeobox 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRRX1 gene.[1][2]

Function

The DNA-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the paired family of homeobox proteins localized to the nucleus. The protein functions as a transcription coactivator, enhancing the DNA-binding activity of serum response factor, a protein required for the induction of genes by growth and differentiation factors. The protein regulates muscle creatine kinase, indicating a role in the establishment of diverse mesodermal muscle types. Alternative splicing yields two isoforms that differ in abundance and expression patterns.[2]

Role in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation

Prrx1 expression is restricted to the mesoderm during embryonic development, and both Prrx1 and Prrx2 are expressed in mesenchymal tissues in adult mice.[3][4][5][6][7] Mice that lack both Prrx1 and Prrx2 have profound defects in mesenchymal cell differentiation in the craniofacial region.[5][8] Several recent studies demonstrate that PRRX1 can regulate differentiation of mesenchymal precursors. For example, PRRX1 inhibits adipogenesis by activating transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling,[9] and also acts downstream of tumor necrosis factor-alpha to inhibit osteoblast differentiation.[10]

References

  1. ↑ Grueneberg DA, Natesan S, Alexandre C, Gilman MZ (Sep 1992). "Human and Drosophila homeodomain proteins that enhance the DNA-binding activity of serum response factor". Science. 257 (5073): 1089–95. doi:10.1126/science.257.5073.1089. PMID 1509260.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Entrez Gene: PRRX1 paired related homeobox 1".
  3. ↑ Kern MJ, Witte DP, Valerius MT, Aronow BJ, Potter SS (October 1992). "A novel murine homeobox gene isolated by a tissue specific PCR cloning strategy". Nucleic Acids Res. 20 (19): 5189–95. doi:10.1093/nar/20.19.5189. PMC 334304. PMID 1383943.
  4. ↑ Nohno T, Koyama E, Myokai F, Taniguchi S, Ohuchi H, Saito T, Noji S (July 1993). "A chicken homeobox gene related to Drosophila paired is predominantly expressed in the developing limb". Dev. Biol. 158 (1): 254–64. doi:10.1006/dbio.1993.1184. PMID 8101172.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lu MF, Cheng HT, Kern MJ, Potter SS, Tran B, Diekwisch TG, Martin JF (February 1999). "prx-1 functions cooperatively with another paired-related homeobox gene, prx-2, to maintain cell fates within the craniofacial mesenchyme" (PDF). Development. 126 (3): 495–504. PMID 9876178.
  6. ↑ Hu YS, Zhou H, Kartsogiannis V, Eisman JA, Martin TJ, Ng KW (November 1998). "Expression of rat homeobox gene, rHOX, in developing and adult tissues in mice and regulation of its mRNA expression in osteoblasts by bone morphogenetic protein 2 and parathyroid hormone-related protein". Mol. Endocrinol. 12 (11): 1721–32. doi:10.1210/me.12.11.1721. PMID 9817598.
  7. ↑ Cserjesi P, Lilly B, Bryson L, Wang Y, Sassoon DA, Olson EN (August 1992). "MHox: a mesodermally restricted homeodomain protein that binds an essential site in the muscle creatine kinase enhancer". Development. 115 (4): 1087–101. PMID 1360403.
  8. ↑ ten Berge D, Brouwer A, Korving J, Martin JF, Meijlink F (October 1998). "Prx1 and Prx2 in skeletogenesis: roles in the craniofacial region, inner ear and limbs". Development. 125 (19): 3831–42. PMID 9729491.
  9. ↑ Du B, Cawthorn WP, Su A, Doucette CR, Yao Y, Hemati N, Kampert S, McCoin C, Broome DT, Rosen CJ, Yang G, MacDougald OA (February 2013). "The transcription factor paired-related homeobox 1 (Prrx1) inhibits adipogenesis by activating transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling". J. Biol. Chem. 288 (5): 3036–47. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.440370. PMC 3561528. PMID 23250756.
  10. ↑ Lu X, Beck GR, Gilbert LC, Camalier CE, Bateman NW, Hood BL, Conrads TP, Kern MJ, You S, Chen H, Nanes MS (January 2011). "Identification of the homeobox protein Prx1 (MHox, Prrx-1) as a regulator of osterix expression and mediator of tumor necrosis factor α action in osteoblast differentiation". J. Bone Miner. Res. 26 (1): 209–19. doi:10.1002/jbmr.203. PMC 3179318. PMID 20683885.

Further reading

External links

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

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