Bradycardia medical therapy

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: M.Umer Tariq [2] Ibtisam Ashraf, M.B.B.S.[3]

Overview

Medical treatment of bradycardia is categorized into emergent and permanent. Usually, sinus bradycardia treatment is not recommended for asymptomatic patients. Correcting underlying electrolyte or acid-base deficiencies or hypoxia in symptomatic patients. Intravenous atropine can temporarily help symptomatic patients.

2018 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline on the Evaluation and Management of Patients With Bradycardia and Cardiac Conduction Delay: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society[1]

Recommendations for Atropine and Beta Agonists for Bradycardia Attributable to SND

Class IIa
1.In patients with SND associated with symptoms or hemodynamic compromise, atropine is reasonable to increase sinus rate.(Level of Evidence: C-LD)
Class IIb
1.In patients with SND associated with symptoms or hemodynamic compromise who are at low likelihood of coronary ischemia, isoproterenol, dopamine, dobutamine, or epinephrine may be considered to increase heart rate and improve symptoms. (Level of Evidence: C-LD)

Recommendations for Therapy of Beta Blocker and Calcium Channel Blocker Mediated Bradycardia

Class IIa
1.In patients with bradycardia associated with symptoms or hemodynamic compromise because of calcium channel blocker overdose, intravenous calcium is reasonable to increase heart rate and improve symptoms. (Level of Evidence: C-LD)
2. In patients with bradycardia associated with symptoms or hemodynamic compromise because of beta- blocker or calcium channel blocker overdose, glucagon is reasonable to increase heart rate and improve symptoms. (Level of Evidence: C-LD)
3. In patients with bradycardia associated with symptoms or hemodynamic compromise because of beta- blocker or calcium channel blocker overdose, high-dose insulin therapy is reasonable to increase heart rate and improve symptoms. (Level of Evidence: C-LD)

Recommendations for Therapy of Digoxin Mediated Bradycardia Attributable to SND or Atrioventricular Block

Class IIa
1.In patients with bradycardia associated with symptoms or hemodynamic compromise in the setting of digoxin toxicity, digoxin Fab antibody fragment is reasonable to increase heart rate and improve symptoms. (Level of Evidence: C-LD)

Recommendations for Theophylline/Aminophylline for Bradycardia Attributable to SND

Class IIa
1.In post-heart transplant patients, aminophylline or theophylline is reasonable to increase heart rate if clinically indicated. (Level of Evidence: C-LD)
2. In patients with SND associated with symptoms or hemodynamic compromise in the setting of acute spinal cord injury, aminophylline or theophylline is reasonable to increase heart rate and improve symptoms. (Level of Evidence: C-LD)

Medical Therapy

Urgent Treatment

Chronic Management

There are two main reasons for treating bradycardia:

  1. With bradycardia, the first is to address the associated symptoms, such as fatigue, limitations on how much an individual can physically exert, fainting (syncope), dizziness or lightheadedness, or other vague and non-specific symptoms.
  2. The other reason to treat bradycardia is if the person's ultimate outcome (prognosis) will be changed or impacted by the bradycardia.

Treatment in this vein depends on whether any symptoms are present, and what the underlying cause is. Primary or idiopathic bradycardia is treated symptomatically if it is significant, and the underlying cause is treated if the bradycardia is secondary.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Symptoms
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Yes
Hemodynamically
Stable
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Uncertain/no
No immediate treatment
Consider additional
diagnostic testing:
Ambulatory ECG
ETT
TSH
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
No
IV atropine 0.5mg IV push;
Can be repeated every three to
five minutes upto 3mg total
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Yes
Signs/Symptoms
of acute MI
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Do HR and
symptoms improve?
 
 
 
Yes
Treat
Accordingly
 
 
 
 
 
 
No
Check for other causes
(TSH, infection)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
No
Temporary
Pacemaker
 
Yes
Monitor
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


Contraindicated medications

Persistently severe bradycardia is considered an absolute contraindication to the use of the following medications:

Symptomatic bradycardia (except in patients with a functioning artificial pacemaker) is considered an absolute contraindication to the use of the following medications:

References

  1. Kusumoto FM, Schoenfeld MH, Barrett C, Edgerton JR, Ellenbogen KA, Gold MR; et al. (2019). "2018 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline on the Evaluation and Management of Patients With Bradycardia and Cardiac Conduction Delay: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society". Circulation. 140 (8): e382–e482. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000628. PMID 30586772.
  2. Neumar RW, Otto CW, Link MS, Kronick SL, Shuster M, Callaway CW, Kudenchuk PJ, Ornato JP, McNally B, Silvers SM, Passman RS, White RD, Hess EP, Tang W, Davis D, Sinz E, Morrison LJ (November 2010). "Part 8: adult advanced cardiovascular life support: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care". Circulation. 122 (18 Suppl 3): S729–67. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.970988. PMID 20956224.
  3. Kusumoto FM, Schoenfeld MH, Barrett C, Edgerton JR, Ellenbogen KA, Gold MR, Goldschlager NF, Hamilton RM, Joglar JA, Kim RJ, Lee R, Marine JE, McLeod CJ, Oken KR, Patton KK, Pellegrini CN, Selzman KA, Thompson A, Varosy PD (August 2019). "2018 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline on the Evaluation and Management of Patients With Bradycardia and Cardiac Conduction Delay: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 74 (7): e51–e156. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.10.044. PMID 30412709.

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