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:* [[Prednisolone]]
:* [[Prednisolone]]
:* [[Secobarbital sodium]]
:* [[Secobarbital sodium]]
:* [[Sodium aurothiomalate]]
:* [[vandetanib]]
:* [[vandetanib]]


Revision as of 16:22, 16 February 2015

Bradycardia Microchapters

Home

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Bradycardia from other Conditions

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

Chest X Ray

CT

Echocardiography

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Bradycardia causes On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Bradycardia causes

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Bradycardia causes

CDC on Bradycardia causes

Bradycardia causes in the news

Blogs on Bradycardia causes

Directions to Hospitals Treating Bradycardia

Risk calculators and risk factors for Bradycardia causes

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: M.Umer Tariq [2]; Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [3]

Overview

Pathologic bradycardias are caused by disorders of impulse generation (impaired automaticity at SA node), impulse conduction (heart block) or escape pacemakers and rhythms. Bradycardia can be underlain by several causes, which are best divided into cardiac and non-cardiac causes or based on the location of the abnormality.

Causes

  • Drugs:

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.


Common Causes

Causes Based on Pathophysiologic Origin of Impulse

From the Atria

Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia

Sinus bradycardia

Sinoatrial block

Sinus arrest

Sick sinus syndrome


First degree AV block

Second degree AV block

Complete or third-degree AV block

Short PR interval

From the AV junction

Junctional bradycardia

From the Ventricles

Isorhythmic A-V dissociation

Idioventricular rhythm

Ventricular escape beat

Combined List of Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Boujnah MR, Jaafari A, Boukhris B, Boussabah I, Thameur M (2000). "[Sinoatrial block induced by therapeutic doses of diltiazem. Report of 3 cases]". Tunis Med. 78 (12): 735–7. PMID 11155380.
  2. ↑ Jump up to: 2.0 2.1 2.2 Malla RR, Sayami A (2007). "In hospital complications and mortality of patients of inferior wall myocardial infarction with right ventricular infarction". JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 46 (167): 99–102. PMID 18274563.
  3. ↑ Jump up to: 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Van Bogaert, PP.; Pittoors, F. (2003). "Use-dependent blockade of cardiac pacemaker current (If) by cilobradine and zatebradine". Eur J Pharmacol. 478 (2–3): 161–71. PMID 14575801. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ Jump up to: 4.0 4.1 4.2 Bailey PL (1990). "Sinus arrest induced by trivial nasal stimulation during alfentanil-nitrous oxide anaesthesia". Br J Anaesth. 65 (5): 718–20. PMID 2248851.
  5. ↑ Jump up to: 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Mills TA, Kawji MM, Cataldo VD, Pappas ND, O'Meallie LP, Breaux DM; et al. (2004). "Profound sinus bradycardia due to diltiazem, verapamil, and/or beta-adrenergic blocking drugs". J La State Med Soc. 156 (6): 327–31. PMID 15688675.
  6. ↑ Jump up to: 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Lines D, Shipton EA (1991). "Severe bradycardia and sinus arrest after administration of vecuronium, fentanyl and halothane. A case report". S Afr Med J. 80 (4): 200–1. PMID 1678901.
  7. ↑ Jump up to: 7.0 7.1 7.2 Bonvini RF, Hendiri T, Anwar A (2006). "Sinus arrest and moderate hyperkalemia". Annales De Cardiologie Et D'angéiologie. 55 (3): 161–3. PMID 16792034. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ Jump up to: 8.0 8.1 8.2 Koay S, Dewan B (2013). "An unexpected Holter monitor result: multiple sinus arrests in a patient with lateral medullary syndrome". BMJ Case Rep. 2013. doi:10.1136/bcr-2012-007783. PMID 23386489.
  9. ↑ Jump up to: 9.0 9.1 van Cleef AN, Schuurman MJ, Busari JO (2011). "Third-degree atrioventricular block in an adolescent following acute alcohol intoxication". BMJ Case Rep. 2011. doi:10.1136/bcr.07.2011.4547. PMID 22679160.
  10. ↑ Jump up to: 10.0 10.1 Brvar M, Bunc M (2009). "High-degree atrioventricular block in acute ethanol poisoning: a case report". Cases J. 2: 8559. doi:10.4076/1757-1626-2-8559. PMC 2769457. PMID 19918387.
  11. ↑ Jump up to: 11.0 11.1 Wills BK, Liu JM, Wahl M (2010). "Third-degree AV block from extended-release diltiazem ingestion in a nine-month-old". J Emerg Med. 38 (3): 328–31. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2007.10.053. PMID 18403171. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  12. ↑ Jump up to: 12.0 12.1 Tian Z, Fang Q, Zhao DC; et al. (2010). "[The clinico-pathological manifestation of cardiac involvement in eosinophilic diseases]". Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi (in Chinese). 49 (8): 684–7. PMID 20979789. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ Jump up to: 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 "Congenital complete atrioventricular block". Retrieved 21 August 2013.
  14. ↑ Jump up to: 14.0 14.1 Lionakis N, Moyssakis I, Gialafos E, Dalianis N, Votteas V (2008). "Aortic dissection and third-degree atrioventricular block in a patient with a hypertensive crisis". J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 10 (1): 69–72. PMID 18174773. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  15. ↑ Jump up to: 15.0 15.1 Amasyalı B, Barçın C, Kılıç A (2011). "[Supra-His complete atrioventricular block in a patient with subclinical hyperthyroidism]". Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars (in Turkish). 39 (8): 693–6. PMID 22257810. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  16. ↑ Jump up to: 16.0 16.1 Liu R, Qiao SB, Hu FH, Yang WX, Yuan JS (2012). "[Clinical features of five patients with delayed third degree atrioventricular block after ethanol septal ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy]". Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi (in Chinese). 40 (12): 1009–11. PMID 23363714. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  17. ↑ Jump up to: 17.0 17.1 Sykes JA, Lubega J, Ezetendu C, Verma R, O'Connor B, Kalyanaraman M (2011). "Asymptomatic complete atrioventricular block in a 13-year-old girl". Pediatr Emerg Care. 27 (11): 1081–3. doi:10.1097/PEC.0b013e3182360674. PMID 22068075. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  18. ↑ Jump up to: 18.0 18.1 Bhattacharya IS, Dweck M, Francis M (2010). "Lyme carditis: a reversible cause of complete atrioventricular block". J R Coll Physicians Edinb. 40 (2): 121–2. doi:10.4997/JRCPE.2010.207. PMID 21125053. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  19. ↑ Jump up to: 19.0 19.1 Wagner V, Zima E, Gellér L, Merkely B (2010). "[Acute atrioventricular block in chronic Lyme disease]". Orv Hetil (in Hungarian). 151 (39): 1585–90. doi:10.1556/OH.2010.28965. PMID 20840915. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  20. ↑ Jump up to: 20.0 20.1 Semmler D, Blank R, Rupprecht H (2010). "Complete AV block in Lyme carditis: an important differential diagnosis". Clin Res Cardiol. 99 (8): 519–26. doi:10.1007/s00392-010-0152-8. PMID 20464556. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  21. ↑ Jump up to: 21.0 21.1 Facenda-Lorenzo M, Hernández-Afonso J, Rodríguez-Esteban M, de León-Hernández JC, Grillo-Pérez JJ (2012). "Cardiac Manifestations in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 Patients Followed Using a Standard Protocol in a Specialized Unit". Rev Esp Cardiol. doi:10.1016/j.recesp.2012.08.011. PMID 23194837. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  22. ↑ Jump up to: 22.0 22.1 Femenía F, Arce M, Arrieta M (2010). "[Systemic sclerosis complicated with syncope and complete AV block]". Medicina (B Aires) (in Spanish; Castilian). 70 (5): 442–4. PMID 20920962.
  23. ↑ Jump up to: 23.0 23.1 Maleki AR, Nikyar B, Hosseini SM (2012). "Third-Degree Heart Block in Thalassemia major: A Case Report". Iran J Pediatr. 22 (2): 260–4. PMC 3446065. PMID 23056897. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  24. ↑ Jump up to: 24.0 24.1 Thakar S, Chandra P, Pednekar M, Kabalkin C, Shani J (2012). "Complete heart block following a blow on the chest by a soccer ball: a rare manifestation of commotio cordis". Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 17 (3): 280–2. doi:10.1111/j.1542-474X.2012.00518.x. PMID 22816548. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  25. ↑ Jump up to: 25.0 25.1 Portet N, Riu B, Bounes V, Minville V, Fourcade O (2012). "Left ventricular-right atrial communication with third-degree atrioventricular block after thoracic trauma". J Emerg Med. 43 (6): e385–8. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2010.11.059. PMID 21621364. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  26. ↑ Jump up to: 26.0 26.1 Frikha Z, Abid L, Abid D; et al. (2011). "Cardiac tamponade and paroxysmal third-degree atrioventricular block revealing a primary cardiac non-Hodgkin large B-cell lymphoma of the right ventricle: a case report". J Med Case Rep. 5: 433. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-5-433. PMC 3180417. PMID 21892927.
  27. ↑ Jump up to: 27.0 27.1 Houchaymi Z, Helou S, Ballout J (2010). "[Pericardial tamponade and third-degree atrioventricular block revealing a primary cardiac lymphoma]". Rev Med Interne (in French). 31 (11): e4–6. doi:10.1016/j.revmed.2010.01.014. PMID 20605278. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  28. ↑ Jump up to: 28.0 28.1 Perloff JK (1984). "Cardiac rhythm and conduction in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy: a prospective study of 20 patients". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 3 (5): 1263–8. PMID 6707378. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  29. ↑ Jump up to: 29.0 29.1 Efthimiou J, McLelland J, Betteridge DJ (1986). "Short PR intervals and tachyarrhythmias in Fabry's disease". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 62 (726): 285–7. PMC 2418650. PMID 3086855. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  30. ↑ Jump up to: 30.0 30.1 Huang SK, Rosenberg MJ, Denes P (1984). "Short PR interval and narrow QRS complex associated with pheochromocytoma: electrophysiologic observations". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 3 (3): 872–5. PMID 6693659. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  31. ↑ Jump up to: 31.0 31.1 Castellanos A, Castillo CA, Agha AS, Tessler M (1971). "His bundle electrograms in patients with short P-R intervals, narrow QRS complexes, and paroxysmal tachycardias". Circulation. 43 (5): 667–78. PMID 5578843. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  32. ↑ Jump up to: 32.0 32.1 McGregor A, Hurst E, Lord S, Jones G. "Bradycardia following retinoic acid differentiation syndrome in a patient with acute promyelocytic leukaemia". BMJ Case Rep. doi:10.1136/bcr.02.2012.5848. PMID 22778455.
  33. ↑ Jump up to: 33.0 33.1 Cannillo M, Frea S, Fornengo C, Toso E, Mercurio G, Battista S; et al. (2013). "Berberine behind the thriller of marked symptomatic bradycardia". World J Cardiol. 5 (7): 261–4. doi:10.4330/wjc.v5.i7.261. PMC 3722425. PMID 23888197.
  34. ↑ Jump up to: 34.0 34.1 Mehlsen J, Kaijer MN, Mehlsen AB (2008). "Autonomic and electrocardiographic changes in cardioinhibitory syncope". Europace. 10 (1): 91–5. doi:10.1093/europace/eum237. PMID 17971422.
  35. ↑ Jump up to: 35.0 35.1 Isbister GK (2002). "Delayed asystolic cardiac arrest after diltiazem overdose; resuscitation with high dose intravenous calcium". Emerg Med J. 19 (4): 355–7. PMC 1725910. PMID 12101159.
  36. ↑ Jump up to: 36.0 36.1 Brembilla-Perrot B, Muhanna I, Nippert M, Popovic B, Beurrier D, Houriez P; et al. (2005). "Paradoxical effect of isoprenaline infusion". Europace. 7 (6): 621–7. doi:10.1016/j.eupc.2005.06.012. PMID 16216767.
  37. ↑ Jump up to: 37.0 37.1 Guillén EL, Ruíz AM, Bugallo JB (1998). "Hypotension, bradycardia, and asystole after high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone in a monitored patient". Am J Kidney Dis. 32 (2): E4. PMID 10074612.
  38. ↑ Jump up to: 38.0 38.1 Landovitz RJ, Sax PE (1999). "Symptomatic junctional bradycardia after treatment with nelfinavir". Clin Infect Dis. 29 (2): 449–50. doi:10.1086/520237. PMID 10476763.
  39. ↑ Jump up to: 39.0 39.1 Zyśko D, Gajek J, Agrawal AK, Rudnicki J (2012). "[The relevance of junctional rhythm during neurocardiogenic reaction provoked by tilt testing]". Kardiol Pol. 70 (2): 148–55. PMID 22427080.
  40. ↑ Jump up to: 40.0 40.1 Cohen AS, Matharu MS, Goadsby PJ (2007). "Electrocardiographic abnormalities in patients with cluster headache on verapamil therapy". Neurology. 69 (7): 668–75. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000267319.18123.d3. PMID 17698788.

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