Pedal edema causes: Difference between revisions
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{{Pedal edema}} | {{Pedal edema}} | ||
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{MUT}}; | {{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' {{MUT}}; [[User:Mugilan Poongkunran|Mugilan Poongkunran M.B.B.S]] | ||
==Overview== | |||
Pedal edema can be either pitting or non pitting. [[Peripheral edema|Peripheral]] pitting edema in which an indentation remains after pressure is released, is the more common type of peripheral edema, and results from water retention. It can be caused by systemic diseases, [[pregnancy]] in some women, [[heart failure]], or local conditions such as [[varicose veins]], [[thrombophlebitis]], [[insect bites]], and [[dermatitis]]. Non-pitting edema is observed when the indentation does not persist. It is associated with [[lymphedema]], [[lipedema]] and [[myxedema]]. Edema caused by malnutrition defines [[kwashiorkor]], an acute form of childhood protein-energy [[malnutrition]] characterized by edema, [[irritability]], [[anorexia]], ulcerating [[dermatoses]], and an [[enlarged liver]] with fatty infiltrates. | |||
== Causes == | == Causes == | ||
===Life Threatening Causes=== | ===Life Threatening Causes=== | ||
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. | |||
*[[Anaphylaxis]] | *[[Anaphylaxis]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Bee sting]] | ||
*[[Burns]] | *[[Burns]] | ||
*[[Carbon monoxide]] | *[[Carbon monoxide]] | ||
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*[[Myocardial infarction]] | *[[Myocardial infarction]] | ||
==Common Causes== | ===Common Causes=== | ||
*[[Acute glomerulonephritis]] | *[[Acute glomerulonephritis]] | ||
*[[Calcium channel blockers]] | *[[Calcium channel blockers]] | ||
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{|style="width:70%; height:100px" border="1" | {|style="width:70%; height:100px" border="1" | ||
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular''' | |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular''' | ||
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" |[[Aneurysm]], [[AV fistula]] | |style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" |[[Aneurysm]], [[AV fistula]], [[valvular heart disease|cardiac valvular dysplasia]], [[cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome]], [[cardiomyopathies]], [[constrictive pericarditis|chronic constrictive pericarditis]], [[right heart failure|chronic right sided heart failure]], [[venous insufficiency|chronic venous insufficiency]], [[congenital heart disease]], [[mitral valve disease|congenital mitral malformation]], [[mitral stenosis|congenital mitral stenosis]], [[congestive heart failure]], [[constrictive pericarditis]], [[cor pulmonale]], [[coronary heart disease]], [[deep vein thrombosis]], [[dilated cardiomyopathy]], [[Henoch-Schönlein purpura]], [[primary lymphedema|hereditary congenital lymphedema]], [[hypertensive heart disease]], [[infective endocarditis]], [[left heart failure]], [[valvular heart disease|left-sided valvular disease]], [[lymphatic obstruction]], [[lymphedema]], [[primary lymphedema|lymphedema tarda]], [[primary lymphedema|lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome]], [[primary lymphedema|lymphoedema praecox]], [[May-Thurner syndrome]], [[Milroy's Disease|Milroy's disease]], [[myocardial Infarction]], [[Noonan syndrome]], [[Norgestrel and Ethinyl estradiol]], [[pericardial effusion]], [[pericarditis]], [[peripheral vascular disease]], [[phlegmasia alba dolens]], [[portal hypertension]], [[primary lymphedema]], [[pulmonary stenosis]], [[pulmonary stenosis|sub-pulmonary stenosis]], [[thrombophlebitis]], [[thrombosis]], [[tricuspid regurgitation]], [[tricuspid stenosis]], [[varicose veins]], [[vasculitis]], [[venous thrombosis|venous obstruction]], [[venous thrombosis]], [[venous ulcer]], [[yellow nail syndrome]], [[Young Simpson syndrome]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Drug Side Effect''' | | '''Drug Side Effect''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ACE inhibitors]], [[aceon]], [[actos]], [[aldomet]], [[amiodarone]], [[amlodipine]], [[amoxicillin-clavulanate]], [[angiotensin II receptor blockers]], [[antihistamines]], [[arixtra]], [[aspirin]], [[atorvastatin]], [[avandia]], [[beta blockers]], [[calcium channel blockers]], [[ | |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acetaminophen]], [[ACE inhibitors]], [[aceon]], [[actos]], [[aldomet]], [[amiodarone]], [[amlodipine]], [[Amlodipine and Benazepril]], [[Amlodipine besylate and Valsartan]], [[amoxicillin-clavulanate]], [[angiotensin II receptor blockers]], [[antihistamines]], [[arixtra]], [[aspirin]], [[atorvastatin]], [[avandia]], [[beta blockers]],[[Bosutinib]], [[calcium channel blockers]], [[carbamazepine]], [[carbenoxolone]], [[cardura]], [[casodex]], [[Cefpodoxime]], [[chlorpromazine]], [[cilostazol]], [[cisplatin]], [[clopidogrel]], [[colchicine]], [[conivaptan]], [[coreg]], [[crestor]], [[cyclophosphamide]], [[dacarbazine]], [[danazol]], [[Denileukin diftitox]], [[deserpidine]], [[diltiazem]], [[diflunisal]], [[docetaxel]], [[Enzalutamide]], [[Eribulin]], [[estrogen]], [[Etonogestrel]], [[evista]], [[febuxostat]], [[felodipine]], [[flecainide]], [[fludrocortisone]], [[fondaparinux]], [[gabapentin]], [[Gemcitabine]], [[glitazones]], [[Goserelin]], [[guanethidine]], [[halothane]], [[herceptin]], [[hormonal contraceptives]], [[hydralazine]], [[Ibrutinib]], [[ibuprofen]], [[imatinib mesylate]], [[indomethacin]], [[baclofen|intrathecal baclofen]], [[isoniazid]], [[isradipine]], [[Ketorolac tromethamine]], [[labetalol]], [[lamotrigine]], [[leflunomide]], [[lipitor]], [[lithium]], [[malignant hyperthermia]], [[Medroxyprogesterone]], [[Megestrol]], [[Meloxicam]], [[methadone]], [[methylprednisolone]], [[methysergide]], [[Mifepristone]], [[minipress]], [[minoxidil]], [[miltefosine]], [[Meprobamate]], [[motrin]], [[naltrexone]], [[Naproxen sodium]], [[Naproxen and esomeprazole magnesium]], [[neuroleptic malignant syndrome]], [[Niacin]], [[nicardipine]], [[nifedipine]], [[nitrendipine]], [[nitrofurantoin]], [[anesthesia|non-depolarizing muscle blocking agents]], [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]], [[norpace]], [[norvasc]], [[Olanzapine]], [[Olsalazine]], [[Oprelvekin]], [[phenylbutazone]], [[phenytoin]], [[pinacidil]], [[pindolol]], [[pioglitazone]], [[Piroxicam]], [[plendil]], [[pramipexole]], [[propylthiouracil]], [[Radium chloride]], [[Rasagiline]], [[repaglinide]], [[reserpine]], [[riociguat]],[[rofecoxib]], [[ropinirole]], [[roxithromycin]], [[Sargramostim]], [[saxagliptin]], [[selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]], [[statins]], [[Sunitinib]], [[tamoxifen]], [[taxol]], [[tazarotene]], [[temsirolimus]], [[tenormin]], [[thiazolidinedione]], [[tocilizumab]], [[Trametinib dimethyl sulfoxide]], [[tretinoin]], [[univasc]], [[valproic acid]], [[vasodilators]], [[verapamil]], [[vytorin]], [[Thalidomide]], [[xeloda]], [[zidovudine]], [[zonisamide]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Endocrine''' | | '''Endocrine''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acromegaly]], [[ | |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acromegaly]], [[Addison's disease]], [[Cushing's syndrome]], [[diabetes]], [[diabetic ketoacidosis]], [[hormonal contraceptives]], [[hyperthyroidism]], [[hypothyroidism]], [[mitochondrial disease]], [[myxoedema]], [[ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome]], [[POEMS syndrome]], | ||
[[Young Simpson syndrome]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Gastroenterologic''' | | '''Gastroenterologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alagille syndrome]], [[alcohol abuse]], [[alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency]], [[arginosuccinate synthetase deficiency]], [[autoimmune hepatitis]], [[biliary atresia]], [[carcinoid tumours and carcinoid syndrome]], [[celiac disease]], [[cirrhosis]], [[crohn's disease]], [[exudative enteropathy]], [[galactosemia]], [[giardiasis]], [[haemochromatosis]], [[hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis]], [[Hennekam syndrome]], [[hepatic failure]], [[hepatitis B virus]], [[hepatitis C virus]], [[hepatotoxicity]], [[Type I tyrosinemia|hereditary tyrosinemia type 1]], [[ | |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alagille syndrome]], [[alcohol abuse]], [[alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency]], [[arginosuccinate synthetase deficiency]], [[autoimmune hepatitis]], [[biliary atresia]], [[carcinoid tumours and carcinoid syndrome]], [[celiac disease]], [[cirrhosis]], [[crohn's disease]], [[exudative enteropathy]], [[galactosemia]], [[giardiasis]], [[haemochromatosis]], [[hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis]], [[Hennekam syndrome]], [[hepatic failure]], [[hepatitis B virus]], [[hepatitis C virus]], [[hepatotoxicity]], [[Type I tyrosinemia|hereditary tyrosinemia type 1]], [[Ménétrier's disease|hypertrophic gastritis]], [[inflammatory bowel disease]], [[Hennekam syndrome|intestinal lymphangiectasia]], [[liver failure]], [[malabsorption syndrome]], [[milk allergy|milk protein allergy]], [[Ménétrier's disease]], [[non-alcoholic fatty liver disease|non-alcoholic steatosis]], [[portal hypertension]], [[protein losing enteropathy]], [[Wilson disease]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Genetic''' | | '''Genetic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alagille syndrome]], [[alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency]], [[Alport syndrome]], [[Goodpasture disease|anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease]], [[arginosuccinate synthetase deficiency]] | |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alagille syndrome]], [[alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency]], [[Alport syndrome]], [[Goodpasture disease|anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease]], [[arginosuccinate synthetase deficiency]], [[biliary atresia]], [[C1-inhibitor|C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) deficiency]], [[valvular heart disease|cardiac valvular dysplasia]], [[cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome]], [[congenital heart disease]], [[valvular heart disease|congenital mitral malformation]], [[mitral stenosis|congenital mitral stenosis]], [[cystic fibrosis]], [[Dana syndrome]], [[galactosemia]], [[haemochromatosis]], [[haemolytic disease of the newborn]], [[hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis]], [[Hennekam syndrome]], [[Henoch-Schönlein purpura]], [[hereditary angioedema]], [[primary lymphedema|hereditary congenital lymphedema]], [[hereditary fructose intolerance]], [[Type I tyrosinemia|hereditary tyrosinemia type 1]], [[hemolytic uremic syndrome|inherited hemolytic-uremic syndrome ]], [[primary lymphedema|lymphoedema-distichiasis syndrome]], [[Milroy's Disease|Milroy's disease]], [[mitochondrial disease]], [[Niemann-Pick disease]], [[Noonan syndrome]], [[ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency]], [[POEMS syndrome]], [[Turner syndrome]], [[Young Simpson syndrome]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Hematologic''' | | '''Hematologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anemia]], [[capillary leak syndrome]], [[haemochromatosis]], [[hemolytic disease of the newborn]], [[hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis]], [[hyperviscosity]], [[hypoalbuminemia]], [[Klippel Trenaunay Weber syndrome]], [[microscopic polyangiitis]], [[myeloproliferative | |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anemia]], [[capillary leak syndrome]], [[haemochromatosis]], [[hemolytic disease of the newborn]], [[hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis]], [[hyperviscosity]], [[hypoalbuminemia]], [[Klippel Trenaunay Weber syndrome]], [[microscopic polyangiitis]], [[myeloproliferative disorders]], [[POEMS syndrome]], [[polycythemia]], [[sickle cell disease]], [[sickle cell trait]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Infectious Disease''' | | '''Infectious Disease''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acanthocheilonemiasis]], [[cellulitis]], [[chagas disease]], [[constrictive pericarditis|chronic constrictive pericarditis]], [[chronic hepatitis B]], [[chronic hepatitis C]], [[epidemic dropsy]], [[malaria|falciparum malaria]], [[gas gangrene]], [[giardiasis]], [[HIV| | |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acanthocheilonemiasis]], [[cellulitis]], [[chagas disease]], [[constrictive pericarditis|chronic constrictive pericarditis]], [[chronic hepatitis B]], [[chronic hepatitis C]], [[epidemic dropsy]], [[malaria|falciparum malaria]], [[gas gangrene]], [[giardiasis]], [[HIV|human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)]], [[wound|infected cut]], [[infective endocarditis]], [[Hennekam syndrome|intestinal lymphangiectasia]], [[lupus nephritis]], [[lymphangitis carcinomatosa]], [[lymphatic filariasis]], [[osteomyelitis]], [[post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]], [[rocky mountain spotted fever]], [[septicemia]], [[sleeping sickness (East African)]], [[sleeping sickness (West African)]], [[thrombophlebitis]], [[trichinosis]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho''' | | '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acromegaly]], [[cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome]], [[dermatomyositis]], [[eosinophilic fasciitis]], [[fracture]], [[gas gangrene]], [[gout]], [[juvenile rheumatoid arthritis]], [[Klippel Trenaunay Weber syndrome]], [[Kohler disease]], [[sprain|ligamentous sprain]], [[myopathy|metabolic myopathies]], [[osteomyelitis]], [[psoriatic arthritis]], [[reflex sympathetic osteodystrophy]], [[rheumatoid disease]], [[rocky mountain spotted fever]], [[Popliteal cyst|rupture of popliteal cyst]], [[SLE|systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)]], [[Turner | |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acromegaly]], [[cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome]], [[dermatomyositis]], [[eosinophilic fasciitis]], [[fracture]], [[gas gangrene]], [[gout]], [[juvenile rheumatoid arthritis]], [[Klippel Trenaunay Weber syndrome]], [[Kohler disease]], [[sprain|ligamentous sprain]], [[myopathy|metabolic myopathies]], [[osteomyelitis]], [[psoriatic arthritis]], [[reflex sympathetic osteodystrophy]], [[rheumatoid disease]], [[rocky mountain spotted fever]], [[Popliteal cyst|rupture of popliteal cyst]], [[SLE|systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)]], [[Turner syndrome]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Pulmonary''' | | '''Pulmonary''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency]], [[Alport syndrome]], [[Goodpasture disease|anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease]], [[cystic fibrosis]], [[pulmonary hypertension|idiopathic pulmonary hypertension]], [[pulmonary hypertension]], [[pulmonary hypertension|pulmonary hypoxic hypertension]], [[pulmonary hypertension|pulmonary thromboembolic hypertension]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]] | |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency]], [[Alport syndrome]], [[Goodpasture disease|anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease]], [[cystic fibrosis]], [[pulmonary hypertension|idiopathic pulmonary hypertension]], [[pulmonary hypertension]], [[pulmonary hypertension|pulmonary hypoxic hypertension]], [[pulmonary hypertension|pulmonary thromboembolic hypertension]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]], [[yellow nail syndrome]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Renal / Electrolyte''' | | '''Renal / Electrolyte''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute glomerulonephritis]], [[acute renal failure]], [[Goodpasture disease|anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease]], [[Bartter's Syndrome]],[[chronic renal failure]], [[nephrotic syndrome|idiopathic minimal change nephrotic syndrome]], [[IgG4–related systemic disease]], [[amyloidosis|immunoglobulinic amyloidosis]], [[hemolytic uremic syndrome|inherited hemolytic uremic syndrome]], [[nephrotic syndrome]], [[post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]], [[renal cell carcinoma]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]] | |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute glomerulonephritis]], [[acute renal failure]], [[Goodpasture disease|anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease]], [[Bartter's Syndrome]], [[chronic renal failure]], [[nephrotic syndrome|idiopathic minimal change nephrotic syndrome]], [[IgG4-related systemic disease|IgG4–related systemic disease]], [[amyloidosis|immunoglobulinic amyloidosis]], [[hemolytic uremic syndrome|inherited hemolytic uremic syndrome]], [[nephrotic syndrome]], [[post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]], [[renal cell carcinoma]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy''' | | '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acquired angioedema]], [[acute phase reaction]], [[anaphylaxis]], [[autoimmune hepatitis]], [[C1-inhibitor|C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) deficiency]], [[milk allergy|cow milk protein sensitivity]], [[dermatomyositis]], [[eosinophilic fasciitis]], [[hereditary angioedema]], [[ | |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acquired angioedema]], [[acute phase reaction]], [[anaphylaxis]], [[autoimmune hepatitis]], [[C1-inhibitor|C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) deficiency]], [[milk allergy|cow milk protein sensitivity]], [[dermatomyositis]], [[eosinophilic fasciitis]], [[hereditary angioedema]], [[Ménétrier's disease|hypertrophic gastritis]], [[IgG4-related systemic disease|IgG4–related systemic disease]], [[inflammatory bowel disease]], [[hemolytic uremic syndrome|inherited hemolytic uremic syndrome]], [[juvenile rheumatoid arthritis]], [[Kawasaki disease]], [[microscopic polyangiitis]], [[Ménétrier's disease]], [[rheumatoid disease]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[scleroderma]], [[SLE|systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
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|} | |} | ||
===Causes in Alphabetical Order | ===Causes in Alphabetical Order=== | ||
{{MultiCol}} | {{MultiCol}} | ||
*[[Acanthocheilonemiasis]] | *[[Acanthocheilonemiasis]] | ||
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*[[Alcohol abuse]] | *[[Alcohol abuse]] | ||
*[[Aldomet]] | *[[Aldomet]] | ||
*[[Alpha 1- | *[[Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency]] | ||
*[[Alport syndrome]] | *[[Alport syndrome]] | ||
*[[Amlodipine]] | *[[Amlodipine]] | ||
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*[[Aneurysm]] | *[[Aneurysm]] | ||
*[[Angiotensin II receptor blockers]] | *[[Angiotensin II receptor blockers]] | ||
*[[Anorexia | *[[Anorexia nervosa]] | ||
*[[Goodpasture disease|Anti-glomerular basement membrane(anti-GBM) disease]] | *[[Goodpasture disease|Anti-glomerular basement membrane(anti-GBM) disease]] | ||
*[[Antihistamines]] | *[[Antihistamines]] | ||
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*[[AV fistula]] | *[[AV fistula]] | ||
*[[Avandia]] | *[[Avandia]] | ||
*[[Bartter's | *[[Bartter's syndrome]] | ||
*[[Bed rest]] | *[[Bed rest]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Bee sting]] | ||
*[[Beta blockers]] | *[[Beta blockers]] | ||
*[[Biliary atresia]] | *[[Biliary atresia]] | ||
*[[Bulimia | *[[Bulimia nervosa]] | ||
*[[Burning Feet Syndrome|Burning feet syndrome]] | *[[Burning Feet Syndrome|Burning feet syndrome]] | ||
*[[Burns]] | *[[Burns]] | ||
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*[[Crohn's disease]] | *[[Crohn's disease]] | ||
*[[Crush syndrome]] | *[[Crush syndrome]] | ||
*[[Cushing's | *[[Cushing's syndrome]] | ||
*[[Cyclophosphamide]] | *[[Cyclophosphamide]] | ||
*[[Cystic fibrosis]] | *[[Cystic fibrosis]] | ||
*[[LSD|D- | *[[LSD|D-Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)]] | ||
*[[Dacarbazine]] | *[[Dacarbazine]] | ||
*[[Dana syndrome]] | *[[Dana syndrome]] | ||
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*[[Epidemic dropsy]] | *[[Epidemic dropsy]] | ||
{{ColBreak}} | {{ColBreak}} | ||
*[[Eribulin]] | |||
*[[Erysipelas]] | *[[Erysipelas]] | ||
*[[angioedema|Estrogen dependent hereditary angioedema]] | *[[angioedema|Estrogen dependent hereditary angioedema]] | ||
*[[Estrogens]] | *[[Estrogens]] | ||
*[[Etonogestrel]] | |||
*[[Exercise]] | *[[Exercise]] | ||
*[[Exudative enteropathy]] | *[[Exudative enteropathy]] | ||
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*[[nephrotic syndrome|Idiopathic minimal change nephrotic syndrome]] | *[[nephrotic syndrome|Idiopathic minimal change nephrotic syndrome]] | ||
*[[pulmonary hypertension|Idiopathic pulmonary hypertension]] | *[[pulmonary hypertension|Idiopathic pulmonary hypertension]] | ||
*[[ | *[[IgG4-related systemic disease|IgG4 related systemic disease]] | ||
*[[Imatinib mesylate]] | *[[Imatinib mesylate]] | ||
*[[immobility|Immobilization]] | *[[immobility|Immobilization]] | ||
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*[[Infective endocarditis]] | *[[Infective endocarditis]] | ||
*[[Inflammatory bowel disease]] | *[[Inflammatory bowel disease]] | ||
*[[Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome|Inherited | *[[Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome|Inherited hemolytic-uremic syndrome ]] | ||
*[[Insect bite]] | *[[Insect bite]] | ||
*[[Hennekam syndrome|Intestinal lymphangiectasia]] | *[[Hennekam syndrome|Intestinal lymphangiectasia]] | ||
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*[[Malnutrition]] | *[[Malnutrition]] | ||
*[[May-Thurner syndrome]] | *[[May-Thurner syndrome]] | ||
*[[Medroxyprogesterone]] | |||
*[[Meloxicam]] | |||
*[[Ménétrier's disease]] | *[[Ménétrier's disease]] | ||
*[[myopathy|Metabolic myopathies]] | *[[myopathy|Metabolic myopathies]] | ||
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*[[Methysergide]] | *[[Methysergide]] | ||
*[[Microscopic polyangiitis]] | *[[Microscopic polyangiitis]] | ||
*[[Mifepristone]] | |||
*[[milk allergy|Milk protein allergy]] | *[[milk allergy|Milk protein allergy]] | ||
*[[Milroy's Disease]] | *[[Milroy's Disease|Milroy's disease]] | ||
*[[Minoxidil]] | *[[Minoxidil]] | ||
*[[Mitochondrial disease]] | *[[Mitochondrial disease]] | ||
*[[Motrin]] | *[[Motrin]] | ||
*[[Mushroom poisoning]] | *[[Mushroom poisoning]] | ||
*[[Myeloproliferative | *[[Myeloproliferative disorders]] | ||
*[[Myocardial infarction]] | *[[Myocardial infarction]] | ||
{{ColBreak}} | |||
*[[Myxoedema]] | *[[Myxoedema]] | ||
*[[hypothermia|Near drowning/hypothermia]] | *[[hypothermia|Near drowning/hypothermia]] | ||
*[[Naproxen sodium]] | |||
*[[Nephrotic syndrome]] | *[[Nephrotic syndrome]] | ||
*[[Neuroleptic malignant syndrome]] | *[[Neuroleptic malignant syndrome]] | ||
*[[Niacin]] | |||
*[[Nicardipine]] | *[[Nicardipine]] | ||
*[[Niemann-Pick disease]] | *[[Niemann-Pick disease]] | ||
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*[[Obesity]] | *[[Obesity]] | ||
*[[Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency]] | *[[Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency]] | ||
*[[Oprelvekin]] | |||
*[[Osteomyelitis]] | *[[Osteomyelitis]] | ||
*[[Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome]] | *[[Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome]] | ||
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*[[Pinacidil]] | *[[Pinacidil]] | ||
*[[Pioglitazone]] | *[[Pioglitazone]] | ||
*[[Piroxicam]] | |||
*[[POEMS syndrome]] | *[[POEMS syndrome]] | ||
*[[Polycythemia ]] | *[[Polycythemia ]] | ||
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*[[pulmonary hypertension|Pulmonary thromboembolic hypertension]] | *[[pulmonary hypertension|Pulmonary thromboembolic hypertension]] | ||
*[[Radiotherapy]] | *[[Radiotherapy]] | ||
*[[Radium chloride]] | |||
*[[anorexia nervosa|Refeeding edema]] | *[[anorexia nervosa|Refeeding edema]] | ||
*[[Reflex sympathetic osteodystrophy]] | *[[Reflex sympathetic osteodystrophy]] | ||
*[[Renal | *[[Renal cell carcinoma]] | ||
*[[Reserpine]] | *[[Reserpine]] | ||
*[[Rheumatoid disease]] | *[[Rheumatoid disease]] | ||
*[[Rocky | *[[Riociguat]] | ||
*[[Rocky mountain spotted fever]] | |||
*[[Rofecoxib]] | *[[Rofecoxib]] | ||
*[[Ropinirole]] | *[[Ropinirole]] | ||
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*[[Baker's cyst|Rupture of popliteal cyst]] | *[[Baker's cyst|Rupture of popliteal cyst]] | ||
*[[Sarcoidosis]] | *[[Sarcoidosis]] | ||
*[[Sargramostim]] | |||
*[[Scleroderma ]] | *[[Scleroderma ]] | ||
*[[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]] | *[[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]] | ||
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*[[pulmonary stenosis|Sub-pulmonary stenosis]] | *[[pulmonary stenosis|Sub-pulmonary stenosis]] | ||
*[[Sunburn]] | *[[Sunburn]] | ||
*[[Sunitinib]] | |||
*[[Surgery]] | *[[Surgery]] | ||
*[[surgery|Surgical recovery]] | *[[surgery|Surgical recovery]] | ||
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*[[Thrombophlebitis]] | *[[Thrombophlebitis]] | ||
*[[Thrombosis]] | *[[Thrombosis]] | ||
*[[Trametinib dimethyl sulfoxide]] | |||
*[[Tretinoin]] | *[[Tretinoin]] | ||
*[[Trichinosis]] | *[[Trichinosis]] | ||
*[[Tricuspid regurgitation]] | *[[Tricuspid regurgitation]] | ||
*[[Tricuspid stenosis]] | *[[Tricuspid stenosis]] | ||
*[[Turner | *[[Turner syndrome]] | ||
*[[Univasc]] | *[[Univasc]] | ||
*[[Valproic acid]] | *[[Valproic acid]] | ||
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*[[Venous ulcer]] | *[[Venous ulcer]] | ||
*[[Vitamin E deficiency]] | *[[Vitamin E deficiency]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Vytorin]] | ||
*[[Wasp]] | *[[Wasp]] | ||
*[[Wegener's granulomatosis]] | *[[Wegener's granulomatosis]] | ||
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*[[Yellow nail syndrome]] | *[[Yellow nail syndrome]] | ||
*[[Young Simpson syndrome]] | *[[Young Simpson syndrome]] | ||
*[[Zidovudine]] | *[[Zidovudine]]<ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77ISBN 1591032016</ref> <ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X</ref> | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
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Latest revision as of 23:36, 29 July 2020
Pedal edema Microchapters |
Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
Case Studies |
Pedal edema causes On the Web |
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Pedal edema causes |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: M.Umer Tariq [2]; Mugilan Poongkunran M.B.B.S
Overview
Pedal edema can be either pitting or non pitting. Peripheral pitting edema in which an indentation remains after pressure is released, is the more common type of peripheral edema, and results from water retention. It can be caused by systemic diseases, pregnancy in some women, heart failure, or local conditions such as varicose veins, thrombophlebitis, insect bites, and dermatitis. Non-pitting edema is observed when the indentation does not persist. It is associated with lymphedema, lipedema and myxedema. Edema caused by malnutrition defines kwashiorkor, an acute form of childhood protein-energy malnutrition characterized by edema, irritability, anorexia, ulcerating dermatoses, and an enlarged liver with fatty infiltrates.
Causes
Life Threatening Causes
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
- Anaphylaxis
- Bee sting
- Burns
- Carbon monoxide
- Crush syndrome
- Diabetic ketoacidosis
- Eclampsia
- Electric shock
- Gas gangrene
- Hereditary angioedema
- Malignant hyperthermia
- Metabolic poisons
- Mushroom poisoning
- Myocardial infarction
Common Causes
- Acute glomerulonephritis
- Calcium channel blockers
- Cellulitis
- Cirrhosis
- Congestive heart failure
- Deep vein thrombosis
- Diabetes
- Foot sprain
- Hormonal contraceptives
- Idiopathic
- Leg trauma
- Lymphedema
- Minoxidil
- Nephrotic syndrome