Oliguria differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 22:59, 29 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hadeel Maksoud M.D.[2], Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [3], Anmol Pitliya, M.B.B.S. M.D.[4]

Overview

There are several life-threatening causes of oliguria which is needed to be evaluated, which include sepsis, urethral stricture, dehydration, and shock. The other possible causes of oliguria can be evaluated by carefully assessing the nature of the symptoms, and obtaining a thorough patient history.

Oliguria Differential Diagnosis

The following table outlines the major differential diagnoses of oliguria:

To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with thirst, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with muscle weakness, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with somatic pain, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with vomiting, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with tachypnea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with edema, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with fatigue and thirst, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with fatigue and tachypnea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with fatigue and edema, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with fatigue, vomiting, and diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with fatigue, somatic pain, vomiting, and diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with fatigue, somatic pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and edema click here.

Abbreviations: ABG = Arterial blood gases, BUN = Blood urea nitrogen, CBC = Complete blood count, CT = Computed tomography, CRP = C - reactive protein, ECG = Electrocardiogram, ESR = Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, IVP = Intravenous pyelography, KFT = Kidney function test, GI = Gastrointestinal, GFR = Glomerular filtration rate, MRI = Magnetic resonance imaging, PT = Prothrombin time

Etiology		Clinical manifestations									Paraclinical findings											Comments
		Symptoms and signs									Lab findings						Imaging
		Fatigue/ Lethargy	Thirst	Dizziness/ Confusion	Muscle weakness/ cramp	Somatic/ visceral pain	Vomiting	Diarrhea	Tachypnea	Edema	Blood indices	Renal Funtion test	Electrolytes	Urine analysis	ABG	Other	Ultrasound	X-ray	CT	MRI	Other
Prerenal causes	Alcohol poisoning^[1]^[2]	+	-	+/-	-	+/-	+	+/-	-	-	↑PT	↑BUN, ↑Cr (isopropyl alcohol)	↓Na	NA	↓HCO3	LFT	NA	NA	NA	NA	-	Administer thiamine to prevent Wernicke's encephalopathy
	Aspergillosis^[3]^[4]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	Allergy test, ↑IgE (>1000 IU/dl), direct visualization of fungal hyphae	NA	Pulmonary infiltrates, mucus plug, mass in the upper lobe surrounded by a crescent of air, solitary or multiple cavities	Halo sign, wedge-shaped pulmonary infarction, granuloma	NA	-	Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirms the diagnosis
	Cholera^[5]^[6]^[6]^[7]	+/-	+	+/- Depends on severity	-	-	+/-	+	-	-	Leukocytosis, ↑HCT	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↓Na, ↑Ca, ↑Mg	NA	↑Lactate, ↓HCO3	Stool PCR, stool culture, serotyping	NA	NA	NA	NA	-	-
	Congestive heart failure (CHF)^[8]^[9]	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	+	Anemia, leukocytosis	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↓Na, ↑K	NA	↑Lactate, ↓HCO3,	↑BNP, ↑troponin	Cardiomegaly, pulmonary hypertension, pleural effusion	Pulmonary edema	NA	Valvular heart disease	Decreased ejection fraction in echocardiography, decreased heart function and damage in nuclear imaging	-
	Dehydration^[10]^[11]	+	+	+/- Depends on the severity	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	NA	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↓Na, ↑K, ↓Cl	↑ Urine ketones and glucose, ↑urine specific gravity	↑Lactate, ↓HCO3	Hypoglycemia	NA	NA	NA	NA	-	-
	Diarrhea and/or vomiting^[12]^[13]	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	Leukocytosis with predominant neutrophilia, ↑ESR	NA	NA	↑ Urine ketones, organic acids, porphobilinogen, aminolevulinic acid	NA	Stool anion gap, stool pH < 5.5, stool culture, serotyping, enzyme immunoassay (rotavirus or adenovirus), abnormal LFT, amylase, lipase	Normal	NA	NA	NA	-	-
	Etiology	Fatigue/ Lethargy	Thirst	Dizziness/ Confusion	Muscle weakness/ cramp	Somatic/ visceral pain	Vomiting	Diarrhea	Tachypnea	Edema	Blood indices	Renal Funtion test	Electrolytes	Urine analysis	ABG	Other	Ultrasound	X-ray	CT	MRI	Other	Comments
	Drugs/toxins^[14]^[15]	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	NA	↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↑CK	↑K, ↓Mg, ↓Ca, ↓P	Ingested drug, glucose, aminoacid, phosphate, ketone, hyaline cast, and RBC	↑Lactate, metabolic acidosis	Toxicology, rapid immunoassay	Nephropathy	Radioopaque substances, ingested drug packets	NA	NA	-	-
	Esophageal varices bleeding^[16]^[17]	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	Normocytic normochromic anemia	↑BUN, ↑Cr	NA	NA	NA	NA	Velocity and direction of portal flow	Abnormal opacities outside ofesophageal wall, posterior mediastinal or intraparenchymal mass, dilated azygous vein	Entire portal venous system	Portrays esophageal varices as flow voids	Portal hypertension and esophageal varices in positron emission tomography, flexible endoscope, barium swallow of snake-like filling defects	-
	Congenital heart disease^[18]^[19]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	↑ESR and CRP	↑BUN, ↑Cr	NA	NA	NA	Throat culture, rapid streptococcal antigen test, hyperoxia test, pulse oximetry	NA	Cardiomegaly, dextrocardia	NA	NA	Ventricular dysfunction, left and right ventricular hypertrophy, valvular disease in echocardiography	-
	Hemorrhage^[20]^[21]	-	+	+/- Depends on the severity	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	Normocytic normochromic anemia, ↑PT, ↑PTT	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↑Na, ↑Cl, ↓Ca	NA	Metabolic acidosis	NA	Peritoneal cavity fluid in FAST	Bilateral opacities in the lung field, hemothorax, hemoperitoneum, ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm	Intrathoracic, intra-abdominal, and retroperitoneal bleeding	NA	Source of bleeding in the upper GI in EGD, angiography	-
	Hemolysis^[22]^[23]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	Thrombocytopenia, microcytic hypochromic anemia, ↑RDW, ↑retic count	NA	NA	NA	NA	↑LDH, ↓haptoglobin, ↑unconjugated bilirubin	Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly	NA	NA	NA	-	-
	Etiology	Fatigue/ Lethargy	Thirst	Dizziness/ Confusion	Muscle weakness/ cramp	Somatic/ visceral pain	Vomiting	Diarrhea	Tachypnea	Edema	Blood indices	Renal Funtion test	Electrolytes	Urine analysis	ABG	Other	Ultrasound	X-ray	CT	MRI	Other	Comments
	Hepatorenal syndrome^[24]^[25]	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	+/-	Leukocytosis, ↑PT	↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr	↓Na	Proteinuria, Na <10mEq/L, urine osmolality > plasma osmolality	NA	Alpha feto-protein, cryoglobulinemia	Exclude hydronephrosis and intrinsic renal disease	NA	NA	NA	Right ventricular preload, ventricular filling pressures, and cardiac function in echocardiography	-
	Ischemic cardiomyopathy^[26]^[27]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	Anemia	↑Cr	↓Na, ↓K, ↓Mg	NA	NA	Troponin, creatine kinase, Creatine kinase-MB, BNP	NA	Abnormal cardiac silhouette	Biventricular volume, wall motion abnormality, myocardial perfusion, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy	Mid-wall fibrosis in MRI	Ejection fraction ≤35%, pulmonary embolism, right ventricular dilation or pericardial effusion with tamponade in echocardiography	-
	Liver cirrhosis^[28]^[29]	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	Abnormal LFT, aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio, FibroTest/FibroSure, Hepascore	Portal blood flow velocity, hepatic artery enlargement, multifocal lesions or masses, hepatic contour, ascites, splenomegaly	Bowel perforation, gynecomastia, azygos vein enlargement, pleural effusion	Morphologic changes in the liver, collaterals and shunts, hyperattenuating nodule of hepatocellular carcinoma, portal vein thrombosis	Vacular patency, tumor invasion, portal vein thrombosis, steatosis	Hepatic function and portal hypertension in nuclear imaging, hepatic perfusion and the development of shunts and tumors in angiography	Irreversible and a transplant is usually needed
	Malignant hypertension^[30]^[31]	+/-	-	+	-	-	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↑Na, ↑K, ↑P	Proteinuria, microscopic hematuria	Acidosis	Cardiac enzymes, urinary catecholamines, TSH, ↑Renin	NA	Cardiomegaly, pulmonary edema, rib notching, aortic coarctation, mediastinal widening, aortic dissection	NA	NA	Left atrial enlargement and left ventricular hypertrophy in echocardiography	-
	Etiology	Fatigue/ Lethargy	Thirst	Dizziness/ Confusion	Muscle weakness/ cramp	Somatic/ visceral pain	Vomiting	Diarrhea	Tachypnea	Edema	Blood indices	Renal Funtion test	Electrolytes	Urine analysis	ABG	Other	Ultrasound	X-ray	CT	MRI	Other	Comments
	Myocarditis^[32]	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	+/-	-	Leukocytosis (eosinophilia),↑ESR and ↑CRP	NA	NA	NA	NA	Cardiac enzymes, viral antibodies	NA	NA	NA	Inflammatory edema, degree of scarring	Endomyocardial biopsy, echocardiography, scintigraphy	NA
	Peritonitis^[33]^[34]	+/-	-	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	-	Leukocytosis	NA	NA	NA	NA	Ascitic fluid neutrophil count > 500 cells/µL	NA	NA	NA	NA	-	-
	Polycythemia^[35]^[36]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	↑RBC, ↑HCT, ↑HGB, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis, ↑PT, and ↑aPTT	↓Erythropoietin	NA	NA	NA	Hyperuricemia	Splenomegaly	NA	NA	NA	-	Phlebotomy is the usual treatment
	Respiratory distress syndrome^[37]	+	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	+	-	NA	NA	NA	NA	Metabolic and respiratory acidosis	Pulse oximetry	NA	Bilateral, diffuse, reticular granular or ground-glass appearance +/- cardiomegaly	NA	NA	Patent ductus arteriosus in echocardiography	-
	Shock^[38]	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	+/-	-	↑HCT, ↑PT and aPTT, Eosinophilia, Leukocytosis	↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr	NA	NA	↑Lactate	LFT, ↑BNP, ↑troponin, D-dimer, fibrinogen	Pulmonary embolism, pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade, pneumothorax, thoracic or abdominal aortic aneurysm in RUSH (Rapid Ultrasound for Shock and Hypotension)	Pneumonia, pneumothorax, pulmonary edema, widened mediastinum, free air under the diaphragm	Traumatic brain injury, stroke, spinal injury, pneumonia, pPneumothorax, ruptured aneurysm, aortic dissection, pulmonary embolism	NA	-	-
	Toxic megacolon^[39]	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	+	+	+/-	-	-	Leukocytosis, anemia, ↑ESR and ↑CRP	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↓Na	NA	NA	Loss of haustra, hypoechoic and thick bowel walls, dilated colon > 6cm, dilatation of ileal loops	Dilated colon, free intraperitoneal air	Bowel perforation, abscess	NA	NA	Endoscopy and colonoscopy	-
Etiology		Fatigue/ Lethargy	Thirst	Dizziness/ Confusion	Muscle weakness/ cramp	Somatic/ visceral pain	Vomiting	Diarrhea	Tachypnea	Edema	Blood indices	Renal Funtion test	Electrolytes	Urine analysis	ABG	Other	Ultrasound	X-ray	CT	MRI	Other	Comments
Renal causes	Acute interstitial nephritis^[40]^[41]	+/-	-	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	Eosinophilia	↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↑FENa	NA	Eosinophiluria, sterile pyuria, mMicroscopic hematuria, proteinuria	NA	↑Total IgG, ↑IgG4	Normal-sized kidneys	NA	NA	NA	-	History of long term analgesic use
	Acute tubular necrosis^[42]^[43]	+/-	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	+/-	Anemia	↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↑FENa	↓Na, ↑K, ↑Mg, ↑P, ↓Ca	Pigmented, muddy brown, granular casts	NA	NA	Obstructive uropathy, cortical thickness, hydronephrosis	Nephrolithiasis	Nephrolithiasis, area of obstruction	Nephrolithiasis, area of obstruction	Loss of tubular cells or the denuded tubules, swollen tubular cells, lLoss of the cell brush border in renal biopsy	Furosemide stress testing for staging
	Cancer^[44]^[45]	+	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	+/-	Normocytic or microcytic anemia, leukocytosis or lymphocytosis, ↑reticulocytes, thrombocytopenia	↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↓Erythropoietin	↓Na, ↑K, ↓Mg, ↑P, ↓Ca	Gross hematuria	NA	LFT	Fluid collection and morphological change, flank mass	Calcification and widened mediastinum, filling defects in barium contrast	Metastasis and staging, cystic and solid masses, lymph node, renal vein, and inferior vena cava involvement	Soft tissue invasion and staging	Malignant cystic lesions percutaneous cyst puncture	Renal cell carcinoma types: Clear cell (75%), chromophilic (15%), chromophobic (5%), oncocytoma (3%), collecting duct (2%)
	Congenital kidney disease^[46]^[47]^[48] - Agenesis - Dysplasia - Hypoplasia - Polycystic	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	+/-	↑HCT	↓GFR	↓P, ↓Ca	Microalbuminuria, uricosuria	NA	Genetic testing forADPKD2	Visualization of kidney cysts	Small kidney cysts (0.5 cm)	Kidney size, intracranial aneurysms	NA	-	-
	End stage renal disease^[49]^[50]	+	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	+	Anemia	↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr	↑K	Hypoalbuminuria	↓HCO3	Phosphate, 25-hydroxy vitamin D, alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone	Hydronephrosis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, enlarged or shrunken kidneys	Obstruction in retrograde pyelogram	Renal masses, stones, and cysts	Renal vein thrombosis, renal artery stenosis in magnetic resonance angiography	Percutaneous renal biopsy	-
	Etiology	Fatigue/ Lethargy	Thirst	Dizziness/ Confusion	Muscle weakness/ cramp	Somatic/ visceral pain	Vomiting	Diarrhea	Tachypnea	Edema	Blood indices	Renal Funtion test	Electrolytes	Urine analysis	ABG	Other	Ultrasound	X-ray	CT	MRI	Other	Comments
	Endogenous toxins^[51]^[52]^[53]^[54]^[55] - Hemoglobin - Myoglobin - Uric acid	+/-	-	+/-	+	-	+/-	-	-	+/-	Anemia, thrombocytopenia	↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr	↑K, ↑urate, ↓Ca	Uricosuria, hematuria, myoglobinuria, casts	NA	Creatine kinase > 1000 U/L	Malignant or cystic lesions, hydronephrosis, nephrocalcinosis, urolithiasis	NA	Urolithiasis, wilms tumor, polycystic kidney disease	NA	Ureter or bladder abnormality in voiding cystourethrography	-
	Glomerulonephritis^[56]^[57]^[58]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	Pleocytosis, anemia, leukocytosis, ↑ESR	↑BUN, ↑Cr	NA	Specific gravity > 1.020, proteinuria, hematuria, red blood cell casts, white blood cell casts, cellular casts, oval fat bodies	NA	NA	↑C3, ↑C4, ↑CH50, blood and tissue culture, antinuclear antibodies, cryoglobulins, hepatitis B and C serologies, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)	Kidney size, echogenicity of the renal cortex, obstruction, degree of fibrosis	Pulmonary congestion	Visceral abscesses	-	Renal biopsy, light and electron microscopy, immunofluorescence aid diagnosis
	Goodpasture syndrome^[59]^[60]^[61]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	Anemia, leukocytosis, ↑ESR	↑BUN, ↑Cr	NA	Low-grade proteinuria, gross or microscopic hematuria, RBC casts	NA	Anti– glomerular basement membrane antibody, antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody	NA	Bilateral, basal, patchy parenchymal consolidations	NA	NA	Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in pulmonary biopsy	-
	Hemolytic uremic syndrome^[62]^[63]^[64]	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+	+	-	+/-	Severe anemia, thrombocytopenia, ↑aPTT	↑BUN, ↑Cr	NA	Mild proteinuria, Red blood cells, Red blood cell casts	NA	Schistocytes, ↑FDP and D-dimer, ↑bilirubin, ↑LDH, ↓haptoglobin, stool culture (for E coli 0157:H7 or shigella), ↓ADAMTS-13 activity	Ruling out obstruction	NA	NA	NA	Diffuse thickening of the glomerular capillary wall, swelling of endothelial cells, fibrin thrombi in renal biopsy	-
	Nephrolithiasis^[65]^[66]^[67]	-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	Mild leukocytosis, ↑CRP	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↑Na, ↑K, ↑P, ↑Ca, ↑urate	Gross or microscopic hematuria, Red blood cells, urinary crystals of calcium oxalate, uric acid, or cystine, hypercalciuria, urinary pH > 7 in struvite stones (Proteus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella), urinary pH < 5 in uric acid stones	↓HCO3, renal tubular acidosis	-	All types of stones are visible, hydronephrosis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, cholelithiasis	Calcium - containing stones, uric acid or cystine stones, stone movement	Stone density, size and composition, hydronephrosis, nephromegaly, perinephric fat streaking	NA	Intravenous pyelography (IVP), renal tomography, nuclear renal scan	-
	Etiology	Fatigue/ Lethargy	Thirst	Dizziness/ Confusion	Muscle weakness/ cramp	Somatic/ visceral pain	Vomiting	Diarrhea	Tachypnea	Edema	Blood indices	Renal Funtion test	Electrolytes	Urine analysis	ABG	Other	Ultrasound	X-ray	CT	MRI	Other	Comments

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↑ Gregg XT, Prchal JT (January 1997). "Erythropoietin receptor mutations and human disease". Semin. Hematol. 34 (1): 70–6. PMID 9025165.
↑ Kralovics R, Indrak K, Stopka T, Berman BW, Prchal JF, Prchal JT (September 1997). "Two new EPO receptor mutations: truncated EPO receptors are most frequently associated with primary familial and congenital polycythemias". Blood. 90 (5): 2057–61. PMID 9292543.
↑ Hooper SB, Te Pas AB, Kitchen MJ (May 2016). "Respiratory transition in the newborn: a three-phase process". Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 101 (3): F266–71. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-305704. PMID 26542877.
↑ Vincent JL, De Backer D (October 2013). "Circulatory shock". N. Engl. J. Med. 369 (18): 1726–34. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1208943. PMID 24171518.
↑ Jalan KN, Sircus W, Card WI, Falconer CW, Bruce CB, Crean GP, McManus JP, Small WP, Smith AN (July 1969). "An experience of ulcerative colitis. I. Toxic dilation in 55 cases". Gastroenterology. 57 (1): 68–82. PMID 5305933.
↑ Schwarz A, Krause PH, Kunzendorf U, Keller F, Distler A (September 2000). "The outcome of acute interstitial nephritis: risk factors for the transition from acute to chronic interstitial nephritis". Clin. Nephrol. 54 (3): 179–90. PMID 11020015.
↑ Praga M, González E (June 2010). "Acute interstitial nephritis". Kidney Int. 77 (11): 956–61. doi:10.1038/ki.2010.89. PMID 20336051.
↑ Khwaja A (2012). "KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for acute kidney injury". Nephron Clin Pract. 120 (4): c179–84. doi:10.1159/000339789. PMID 22890468.
↑ Lameire N, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R (2005). "Acute renal failure". Lancet. 365 (9457): 417–30. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17831-3. PMID 15680458.
↑ Gudbjartsson T, Thoroddsen A, Petursdottir V, Hardarson S, Magnusson J, Einarsson GV (December 2005). "Effect of incidental detection for survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma: results of population-based study of 701 patients". Urology. 66 (6): 1186–91. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2005.07.009. PMID 16360438.
↑ Skinner DG, Colvin RB, Vermillion CD, Pfister RC, Leadbetter WF (November 1971). "Diagnosis and management of renal cell carcinoma. A clinical and pathologic study of 309 cases". Cancer. 28 (5): 1165–77. PMID 5125665.
↑ Queisser-Luft A, Stolz G, Wiesel A, Schlaefer K, Spranger J (July 2002). "Malformations in newborn: results based on 30,940 infants and fetuses from the Mainz congenital birth defect monitoring system (1990-1998)". Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 266 (3): 163–7. PMID 12197558.
↑ Sanna-Cherchi S, Ravani P, Corbani V, Parodi S, Haupt R, Piaggio G, Innocenti ML, Somenzi D, Trivelli A, Caridi G, Izzi C, Scolari F, Mattioli G, Allegri L, Ghiggeri GM (September 2009). "Renal outcome in patients with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract". Kidney Int. 76 (5): 528–33. doi:10.1038/ki.2009.220. PMID 19536081.
↑ Glassberg KI (June 2002). "Normal and abnormal development of the kidney: a clinician's interpretation of current knowledge". J. Urol. 167 (6): 2339–50, discussion 2350–1. PMID 11992035.
↑ Abboud H, Henrich WL (January 2010). "Clinical practice. Stage IV chronic kidney disease". N. Engl. J. Med. 362 (1): 56–65. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0906797. PMID 20054047.
↑ Denic A, Mathew J, Lerman LO, Lieske JC, Larson JJ, Alexander MP, Poggio E, Glassock RJ, Rule AD (June 2017). "Single-Nephron Glomerular Filtration Rate in Healthy Adults". N. Engl. J. Med. 376 (24): 2349–2357. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1614329. PMC 5664219. PMID 28614683.
↑ Borowitz MJ, Craig FE, Digiuseppe JA, Illingworth AJ, Rosse W, Sutherland DR, Wittwer CT, Richards SJ (July 2010). "Guidelines for the diagnosis and monitoring of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and related disorders by flow cytometry". Cytometry B Clin Cytom. 78 (4): 211–30. doi:10.1002/cyto.b.20525. PMID 20533382.
↑ Knochel JP (1982). "Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria". Annu. Rev. Med. 33: 435–43. doi:10.1146/annurev.me.33.020182.002251. PMID 6282181.
↑ Giannoglou GD, Chatzizisis YS, Misirli G (March 2007). "The syndrome of rhabdomyolysis: Pathophysiology and diagnosis". Eur. J. Intern. Med. 18 (2): 90–100. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2006.09.020. PMID 17338959.
↑ Coe FL (September 1983). "Uric acid and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis". Kidney Int. 24 (3): 392–403. PMID 6645213.
↑ Maalouf NM, Cameron MA, Moe OW, Sakhaee K (March 2004). "Novel insights into the pathogenesis of uric acid nephrolithiasis". Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 13 (2): 181–9. PMID 15202612.
↑ Ellis EN, Mauer SM, Sutherland DE, Steffes MW (February 1989). "Glomerular capillary morphology in normal humans". Lab. Invest. 60 (2): 231–6. PMID 2915517.
↑ Dickinson BL (August 2016). "Unraveling the immunopathogenesis of glomerular disease". Clin. Immunol. 169: 89–97. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2016.06.011. PMID 27373970.
↑ Trachtman H, Bergwerk A, Gauthier B (August 1994). "Isolated proteinuria in children. Natural history and indications for renal biopsy". Clin Pediatr (Phila). 33 (8): 468–72. doi:10.1177/000992289403300804. PMID 7955787.
↑ Pusey CD (October 2003). "Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease". Kidney Int. 64 (4): 1535–50. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00241.x. PMID 12969182.
↑ Bolton WK (November 1996). "Goodpasture's syndrome". Kidney Int. 50 (5): 1753–66. PMID 8914046.
↑ Kalluri R, Wilson CB, Weber M, Gunwar S, Chonko AM, Neilson EG, Hudson BG (October 1995). "Identification of the alpha 3 chain of type IV collagen as the common autoantigen in antibasement membrane disease and Goodpasture syndrome". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 6 (4): 1178–85. PMID 8589284.
↑ Noris M, Remuzzi G (April 2005). "Hemolytic uremic syndrome". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 16 (4): 1035–50. doi:10.1681/ASN.2004100861. PMID 15728781.
↑ Goodship TH, Cook HT, Fakhouri F, Fervenza FC, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Kavanagh D, Nester CM, Noris M, Pickering MC, Rodríguez de Córdoba S, Roumenina LT, Sethi S, Smith RJ (March 2017). "Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and C3 glomerulopathy: conclusions from a "Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes" (KDIGO) Controversies Conference". Kidney Int. 91 (3): 539–551. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.005. PMID 27989322.
↑ Loirat C, Fakhouri F, Ariceta G, Besbas N, Bitzan M, Bjerre A, Coppo R, Emma F, Johnson S, Karpman D, Landau D, Langman CB, Lapeyraque AL, Licht C, Nester C, Pecoraro C, Riedl M, van de Kar NC, Van de Walle J, Vivarelli M, Frémeaux-Bacchi V (January 2016). "An international consensus approach to the management of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in children". Pediatr. Nephrol. 31 (1): 15–39. doi:10.1007/s00467-015-3076-8. PMID 25859752.
↑ Fwu CW, Eggers PW, Kimmel PL, Kusek JW, Kirkali Z (March 2013). "Emergency department visits, use of imaging, and drugs for urolithiasis have increased in the United States". Kidney Int. 83 (3): 479–86. doi:10.1038/ki.2012.419. PMC 3587650. PMID 23283137.
↑ Singh P, Enders FT, Vaughan LE, Bergstralh EJ, Knoedler JJ, Krambeck AE, Lieske JC, Rule AD (October 2015). "Stone Composition Among First-Time Symptomatic Kidney Stone Formers in the Community". Mayo Clin. Proc. 90 (10): 1356–65. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.07.016. PMC 4593754. PMID 26349951.
↑ Teichman JM (February 2004). "Clinical practice. Acute renal colic from ureteral calculus". N. Engl. J. Med. 350 (7): 684–93. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp030813. PMID 14960744.

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[pmid265428772-37] Hooper SB, Te Pas AB, Kitchen MJ (May 2016). "Respiratory transition in the newborn: a three-phase process". Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 101 (3): F266–71. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-305704. PMID 26542877.

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[pmid5305933-39] Jalan KN, Sircus W, Card WI, Falconer CW, Bruce CB, Crean GP, McManus JP, Small WP, Smith AN (July 1969). "An experience of ulcerative colitis. I. Toxic dilation in 55 cases". Gastroenterology. 57 (1): 68–82. PMID 5305933.

[pmid11020015-40] Schwarz A, Krause PH, Kunzendorf U, Keller F, Distler A (September 2000). "The outcome of acute interstitial nephritis: risk factors for the transition from acute to chronic interstitial nephritis". Clin. Nephrol. 54 (3): 179–90. PMID 11020015.

[pmid20336051-41] Praga M, González E (June 2010). "Acute interstitial nephritis". Kidney Int. 77 (11): 956–61. doi:10.1038/ki.2010.89. PMID 20336051.

[pmid22890468-42] Khwaja A (2012). "KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for acute kidney injury". Nephron Clin Pract. 120 (4): c179–84. doi:10.1159/000339789. PMID 22890468.

[pmid15680458-43] Lameire N, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R (2005). "Acute renal failure". Lancet. 365 (9457): 417–30. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17831-3. PMID 15680458.

[pmid16360438-44] Gudbjartsson T, Thoroddsen A, Petursdottir V, Hardarson S, Magnusson J, Einarsson GV (December 2005). "Effect of incidental detection for survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma: results of population-based study of 701 patients". Urology. 66 (6): 1186–91. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2005.07.009. PMID 16360438.

[pmid5125665-45] Skinner DG, Colvin RB, Vermillion CD, Pfister RC, Leadbetter WF (November 1971). "Diagnosis and management of renal cell carcinoma. A clinical and pathologic study of 309 cases". Cancer. 28 (5): 1165–77. PMID 5125665.

[pmid12197558-46] Queisser-Luft A, Stolz G, Wiesel A, Schlaefer K, Spranger J (July 2002). "Malformations in newborn: results based on 30,940 infants and fetuses from the Mainz congenital birth defect monitoring system (1990-1998)". Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 266 (3): 163–7. PMID 12197558.

[pmid19536081-47] Sanna-Cherchi S, Ravani P, Corbani V, Parodi S, Haupt R, Piaggio G, Innocenti ML, Somenzi D, Trivelli A, Caridi G, Izzi C, Scolari F, Mattioli G, Allegri L, Ghiggeri GM (September 2009). "Renal outcome in patients with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract". Kidney Int. 76 (5): 528–33. doi:10.1038/ki.2009.220. PMID 19536081.

[pmid11992035-48] Glassberg KI (June 2002). "Normal and abnormal development of the kidney: a clinician's interpretation of current knowledge". J. Urol. 167 (6): 2339–50, discussion 2350–1. PMID 11992035.

[pmid20054047-49] Abboud H, Henrich WL (January 2010). "Clinical practice. Stage IV chronic kidney disease". N. Engl. J. Med. 362 (1): 56–65. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0906797. PMID 20054047.

[pmid28614683-50] Denic A, Mathew J, Lerman LO, Lieske JC, Larson JJ, Alexander MP, Poggio E, Glassock RJ, Rule AD (June 2017). "Single-Nephron Glomerular Filtration Rate in Healthy Adults". N. Engl. J. Med. 376 (24): 2349–2357. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1614329. PMC 5664219. PMID 28614683.

[pmid20533382-51] Borowitz MJ, Craig FE, Digiuseppe JA, Illingworth AJ, Rosse W, Sutherland DR, Wittwer CT, Richards SJ (July 2010). "Guidelines for the diagnosis and monitoring of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and related disorders by flow cytometry". Cytometry B Clin Cytom. 78 (4): 211–30. doi:10.1002/cyto.b.20525. PMID 20533382.

[pmid6282181-52] Knochel JP (1982). "Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria". Annu. Rev. Med. 33: 435–43. doi:10.1146/annurev.me.33.020182.002251. PMID 6282181.

[pmid17338959-53] Giannoglou GD, Chatzizisis YS, Misirli G (March 2007). "The syndrome of rhabdomyolysis: Pathophysiology and diagnosis". Eur. J. Intern. Med. 18 (2): 90–100. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2006.09.020. PMID 17338959.

[pmid6645213-54] Coe FL (September 1983). "Uric acid and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis". Kidney Int. 24 (3): 392–403. PMID 6645213.

[pmid15202612-55] Maalouf NM, Cameron MA, Moe OW, Sakhaee K (March 2004). "Novel insights into the pathogenesis of uric acid nephrolithiasis". Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 13 (2): 181–9. PMID 15202612.

[pmid2915517-56] Ellis EN, Mauer SM, Sutherland DE, Steffes MW (February 1989). "Glomerular capillary morphology in normal humans". Lab. Invest. 60 (2): 231–6. PMID 2915517.

[pmid27373970-57] Dickinson BL (August 2016). "Unraveling the immunopathogenesis of glomerular disease". Clin. Immunol. 169: 89–97. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2016.06.011. PMID 27373970.

[pmid7955787-58] Trachtman H, Bergwerk A, Gauthier B (August 1994). "Isolated proteinuria in children. Natural history and indications for renal biopsy". Clin Pediatr (Phila). 33 (8): 468–72. doi:10.1177/000992289403300804. PMID 7955787.

[pmid12969182-59] Pusey CD (October 2003). "Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease". Kidney Int. 64 (4): 1535–50. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00241.x. PMID 12969182.

[pmid8914046-60] Bolton WK (November 1996). "Goodpasture's syndrome". Kidney Int. 50 (5): 1753–66. PMID 8914046.

[pmid8589284-61] Kalluri R, Wilson CB, Weber M, Gunwar S, Chonko AM, Neilson EG, Hudson BG (October 1995). "Identification of the alpha 3 chain of type IV collagen as the common autoantigen in antibasement membrane disease and Goodpasture syndrome". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 6 (4): 1178–85. PMID 8589284.

[pmid15728781-62] Noris M, Remuzzi G (April 2005). "Hemolytic uremic syndrome". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 16 (4): 1035–50. doi:10.1681/ASN.2004100861. PMID 15728781.

[pmid27989322-63] Goodship TH, Cook HT, Fakhouri F, Fervenza FC, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Kavanagh D, Nester CM, Noris M, Pickering MC, Rodríguez de Córdoba S, Roumenina LT, Sethi S, Smith RJ (March 2017). "Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and C3 glomerulopathy: conclusions from a "Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes" (KDIGO) Controversies Conference". Kidney Int. 91 (3): 539–551. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.005. PMID 27989322.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
-{{Oliguria}}
+[[Image:Home_logo1.png|right|250px|link=https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Oliguria]]
-{{CMG}};{{AE}}{{HM}}
+{{CMG}};{{AE}} {{HM}}, {{EG}}, {{Anmol}}
+==Overview==
+There are several life-threatening causes of oliguria which is needed to be evaluated, which include [[sepsis]], [[urethral stricture]], [[dehydration]], and [[shock]]. The other possible causes of oliguria can be evaluated by carefully assessing the nature of the symptoms, and obtaining a thorough patient history.
-'''An expert algorithm to assist in the diagnosis of oliguria can be found [[Diagnosis WikiDoc:oliguria|here]]'''
+==Oliguria Differential Diagnosis==
-==Overview==
+===The following table outlines the major differential diagnoses of oliguria:===
-There are several life-threatening causes of oliguria which need to be evaluated for first, which include; [[sepsis]], [[urethral stricture]], [[dehydration]] and [[shock]] . The other possible causes of oliguria can be evaluated by carefully assessing the nature of the symptoms, and obtaining a thorough patient history.
-==Differential Diagnosis==
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with thirst, [[Oliguria with thirst|click here]].'''''
-===Life Threatening Causes===
-Life threatening diseases to exclude immediately include:<ref name="pmid854045">{{cite journal |vauthors=Anderson RJ, Linas SL, Berns AS, Henrich WL, Miller TR, Gabow PA, Schrier RW |title=Nonoliguric acute renal failure |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=296 |issue=20 |pages=1134–8 |date=May 1977 |pmid=854045 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197705192962002 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3895901">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dixon BS, Anderson RJ |title=Nonoliguric acute renal failure |journal=Am. J. Kidney Dis. |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=71–80 |date=August 1985 |pmid=3895901 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-*[[Cardiogenic shock]]
-*[[Hypovolemic shock]]
-*[[Sepsis]]
-*[[Malignant hypertension]]
-*[[Perinatal asphyxia]]
-*[[Bleeding|Hemorrhage]]
-*[[Bleeding esophageal varices (patient information)|Bleeding esophageal varices]]
-*[[Dehydration]]
-===Common Causes===
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with muscle weakness, [[Oliguria with muscle weakness|click here]].'''''
-*[[Acute tubular necrosis]]
-*[[Renal vein thrombosis]]
-*[[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]]
-*[[Nephrotic syndrome]]
-*[[Glomerulonephritis]]
-*[[Interstitial nephritis]]
-==Differential Diagnosis of Oliguria==
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with somatic pain, [[Oliguria with somatic pain|click here]].'''''
-'''The following table outlines the major differential diagnoses of Oliguria.'''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with vomiting, [[Oliguria with vomiting|click here]].'''''
-'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria and edema, [[Oliguria and edema|click here]]'''.''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with diarrhea, [[Oliguria with diarrhea|click here]].'''''
-'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria and dizzness and/or confusion, [[Oliguria and dizziness and/or confusion|click here]]'''.''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with tachypnea, [[Oliguria with tachypnea|click here]].'''''
-'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria and fatigue and/or lethargy, [[Oliguria and fatigue and/or lethargy|click here]]'''.''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with edema, [[Oliguria with edema|click here]].'''''
-'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria, hematuria and proteinuria, [[Oliguria, hematuria and proteinuria|click here]]'''.''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with fatigue and thirst, [[Oliguria with fatigue and thirst|click here]].'''''
-'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria, hematuria, proteinuria and edema, [[Oliguria, hematuria, proteinuria and edema|click here]]'''.''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with fatigue and tachypnea, [[Oliguria with fatigue and tachypnea|click here]].'''''
-'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria and muscle weakness, [[Oliguria and muscle weakness|click here]]'''.''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with fatigue and edema, [[Oliguria with fatigue and edema|click here]].'''''
-'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria and somatic and/or visceral pain [[Oliguria and somatic and/or visceral pain|click here]]'''.''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with fatigue, vomiting, and diarrhea, [[Oliguria with fatigue, vomiting, and diarrhea|click here]].'''''
-'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria and tachypnea, [[Oliguria and tachypnea|click here]]'''.''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with fatigue, somatic pain, vomiting, and diarrhea, [[Oliguria with fatigue, somatic pain, vomiting, and diarrhea|click here]].'''''
-'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria and thirst, [[Oliguria and thirst|click here]]'''.''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with fatigue, somatic pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and edema [[Oliguria with fatigue, somatic pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and edema|click here]].'''''
-'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria and vomiting, [[Oliguria and vomiting|click here]]'''.''
-'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria, vomiting and diarrhea, [[Oliguria, vomiting and diarrhea|click here]]'''.''
 '''Abbreviations:''' [[Arterial blood gas|ABG]] = [[Arterial blood gas|Arterial blood gases]], [[BUN]] = [[Blood urea nitrogen]], [[Complete blood count|CBC]] = [[Complete blood count]], [[Computed tomography|CT]] = [[Computed tomography]], CRP = C - reactive protein, [[ECG]] = [[Electrocardiogram]], ESR = [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]], IVP  = Intravenous pyelography, [[Renal function|KFT]] = [[Renal function tests|Kidney function test]], GI = Gastrointestinal, GFR = [[Glomerular filtration rate]], [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] = [[Magnetic resonance imaging]], [[PT]] = [[Prothrombin time]]
-<small><small>
+{|
-{| class="wikitable"
+! colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Classification by etiology
+! colspan="9" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Clinical manifestations
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
-! colspan="10" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Clinical manifestations
 ! colspan="11" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Paraclinical findings
 ! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
 |-
-! colspan="10" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Symptoms and signs
+! colspan="9" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Symptoms and signs
 ! colspan="6" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Lab findings
 ! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Imaging
 |-
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fatigue/Lethargy
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fatigue/
+Lethargy
 ! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Thirst
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dizziness/Confusion
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dizziness/
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Muscle weakness/cramp
+Confusion
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Somatic/visceral pain
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Muscle weakness/
+cramp
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Somatic/
+visceral pain
 ! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Vomiting
 ! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diarrhea
 ! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Tachypnea
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Haematuria/Proteinuria
 ! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Edema
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CBC
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Blood indices
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |KFT
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Renal Funtion test
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Urine analysis
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Urine analysis
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ABG
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ABG
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Ultrasound
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Ultrasound
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |X-ray
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |X-ray
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CT
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CT
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |MRI
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |MRI
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
 |-
-! rowspan="23" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Prerenal
+! rowspan="24" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Prerenal causes
-|[[Alcohol poisoning]]<ref name="pmid15589492">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pletcher MJ, Maselli J, Gonzales R |title=Uncomplicated alcohol intoxication in the emergency department: an analysis of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=117 |issue=11 |pages=863–7 |date=December 2004 |pmid=15589492 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.07.042 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2927129">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cherpitel CJ |title=Breath analysis and self-reports as measures of alcohol-related emergency room admissions |journal=J. Stud. Alcohol |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=155–61 |date=March 1989 |pmid=2927129 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12510444">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yost DA |title=Acute care for alcohol intoxication. Be prepared to consider clinical dilemmas |journal=Postgrad Med |volume=112 |issue=6 |pages=14–6, 21–2, 25–6 |date=December 2002 |pmid=12510444 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10452451">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boba A |title=Management of acute alcoholic intoxication |journal=Am J Emerg Med |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=431 |date=July 1999 |pmid=10452451 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Alcohol poisoning]]<ref name="pmid15589492">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pletcher MJ, Maselli J, Gonzales R |title=Uncomplicated alcohol intoxication in the emergency department: an analysis of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=117 |issue=11 |pages=863–7 |date=December 2004 |pmid=15589492 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.07.042 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2927129">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cherpitel CJ |title=Breath analysis and self-reports as measures of alcohol-related emergency room admissions |journal=J. Stud. Alcohol |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=155–61 |date=March 1989 |pmid=2927129 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/-
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/-
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/-
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[PT]]
-|Prolonged [[PT]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]] (isopropyl [[alcohol]])
-|Elevated [[creatinine]] with normal [[BUN]] may indicate isopropyl [[alcohol]] poisoning
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* Decreased serum [[sodium]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Liver function tests|LFT]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* Decreased [[bicarbonate]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* Serum [[glucose]] level
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* Serum blood [[alcohol]] level
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-* Elevated hepatic [[transaminases]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Administer [[thiamine]] to prevent [[Wernicke's encephalopathy]]
-* Toxicology screen for [[acetaminophen]] and [[salicylates]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Serum [[osmolality]] should be calculated
-* [[Thiamine]] must be given to avoid [[Wernicke's encephalopathy]]
 |-
-|[[Aspergillosis]]<ref name="pmid11880955">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marr KA, Carter RA, Crippa F, Wald A, Corey L |title=Epidemiology and outcome of mould infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=34 |issue=7 |pages=909–17 |date=April 2002 |pmid=11880955 |doi=10.1086/339202 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16886149">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cornillet A, Camus C, Nimubona S, Gandemer V, Tattevin P, Belleguic C, Chevrier S, Meunier C, Lebert C, Aupée M, Caulet-Maugendre S, Faucheux M, Lelong B, Leray E, Guiguen C, Gangneux JP |title=Comparison of epidemiological, clinical, and biological features of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic and nonneutropenic patients: a 6-year survey |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=577–84 |date=September 2006 |pmid=16886149 |doi=10.1086/505870 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16129254">{{cite journal |vauthors=Horger M, Hebart H, Einsele H, Lengerke C, Claussen CD, Vonthein R, Pfannenberg C |title=Initial CT manifestations of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in 45 non-HIV immunocompromised patients: association with patient outcome? |journal=Eur J Radiol |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=437–44 |date=September 2005 |pmid=16129254 |doi=10.1016/j.ejrad.2005.01.001 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Aspergillosis|'''Aspergillosis''']]<ref name="pmid11880955">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marr KA, Carter RA, Crippa F, Wald A, Corey L |title=Epidemiology and outcome of mould infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=34 |issue=7 |pages=909–17 |date=April 2002 |pmid=11880955 |doi=10.1086/339202 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16886149">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cornillet A, Camus C, Nimubona S, Gandemer V, Tattevin P, Belleguic C, Chevrier S, Meunier C, Lebert C, Aupée M, Caulet-Maugendre S, Faucheux M, Lelong B, Leray E, Guiguen C, Gangneux JP |title=Comparison of epidemiological, clinical, and biological features of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic and nonneutropenic patients: a 6-year survey |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=577–84 |date=September 2006 |pmid=16886149 |doi=10.1086/505870 |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Allergy test]], ↑[[IgE]] (>1000 IU/dl), direct visualization of [[Hyphae|fungal hyphae]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* [[Aspergillus]] precipitins [[allergy test]] is positive
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Pulmonary infiltrates, [[Mucus|mucus plug]], mass in the upper lobe surrounded by a crescent of air, solitary or multiple cavities
-* [[IgE]] is > 1000 IU/dl
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Halo sign, wedge-shaped pulmonary [[infarction]], [[granuloma]]
-* [[Fungi]] are identified via:
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-** Gomori methenamine silver stain
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-** Calcofluor
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Polymerase chain reaction|Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)]] confirms the diagnosis
-** Positive culture result from [[sputum]], [[needle biopsy]], or [[bronchoalveolar lavage]]
-*** Hyphae are demonstrated
-*** Elevated galactomannan level in bronchoalveolar fluid
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Pulmonary infiltrates
-* Mucoid plugging
-* Central [[bronchiectasis]]
-* Mass in the upper lobe surrounded by a crescent of air
-* Solitary or multiple cavities
-|
-* Halo sign (ground-glass appearance with nodules)
-* Defines [[bronchiecstasis]]
-* May show evidence of wedge-shaped pulmonary [[infarction]]
-* Granulomata, tissue [[necrosis]], and blood vessel invasion may be noted
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* [[Polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR) assays could be useful in diagnosis of invasive [[aspergillosis]]
 |-
-|[[Cholera]]<ref name="pmid19842974">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weil AA, Khan AI, Chowdhury F, Larocque RC, Faruque AS, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB, Qadri F, Harris JB |title=Clinical outcomes in household contacts of patients with cholera in Bangladesh |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=1473–9 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19842974 |pmc=2783773 |doi=10.1086/644779 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4809112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cash RA, Music SI, Libonati JP, Snyder MJ, Wenzel RP, Hornick RB |title=Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. I. Clinical, serologic, and bacteriologic responses to a known inoculum |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=45–52 |date=January 1974 |pmid=4809112 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4809112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cash RA, Music SI, Libonati JP, Snyder MJ, Wenzel RP, Hornick RB |title=Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. I. Clinical, serologic, and bacteriologic responses to a known inoculum |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=45–52 |date=January 1974 |pmid=4809112 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21696312">{{cite journal |vauthors=Harris JB, Ivers LC, Ferraro MJ |title=Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 19-2011. A 4-year-old Haitian boy with vomiting and diarrhea |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=364 |issue=25 |pages=2452–61 |date=June 2011 |pmid=21696312 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcpc1100927 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cholera|'''Cholera''']]<ref name="pmid19842974">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weil AA, Khan AI, Chowdhury F, Larocque RC, Faruque AS, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB, Qadri F, Harris JB |title=Clinical outcomes in household contacts of patients with cholera in Bangladesh |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=1473–9 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19842974 |pmc=2783773 |doi=10.1086/644779 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4809112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cash RA, Music SI, Libonati JP, Snyder MJ, Wenzel RP, Hornick RB |title=Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. I. Clinical, serologic, and bacteriologic responses to a known inoculum |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=45–52 |date=January 1974 |pmid=4809112 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4809112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cash RA, Music SI, Libonati JP, Snyder MJ, Wenzel RP, Hornick RB |title=Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. I. Clinical, serologic, and bacteriologic responses to a known inoculum |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=45–52 |date=January 1974 |pmid=4809112 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21696312">{{cite journal |vauthors=Harris JB, Ivers LC, Ferraro MJ |title=Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 19-2011. A 4-year-old Haitian boy with vomiting and diarrhea |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=364 |issue=25 |pages=2452–61 |date=June 2011 |pmid=21696312 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcpc1100927 |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+Depends on severity
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]], ↑[[Hematocrit|HCT]]
-*[[Leukocytosis]] without left shift is noted
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-* Elevated [[hematocrit]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Ca]], ↑[[Mg]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* Elevated [[blood urea nitrogen]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]], ↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]]
-* Elevated [[creatinine]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Stool PCR, stool culture, serotyping
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* Serum [[sodium]] < 135 mmol/l
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* Elevated [[calcium]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* Elevated [[magnesium]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-* Elevated [[lactate]]
-* Serum [[bicarbonate]] < 15 mmol/l
-|
-* Stool is used in dark field examination or PCR to visualize [[treponema pallidum]]
-* Stool culture is carried out using thiosulfate-citrate-bile-sucrose-agar
-* Serotyping may be performed using an anti-serum
-* Elevated serum [[protein]] is noted
-* Elevated serum-specific gravity is noted
-* Elevated blood [[glucose]] may be detected
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
 |-
-|[[Congestive heart failure]] (CHF)<ref name="pmid17724259">{{cite journal |vauthors=Solomon SD, Dobson J, Pocock S, Skali H, McMurray JJ, Granger CB, Yusuf S, Swedberg K, Young JB, Michelson EL, Pfeffer MA |title=Influence of nonfatal hospitalization for heart failure on subsequent mortality in patients with chronic heart failure |journal=Circulation |volume=116 |issue=13 |pages=1482–7 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17724259 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.696906 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15687312">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fonarow GC, Adams KF, Abraham WT, Yancy CW, Boscardin WJ |title=Risk stratification for in-hospital mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure: classification and regression tree analysis |journal=JAMA |volume=293 |issue=5 |pages=572–80 |date=February 2005 |pmid=15687312 |doi=10.1001/jama.293.5.572 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12798577">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kittleson M, Hurwitz S, Shah MR, Nohria A, Lewis E, Givertz M, Fang J, Jarcho J, Mudge G, Stevenson LW |title=Development of circulatory-renal limitations to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors identifies patients with severe heart failure and early mortality |journal=J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. |volume=41 |issue=11 |pages=2029–35 |date=June 2003 |pmid=12798577 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17602982">{{cite journal |vauthors=Filippatos G, Rossi J, Lloyd-Jones DM, Stough WG, Ouyang J, Shin DD, O'connor C, Adams KF, Orlandi C, Gheorghiade M |title=Prognostic value of blood urea nitrogen in patients hospitalized with worsening heart failure: insights from the Acute and Chronic Therapeutic Impact of a Vasopressin Antagonist in Chronic Heart Failure (ACTIV in CHF) study |journal=J. Card. Fail. |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=360–4 |date=June 2007 |pmid=17602982 |doi=10.1016/j.cardfail.2007.02.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22554602">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zamora E, Lupón J, Vila J, Urrutia A, de Antonio M, Sanz H, Grau M, Ara J, Bayés-Genís A |title=Estimated glomerular filtration rate and prognosis in heart failure: value of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study-4, chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration, and cockroft-gault formulas |journal=J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. |volume=59 |issue=19 |pages=1709–15 |date=May 2012 |pmid=22554602 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2011.11.066 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22441773">{{cite journal |vauthors=McAlister FA, Ezekowitz J, Tarantini L, Squire I, Komajda M, Bayes-Genis A, Gotsman I, Whalley G, Earle N, Poppe KK, Doughty RN |title=Renal dysfunction in patients with heart failure with preserved versus reduced ejection fraction: impact of the new Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology Collaboration Group formula |journal=Circ Heart Fail |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=309–14 |date=May 2012 |pmid=22441773 |doi=10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.966242 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Congestive heart failure]] (CHF)<ref name="pmid17724259">{{cite journal |vauthors=Solomon SD, Dobson J, Pocock S, Skali H, McMurray JJ, Granger CB, Yusuf S, Swedberg K, Young JB, Michelson EL, Pfeffer MA |title=Influence of nonfatal hospitalization for heart failure on subsequent mortality in patients with chronic heart failure |journal=Circulation |volume=116 |issue=13 |pages=1482–7 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17724259 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.696906 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15687312">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fonarow GC, Adams KF, Abraham WT, Yancy CW, Boscardin WJ |title=Risk stratification for in-hospital mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure: classification and regression tree analysis |journal=JAMA |volume=293 |issue=5 |pages=572–80 |date=February 2005 |pmid=15687312 |doi=10.1001/jama.293.5.572 |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anemia]], [[leukocytosis]]
-* May indicate [[anemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-* [[Leukocytosis]] may be detected
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* Elevated [[BUN]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]], ↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]],
-* Elevated [[creatinine]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[BNP]], ↑[[troponin]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiomegaly]], [[pulmonary hypertension]], [[pleural effusion]]
-* Serum [[sodium]] may be decreased
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pulmonary edema]]
-* Serum [[potassium]] may be elevated
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Valvular heart disease]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Decreased [[ejection fraction]] in [[echocardiography]], decreased heart function and damage in nuclear imaging
-* Serum [[bicarbonate]] may be decreased
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-* Serum [[lactate]] may be elevated
-* [[Metabolic acidosis]] may be present
-|
-* [[Brain natriuretic peptide]] (BNP) or N -terminal prohormone BNP may be elevated and indicate ventricular dilatation
-* Cardiac [[troponin]]s may be elevated
-* [[Pulse oximetry]] may indicate [[hypoxemia]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* May demonstrate:
-** [[Cardiomegaly]]
-** [[Pulmonary hypertension]]
-** [[Pleural effusions]]
-|
-* More accurate visualization of [[pulmonary edema]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Useful in detecting congenital cardiac abnormalities and assessment [[valvular heart disease]]
-* Delayed enhancement cardiovascular [[magnetic resonance imaging]] is useful in identifying the etiology of acute [[chest pain]]
-|
-* [[Echocardiography]] demonstrates decreased [[ejection fraction]]
-** Also demonstrates left and right ventricular function and filling pressures
-* [[Electrocardiogram]] (ECG) may indicate a [[myocardial infarction]] or [[ischemia]], [[arrhythmia]] or atrioventricular block
-* Nuclear imaging can be used to assess heart function and damage in CHF, such as:
-** ECG-gated myocardial perfusion imaging
-** ECG-gated single-photon emission CT
-|
 |-
-|[[Dehydration]]<ref name="pmid15187057">{{cite journal |vauthors=Steiner MJ, DeWalt DA, Byerley JS |title=Is this child dehydrated? |journal=JAMA |volume=291 |issue=22 |pages=2746–54 |date=June 2004 |pmid=15187057 |doi=10.1001/jama.291.22.2746 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9220501">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vega RM, Avner JR |title=A prospective study of the usefulness of clinical and laboratory parameters for predicting percentage of dehydration in children |journal=Pediatr Emerg Care |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=179–82 |date=June 1997 |pmid=9220501 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5928490">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dossetor JB |title=Creatininemia versus uremia. The relative significance of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine concentrations in azotemia |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=1287–99 |date=December 1966 |pmid=5928490 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2198971">{{cite journal |vauthors=Baskett PJ |title=ABC of major trauma. Management of hypovolaemic shock |journal=BMJ |volume=300 |issue=6737 |pages=1453–7 |date=June 1990 |pmid=2198971 |pmc=1663124 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Dehydration]]<ref name="pmid15187057">{{cite journal |vauthors=Steiner MJ, DeWalt DA, Byerley JS |title=Is this child dehydrated? |journal=JAMA |volume=291 |issue=22 |pages=2746–54 |date=June 2004 |pmid=15187057 |doi=10.1001/jama.291.22.2746 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9220501">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vega RM, Avner JR |title=A prospective study of the usefulness of clinical and laboratory parameters for predicting percentage of dehydration in children |journal=Pediatr Emerg Care |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=179–82 |date=June 1997 |pmid=9220501 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-- Burns
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
--Cutaneous loss e.g. sweating
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+Depends on the severity
-- Inadequate water intake
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-- Salt-wasting nephropathy
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Chloride|Cl]]
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑ Urine [[ketone]]s and [[glucose]], ↑urine specific gravity
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]], ↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hypoglycemia]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* Elevated [[BUN]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* Elevated [[creatinine]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-* Serum [[sodium]] < 135 mmol/l
-* Serum [[chloride]] is decreased
-* Elevated [[potassium]]
-|
-* [[Ketone]]s and [[glucose]]] may be detected
-* Urine specific gravity is elevated
-|
-* Serum [[bicarbonate]] is decreased
-* Elevated [[lactate]]
-|
-* [[Hypoglycemia]] may be detected
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* [[Oral rehydration therapy]] is the usual line of treatment
 |-
-|[[Diarrhea]] and/or [[vomiting]]<ref name="pmid2178747">{{cite journal |vauthors=Carpenter DO |title=Neural mechanisms of emesis |journal=Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=230–6 |date=February 1990 |pmid=2178747 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22454468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bresee JS, Marcus R, Venezia RA, Keene WE, Morse D, Thanassi M, Brunett P, Bulens S, Beard RS, Dauphin LA, Slutsker L, Bopp C, Eberhard M, Hall A, Vinje J, Monroe SS, Glass RI |title=The etiology of severe acute gastroenteritis among adults visiting emergency departments in the United States |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=205 |issue=9 |pages=1374–81 |date=May 2012 |pmid=22454468 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jis206 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21801613">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hall AJ, Rosenthal M, Gregoricus N, Greene SA, Ferguson J, Henao OL, Vinjé J, Lopman BA, Parashar UD, Widdowson MA |title=Incidence of acute gastroenteritis and role of norovirus, Georgia, USA, 2004-2005 |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=1381–8 |date=August 2011 |pmid=21801613 |pmc=3381564 |doi=10.3201/eid1708.101533 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29053792">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, Tarr PI, Steiner TS, Kotloff K, Langley JM, Wanke C, Warren CA, Cheng AC, Cantey J, Pickering LK |title=2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diarrhea |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=65 |issue=12 |pages=e45–e80 |date=November 2017 |pmid=29053792 |doi=10.1093/cid/cix669 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Diarrhea]] and/or [[vomiting]]<ref name="pmid2178747">{{cite journal |vauthors=Carpenter DO |title=Neural mechanisms of emesis |journal=Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=230–6 |date=February 1990 |pmid=2178747 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22454468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bresee JS, Marcus R, Venezia RA, Keene WE, Morse D, Thanassi M, Brunett P, Bulens S, Beard RS, Dauphin LA, Slutsker L, Bopp C, Eberhard M, Hall A, Vinje J, Monroe SS, Glass RI |title=The etiology of severe acute gastroenteritis among adults visiting emergency departments in the United States |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=205 |issue=9 |pages=1374–81 |date=May 2012 |pmid=22454468 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jis206 |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]] with predominant [[neutrophilia]], ↑[[ESR]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* [[Leukocytosis]] with predominant [[neutrophilia]] may be detected
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* Elevated [[ESR]] may be detected
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑ Urine [[ketones]], organic acids, [[porphobilinogen]], [[aminolevulinic acid]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Stool [[anion gap]], stool pH < 5.5, stool culture, serotyping, enzyme immunoassay ([[rotavirus]] or [[adenovirus]]), abnormal [[Liver function tests|LFT]], [[amylase]], [[lipase]]
-* Stool anion gap should be calculated
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Normal
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* [[Urine]] may be postive for:
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-** [[Ketones]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-** Organic acids
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-** Ester-to-free carnitine ratio
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-** [[Porphobilinogen]]
-** [[Aminolevulinic acid]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Stool pH < 5.5
-* Stool culture may be positive for vibrio and plesiomonas species, [[]clostridium difficile]], [[salmonella]], [[shigella]], [[campylobacter]], and  yersinia enterocolitica
-* Serotyping for E.coli O157:H7
-* Enzyme immunoassay may be positive for [[rotavirus]] or [[adenovirus]]
-* Elevated liver [[transaminases]] may be detected
-* Elevated pancreatic [[amylase]] and [[lipase]] may be detected
-|
-* Abdominal [[ultrasound]] may be useful to detect cause
-|
-* Upper gastrointestinal radiography with follow-through may be useful to detect cause
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Brain MRI may be useful to detect cause
-|
-* Esophagogastroduodenoscopy may be useful to detect cause
-|
-* Treatment must include volume replacement
 |-
-|[[Drugs]]/[[Toxin|toxins]]<ref name="pmid1883120">{{cite journal |vauthors=Toto RD, Mitchell HC, Lee HC, Milam C, Pettinger WA |title=Reversible renal insufficiency due to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in hypertensive nephrosclerosis |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=115 |issue=7 |pages=513–9 |date=October 1991 |pmid=1883120 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4715199">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bismuth C, Gaultier M, Conso F, Efthymiou ML |title=Hyperkalemia in acute digitalis poisoning: prognostic significance and therapeutic implications |journal=Clin. Toxicol. |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=153–62 |date=1973 |pmid=4715199 |doi=10.3109/15563657308990513 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7579079">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sawaya BP, Briggs JP, Schnermann J |title=Amphotericin B nephrotoxicity: the adverse consequences of altered membrane properties |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=154–64 |date=August 1995 |pmid=7579079 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10390124">{{cite journal |vauthors=Whelton A |title=Nephrotoxicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: physiologic foundations and clinical implications |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=106 |issue=5B |pages=13S–24S |date=May 1999 |pmid=10390124 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
-- [[ACE inhibitor]]
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fatigue/
+Lethargy
-- [[Aminoglycosides]]
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Thirst
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dizziness/
-- [[Amphotericin B]]
+Confusion
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Muscle weakness/
-- [[Contrast medium|Contrast]] material
+cramp
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Somatic/
-- [[Cyclosporin]]
+visceral pain
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Vomiting
-- [[Diuretics]]
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diarrhea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Tachypnea
-- [[Digitalis]]
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Edema
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Blood indices
-- [[Heavy metals]]
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Renal Funtion test
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
-- [[Indomethacin]]
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Urine analysis
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ABG
-- [[Tacrolimus]]
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Ultrasound
-- [[NSAIDs]]
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |X-ray
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CT
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |MRI
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Elevated [[BUN]]
-* Elevated [[creatinine]]
-* Elevated [[creatine kinase]]
-|
-* [[Potassium]] > 5.5 mEq/l with [[ACE inhibitors]]
-* [[Hypomagnesemia]], [[hypokalemia]], [[hypocalcemia]], and [[hypophosphatemia]] with [[aminoglycosides]]
-|
-* [[Urine]] sample may detect drug
-* [[Glucosuria]], [[aminoaciduria]], [[phosphaturia]], [[ketonuria]] and [[uricosuria]] may be detected
-* Urine [[osmolality]] should be calculated
-* Urine [[pH]] should be detected
-* Bland [[urine]] sediment may be detected
-* [[Hyaline cast]]s may be detected
-* Granular casts may be detected
-* Red blood cell casts may be detected
-* Dysmorphic red blood cells may be present
-* Red blood cell casts may be detected
-* Absence of [[proteinuria]] differentiates between [[acute kidney injury]] and [[acute interstitial nephritis]]
-|
-* Serum osmolar gap should be calculated
-* Elevated [[lactate]] may be detected
-* [[Metabolic acidosis]] may be present
-|
-* Blood [[glucose]] should be measured
-* Toxicology screening is crucial in aiding diagnosis
-* Rapid immunoassay screens may also aid diagnosis
-|
-* Useful in drug-induced nephropathies
-|
-* Some radio-opaque substances may be visualized
-* Ingested drug packets may also be visualized
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* [[ECG]] may be helpful in diagnosing [[arrhythmia]]s
-|
-|-
-|[[Esophageal varices|Esophageal varices bleeding]]<ref name="pmid6970703">{{cite journal |vauthors=Graham DY, Smith JL |title=The course of patients after variceal hemorrhage |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=800–9 |date=April 1981 |pmid=6970703 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20638742">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Franchis R |title=Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=762–8 |date=October 2010 |pmid=20638742 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2010.06.004 |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* May show [[normocytic normochromic anemia]]
-* [[Hematocrit]] may be decreased
-|
-*In uncontrolled bleeding:
-** Elevated [[BUN]]
-** Elevated [[creatinine]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Duplex doppler ultrasonography can determine:
-** Velocity and direction of portal flow
-** Determine portal vein patency
-* Endoscopic ultrasonography may also be useful
-|
-* Abnormal opacities representing paraesophageal varices  may be detected outside the esophageal wall
-* The short or long segment of the descending [[aorta]] may be obliterated
-* A posterior mediastinal or intraparenchymal mass may be noted
-* A dilated [[azygous vein]] may be noted and is described as a "downhill varix"
-* Dilated collaterals may lead to a widened [[superior mediastinum]]
-* [[Barium swallow]] demonstrates snake-like filling defects
-|
-* Can visualize the entire portal venous system
-|
-* Can visualize the entire portal venous system
-* Portrays [[esophageal varices]] as flow voids
-|
-* Positive emission tomography can determine portal hypertension and evaluate [[esophageal varices]]
-* A flexible [[endoscope]] may also aid diagnosis
-* Bleeding is stopped by [[vasopressin]], balloon tamponade, or [[transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt]] to name a few.
-|
 |-
-|[[Heart disease]]<ref name="pmid26644246">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sotos-Prieto M, Bhupathiraju SN, Mattei J, Fung TT, Li Y, Pan A, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Hu FB |title=Changes in Diet Quality Scores and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Among US Men and Women |journal=Circulation |volume=132 |issue=23 |pages=2212–9 |date=December 2015 |pmid=26644246 |pmc=4673892 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.017158 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2030718">{{cite journal |vauthors=LaCroix AZ, Lang J, Scherr P, Wallace RB, Cornoni-Huntley J, Berkman L, Curb JD, Evans D, Hennekens CH |title=Smoking and mortality among older men and women in three communities |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=324 |issue=23 |pages=1619–25 |date=June 1991 |pmid=2030718 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199106063242303 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19581259">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mahle WT, Newburger JW, Matherne GP, Smith FC, Hoke TR, Koppel R, Gidding SS, Beekman RH, Grosse SD |title=Role of pulse oximetry in examining newborns for congenital heart disease: a scientific statement from the AHA and AAP |journal=Pediatrics |volume=124 |issue=2 |pages=823–36 |date=August 2009 |pmid=19581259 |doi=10.1542/peds.2009-1397 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Drugs]]/[[Toxin|toxins]]<ref name="pmid1883120">{{cite journal |vauthors=Toto RD, Mitchell HC, Lee HC, Milam C, Pettinger WA |title=Reversible renal insufficiency due to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in hypertensive nephrosclerosis |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=115 |issue=7 |pages=513–9 |date=October 1991 |pmid=1883120 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4715199">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bismuth C, Gaultier M, Conso F, Efthymiou ML |title=Hyperkalemia in acute digitalis poisoning: prognostic significance and therapeutic implications |journal=Clin. Toxicol. |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=153–62 |date=1973 |pmid=4715199 |doi=10.3109/15563657308990513 |url=}}</ref>
--Congenital
--Acquired
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]], ↑[[Creatine kinase|CK]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Magnesium|Mg]], ↓[[Ca]], ↓[[Phosphate|P]]
-* [[ESR]] and [[CRP]] may be elevated
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Ingested drug, [[glucose]], [[aminoacid]], [[phosphate]], [[ketone]], [[hyaline cast]], and [[RBC]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]], [[metabolic acidosis]]
-* [[BUN]] and [[creatinine]] may be elevated
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Toxicology]], rapid [[immunoassay]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephropathy]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Radioopaque substances, ingested drug packets
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* For [[coronary heart disease]], cardiac stress testing may be performed:
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-* For [[rheumatic heart disease]], the following tests may be performed:
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-** Throat culture may be positive for group A beta hemolytic streptococcus
-** Rapid antigen detection test may be positive for  group A streptococcal antigen
-** Antistreptococcal antibodies may be detected
-** Heart reactive antibodies may be detected against M protein
-** Rapid detection test for D8/17 B cell markers
-* Hyperoxia test can distinguish cardiac from non - cardiac causes of [[cyanosis]]
-* [[Pulse oximetry]] is useful in congenital heart diseases
-|
-* [[Ultrasound]] visualizes anatomy of the heart and in particular, the chambers and chamber flow
-|
-* May visualize heart anatomy and vessels such as:
-** [[Cardiomegaly]]
-** [[Dextrocardia]]
-** Abnormal cardiac silhouette
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* [[ECG]] may demonstrate:
-** [[Arrhythmias]] such as:
-*** [[Sinus tachycardia]]
-*** Multifocal atrial [[tachycardia]]
-*** Prolonged PR interval in [[atrioventricular block]]
-*** [[Atrial fibrillation]]
-*** [[Atrial flutter]]
-** [[Pericarditis]] by ST segment elevation mostly in lead II, III, aVF, and V4 - V6
-* [[Echocardiography]] may detect the following:
-** Ventricular dysfunction
-** Left and right ventricular [[hypertrophy]]
-** Chronic mitral valve disease
-** [[Mitral stenosis]]
-** [[Mitral insufficiency]]
-** Left atrial dilation
-** Left atrial enlargement
-** [[Aortic stenosis]]
-** [[Aortic insufficiency]]
-** [[Tricuspid insufficiency]]
-** [[Pulmonary stenosis]]
-** [[Pulmonary insufficiency]]
-|
-* History and physical examination (auscultation of the heart) are important for diagnosis
 |-
-|[[Hemorrhage]]<ref name="pmid21098468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Achneck HE, Sileshi B, Parikh A, Milano CA, Welsby IJ, Lawson JH |title=Pathophysiology of bleeding and clotting in the cardiac surgery patient: from vascular endothelium to circulatory assist device surface |journal=Circulation |volume=122 |issue=20 |pages=2068–77 |date=November 2010 |pmid=21098468 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.936773 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3487361">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gralnick HR, Rick ME, McKeown LP, Williams SB, Parker RI, Maisonneuve P, Jenneau C, Sultan Y |title=Platelet von Willebrand factor: an important determinant of the bleeding time in type I von Willebrand's disease |journal=Blood |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=58–61 |date=July 1986 |pmid=3487361 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3706933">{{cite journal |vauthors=Suchman AL, Griner PF |title=Diagnostic uses of the activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=104 |issue=6 |pages=810–6 |date=June 1986 |pmid=3706933 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3541576">{{cite journal |vauthors=Greenberg CS, Devine DV, McCrae KM |title=Measurement of plasma fibrin D-dimer levels with the use of a monoclonal antibody coupled to latex beads |journal=Am. J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=94–100 |date=January 1987 |pmid=3541576 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Esophageal varices|'''Esophageal varices bleeding''']]<ref name="pmid6970703">{{cite journal |vauthors=Graham DY, Smith JL |title=The course of patients after variceal hemorrhage |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=800–9 |date=April 1981 |pmid=6970703 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20638742">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Franchis R |title=Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=762–8 |date=October 2010 |pmid=20638742 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2010.06.004 |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Normocytic normochromic anemia]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-* May indicate [[normocytic normochromic anemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* [[Prothrombin time]], [[activated partial thromboplastin time]] and [[bleeding time]] may be elevated
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* [[BUN]] and [[creatinine]] is elevated in severe [[hemorrhage]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Velocity and direction of [[portal]] flow
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Abnormal opacities  outside of[[esophageal]] wall, posterior [[mediastinal]] or intraparenchymal mass, dilated [[azygous vein]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Entire portal venous system
-* [[pH]] may be 7.30-7.35 with mild to severe [[metabolic acidosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Portrays [[esophageal varices]] as flow voids
-* Serum [[sodium]] and [[chloride]] may become elevated with high volume isotonic saline
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Portal hypertension and [[esophageal varices]] in [[positron emission tomography]], flexible [[endoscope]], [[barium swallow]] of snake-like filling defects
-* [[Hyperchloremia]] may cause a non–ion gap [[acidosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-* [[Hypocalemia]] may occur with rapid [[blood transfusion]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Sensitive to [[bleeding]] within body cavities
-* Focused abdominal sonographic technique (FAST) can detect peritoneal cavity fluid
-|
-* Chest x - ray may demonstrate bilateral opacities in the lung field and indicate [[hemothorax]]
-* Abdominal x - ray may demonstrate [[hemoperitoneum]]
-* Incomplete calcified margins of a dilated aorta may indicate a ruptured [[abdominal aortic aneurysm]]
-* Absence of the psoas shadow may suggest retroperitoneal blood
-|
-* May visualize intrathoracic, intra-abdominal, and retroperitoneal [[bleeding]]
-* However, [[ultrasound]] is more often used
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Esophagogastroduodenoscopy is often used to visualize the source of [[bleeding]] in the upper GI
-* [[Colonoscopy]] may be used in the lower GI
-* [[Angiography]] and nuclear medicine scanning are also useful in diagnosing the source of [[bleeding]]
-|
 |-
-|[[Hemolysis]]<ref name="pmid3814817">{{cite journal |vauthors=Liesveld JL, Rowe JM, Lichtman MA |title=Variability of the erythropoietic response in autoimmune hemolytic anemia: analysis of 109 cases |journal=Blood |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=820–6 |date=March 1987 |pmid=3814817 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7365971">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marchand A, Galen RS, Van Lente F |title=The predictive value of serum haptoglobin in hemolytic disease |journal=JAMA |volume=243 |issue=19 |pages=1909–11 |date=May 1980 |pmid=7365971 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2436855">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stahl WM |title=Acute phase protein response to tissue injury |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=545–50 |date=June 1987 |pmid=2436855 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7411826">{{cite journal |vauthors=Conley CL, Lippman SM, Ness P |title=Autoimmune hemolytic anemia with reticulocytopenia. A medical emergency |journal=JAMA |volume=244 |issue=15 |pages=1688–90 |date=October 1980 |pmid=7411826 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Congenital heart disease]]<ref name="pmid2030718">{{cite journal |vauthors=LaCroix AZ, Lang J, Scherr P, Wallace RB, Cornoni-Huntley J, Berkman L, Curb JD, Evans D, Hennekens CH |title=Smoking and mortality among older men and women in three communities |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=324 |issue=23 |pages=1619–25 |date=June 1991 |pmid=2030718 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199106063242303 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19581259">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mahle WT, Newburger JW, Matherne GP, Smith FC, Hoke TR, Koppel R, Gidding SS, Beekman RH, Grosse SD |title=Role of pulse oximetry in examining newborns for congenital heart disease: a scientific statement from the AHA and AAP |journal=Pediatrics |volume=124 |issue=2 |pages=823–36 |date=August 2009 |pmid=19581259 |doi=10.1542/peds.2009-1397 |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[ESR]] and [[CRP]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-* Elevated or decreased [[mean corpuscular volume]] and [[mean corpuscular hemoglobin]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* [[Thrombocytopenia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* [[Microcytic]] hypochromic [[anemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* [[Macrocytic anemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Throat culture]], rapid streptococcal antigen test, hyperoxia test, [[pulse oximetry]]
-* Elevated [[red blood cell]] distribution width may indicate [[anisocytosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* [[Reticulocyte]] count may be increased
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiomegaly]], [[dextrocardia]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Ventricular dysfunction]], left and right ventricular [[hypertrophy]], valvular disease in [[echocardiography]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|
-* Peripheral [[blood smear]] may demonstrate:
-** Smudge cells
-** Small [[lymphocytes]]
-** Polychromasia
-** [[Spherocyte]]s
-** [[Schistocyte]]s
-* Serum [[lactate dehydrogenase]] may be elevated
-* Serum [[haptoglobin]] may be decreased
-* Unconjugated or indirect [[bilirubin]]  may be elevated
-* The following tests may also aid diagnosis:
-** Direct antiglobulin test
-** [[Urine]] free [[hemoglobin]] test
-** [[Urine]] [[hemosiderin]] test
-** [[Red blood cell]] survival test
-** Cold agglutinin titer
-** Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase screen
-** Sickle cell screen
-|
-** May visualize [[hepatomegaly]] or [[splenomegal]]y or [[hepatosplenomegaly]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
 |-
-|[[Hepatorenal syndrome]]<ref name="pmid19776409">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ginès P, Schrier RW |title=Renal failure in cirrhosis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=361 |issue=13 |pages=1279–90 |date=September 2009 |pmid=19776409 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra0809139 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8550036">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arroyo V, Ginès P, Gerbes AL, Dudley FJ, Gentilini P, Laffi G, Reynolds TB, Ring-Larsen H, Schölmerich J |title=Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. International Ascites Club |journal=Hepatology |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=164–76 |date=January 1996 |pmid=8550036 |doi=10.1002/hep.510230122 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17389705">{{cite journal |vauthors=Salerno F, Gerbes A, Ginès P, Wong F, Arroyo V |title=Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis |journal=Gut |volume=56 |issue=9 |pages=1310–8 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17389705 |pmc=1954971 |doi=10.1136/gut.2006.107789 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25638527">{{cite journal |vauthors=Angeli P, Ginès P, Wong F, Bernardi M, Boyer TD, Gerbes A, Moreau R, Jalan R, Sarin SK, Piano S, Moore K, Lee SS, Durand F, Salerno F, Caraceni P, Kim WR, Arroyo V, Garcia-Tsao G |title=Diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: revised consensus recommendations of the International Club of Ascites |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=968–74 |date=April 2015 |pmid=25638527 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2014.12.029 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hemorrhage]]<ref name="pmid21098468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Achneck HE, Sileshi B, Parikh A, Milano CA, Welsby IJ, Lawson JH |title=Pathophysiology of bleeding and clotting in the cardiac surgery patient: from vascular endothelium to circulatory assist device surface |journal=Circulation |volume=122 |issue=20 |pages=2068–77 |date=November 2010 |pmid=21098468 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.936773 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3487361">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gralnick HR, Rick ME, McKeown LP, Williams SB, Parker RI, Maisonneuve P, Jenneau C, Sultan Y |title=Platelet von Willebrand factor: an important determinant of the bleeding time in type I von Willebrand's disease |journal=Blood |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=58–61 |date=July 1986 |pmid=3487361 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+Depends on the severity
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Normocytic normochromic anemia]], ↑[[PT]], ↑[[PTT]]
-* [[Leukocytosis]] may indicate [[spontaneous bacterial peritonitis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Chloride|Cl]], ↓[[Ca]]
-* Reduced [[glomerular filtration rate]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* Serum [[creatinine]]  > 1.5 mg/dL or 24 - hour [[creatinine]] clearance < 40 mL/min
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Metabolic acidosis]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* Serum [[sodium]] < 130 mEq/L
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Peritoneal cavity fluid in [[FAST]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Bilateral opacities in the lung field, [[hemothorax]], hemoperitoneum, ruptured [[abdominal aortic aneurysm]]
-* [[Proteinuria]] < 500 mg/d
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Intrathoracic, intra-abdominal, and retroperitoneal [[bleeding]]
-* Urine volume < 500 mL/d
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* Urine [[sodium]] < 10 mEq/L
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Source of [[bleeding]] in the upper GI in [[Esophagogastroduodenoscopy|EGD]], [[angiography]]
-* [[Urine osmolality]] > [[plasma osmolality]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-* Urine [[red blood cell]] count < 50 per high-power field
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Prolonged [[prothrombin time]]
-* Alpha feto-protein may be positive
-* [[Cryoglobulinemia]] may be seen
-|
-* Abdominal ultrasound to exclude [[hydronephrosis]] and intrinsic renal disease
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* [[Echocardiography]] is used to evaluate right ventricular preload, ventricular filling pressures, and cardiac function
-|
 |-
-|[[Cardiomyopathy|Ischemic cardiomyopathy]]<ref name="pmid16567565">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G, Antzelevitch C, Corrado D, Arnett D, Moss AJ, Seidman CE, Young JB |title=Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention |journal=Circulation |volume=113 |issue=14 |pages=1807–16 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16567565 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15689345">{{cite journal |vauthors=Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Bjørnstad HH, Vanhees L, Biffi A, Borjesson M, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop N, Deligiannis A, Solberg E, Dugmore D, Mellwig KP, Assanelli D, Delise P, van-Buuren F, Anastasakis A, Heidbuchel H, Hoffmann E, Fagard R, Priori SG, Basso C, Arbustini E, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, McKenna WJ, Thiene G |title=Cardiovascular pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: proposal for a common European protocol. Consensus Statement of the Study Group of Sport Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology |journal=Eur. Heart J. |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=516–24 |date=March 2005 |pmid=15689345 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehi108 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17916581">{{cite journal |vauthors=Elliott P, Andersson B, Arbustini E, Bilinska Z, Cecchi F, Charron P, Dubourg O, Kühl U, Maisch B, McKenna WJ, Monserrat L, Pankuweit S, Rapezzi C, Seferovic P, Tavazzi L, Keren A |title=Classification of the cardiomyopathies: a position statement from the European Society Of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases |journal=Eur. Heart J. |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=270–6 |date=January 2008 |pmid=17916581 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehm342 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17468391">{{cite journal |vauthors=Thompson PD, Franklin BA, Balady GJ, Blair SN, Corrado D, Estes NA, Fulton JE, Gordon NF, Haskell WL, Link MS, Maron BJ, Mittleman MA, Pelliccia A, Wenger NK, Willich SN, Costa F |title=Exercise and acute cardiovascular events placing the risks into perspective: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism and the Council on Clinical Cardiology |journal=Circulation |volume=115 |issue=17 |pages=2358–68 |date=May 2007 |pmid=17468391 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.181485 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hemolysis]]<ref name="pmid3814817">{{cite journal |vauthors=Liesveld JL, Rowe JM, Lichtman MA |title=Variability of the erythropoietic response in autoimmune hemolytic anemia: analysis of 109 cases |journal=Blood |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=820–6 |date=March 1987 |pmid=3814817 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7365971">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marchand A, Galen RS, Van Lente F |title=The predictive value of serum haptoglobin in hemolytic disease |journal=JAMA |volume=243 |issue=19 |pages=1909–11 |date=May 1980 |pmid=7365971 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Thrombocytopenia|Thrombocytopenia,]] [[Microcytic anemia|microcytic hypochromic anemia]], ↑RDW, ↑[[Reticulocyte|retic count]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* In high [[cardiac output]], [[anemia]] may be detected
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* Elevated [[creatinine]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[LDH]], ↓[[haptoglobin]], ↑unconjugated [[bilirubin]]
-* Serum [[sodium]] may be decreased
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hepatomegaly]], [[splenomegaly]]
-* Serum [[postassium]] may be chronically low
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* Serum [[magnesium]] may be decreased
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-* [[Cardiac enzyme]]s may be elevated indicating a recent [[myocardial infarction]], and include:
-** [[Troponin]]
-** [[Creatine kinase]]
-** [[Creatine kinase]] - MB
-* B-type natriuretic peptide level reflects volume status
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* May detect abnormal cardiac silhouette
-|
-* CT with [[angiography]] can detect the following:
-** Biventricular volume
-** [[Ejection fraction]]
-** Wall motion
-** Myocardial perfusion
-** [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
-** Left ventricular noncompaction
-** Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
-** Congenital malformation
-|
-* MRI with gadolinium–diethylene-triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) can evaluate mid-wall fibrosis
-|
-* Echocardiography is the gold standard in diagnosis and indicates an [[ejection fraction]] ≤35%
-* Echo may also diagnose [[pulmonary embolism]], right ventricular dilation or [[pericardial effusion]] with tamponade
-* Electrocardiogram is useful in detecting;
-** Left ventricular enlargement
-** [[Atrial fibrillation]]
-** Premature ventricular complexes
-** Left ventricular [[hypertrophy]]
-** Left bundle-branch block
-** [[Atrioventricular block]]
-* Right-sided heart catheterization can determine volume status
-* Endomyocardial biopsy may also be helpful in diagnosis
-|
 |-
-|[[ Liver cirrhosis]]<ref name="pmid24076364">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ge PS, Runyon BA |title=The changing role of beta-blocker therapy in patients with cirrhosis |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=643–53 |date=March 2014 |pmid=24076364 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2013.09.016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3533689">{{cite journal |vauthors=Becker CD, Scheidegger J, Marincek B |title=Hepatic vein occlusion: morphologic features on computed tomography and ultrasonography |journal=Gastrointest Radiol |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=305–11 |date=1986 |pmid=3533689 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3532188">{{cite journal |vauthors=Giorgio A, Amoroso P, Lettieri G, Fico P, de Stefano G, Finelli L, Scala V, Tarantino L, Pierri P, Pesce G |title=Cirrhosis: value of caudate to right lobe ratio in diagnosis with US |journal=Radiology |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=443–5 |date=November 1986 |pmid=3532188 |doi=10.1148/radiology.161.2.3532188 |url=}}</ref>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fatigue/
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+Lethargy
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Thirst
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dizziness/
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+Confusion
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Muscle weakness/
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+cramp
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Somatic/
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+visceral pain
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Vomiting
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diarrhea
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Tachypnea
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Edema
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Blood indices
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Renal Funtion test
-|
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
-* Liver function testing is crucial for diagnosis
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Urine analysis
-* The following serologic tests are used as indirect markers of [[fibrosis]]:
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ABG
-** [[Aspartate aminotransferase]] to [[platelet]] ratio
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
-** FibroTest/FibroSure
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Ultrasound
-** Hepascore
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |X-ray
-** FibroSpect
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CT
-|
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |MRI
-* Doppler ultrasound may demonstrate:
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
-** Portal blood flow and flow velocity
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
-** [[Hepatic artery]] enlargement
-** Vascular resistance
-** Multifocal or focal lesions or masses
-** Hepatic contour
-** Hepatic texture
-** Portal collaterals
-** [[Ascites]]
-** [[Splenomegaly]]
-** [[Portal vein thrombosis]]
-|
-* May demonstrate  the following:
-** [[Ascites]]
-** [[Bowel perforation]]
-** [[Gynecomastia]] (enlargement of breast tissue)
-** [[Azygos vein]] enlargement
-** Variceal hemorrhage
-** [[Pleural effusion]]
-|
-* CT can detect the following:
-** Morphologic changes in the liver
-** Collaterals and shunts
-** Lesions
-** Hyperattenuating nodule of [[hepatocellular carcinoma]]
-** [[Portal vein thrombosis]]
-** [[Splenomegaly]] and gallbladder enlargement
-|
-* MRI can detect the following:
-** Morphologic changes in the liver
-** Vacular patency
-** Lesions
-** Tumor invasion
-** [[Portal vein thrombosis]]
-** [[Splenomegaly]] and gallbladder enlargement
-** [[Steatosis]]
-|
-* Nuclear imaging can determine hepatic function and [[portal hypertension]]
-* [[Angiography]] can determine hepatic perfusion and the development of [[shunt]]s and [[tumor]]s
-|
-* [[Liver cirrhosis]] is irreversible and a transplant is usually needed
 |-
-|[[Malignant hypertension]]<ref name="pmid23102030">{{cite journal |vauthors=Johnson W, Nguyen ML, Patel R |title=Hypertension crisis in the emergency department |journal=Cardiol Clin |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=533–43 |date=November 2012 |pmid=23102030 |doi=10.1016/j.ccl.2012.07.011 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16627047">{{cite journal |vauthors=Elliott WJ |title=Clinical features in the management of selected hypertensive emergencies |journal=Prog Cardiovasc Dis |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=316–25 |date=2006 |pmid=16627047 |doi=10.1016/j.pcad.2006.02.004 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hepatorenal syndrome]]<ref name="pmid19776409">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ginès P, Schrier RW |title=Renal failure in cirrhosis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=361 |issue=13 |pages=1279–90 |date=September 2009 |pmid=19776409 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra0809139 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8550036">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arroyo V, Ginès P, Gerbes AL, Dudley FJ, Gentilini P, Laffi G, Reynolds TB, Ring-Larsen H, Schölmerich J |title=Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. International Ascites Club |journal=Hepatology |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=164–76 |date=January 1996 |pmid=8550036 |doi=10.1002/hep.510230122 |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]], ↑[[PT]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]], ↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-* May demonstrate [[microangiopathic hemolytic anemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Proteinuria]],  [[Sodium|Na]] <10mEq/L, [[urine osmolality]] > [[plasma osmolality]]
-* Elevated [[BUN]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* Elevated [[creatinine]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Alpha fetoprotein|Alpha feto-protein]], [[cryoglobulinemia]]
-* [[Azotemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Exclude [[hydronephrosis]] and intrinsic renal disease
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* [[Hypernatremia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* [[Hyperphosphatemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* [[Hyperkalemia]] or [[hypokalemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Right ventricular preload, ventricular filling pressures, and cardiac function in [[echocardiography]]
-|
+| -
-* [[Proteinuria]]
-* [[Microscopic hematuria]]
-* [[Red blood cell]] or [[hyaline cast]]s
-|
-* A[[cidosis]]
-|
-* It is useful to also test the following:
-** [[Cardiac enzymes]]
-** Urinary [[catecholamines]] and vanillylmandelic acid
-** Thyroid-stimulating hormone level
-* Elevated plasma [[renin]], [[angiotensin]] II, and [[aldosterone]] is often detected
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* May demonstrate the following:
-** Cardiac enlargement
-** [[Pulmonary edema]]
-** Rib notching
-** [[Aortic coarctation]]
-** Mediastinal widening
-** [[Aortic dissection]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Electrocardiography may indicate the following:
-** [[Ischemia]]
-** Infarct
-** Evidence of electrolyte abnormalities or drug overdose
-* Echocardiography may indicate the following:
-** Left atrial enlargement
-** Left ventricular [[hypertrophy]]
-|
 |-
-|[[Myocarditis]]<ref name="pmid3974674">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dec GW, Palacios IF, Fallon JT, Aretz HT, Mills J, Lee DC, Johnson RA |title=Active myocarditis in the spectrum of acute dilated cardiomyopathies. Clinical features, histologic correlates, and clinical outcome |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=312 |issue=14 |pages=885–90 |date=April 1985 |pmid=3974674 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198504043121404 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2660415">{{cite journal |vauthors=O'Connell JB, Mason JW |title=Diagnosing and treating active myocarditis |journal=West. J. Med. |volume=150 |issue=4 |pages=431–5 |date=April 1989 |pmid=2660415 |pmc=1026578 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8198397">{{cite journal |vauthors=Olinde KD, O'Connell JB |title=Inflammatory heart disease: pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment of myocarditis |journal=Annu. Rev. Med. |volume=45 |issue= |pages=481–90 |date=1994 |pmid=8198397 |doi=10.1146/annurev.med.45.1.481 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16449736">{{cite journal |vauthors=Baughman KL |title=Diagnosis of myocarditis: death of Dallas criteria |journal=Circulation |volume=113 |issue=4 |pages=593–5 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16449736 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.589663 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiomyopathy|Ischemic cardiomyopathy]]<ref name="pmid16567565">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G, Antzelevitch C, Corrado D, Arnett D, Moss AJ, Seidman CE, Young JB |title=Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention |journal=Circulation |volume=113 |issue=14 |pages=1807–16 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16567565 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15689345">{{cite journal |vauthors=Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Bjørnstad HH, Vanhees L, Biffi A, Borjesson M, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop N, Deligiannis A, Solberg E, Dugmore D, Mellwig KP, Assanelli D, Delise P, van-Buuren F, Anastasakis A, Heidbuchel H, Hoffmann E, Fagard R, Priori SG, Basso C, Arbustini E, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, McKenna WJ, Thiene G |title=Cardiovascular pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: proposal for a common European protocol. Consensus Statement of the Study Group of Sport Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology |journal=Eur. Heart J. |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=516–24 |date=March 2005 |pmid=15689345 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehi108 |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anemia]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Cr]]
-* [[Leukocytosis]] may be with [[eosinophilia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↓[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Magnesium|Mg]]
-* Elevated [[ESR]] and [[CRP]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Troponin]], [[creatine kinase]], [[Creatine kinase]]-MB, [[Brain natriuretic peptide|BNP]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Abnormal cardiac silhouette
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Biventricular volume, wall motion abnormality, myocardial perfusion, [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
-* Screening for rheumatic origin of disease
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Mid-wall [[fibrosis]] in [[MRI]]
-* [[Cardiac enzymes]] to rule out infraction
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Ejection fraction ≤35%, pulmonary embolism, right ventricular dilation or [[pericardial effusion]] with tamponade in [[echocardiography]]
-* Serum viral antibodies to rule out [[viral myocarditis]], including:
+| -
-** Coxsackie virus group B
-** Human immunodeficiency virus ([[HIV]]),
-** [[Cytomegalovirus]]
-** [[Ebstein-Barr virus]]
-** [[Hepatitis]] virus
-** [[Influenza]] virus
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Gadolinium-enhanced [[magnetic resonance imaging]] can detect inflammatory [[edema]]
-* Delayed-enhanced MRI has also been to assess the degree of scarring
-|
-* Endomyocardial biopsy is the gold standard for the diagnosis of [[myocarditis]]
-* Echocardiography is useful for the following:
-** Exclusion of [[amyloidosis]], congenital and/or valvular diseases
-** Assessment of cardiac dysfunction
-** Detection of inflammatory origin, wall motion abnormalities, wall thickening, and [[pericardial effusion]]
-** Distinction between fulminant and acute [[myocarditis]]
-* Scintigraphy is useful for detecting myocardial inflammation
-* [[ECG]] is non-specific but may detect the following:
-**Heart block
-** Ventricular [[arrhythmia]]s
-** Injury patterns, including those of myocardial [[ischemia]] and [[pericarditis]]
-|
 |-
-|[[Peritonitis]]<ref name="pmid9798013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Such J, Runyon BA |title=Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=669–74; quiz 675–6 |date=October 1998 |pmid=9798013 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2210672">{{cite journal |vauthors=Runyon BA |title=Monomicrobial nonneutrocytic bacterascites: a variant of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis |journal=Hepatology |volume=12 |issue=4 Pt 1 |pages=710–5 |date=October 1990 |pmid=2210672 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Liver cirrhosis]]<ref name="pmid24076364">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ge PS, Runyon BA |title=The changing role of beta-blocker therapy in patients with cirrhosis |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=643–53 |date=March 2014 |pmid=24076364 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2013.09.016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3533689">{{cite journal |vauthors=Becker CD, Scheidegger J, Marincek B |title=Hepatic vein occlusion: morphologic features on computed tomography and ultrasonography |journal=Gastrointest Radiol |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=305–11 |date=1986 |pmid=3533689 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Abnormal [[Liver function tests|LFT]], [[aspartate aminotransferase]] to [[platelet]] ratio, FibroTest/FibroSure, Hepascore
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Portal blood flow velocity, [[hepatic artery]] enlargement, multifocal  lesions or masses, hepatic contour, [[ascites]], [[splenomegaly]]
-* Peritoneal fluid analysis is the most important component of diagnosis and demonstrates the following:
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Bowel perforation]], [[gynecomastia]], [[azygos vein]] enlargement, [[pleural effusion]]
-** Ascitic fluid [[neutrophil]] count > 500 cells/µL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Morphologic changes in the liver, collaterals and shunts, hyperattenuating nodule of [[hepatocellular carcinoma]], [[portal vein thrombosis]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Vacular patency, tumor invasion, [[portal vein thrombosis]], [[steatosis]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hepatic]] function and [[portal hypertension]] in nuclear imaging, [[hepatic]] perfusion and the development of [[shunt]]s and [[tumor]]s in [[angiography]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Irreversible and a transplant is usually needed
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
 |-
-|[[Perinatal asphyxia]]<ref name="pmid23149172">{{cite journal |vauthors=Selewski DT, Jordan BK, Askenazi DJ, Dechert RE, Sarkar S |title=Acute kidney injury in asphyxiated newborns treated with therapeutic hypothermia |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=162 |issue=4 |pages=725–729.e1 |date=April 2013 |pmid=23149172 |doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.10.002 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21238703">{{cite journal |vauthors=Durkan AM, Alexander RT |title=Acute kidney injury post neonatal asphyxia |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=158 |issue=2 Suppl |pages=e29–33 |date=February 2011 |pmid=21238703 |doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.11.010 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8747112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Karlowicz MG, Adelman RD |title=Nonoliguric and oliguric acute renal failure in asphyxiated term neonates |journal=Pediatr. Nephrol. |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=718–22 |date=December 1995 |pmid=8747112 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Malignant hypertension]]<ref name="pmid23102030">{{cite journal |vauthors=Johnson W, Nguyen ML, Patel R |title=Hypertension crisis in the emergency department |journal=Cardiol Clin |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=533–43 |date=November 2012 |pmid=23102030 |doi=10.1016/j.ccl.2012.07.011 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16627047">{{cite journal |vauthors=Elliott WJ |title=Clinical features in the management of selected hypertensive emergencies |journal=Prog Cardiovasc Dis |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=316–25 |date=2006 |pmid=16627047 |doi=10.1016/j.pcad.2006.02.004 |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-* May indicate [[infection]], [[hemorrhage]] or [[thrombocytopenia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]], ↑[[Phosphate|P]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Proteinuria]], [[microscopic hematuria]]
-* Decreased [[glomerular filtration rate]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Acidosis]]
-* Elevated [[creatinine]] >1.5 mg/dL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiac enzymes]], urinary [[catecholamines]], [[TSH]], ↑[[Renin]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Cardiomegaly, [[pulmonary edema]], rib notching, [[aortic coarctation]], mediastinal widening, [[aortic dissection]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* Elevated cardiac [[troponin]] T and I levels are specific for cardiac dysfunction
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is under investigation as a biomarker for [[acute kidney injury]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Left atrial enlargement and left ventricular [[hypertrophy]] in [[echocardiography]]
-* Fetal umbilical artery pH <7.0
+| -
-* Elevated liver [[transaminases]]
-* Coagulation profile should be carried out
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Cranial [[ultrasound]] may indicate the following:
-** Focal [[hemorrhage]]
-** Ventricular [[dilatation]]
-** White matter damage
-** [[Cerebral edema]]
-** Cystic lesions
-|
-* X -ray may demonstrate the following:
-** [[Cardiomegaly]]
-** Hazy lung fields indicating [[pulmonary edema]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Acute brain injury may be seen on MRI
-|
-* ECG may demonstrate [[ischemia]] with changes in the ST segment
-* Echocardiography may demonstrate the following:
-** Decreased left ventricular [[ejection fraction]]
-** Right-to-left atrial shunting
-|
-* [[Apgar score]] is very important during assessment
 |-
-|[[Polycythemia]]<ref name="pmid9025165">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gregg XT, Prchal JT |title=Erythropoietin receptor mutations and human disease |journal=Semin. Hematol. |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=70–6 |date=January 1997 |pmid=9025165 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9292543">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kralovics R, Indrak K, Stopka T, Berman BW, Prchal JF, Prchal JT |title=Two new EPO receptor mutations: truncated EPO receptors are most frequently associated with primary familial and congenital polycythemias |journal=Blood |volume=90 |issue=5 |pages=2057–61 |date=September 1997 |pmid=9292543 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2297568">{{cite journal |vauthors=Da Silva JL, Lacombe C, Bruneval P, Casadevall N, Leporrier M, Camilleri JP, Bariety J, Tambourin P, Varet B |title=Tumor cells are the site of erythropoietin synthesis in human renal cancers associated with polycythemia |journal=Blood |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=577–82 |date=February 1990 |pmid=2297568 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8855223">{{cite journal |vauthors=Iliopoulos O, Levy AP, Jiang C, Kaelin WG, Goldberg MA |title=Negative regulation of hypoxia-inducible genes by the von Hippel-Lindau protein |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=93 |issue=20 |pages=10595–9 |date=October 1996 |pmid=8855223 |pmc=38198 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11986208">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wiesener MS, Seyfarth M, Warnecke C, Jürgensen JS, Rosenberger C, Morgan NV, Maher ER, Frei U, Eckardt KU |title=Paraneoplastic erythrocytosis associated with an inactivating point mutation of the von Hippel-Lindau gene in a renal cell carcinoma |journal=Blood |volume=99 |issue=10 |pages=3562–5 |date=May 2002 |pmid=11986208 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fatigue/
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+Lethargy
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Thirst
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dizziness/
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+Confusion
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Muscle weakness/
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+cramp
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Somatic/
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+visceral pain
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Vomiting
-|
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diarrhea
-* [[Hematocrit]] > 49% in men
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Tachypnea
-* [[Hematocrit]] > 48% in women
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Edema
-* [[Hemoglobin]] > 16.5 g/dL in men
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Blood indices
-* [[Hemoglobin]] > 16 g/dL in women
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Renal Funtion test
-* Total [[red blood cell]] mass ≥ 36 mL/kg in males
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
-* Total [[red blood cell]] mass ≥ 32 mL/kg in females
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Urine analysis
-* [[Thrombocytosis]] > 400,000/μL
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ABG
-* [[Leukocytosis]] with predominant [[neutrophil]]s > 12,000/μL
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
-* Leukocyte [[alkaline phosphatase]] >100 U/L
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Ultrasound
-* Serum vitamin B-12 concentration >900 pg/mL
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |X-ray
-* [[Hyperuricemia]] may be present
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CT
-|
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |MRI
-* Decreased [[erythropoietin]]
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
-|
-* Oxygen saturation ≥ 92%
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* May demonstrate [[splenomegaly]]
-|
-* May demonstrate [[splenomegaly]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* [[JAK2]] mutation
-* Bone marrow [[biopsy]] demonstrates:
-** Hypercellularity with [[hyperplasia]] of the erythroid, granulocytic, and megakaryocytic cell lines
-** [[Myelofibrosis]] may also be present
-** [[Prothrombin time]] and [[activated partial thromboplastin time]] may be prolonged
-|
-* [[Phlebotomy]] is the usual form of treatment
 |-
-|[[Respiratory distress syndrome]]<ref name="pmid26542877">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hooper SB, Te Pas AB, Kitchen MJ |title=Respiratory transition in the newborn: a three-phase process |journal=Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=F266–71 |date=May 2016 |pmid=26542877 |doi=10.1136/archdischild-2013-305704 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17382123">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mariani G, Dik PB, Ezquer A, Aguirre A, Esteban ML, Perez C, Fernandez Jonusas S, Fustiñana C |title=Pre-ductal and post-ductal O2 saturation in healthy term neonates after birth |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=150 |issue=4 |pages=418–21 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17382123 |doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.12.015 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16549212">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jain L, Eaton DC |title=Physiology of fetal lung fluid clearance and the effect of labor |journal=Semin. Perinatol. |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=34–43 |date=February 2006 |pmid=16549212 |doi=10.1053/j.semperi.2006.01.006 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10764292">{{cite journal |vauthors=Avery ME |title=Surfactant deficiency in hyaline membrane disease: the story of discovery |journal=Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. |volume=161 |issue=4 Pt 1 |pages=1074–5 |date=April 2000 |pmid=10764292 |doi=10.1164/ajrccm.161.4.16142 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Myocarditis]]<ref name="pmid39746742">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dec GW, Palacios IF, Fallon JT, Aretz HT, Mills J, Lee DC, Johnson RA |title=Active myocarditis in the spectrum of acute dilated cardiomyopathies. Clinical features, histologic correlates, and clinical outcome |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=312 |issue=14 |pages=885–90 |date=April 1985 |pmid=3974674 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198504043121404 |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]] ([[eosinophilia]]),↑[[ESR]] and ↑[[CRP]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiac enzymes]], viral antibodies
-* Metabolic and respiratory [[acidosis]] may occur with [[hypoxia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* Pulse oximetry is useful in diagnosis
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Inflammatory [[edema]], degree of scarring
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Endomyocardial biopsy]], [[echocardiography]], [[scintigraphy]]
-* Demonstrates the following:
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-** Bilateral, diffuse, reticular granular or ground-glass appearance
-** Poor lung expansion
-** [[Cardiomegaly]] may or may not be present
-** Streaky opacities may indicate [[pneumonia]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* [[Echocardiography]] is useful in diagnosing [[patent ductus arteriosus]]
-|
 |-
-|[[Shock]]<ref name="pmid24171518">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vincent JL, De Backer D |title=Circulatory shock |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=369 |issue=18 |pages=1726–34 |date=October 2013 |pmid=24171518 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1208943 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7588190">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rodgers KG |title=Cardiovascular shock |journal=Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=793–810 |date=November 1995 |pmid=7588190 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26903335">{{cite journal |vauthors=Seymour CW, Liu VX, Iwashyna TJ, Brunkhorst FM, Rea TD, Scherag A, Rubenfeld G, Kahn JM, Shankar-Hari M, Singer M, Deutschman CS, Escobar GJ, Angus DC |title=Assessment of Clinical Criteria for Sepsis: For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) |journal=JAMA |volume=315 |issue=8 |pages=762–74 |date=February 2016 |pmid=26903335 |pmc=5433435 |doi=10.1001/jama.2016.0288 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26158402">{{cite journal |vauthors=Churpek MM, Zadravecz FJ, Winslow C, Howell MD, Edelson DP |title=Incidence and Prognostic Value of the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome and Organ Dysfunctions in Ward Patients |journal=Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. |volume=192 |issue=8 |pages=958–64 |date=October 2015 |pmid=26158402 |pmc=4642209 |doi=10.1164/rccm.201502-0275OC |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Peritonitis]]<ref name="pmid97980132">{{cite journal |vauthors=Such J, Runyon BA |title=Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=669–74; quiz 675–6 |date=October 1998 |pmid=9798013 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22106722">{{cite journal |vauthors=Runyon BA |title=Monomicrobial nonneutrocytic bacterascites: a variant of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis |journal=Hepatology |volume=12 |issue=4 Pt 1 |pages=710–5 |date=October 1990 |pmid=2210672 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-- Anaphylactic
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-- Cardiogenic
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-- Hypotensive
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-- Septic
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-- Toxic
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Ascitic fluid [[neutrophil]] count > 500 cells/µL
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|
-* Elevated [[hemotocrit]] value may indicate [[hypovolemic shock]]
-* [[Anemia]] and/or [[thrombocytopenia]] may indicate [[hemorrhagic shock]]
-* Elevated [[eosinophils]] may indicate [[anaphylactic shock]]
-* Elevated [[leukocytes]] may suggest [[septic shock]]
-* A low white count with bandemia may suggest an undifferentiated shock
-|
-* Elevated [[BUN]] and [[creatinine]]
-* Decreased GFR
-|
-* [[Hypernatremia]] or [[hyponatremia]]
-* [[Hypokalemia]] or [[hyperkalemia]]
-* [[Hypochloremia]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Elevated serum [[lactate]]
-|
-* Cross matching and blood typing of blood is important for [[blood transfusion]]
-* Prolonged [[prothrombin]] and [[activated partial thromboplastin time]] may indicate [[hemorrhagic shock]]
-* Elevated liver [[transaminases]]
-* In [[cardiogenic shock]]:
-** Elevated [[troponin]] I or [[troponin]] T levels
-** Elevated [[creatine phosphokinase]]
-** Elevated [[brain natriuretic peptide]], or N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide
-* [[Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy]] may occur as a complication, and is determined through elevated [[fibrin split products]] and [[D-dimer]] level with low [[fibrinogen]] level
-|
-* RUSH (Rapid [[ultrasound]] in shock) may detect the following:
-** [[Pulmonary embolism]]
-** [[Pericardial effusion]]
-** [[Cardiac tamponade]]
-** Reduced contractility of the right and left ventricle
-** [[Pneumothorax]]
-** [[Pulmonary edema]]
-** Thoracic or [[abdominal aortic aneurysm]]
-|
-* May demonstrate the following:
-** [[Pneumonia]]
-** [[Pneumothorax]]
-** [[Pulmonary edema]]
-** Widened [[mediastinum]]
-** Free air under the [[diaphragm]]
-* May also determine etiology of [[shock]], such as:
-** Intestinal obstruction
-** [[Bowel perforation]]
-|
-* Can determine etiology of [[shock]], such as:
-** Traumatic brain injury,
-** [[Stroke]]
-** Spinal injury
-** [[Pneumonia]]
-** [[Pneumothorax]]
-** Ruptured [[aneurysm]]
-** [[Aortic dissection]]
-** Intestinal obstruction
-** Bowel perforation
-** [[Abscess]]
-** [[Pulmonary embolism]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
 |-
-|Third space losses<ref name="pmid10086438">{{cite journal |vauthors=McGee S, Abernethy WB, Simel DL |title=The rational clinical examination. Is this patient hypovolemic? |journal=JAMA |volume=281 |issue=11 |pages=1022–9 |date=March 1999 |pmid=10086438 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5336422">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cohn JN |title=Blood pressure measurement in shock. Mechanism of inaccuracy in ausculatory and palpatory methods |journal=JAMA |volume=199 |issue=13 |pages=118–22 |date=March 1967 |pmid=5336422 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17060544">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vinayak AG, Levitt J, Gehlbach B, Pohlman AS, Hall JB, Kress JP |title=Usefulness of the external jugular vein examination in detecting abnormal central venous pressure in critically ill patients |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=166 |issue=19 |pages=2132–7 |date=October 2006 |pmid=17060544 |doi=10.1001/archinte.166.19.2132 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Polycythemia]]<ref name="pmid90251652">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gregg XT, Prchal JT |title=Erythropoietin receptor mutations and human disease |journal=Semin. Hematol. |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=70–6 |date=January 1997 |pmid=9025165 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid92925432">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kralovics R, Indrak K, Stopka T, Berman BW, Prchal JF, Prchal JT |title=Two new EPO receptor mutations: truncated EPO receptors are most frequently associated with primary familial and congenital polycythemias |journal=Blood |volume=90 |issue=5 |pages=2057–61 |date=September 1997 |pmid=9292543 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-- Capillary leak
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-- [[Surgery]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-- [[Trauma]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[RBC]], ↑[[Hematocrit|HCT]], ↑[[Hemoglobin|HGB]], [[thrombocytosis]], [[leukocytosis]], ↑[[PT]], and ↑[[aPTT]]
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Erythropoietin]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hyperuricemia]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Splenomegaly]]
-* [[Normocytic normochromic anemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* Decreased [[hematocrit]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* Elevated [[BUN]] and [[creatinine]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-* Elevated GFR
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Phlebotomy]] is the usual treatment
-|
-* May demonstrate [[proteinuria]] or [[hematuria]]
-|
-* Elevated [[lactate dehydrogenase]]
-* Elevated [[alkaline phosphatase]]
-* Hypo or [[hypernatremia]]
-* Hypo or [[hyperkalemia]]
-|
-* May visualize fluid collections
-|
-* More accurately visualize the following:
-** Margins of trauma
-** Fluid collection
-|
-* Useful for diagnosis of soft tissue injury
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
 |-
-|[[Toxic megacolon]]<ref name="pmid5305933">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jalan KN, Sircus W, Card WI, Falconer CW, Bruce CB, Crean GP, McManus JP, Small WP, Smith AN |title=An experience of ulcerative colitis. I. Toxic dilation in 55 cases |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=68–82 |date=July 1969 |pmid=5305933 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7555415">{{cite journal |vauthors=Trudel JL, Deschênes M, Mayrand S, Barkun AN |title=Toxic megacolon complicating pseudomembranous enterocolitis |journal=Dis. Colon Rectum |volume=38 |issue=10 |pages=1033–8 |date=October 1995 |pmid=7555415 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14638335">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gan SI, Beck PL |title=A new look at toxic megacolon: an update and review of incidence, etiology, pathogenesis, and management |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=98 |issue=11 |pages=2363–71 |date=November 2003 |pmid=14638335 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07696.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12067">{{cite journal |vauthors=Caprilli R, Vernia P, Colaneri O, Torsoli A |title=Blood pH: a test for assessment of severity in proctocolitis |journal=Gut |volume=17 |issue=10 |pages=763–9 |date=October 1976 |pmid=12067 |pmc=1411181 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Respiratory distress syndrome]]<ref name="pmid265428772">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hooper SB, Te Pas AB, Kitchen MJ |title=Respiratory transition in the newborn: a three-phase process |journal=Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=F266–71 |date=May 2016 |pmid=26542877 |doi=10.1136/archdischild-2013-305704 |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* [[Leukocytosis]] with left shift
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* [[Anemia]] (if [[diarrhea]] is present)
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Metabolic acidosis|Metabolic]] and [[Metabolic acidosis|respiratory acidosis]]
-* [[Creatinine]] and [[BUN]] may be elevated
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pulse oximetry]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Bilateral, diffuse, reticular granular or ground-glass appearance +/- [[cardiomegaly]]
-* [[Hyponatremia]] is common
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* Elevated [[ESR]] and [[CRP]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Patent ductus arteriosus]] in [[echocardiography]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-* Ultrasound may demonstrate the following:
-** Loss of haustra
-** Hypoechoic and thick bowel walls
-** Dilated [[colon]] > 6cm
-** Dilatation of ileal loops
-** Presence of intraluminal gas and fluid
-|
-* The following is noted with x-ray:
-* Dilated [[colon]]
-* Loss of haustra
-* Soft tissue masses
-* Segmental parietal thinning
-* Free intraperitoneal air
-|
-* May demonstrate the following:
-** Bowel perforation
-** [[Abscess]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* [[Endoscopy]] and [[colonoscopy]] can aid diagnosis
-|
 |-
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Classification by etiology
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Shock]]<ref name="pmid24171518">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vincent JL, De Backer D |title=Circulatory shock |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=369 |issue=18 |pages=1726–34 |date=October 2013 |pmid=24171518 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1208943 |url=}}</ref>
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! colspan="10" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Clinical manifestations
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! colspan="11" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Paraclinical findings
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Hematocrit|HCT]], ↑[[PT]] and [[aPTT]], [[Eosinophilia]], [[Leukocytosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]], ↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Liver function tests|LFT]],  ↑[[BNP]], ↑[[troponin]], [[D-dimer]], [[fibrinogen]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pulmonary embolism]], [[pericardial effusion]], [[cardiac tamponade]], [[pneumothorax]], thoracic or [[abdominal aortic aneurysm]] in RUSH (Rapid Ultrasound for Shock and Hypotension)
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pneumonia]], [[pneumothorax]], [[pulmonary edema]], widened [[mediastinum]], free air under the [[diaphragm]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Traumatic brain injury, [[stroke]], spinal injury, [[pneumonia]], [[pPneumothorax]], ruptured [[aneurysm]], [[aortic dissection]], [[pulmonary embolism]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 |-
-! colspan="10" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Symptoms and signs
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Toxic megacolon]]<ref name="pmid5305933">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jalan KN, Sircus W, Card WI, Falconer CW, Bruce CB, Crean GP, McManus JP, Small WP, Smith AN |title=An experience of ulcerative colitis. I. Toxic dilation in 55 cases |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=68–82 |date=July 1969 |pmid=5305933 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-! colspan="6" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Lab findings
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Imaging
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]], [[anemia]], ↑[[ESR]] and ↑[[CRP]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Loss of haustra, hypoechoic and thick bowel walls, dilated [[colon]] > 6cm, dilatation of ileal loops
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Dilated [[colon]], free intraperitoneal air
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Bowel perforation]], [[abscess]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Endoscopy]] and [[colonoscopy]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 |-
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fatigue/Lethargy
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fatigue/
+Lethargy
 ! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Thirst
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dizziness/Confusion
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dizziness/
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Muscle weakness/cramp
+Confusion
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Somatic/visceral pain
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Muscle weakness/
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Vomiting
+cramp
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diarrhea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Somatic/
+visceral pain
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Vomiting
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diarrhea
 ! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Tachypnea
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Haematuria/Proteinuria
 ! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Edema
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CBC
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Blood indices
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |KFT
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Renal Funtion test
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Urine analysis
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Urine analysis
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ABG
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ABG
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Ultrasound
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Ultrasound
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |X-ray
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |X-ray
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CT
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CT
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |MRI
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |MRI
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
-|-
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
-! rowspan="14" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Intrinsic renal
-|[[Acute interstitial nephritis]]<ref name="pmid11020015">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schwarz A, Krause PH, Kunzendorf U, Keller F, Distler A |title=The outcome of acute interstitial nephritis: risk factors for the transition from acute to chronic interstitial nephritis |journal=Clin. Nephrol. |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=179–90 |date=September 2000 |pmid=11020015 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20336051">{{cite journal |vauthors=Praga M, González E |title=Acute interstitial nephritis |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=77 |issue=11 |pages=956–61 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20336051 |doi=10.1038/ki.2010.89 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2113219">{{cite journal |vauthors=Buysen JG, Houthoff HJ, Krediet RT, Arisz L |title=Acute interstitial nephritis: a clinical and morphological study in 27 patients |journal=Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=94–9 |date=1990 |pmid=2113219 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11473672">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rossert J |title=Drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=804–17 |date=August 2001 |pmid=11473672 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.060002804.x |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|
-* [[Eosinophilia]] may be present
-|
-* Elevated [[creatinine]]
-* High fractional [[sodium]] excretion
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Eosinophiluria
-* [[Sterile pyuria]]
-* [[Microscopic hematuria]]
-* [[Proteinuria]]
-* Red cell or white cell casts
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Patients with immunoglobulin G4 - related disease may have elevated serum total IgG and/or IgG4 levels
-|
-* Ultrasound will show normal-sized kidneys
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* History of long term [[analgesic]] use is common
 |-
-|[[Acute tubular necrosis]]<ref name="pmid22890468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khwaja A |title=KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for acute kidney injury |journal=Nephron Clin Pract |volume=120 |issue=4 |pages=c179–84 |date=2012 |pmid=22890468 |doi=10.1159/000339789 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15680458">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lameire N, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R |title=Acute renal failure |journal=Lancet |volume=365 |issue=9457 |pages=417–30 |date=2005 |pmid=15680458 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17831-3 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17507907">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hsu CY, McCulloch CE, Fan D, Ordoñez JD, Chertow GM, Go AS |title=Community-based incidence of acute renal failure |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=208–12 |date=July 2007 |pmid=17507907 |pmc=2673495 |doi=10.1038/sj.ki.5002297 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16495376">{{cite journal |vauthors=Waikar SS, Curhan GC, Wald R, McCarthy EP, Chertow GM |title=Declining mortality in patients with acute renal failure, 1988 to 2002 |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=1143–50 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16495376 |doi=10.1681/ASN.2005091017 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16106006">{{cite journal |vauthors=Uchino S, Kellum JA, Bellomo R, Doig GS, Morimatsu H, Morgera S, Schetz M, Tan I, Bouman C, Macedo E, Gibney N, Tolwani A, Ronco C |title=Acute renal failure in critically ill patients: a multinational, multicenter study |journal=JAMA |volume=294 |issue=7 |pages=813–8 |date=August 2005 |pmid=16106006 |doi=10.1001/jama.294.7.813 |url=}}</ref>
+! rowspan="12" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Renal causes
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Acute interstitial nephritis]]<ref name="pmid11020015">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schwarz A, Krause PH, Kunzendorf U, Keller F, Distler A |title=The outcome of acute interstitial nephritis: risk factors for the transition from acute to chronic interstitial nephritis |journal=Clin. Nephrol. |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=179–90 |date=September 2000 |pmid=11020015 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20336051">{{cite journal |vauthors=Praga M, González E |title=Acute interstitial nephritis |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=77 |issue=11 |pages=956–61 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20336051 |doi=10.1038/ki.2010.89 |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Eosinophilia]]
-* [[Anemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]], ↑[[Fractional sodium excretion|FENa]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* Elevated [[creatinine]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Eosinophiluria, [[Pyuria|sterile pyuria]], [[mMicroscopic hematuria]], [[proteinuria]]
-* Elevated [[BUN]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* Elevated fractional excretion of [[sodium]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑Total [[IgG]], ↑[[IgG4-related systemic disease|IgG4]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Normal-sized [[Kidney|kidneys]]
-* [[Hyponatremia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* [[Hyperkalemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* [[Hypermagnesemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* [[Hypocalcemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-* [[Hyperphosphatemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |History of long term [[analgesic]] use
-|
-* Pigmented, muddy brown, granular casts
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Ultrasound can determine:
-** [[Obstructive uropathy]]
-** Renal size
-** Cortical thickness
-** [[Hydronephrosis]]
-|
-* May be useful in cases with [[nephrolithiasis]]
-|
-* May be useful in cases with [[nephrolithiasis]]
-* May also determine area of obstruction
-|
-* May also determine area of obstruction
-|
-* Renal biopsy may demonstrate the following:
-** Loss of tubular cells or the denuded tubules
-** Swollen tubular cells
-** Loss of the cell brush border
-* Useful kidney function biomarkers:
-** Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin
-** Interleukin-18
-** Kidney injury molecule 1
-** Cystatin C
-** Sodium/hydrogen exchanger isoform 3
-|
-* [[Furosemide]] stress testing can predict stage
 |-
-|[[Cancer]]<ref name="pmid16360438">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gudbjartsson T, Thoroddsen A, Petursdottir V, Hardarson S, Magnusson J, Einarsson GV |title=Effect of incidental detection for survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma: results of population-based study of 701 patients |journal=Urology |volume=66 |issue=6 |pages=1186–91 |date=December 2005 |pmid=16360438 |doi=10.1016/j.urology.2005.07.009 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5125665">{{cite journal |vauthors=Skinner DG, Colvin RB, Vermillion CD, Pfister RC, Leadbetter WF |title=Diagnosis and management of renal cell carcinoma. A clinical and pathologic study of 309 cases |journal=Cancer |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=1165–77 |date=November 1971 |pmid=5125665 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid788291">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gibbons RP, Monte JE, Correa RJ, Mason JT |title=Manifestations of renal cell carcinoma |journal=Urology |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=201–6 |date=September 1976 |pmid=788291 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7124769">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pras M, Franklin EC, Shibolet S, Frangione B |title=Amyloidosis associated with renal cell carcinoma of the AA type |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=426–8 |date=September 1982 |pmid=7124769 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4595951">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chisholm GD |title=Nephrogenic ridge tumors and their syndromes |journal=Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume=230 |issue= |pages=403–23 |date=1974 |pmid=4595951 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Acute tubular necrosis]]<ref name="pmid22890468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khwaja A |title=KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for acute kidney injury |journal=Nephron Clin Pract |volume=120 |issue=4 |pages=c179–84 |date=2012 |pmid=22890468 |doi=10.1159/000339789 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15680458">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lameire N, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R |title=Acute renal failure |journal=Lancet |volume=365 |issue=9457 |pages=417–30 |date=2005 |pmid=15680458 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17831-3 |url=}}</ref>
-- [[Renal cell carcinoma]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-- [[Metastatic cancer]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anemia]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]], ↑[[Fractional sodium excretion|FENa]]
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]], ↑[[Magnesium|Mg]], ↑[[Phosphate|P]], ↓[[Calcium|Ca]]
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Pigmented, muddy brown, granular casts
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* May reveal normocytic or [[microcytic anemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* [[Leukocytosis]] or [[lymphocytosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Obstructive uropathy]], cortical thickness, [[hydronephrosis]]
-* Elevated [[reticulocytes]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephrolithiasis]]
-* [[Thrombocytopenia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephrolithiasis]], area of [[obstruction]]
-* [[Leukopenia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephrolithiasis]], area of [[obstruction]]
-* Blast cells
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Loss of [[Tubular|tubular cells]] or the denuded tubules, swollen [[Tubular|tubular cells]], lLoss of the cell brush border in [[Kidney|renal biopsy]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Furosemide]] stress testing for staging
-* Elevated [[BUN]]
-* Elevated [[creatinine]]
-* Decreased GFR
-* Decreased or increased production of [[erythropoietin]]
-|
-* [[Hyponatremia]]
-* [[Hypomagnesemia]]
-* Hyper or [[hypocalcemia]]
-* [[Hypophosphatemia]]
-* Hyper or [[hypokalemia]]
-|
-* Gross [[hematuria]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Elevated liver [[transaminases]]
-|
-* Ultrasound can detect fluid collection and morphologic change
-* Flank mass
-|
-* Can delineate [[tumor]], visualize [[calcification]] and widened mediastinae
-* [[Barium]] contrast may show filling defects
-|
-* May accurately visualize metastasis and determine staging
-* Distinguish cystic from solid masses
-* Determine [[lymph node]], [[renal vein]], and [[inferior vena cava]] involvement
-|
-* May determine soft tissue invasion and staging
-|
-* Percutaneous cyst puncture may aid diagnosis of malignant cystic lesions
-|
-* Histology can determine type of [[cancer]]
-* [[Renal cell carcinoma]] can be divided into the following types:
-** Clear cell (75%)
-** Chromophilic (15%)
-** Chromophobic (5%)
-** Oncocytoma (3%)
-** Collecting duct (2%)
 |-
-|[[Chronic kidney failure]]<ref name="pmid20054047">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abboud H, Henrich WL |title=Clinical practice. Stage IV chronic kidney disease |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=362 |issue=1 |pages=56–65 |date=January 2010 |pmid=20054047 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp0906797 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28614683">{{cite journal |vauthors=Denic A, Mathew J, Lerman LO, Lieske JC, Larson JJ, Alexander MP, Poggio E, Glassock RJ, Rule AD |title=Single-Nephron Glomerular Filtration Rate in Healthy Adults |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=376 |issue=24 |pages=2349–2357 |date=June 2017 |pmid=28614683 |pmc=5664219 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1614329 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15738453">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sarnak MJ, Greene T, Wang X, Beck G, Kusek JW, Collins AJ, Levey AS |title=The effect of a lower target blood pressure on the progression of kidney disease: long-term follow-up of the modification of diet in renal disease study |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=142 |issue=5 |pages=342–51 |date=March 2005 |pmid=15738453 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16408129">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eriksen BO, Ingebretsen OC |title=The progression of chronic kidney disease: a 10-year population-based study of the effects of gender and age |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=375–82 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16408129 |doi=10.1038/sj.ki.5000058 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16790511">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hallan SI, Coresh J, Astor BC, Asberg A, Powe NR, Romundstad S, Hallan HA, Lydersen S, Holmen J |title=International comparison of the relationship of chronic kidney disease prevalence and ESRD risk |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=2275–84 |date=August 2006 |pmid=16790511 |doi=10.1681/ASN.2005121273 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15262664">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hsu CY, Vittinghoff E, Lin F, Shlipak MG |title=The incidence of end-stage renal disease is increasing faster than the prevalence of chronic renal insufficiency |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=141 |issue=2 |pages=95–101 |date=July 2004 |pmid=15262664 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cancer]]<ref name="pmid16360438">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gudbjartsson T, Thoroddsen A, Petursdottir V, Hardarson S, Magnusson J, Einarsson GV |title=Effect of incidental detection for survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma: results of population-based study of 701 patients |journal=Urology |volume=66 |issue=6 |pages=1186–91 |date=December 2005 |pmid=16360438 |doi=10.1016/j.urology.2005.07.009 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5125665">{{cite journal |vauthors=Skinner DG, Colvin RB, Vermillion CD, Pfister RC, Leadbetter WF |title=Diagnosis and management of renal cell carcinoma. A clinical and pathologic study of 309 cases |journal=Cancer |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=1165–77 |date=November 1971 |pmid=5125665 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]] or [[microcytic anemia]], [[leukocytosis]] or [[lymphocytosis]], ↑[[reticulocytes]], [[thrombocytopenia]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]], ↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]], ↓[[Erythropoietin]]
-* [[Anemia]] is present
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Magnesium|Mg]], ↑[[Phosphate|P]], ↓[[Calcium|Ca]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Gross [[hematuria]]
-* Elevated [[creatinine]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* Elevated [[BUN]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Liver function tests|LFT]]
-* Decreased GFR
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Fluid collection and morphological change, flank mass
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Calcification]] and widened mediastinum, filling defects in [[Barium|barium contrast]]
-* [[Hyperkalemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Metastasis and [[Cancer staging|staging]], cystic and solid masses, [[lymph node]], [[renal vein]], and [[inferior vena cava]] involvement
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Soft tissue]] invasion and [[Cancer staging|staging]]
-* [[Hypoalbuminuria]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Malignant]] cystic lesions [[percutaneous]] cyst puncture
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Renal cell carcinoma]] types: [[Clear cell]] (75%), chromophilic (15%), [[chromophobic]] (5%), [[oncocytoma]] (3%), [[collecting duct]] (2%)
-* Low [[bicarbonate]]
-|
-* To determine renal bone disease, the following may be performed:
-** Serum [[phosphate]]
-** 25 - hydroxyvitamin D
-** [[Alkaline phosphatase]]
-** [[Parathyroid hormone]]
-* To determine kidney function, C - cystatin may be measured
-|
-* May indicate [[hydronephrosis]]
-* [[Retroperitoneal fibrosis]]
-* Mass
-* Enlarged or shrunken kidneys
-|
-* May demonstrate [[nephrolithiasis]]
-* Retrograde pyelogram may determine obstruction
-|
-* May determine renal masses, stones, and cysts
-|
-* Useful in those who are contraindicated for intravenous contrast
-* May determine [[renal vein thrombosis]]
-* Magnetic resonance [[angiography]] can diagnose [[renal artery stenosis]]
-|
-* Percutaneous renal [[biopsy]] is also useful in diagnosis
-|
 |-
-|[[Congenital kidney disease]]<ref name="pmid12197558">{{cite journal |vauthors=Queisser-Luft A, Stolz G, Wiesel A, Schlaefer K, Spranger J |title=Malformations in newborn: results based on 30,940 infants and fetuses from the Mainz congenital birth defect monitoring system (1990-1998) |journal=Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. |volume=266 |issue=3 |pages=163–7 |date=July 2002 |pmid=12197558 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19536081">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sanna-Cherchi S, Ravani P, Corbani V, Parodi S, Haupt R, Piaggio G, Innocenti ML, Somenzi D, Trivelli A, Caridi G, Izzi C, Scolari F, Mattioli G, Allegri L, Ghiggeri GM |title=Renal outcome in patients with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=76 |issue=5 |pages=528–33 |date=September 2009 |pmid=19536081 |doi=10.1038/ki.2009.220 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11992035">{{cite journal |vauthors=Glassberg KI |title=Normal and abnormal development of the kidney: a clinician's interpretation of current knowledge |journal=J. Urol. |volume=167 |issue=6 |pages=2339–50; discussion 2350–1 |date=June 2002 |pmid=11992035 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19685083">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tabatabaeifar M, Schlingmann KP, Litwin M, Emre S, Bakkaloglu A, Mehls O, Antignac C, Schaefer F, Weber S |title=Functional analysis of BMP4 mutations identified in pediatric CAKUT patients |journal=Pediatr. Nephrol. |volume=24 |issue=12 |pages=2361–8 |date=December 2009 |pmid=19685083 |doi=10.1007/s00467-009-1287-6 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19615554">{{cite journal |vauthors=Reidy KJ, Rosenblum ND |title=Cell and molecular biology of kidney development |journal=Semin. Nephrol. |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=321–37 |date=July 2009 |pmid=19615554 |pmc=2789488 |doi=10.1016/j.semnephrol.2009.03.009 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Congenital disease|'''Congenital kidney disease''']]<ref name="pmid12197558">{{cite journal |vauthors=Queisser-Luft A, Stolz G, Wiesel A, Schlaefer K, Spranger J |title=Malformations in newborn: results based on 30,940 infants and fetuses from the Mainz congenital birth defect monitoring system (1990-1998) |journal=Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. |volume=266 |issue=3 |pages=163–7 |date=July 2002 |pmid=12197558 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19536081">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sanna-Cherchi S, Ravani P, Corbani V, Parodi S, Haupt R, Piaggio G, Innocenti ML, Somenzi D, Trivelli A, Caridi G, Izzi C, Scolari F, Mattioli G, Allegri L, Ghiggeri GM |title=Renal outcome in patients with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=76 |issue=5 |pages=528–33 |date=September 2009 |pmid=19536081 |doi=10.1038/ki.2009.220 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11992035">{{cite journal |vauthors=Glassberg KI |title=Normal and abnormal development of the kidney: a clinician's interpretation of current knowledge |journal=J. Urol. |volume=167 |issue=6 |pages=2339–50; discussion 2350–1 |date=June 2002 |pmid=11992035 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 - [[Agenesis]]
@@ Line 1,431: / Line 747: @@
 - [[Hypoplasia]]
-- [[Polycystic]]
+- [[Polycystic kidney disease|Polycystic]]
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Hematocrit|HCT]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]]
-* Elevated [[hematocrit]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Phosphate|P]], ↓[[Calcium|Ca]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Microalbuminuria]], [[uricosuria]]
-* Decreased GFR
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Genetic testing for[[Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease|ADPKD2]]
-* [[Hypocalcemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Visualization of [[Cysts|kidney cysts]]
-* [[Hypophosphatemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Small kidney cysts (0.5 cm)
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Kidney]] size, [[intracranial aneurysms]]
-* [[Microalbuminuria]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* [[Uricosuria]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|
+|-
-* Genetic testing for ADPKD1 and ADPKD2
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[End stage renal disease]]<ref name="pmid20054047">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abboud H, Henrich WL |title=Clinical practice. Stage IV chronic kidney disease |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=362 |issue=1 |pages=56–65 |date=January 2010 |pmid=20054047 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp0906797 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28614683">{{cite journal |vauthors=Denic A, Mathew J, Lerman LO, Lieske JC, Larson JJ, Alexander MP, Poggio E, Glassock RJ, Rule AD |title=Single-Nephron Glomerular Filtration Rate in Healthy Adults |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=376 |issue=24 |pages=2349–2357 |date=June 2017 |pmid=28614683 |pmc=5664219 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1614329 |url=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-* Ultrasound is the gold standard for visualization of cysts
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-* More sensitive than ultrasound and can detect small cysts (0.5 cm)
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-* Useful for determining kidney size and progression
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-* Magnetic resonance [[angiography]] may determine intracranial aneurysms
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]], ↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Potassium|K]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hypoalbuminuria]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Phosphate]], [[25-hydroxy vitamin D]], [[alkaline phosphatase]], [[parathyroid hormone]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hydronephrosis]], [[retroperitoneal fibrosis]], enlarged or shrunken [[kidneys]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Obstruction]] in [[retrograde pyelogram]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Renal masses, [[Kidney stone|stones]], and [[cysts]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Renal vein thrombosis]], [[renal artery stenosis]] in magnetic resonance [[angiography]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Percutaneous renal [[biopsy]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 |-
-|[[End stage renal disease]]<ref name="pmid20054047">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abboud H, Henrich WL |title=Clinical practice. Stage IV chronic kidney disease |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=362 |issue=1 |pages=56–65 |date=January 2010 |pmid=20054047 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp0906797 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28614683">{{cite journal |vauthors=Denic A, Mathew J, Lerman LO, Lieske JC, Larson JJ, Alexander MP, Poggio E, Glassock RJ, Rule AD |title=Single-Nephron Glomerular Filtration Rate in Healthy Adults |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=376 |issue=24 |pages=2349–2357 |date=June 2017 |pmid=28614683 |pmc=5664219 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1614329 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15738453">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sarnak MJ, Greene T, Wang X, Beck G, Kusek JW, Collins AJ, Levey AS |title=The effect of a lower target blood pressure on the progression of kidney disease: long-term follow-up of the modification of diet in renal disease study |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=142 |issue=5 |pages=342–51 |date=March 2005 |pmid=15738453 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16408129">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eriksen BO, Ingebretsen OC |title=The progression of chronic kidney disease: a 10-year population-based study of the effects of gender and age |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=375–82 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16408129 |doi=10.1038/sj.ki.5000058 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16790511">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hallan SI, Coresh J, Astor BC, Asberg A, Powe NR, Romundstad S, Hallan HA, Lydersen S, Holmen J |title=International comparison of the relationship of chronic kidney disease prevalence and ESRD risk |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=2275–84 |date=August 2006 |pmid=16790511 |doi=10.1681/ASN.2005121273 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15262664">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hsu CY, Vittinghoff E, Lin F, Shlipak MG |title=The incidence of end-stage renal disease is increasing faster than the prevalence of chronic renal insufficiency |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=141 |issue=2 |pages=95–101 |date=July 2004 |pmid=15262664 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fatigue/
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+Lethargy
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Thirst
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dizziness/
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+Confusion
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Muscle weakness/
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+cramp
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Somatic/
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+visceral pain
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Vomiting
-|
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diarrhea
-|
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Tachypnea
-* Elevated [[creatinine]]
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Edema
-* Elevated [[BUN]]
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Blood indices
-* Decreased GFR
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Renal Funtion test
-|
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
-* [[Hyperkalemia]]
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Urine analysis
-|
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ABG
-* [[Hypoalbuminuria]]
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
-|
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Ultrasound
-* Low [[bicarbonate]]
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |X-ray
-|
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CT
-* To determine renal bone disease, the following may be performed:
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |MRI
-** Serum [[phosphate]]
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
-** 25 - hydroxyvitamin D
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
-** [[Alkaline phosphatase]]
-** [[Parathyroid hormone]]
-* To determine kidney function, C - cystatin may be measured
-|
-* May indicate [[hydronephrosis]]
-* [[Retroperitoneal fibrosis]]
-* Mass
-* Enlarged or shrunken kidneys
-|
-* May demonstrate [[nephrolithiasis]]
-* Retrograde pyelogram may determine obstruction
-|
-* May determine renal masses, stones,  and cysts
-|
-* Useful in those who are contraindicated for intravenous contrast
-* May determine [[renal vein thrombosis]]
-* Magnetic resonance [[angiography]] can diagnose [[[renal artery stenosis]]
-|
-* Percutaneous renal [[biopsy]] is also useful in diagnosis
-|
 |-
-|Endogenous toxins<ref name="pmid20533382">{{cite journal |vauthors=Borowitz MJ, Craig FE, Digiuseppe JA, Illingworth AJ, Rosse W, Sutherland DR, Wittwer CT, Richards SJ |title=Guidelines for the diagnosis and monitoring of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and related disorders by flow cytometry |journal=Cytometry B Clin Cytom |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=211–30 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20533382 |doi=10.1002/cyto.b.20525 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6282181">{{cite journal |vauthors=Knochel JP |title=Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria |journal=Annu. Rev. Med. |volume=33 |issue= |pages=435–43 |date=1982 |pmid=6282181 |doi=10.1146/annurev.me.33.020182.002251 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17338959">{{cite journal |vauthors=Giannoglou GD, Chatzizisis YS, Misirli G |title=The syndrome of rhabdomyolysis: Pathophysiology and diagnosis |journal=Eur. J. Intern. Med. |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17338959 |doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2006.09.020 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6645213">{{cite journal |vauthors=Coe FL |title=Uric acid and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=392–403 |date=September 1983 |pmid=6645213 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15202612">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maalouf NM, Cameron MA, Moe OW, Sakhaee K |title=Novel insights into the pathogenesis of uric acid nephrolithiasis |journal=Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=181–9 |date=March 2004 |pmid=15202612 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Toxin|'''Endogenous toxins''']]<ref name="pmid20533382">{{cite journal |vauthors=Borowitz MJ, Craig FE, Digiuseppe JA, Illingworth AJ, Rosse W, Sutherland DR, Wittwer CT, Richards SJ |title=Guidelines for the diagnosis and monitoring of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and related disorders by flow cytometry |journal=Cytometry B Clin Cytom |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=211–30 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20533382 |doi=10.1002/cyto.b.20525 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6282181">{{cite journal |vauthors=Knochel JP |title=Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria |journal=Annu. Rev. Med. |volume=33 |issue= |pages=435–43 |date=1982 |pmid=6282181 |doi=10.1146/annurev.me.33.020182.002251 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17338959">{{cite journal |vauthors=Giannoglou GD, Chatzizisis YS, Misirli G |title=The syndrome of rhabdomyolysis: Pathophysiology and diagnosis |journal=Eur. J. Intern. Med. |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17338959 |doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2006.09.020 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6645213">{{cite journal |vauthors=Coe FL |title=Uric acid and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=392–403 |date=September 1983 |pmid=6645213 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15202612">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maalouf NM, Cameron MA, Moe OW, Sakhaee K |title=Novel insights into the pathogenesis of uric acid nephrolithiasis |journal=Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=181–9 |date=March 2004 |pmid=15202612 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 - [[Hemoglobin]]
@@ Line 1,519: / Line 826: @@
 - [[Uric acid]]
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anemia|Anemia]], [[thrombocytopenia]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]], ↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-* May indicate [[anemia]] or [[thrombocytopenia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Potassium|K]], ↑[[urate]], ↓[[Calcium|Ca]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Uricosuria]], [[hematuria]], [[myoglobinuria]], [[Urinary casts|casts]]
-* Elevated [[BUN]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* Elevated [[creatinine]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Creatine kinase]] > 1000 U/L
-* Decreased GFR
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Malignant or cystic lesions, [[hydronephrosis]], [[nephrocalcinosis]], [[urolithiasis]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* [[Hyperkalemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Urolithiasis]], [[wilms tumor]], [[polycystic kidney disease]]
-* [[Hypocalcemia]]  due to [[hyperphosphatemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* [[Hyperuricemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Ureter]] or [[Urinary bladder|bladder]] abnormality in voiding cystourethrography
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-* [[Uricosuria]]
-* [[Hematuria]]
-* [[Myoglobinuria]]
-* Casts
-* Urinary sediment
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Elevated [[creatine kinase]] > 1000 U/L
-|
-* Ultrasound may determine the following:
-** Malignant or cystic lesions
-** [[Hydronephrosis]]
-** [[Hydroureter]]
-** [[Nephrocalcinosis]]
-** Urolithiasis
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Spiral CT may determine the following:
-** Urolithiasis
-** [[Wilms tumor]]
-** [[Polycystic kidney disease]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Voiding cystourethrograms may detect ureter or bladder abnormalities
-* Radionuclide studies may visualize calculi
-|
-|-
-|[[Glomerulonephritis]]<ref name="pmid2915517">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ellis EN, Mauer SM, Sutherland DE, Steffes MW |title=Glomerular capillary morphology in normal humans |journal=Lab. Invest. |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=231–6 |date=February 1989 |pmid=2915517 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27373970">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dickinson BL |title=Unraveling the immunopathogenesis of glomerular disease |journal=Clin. Immunol. |volume=169 |issue= |pages=89–97 |date=August 2016 |pmid=27373970 |doi=10.1016/j.clim.2016.06.011 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7955787">{{cite journal |vauthors=Trachtman H, Bergwerk A, Gauthier B |title=Isolated proteinuria in children. Natural history and indications for renal biopsy |journal=Clin Pediatr (Phila) |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=468–72 |date=August 1994 |pmid=7955787 |doi=10.1177/000992289403300804 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15910953">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chadban SJ, Atkins RC |title=Glomerulonephritis |journal=Lancet |volume=365 |issue=9473 |pages=1797–806 |date=2005 |pmid=15910953 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66583-X |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8361123">{{cite journal |vauthors=Couser WG |title=Pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis |journal=Kidney Int. Suppl. |volume=42 |issue= |pages=S19–26 |date=July 1993 |pmid=8361123 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10620563">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rodriguez-Iturbe B |title=Postinfectious glomerulonephritis |journal=Am. J. Kidney Dis. |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=XLVI–XLVIII |date=January 2000 |pmid=10620563 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid333598">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sanjad S, Tolaymat A, Whitworth J, Levin S |title=Acute glomerulonephritis in children: a review of 153 cases |journal=South. Med. J. |volume=70 |issue=10 |pages=1202–6 |date=October 1977 |pmid=333598 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|
-* [[Pleocytosis]]
-* [[Anemia]]
-* [[Leukocytosis]]
-|
-* Elevated [[BUN]] and [[creatinine]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Specific gravity > 1.020
-* [[Proteinuria]]
-* [[Hematuria]]
-* [[Red blood cell]] casts
-* [[White blood cell]] casts
-* Dysmorphic RBCs
-* [[Acanthocytes]]
-* Cellular casts
-* Granular casts
-* Oval fat bodies
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Elevated [[ESR]]
-* Elevated complement C3, C4, CH50
-* Streptozyme test to screen for streptococcal antigens
-* Blood and tissue culture may aid diagnosis
-* Other useful tests include:
-** [[Antinuclear antibodies]]
-** Anti-DNA antibodies
-** [[Cryoglobulin]]s
-** Serum [[albumin]]
-** [[Triglyceride]] levels
-** [[Hepatitis B]] and C serologies
-** [[Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody]] ([[ANCA]])
-|
-* May determine the following:
-** Kidney size
-** Echogenicity of the renal cortex
-** Obstruction
-** Degree of [[fibrosis]]
-|
-* To exclude the following:
-** [[Granulomatosis with polyangiitis]] (Wegener granulomatosis)
-** [[Goodpasture syndrome]]
-** Pulmonary congestion
-|
-* To exclude the following:
-** [[Granulomatosis with polyangiitis]] (Wegener granulomatosis)
-** [[Goodpasture syndrome]]
-** Pulmonary congestion
-* To visualize visceral abscesses
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Renal [[biopsy]] may aid diagnosis
-* Light and electron microscopy may have specific findings and determine pathology
-* Immunofluorescence may also exhibit diagnostic findings
-|-
-|[[Goodpasture syndrome]]<ref name="pmid12969182">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pusey CD |title=Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=1535–50 |date=October 2003 |pmid=12969182 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00241.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8914046">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bolton WK |title=Goodpasture's syndrome |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=1753–66 |date=November 1996 |pmid=8914046 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8589284">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kalluri R, Wilson CB, Weber M, Gunwar S, Chonko AM, Neilson EG, Hudson BG |title=Identification of the alpha 3 chain of type IV collagen as the common autoantigen in antibasement membrane disease and Goodpasture syndrome |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1178–85 |date=October 1995 |pmid=8589284 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12815141">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hudson BG, Tryggvason K, Sundaramoorthy M, Neilson EG |title=Alport's syndrome, Goodpasture's syndrome, and type IV collagen |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=348 |issue=25 |pages=2543–56 |date=June 2003 |pmid=12815141 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra022296 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8621555">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kalluri R, Sun MJ, Hudson BG, Neilson EG |title=The Goodpasture autoantigen. Structural delineation of two immunologically privileged epitopes on alpha3(IV) chain of type IV collagen |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=271 |issue=15 |pages=9062–8 |date=April 1996 |pmid=8621555 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10027929">{{cite journal |vauthors=Leinonen A, Netzer KO, Boutaud A, Gunwar S, Hudson BG |title=Goodpasture antigen: expression of the full-length alpha3(IV) chain of collagen IV and localization of epitopes exclusively to the noncollagenous domain |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=926–35 |date=March 1999 |pmid=10027929 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.055003926.x |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|
-* [[Anemia]]
-* [[Leukocytosis]]
-|
-* Elevated [[BUN]]
-* Elevated [[creatinine]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Low-grade [[proteinuria]]
-* Gross or [[microscopic hematuria]]
-* [[Red blood cell] casts
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Anti– glomerular [[basement membrane]] antibody testing is positive by radioimmunoassays or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays
-* [[Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody]] testing is positive for c- or p- ANCA
-* Elevated [[ESR]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Bilateral, basal, patchy parenchymal consolidations
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Pulmonary [[biopsy]] will demonstrate diffuse [[alveolar hemorrhage]]
-|
-|-
-|[[Hemolytic uremic syndrome]]<ref name="pmid15728781">{{cite journal |vauthors=Noris M, Remuzzi G |title=Hemolytic uremic syndrome |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=1035–50 |date=April 2005 |pmid=15728781 |doi=10.1681/ASN.2004100861 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27989322">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goodship TH, Cook HT, Fakhouri F, Fervenza FC, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Kavanagh D, Nester CM, Noris M, Pickering MC, Rodríguez de Córdoba S, Roumenina LT, Sethi S, Smith RJ |title=Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and C3 glomerulopathy: conclusions from a "Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes" (KDIGO) Controversies Conference |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=539–551 |date=March 2017 |pmid=27989322 |doi=10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25859752">{{cite journal |vauthors=Loirat C, Fakhouri F, Ariceta G, Besbas N, Bitzan M, Bjerre A, Coppo R, Emma F, Johnson S, Karpman D, Landau D, Langman CB, Lapeyraque AL, Licht C, Nester C, Pecoraro C, Riedl M, van de Kar NC, Van de Walle J, Vivarelli M, Frémeaux-Bacchi V |title=An international consensus approach to the management of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in children |journal=Pediatr. Nephrol. |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=15–39 |date=January 2016 |pmid=25859752 |doi=10.1007/s00467-015-3076-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16932353">{{cite journal |vauthors=Noris M, Remuzzi G |title=Genetic abnormalities of complement regulators in hemolytic uremic syndrome: how do they affect patient management? |journal=Nat Clin Pract Nephrol |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=2–3 |date=November 2005 |pmid=16932353 |doi=10.1038/ncpneph0018 |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|
-* Severe [[anemia]]
-* [[Thrombocytopenia]]
-|
-* Elevated [[BUN]]
-* Elevated [[creatinine]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Mild [[proteinuria]]
-* [[Red blood cell]]s
-* [[Red blood cell]] casts
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Peripheral [[blood smear]] demonstrates [[schistocyte]]s
-* Prolonged [[activated partial thromboplastin time]]
-* Elevated [[fibrinogen]] degradation product and [[D-dimer]]
-* Elevated [[bilirubin]]
-* Elevated [[lactate dehydrogenase]]
-* Decreased [[haptoglobin]]
-* Stool culture may be postive for [[E coli]] 0157:H7 or [[shigella]]
-* ADAMTS-13 activity is severely decreased
-|
-* Helpful in ruling out obstruction
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Renal [[biopsy]] may demonstrate the following:
-** Diffuse thickening of the glomerular capillary wall
-** Swelling of endothelial cells
-** Fibrin [[thrombi]]
-|
-|-
-|[[Nephrolithiasis]]<ref name="pmid23283137">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fwu CW, Eggers PW, Kimmel PL, Kusek JW, Kirkali Z |title=Emergency department visits, use of imaging, and drugs for urolithiasis have increased in the United States |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=479–86 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23283137 |pmc=3587650 |doi=10.1038/ki.2012.419 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26349951">{{cite journal |vauthors=Singh P, Enders FT, Vaughan LE, Bergstralh EJ, Knoedler JJ, Krambeck AE, Lieske JC, Rule AD |title=Stone Composition Among First-Time Symptomatic Kidney Stone Formers in the Community |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=90 |issue=10 |pages=1356–65 |date=October 2015 |pmid=26349951 |pmc=4593754 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.07.016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14960744">{{cite journal |vauthors=Teichman JM |title=Clinical practice. Acute renal colic from ureteral calculus |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=350 |issue=7 |pages=684–93 |date=February 2004 |pmid=14960744 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp030813 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7862980">{{cite journal |vauthors=Smith RC, Rosenfield AT, Choe KA, Essenmacher KR, Verga M, Glickman MG, Lange RC |title=Acute flank pain: comparison of non-contrast-enhanced CT and intravenous urography |journal=Radiology |volume=194 |issue=3 |pages=789–94 |date=March 1995 |pmid=7862980 |doi=10.1148/radiology.194.3.7862980 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11743350">{{cite journal |vauthors=Williams JC, Paterson RF, Kopecky KK, Lingeman JE, McAteer JA |title=High resolution detection of internal structure of renal calculi by helical computerized tomography |journal=J. Urol. |volume=167 |issue=1 |pages=322–6 |date=January 2002 |pmid=11743350 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14744345">{{cite journal |vauthors=Oehlschläger S, Hakenberg OW, Froehner M, Manseck A, Wirth MP |title=Evaluation of chemical composition of urinary calculi by conventional radiography |journal=J. Endourol. |volume=17 |issue=10 |pages=841–5 |date=December 2003 |pmid=14744345 |doi=10.1089/089277903772036109 |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Mild [[leukocytosis]]
-|
-* Elevated [[creatinine]]
-* Elevated [[BUN]]
-|
-* [[Hypercalcemia]]
-* Hyper or [[hyponatremia]]
-* Hyper or [[hypokalemia]]
-* [[Hyperuricemia]]
-|
-* Gross or [[microscopic hematuria]]
-* [[Red blood cell]]s or [[white blood cell]]s
-* [[Pyuria]]
-* Urinary crystals of [[calcium oxalate]], [[uric acid]], or [[cystine]]
-* [[Hypercalciuria]]
-* Urinary pH > 7  may indicate an infection with urea-splitting bacteria such as:
-** [[Proteus]]
-** [[Pseudomonas]]
-** [[Klebsiella]], and may lead to struvite stones
-* Urinary pH < 5 indicates likely formation of [[uric acid]] stones
-|
-* Decreased serum [[bicarbonate]] with [[hypokalemia]] may indicate [[renal tubular acidosis]]
-|
-* Elevated [[CRP]]
-|
-* All types of stones are visible
-* May demonstrate the following:
-** [[Hydronephrosis]]
-** Ureteral dilation
-** [[Abdominal aortic aneurysm]]
-** [[Cholelithiasis]]
-* Safe in pregnancy but may miss small stones
-|
-* [[Calcium]] - containing stones are radio-opaque
-* [[Uric acid]] or [[cystine]] stones are radiolucent
-* Plain or KUB (kidney-ureter-bladder) radiograph may determine stone characteristics such as:
-** Size
-** Shape
-** Composition
-** Location
-** Differentiate between a phlebolith and an obstructing calcific stone
-* Stone movement may also be monitored
-|
-* Most sensitive modality for renal stones
-* Can estimate stone density, size and composition
-* CT is able to determine pathology secondary to renal stones, such as:
-**  Ureteral dilation
-** [[Hydronephrosis]]
-** Nephromegaly
-** Perinephric fat streaking
-* No contrast needed and can diagnose other pathologies, such as:
-** [[Abdominal aortic aneurysm]]
-** [[Appendicitis]]
-** [[Pancreatitis]]
-** [[Cholecystitis]]
-** Ovarian disorders
-** [[Diverticular disease]]
-** [[Renal cell carcinoma]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Intravenous pyelography (IVP) visualizes entire urinary system and is gold standard for the diagnosis of ureterolithiasis
-* Renal tomography can determine similar findings as CT, however has been largely replaced by CT
-* Nuclear renal scan can determine renal function
-|
-|-
-|[[Nephrotic syndrome]]<ref name="pmid1996578">{{cite journal |vauthors=Praga M, Borstein B, Andres A, Arenas J, Oliet A, Montoyo C, Ruilope LM, Rodicio JL |title=Nephrotic proteinuria without hypoalbuminemia: clinical characteristics and response to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition |journal=Am. J. Kidney Dis. |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=330–8 |date=March 1991 |pmid=1996578 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9370176">{{cite journal |vauthors=Haas M, Meehan SM, Karrison TG, Spargo BH |title=Changing etiologies of unexplained adult nephrotic syndrome: a comparison of renal biopsy findings from 1976-1979 and 1995-1997 |journal=Am. J. Kidney Dis. |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=621–31 |date=November 1997 |pmid=9370176 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16968733">{{cite journal |vauthors=Malafronte P, Mastroianni-Kirsztajn G, Betônico GN, Romão JE, Alves MA, Carvalho MF, Viera Neto OM, Cadaval RA, Bérgamo RR, Woronik V, Sens YA, Marrocos MS, Barros RT |title=Paulista Registry of glomerulonephritis: 5-year data report |journal=Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=3098–105 |date=November 2006 |pmid=16968733 |doi=10.1093/ndt/gfl237 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20947631">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hausmann R, Kuppe C, Egger H, Schweda F, Knecht V, Elger M, Menzel S, Somers D, Braun G, Fuss A, Uhlig S, Kriz W, Tanner G, Floege J, Moeller MJ |title=Electrical forces determine glomerular permeability |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=21 |issue=12 |pages=2053–8 |date=December 2010 |pmid=20947631 |pmc=3014018 |doi=10.1681/ASN.2010030303 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15146236">{{cite journal |vauthors=Reiser J, von Gersdorff G, Loos M, Oh J, Asanuma K, Giardino L, Rastaldi MP, Calvaresi N, Watanabe H, Schwarz K, Faul C, Kretzler M, Davidson A, Sugimoto H, Kalluri R, Sharpe AH, Kreidberg JA, Mundel P |title=Induction of B7-1 in podocytes is associated with nephrotic syndrome |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=113 |issue=10 |pages=1390–7 |date=May 2004 |pmid=15146236 |pmc=406528 |doi=10.1172/JCI20402 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21110043">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gbadegesin R, Lavin P, Foreman J, Winn M |title=Pathogenesis and therapy of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: an update |journal=Pediatr. Nephrol. |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=1001–15 |date=July 2011 |pmid=21110043 |pmc=3624015 |doi=10.1007/s00467-010-1692-x |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Serum [[creatinine]] is normal in uncomplicated [[nephrotic syndrome]]
-* Serum [[albumin]] is decreased
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* [[Proteinuria]] > 3.5g/day
-* The following may or may not be present
-** [[Waxy casts]]
-** [[Oval fat bodies]]
-** [[Fatty casts]]
-** Granular casts
-** [[Microhematuria]]
-** Dysmorphic RBCs
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Genetic screening for NPHS1 and NPHS2 mutations
-* Renal [[biopsy]] aids diagnosis
-* Other useful tests:
-** [[Hepatitis B]] and C
-** [[HIV]]
-** [[Syphilis]]
-** [[Antinuclear antibody]]
-** Anti–double stranded DNA antibodies
-** Complement
-* Absence of phospholipase A2 receptor may indicate secondary [[nephrotic syndrome]]
-|
-* Ultrasound scanning may demonstrate focal glomerulosclerosis
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 |-
-|[[Thrombosis]]<ref name="pmid17606842">{{cite journal |vauthors=Scolari F, Ravani P, Gaggi R, Santostefano M, Rollino C, Stabellini N, Colla L, Viola BF, Maiorca P, Venturelli C, Bonardelli S, Faggiano P, Barrett BJ |title=The challenge of diagnosing atheroembolic renal disease: clinical features and prognostic factors |journal=Circulation |volume=116 |issue=3 |pages=298–304 |date=July 2007 |pmid=17606842 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.680991 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12761259">{{cite journal |vauthors=Scolari F, Ravani P, Pola A, Guerini S, Zubani R, Movilli E, Savoldi S, Malberti F, Maiorca R |title=Predictors of renal and patient outcomes in atheroembolic renal disease: a prospective study |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=1584–90 |date=June 2003 |pmid=12761259 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3906225">{{cite journal |vauthors=Llach F |title=Hypercoagulability, renal vein thrombosis, and other thrombotic complications of nephrotic syndrome |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=429–39 |date=September 1985 |pmid=3906225 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7967339">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rabelink TJ, Zwaginga JJ, Koomans HA, Sixma JJ |title=Thrombosis and hemostasis in renal disease |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=287–96 |date=August 1994 |pmid=7967339 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15524054">{{cite journal |vauthors=Crew RJ, Radhakrishnan J, Appel G |title=Complications of the nephrotic syndrome and their treatment |journal=Clin. Nephrol. |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=245–59 |date=October 2004 |pmid=15524054 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15990160">{{cite journal |vauthors=Singhal R, Brimble KS |title=Thromboembolic complications in the nephrotic syndrome: pathophysiology and clinical management |journal=Thromb. Res. |volume=118 |issue=3 |pages=397–407 |date=2006 |pmid=15990160 |doi=10.1016/j.thromres.2005.03.030 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Glomerulonephritis]]<ref name="pmid2915517">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ellis EN, Mauer SM, Sutherland DE, Steffes MW |title=Glomerular capillary morphology in normal humans |journal=Lab. Invest. |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=231–6 |date=February 1989 |pmid=2915517 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27373970">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dickinson BL |title=Unraveling the immunopathogenesis of glomerular disease |journal=Clin. Immunol. |volume=169 |issue= |pages=89–97 |date=August 2016 |pmid=27373970 |doi=10.1016/j.clim.2016.06.011 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7955787">{{cite journal |vauthors=Trachtman H, Bergwerk A, Gauthier B |title=Isolated proteinuria in children. Natural history and indications for renal biopsy |journal=Clin Pediatr (Phila) |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=468–72 |date=August 1994 |pmid=7955787 |doi=10.1177/000992289403300804 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-- [[Renal vein]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-- [[Renal artery]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pleocytosis]], [[anemia]], [[leukocytosis]], ↑[[ESR]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Specific gravity (kidney)|Specific gravity]] > 1.020, [[proteinuria]], [[hematuria]], [[red blood cell]] casts, [[white blood cell]] casts, cellular casts, oval fat bodies
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[C3 (complement)|C3]], ↑[[C4A|C4]], ↑[[CH|CH50]], [[Blood culture|blood]] and tissue culture, [[antinuclear antibodies]], [[cryoglobulin]]s, [[hepatitis B]] and C [[Serological testing|serologies]], [[antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody]] ([[ANCA]])
-* Elevated [[creatinine]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Kidney size, echogenicity of the renal cortex, obstruction, degree of [[fibrosis]]
-* Elevated [[BUN]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pulmonary congestion]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Visceral [[abscesses]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Renal [[biopsy]], light and electron microscopy, immunofluorescence aid diagnosis
-|
-* [[Hypercholesterolemia]]
-* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
-* Complementemia
-|
-* Ultrasound may demonstrate the following:
-** Echo-poor medullary pyramids
-|
-* Visualizes the [[renal vein]]s and is the modality of choice
-|
-* Visualizes blood flow, vessel walls, and adjacent tissues
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Renal [[biopsy]], inferior vena cavography, and renal arteriography may aid diagnosis
-* IVP may reveal an enlarged kidney
-|
 |-
-|[[Transplant rejection]]<ref name="pmid28052609">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hart A, Smith JM, Skeans MA, Gustafson SK, Stewart DE, Cherikh WS, Wainright JL, Kucheryavaya A, Woodbury M, Snyder JJ, Kasiske BL, Israni AK |title=OPTN/SRTR 2015 Annual Data Report: Kidney |journal=Am. J. Transplant. |volume=17 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=21–116 |date=January 2017 |pmid=28052609 |pmc=5527691 |doi=10.1111/ajt.14124 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18337655">{{cite journal |vauthors=Opelz G, Döhler B |title=Influence of time of rejection on long-term graft survival in renal transplantation |journal=Transplantation |volume=85 |issue=5 |pages=661–6 |date=March 2008 |pmid=18337655 |doi=10.1097/TP.0b013e3181661695 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11052270">{{cite journal |vauthors=Madden RL, Mulhern JG, Benedetto BJ, O'Shea MH, Germain MJ, Braden GL, O'Shaughnessy J, Lipkowitz GS |title=Completely reversed acute rejection is not a significant risk factor for the development of chronic rejection in renal allograft recipients |journal=Transpl. Int. |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=344–50 |date=2000 |pmid=11052270 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9210497">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vereerstraeten P, Abramowicz D, de Pauw L, Kinnaert P |title=Absence of deleterious effect on long-term kidney graft survival of rejection episodes with complete functional recovery |journal=Transplantation |volume=63 |issue=12 |pages=1739–43 |date=June 1997 |pmid=9210497 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21511091">{{cite journal |vauthors=Martinu T, Pavlisko EN, Chen DF, Palmer SM |title=Acute allograft rejection: cellular and humoral processes |journal=Clin. Chest Med. |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=295–310 |date=June 2011 |pmid=21511091 |pmc=3089893 |doi=10.1016/j.ccm.2011.02.008 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26454740">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yusen RD, Edwards LB, Kucheryavaya AY, Benden C, Dipchand AI, Goldfarb SB, Levvey BJ, Lund LH, Meiser B, Rossano JW, Stehlik J |title=The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Thirty-second Official Adult Lung and Heart-Lung Transplantation Report--2015; Focus Theme: Early Graft Failure |journal=J. Heart Lung Transplant. |volume=34 |issue=10 |pages=1264–77 |date=October 2015 |pmid=26454740 |doi=10.1016/j.healun.2015.08.014 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Goodpasture syndrome]]<ref name="pmid12969182">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pusey CD |title=Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=1535–50 |date=October 2003 |pmid=12969182 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00241.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8914046">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bolton WK |title=Goodpasture's syndrome |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=1753–66 |date=November 1996 |pmid=8914046 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8589284">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kalluri R, Wilson CB, Weber M, Gunwar S, Chonko AM, Neilson EG, Hudson BG |title=Identification of the alpha 3 chain of type IV collagen as the common autoantigen in antibasement membrane disease and Goodpasture syndrome |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1178–85 |date=October 1995 |pmid=8589284 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anemia]], [[Leukocytosis|leukocytosis]], ↑[[ESR]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-* [[Lymphcytosis]] may be present
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* [[Eosinophilia]] may occur
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Low-grade [[proteinuria]], gross or [[microscopic hematuria]], [[RBC casts]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* Acute elevation in serum [[creatinine]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Anti– glomerular [[basement membrane]] antibody, [[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Bilateral, basal, patchy [[Consolidation (medicine)|parenchymal consolidations]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* [[Proteinuria]] > 1g/day
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-* [[Pyuria]] may be present
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Diffuse [[alveolar]] [[Hemorrhages|hemorrhage]] in [[pulmonary]] [[biopsy]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|
-* Plasma levels of donor-derived cell-free DNA is elevated > 1% and is released from the dead cells of the graft
-* Positive detection of complement split product C4d
-* Elevated endothelial activation and injury transcripts
-|
-* May demonstrate the following
-** Increased graft (kidney) size
-** Loss of corticomedullary boundary
-** Hypoechoic pyramids
-** Decreased echogenicity of renal sinuses
-* May also demonstrate other pathologies:
-** Ureteral obstruction
-** [[Acute tubular necrosis]]
-** Renal vein occlusion
-** [[Pyelonephritis]]
-** [[Cyclosporine]] toxicity
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Acute antibody-mediated rejection will demonstrate the following on histology:
-** Patchy mononuclear cell infiltrates
-** Swollen endothelium
-** [[Fibrinoid necrosis]]
-** Presence of fibrin [[thrombi]]
-** Cortical [[necrosis]]
-|
-* [[Chronic rejection]] does not usually manifest with [[oliguria]] and/or [[anuria]]
 |-
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Classification by etiology
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hemolytic uremic syndrome]]<ref name="pmid15728781">{{cite journal |vauthors=Noris M, Remuzzi G |title=Hemolytic uremic syndrome |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=1035–50 |date=April 2005 |pmid=15728781 |doi=10.1681/ASN.2004100861 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27989322">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goodship TH, Cook HT, Fakhouri F, Fervenza FC, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Kavanagh D, Nester CM, Noris M, Pickering MC, Rodríguez de Córdoba S, Roumenina LT, Sethi S, Smith RJ |title=Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and C3 glomerulopathy: conclusions from a "Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes" (KDIGO) Controversies Conference |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=539–551 |date=March 2017 |pmid=27989322 |doi=10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25859752">{{cite journal |vauthors=Loirat C, Fakhouri F, Ariceta G, Besbas N, Bitzan M, Bjerre A, Coppo R, Emma F, Johnson S, Karpman D, Landau D, Langman CB, Lapeyraque AL, Licht C, Nester C, Pecoraro C, Riedl M, van de Kar NC, Van de Walle J, Vivarelli M, Frémeaux-Bacchi V |title=An international consensus approach to the management of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in children |journal=Pediatr. Nephrol. |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=15–39 |date=January 2016 |pmid=25859752 |doi=10.1007/s00467-015-3076-8 |url=}}</ref>
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! colspan="10" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Clinical manifestations
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! colspan="11" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Paraclinical findings
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Severe [[anemia]], [[thrombocytopenia]], ↑[[aPTT]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Mild [[proteinuria]], [[Red blood cell]]s, [[Red blood cell]] casts
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Schistocytes]], ↑[[Fibrin degradation product|FDP]] and [[D-dimer]], ↑[[bilirubin]], ↑[[Lactate dehydrogenase|LDH]], ↓[[haptoglobin]], stool culture (for [[E coli]] 0157:H7 or [[shigella]]), ↓[[ADAMTS-13]] activity
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Ruling out [[obstruction]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Diffuse thickening of the [[glomerular]] capillary wall, swelling of [[endothelial cells]], [[fibrin]] [[thrombi]] in renal [[biopsy]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 |-
-! colspan="10" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Symptoms and signs
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephrolithiasis]]<ref name="pmid23283137">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fwu CW, Eggers PW, Kimmel PL, Kusek JW, Kirkali Z |title=Emergency department visits, use of imaging, and drugs for urolithiasis have increased in the United States |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=479–86 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23283137 |pmc=3587650 |doi=10.1038/ki.2012.419 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26349951">{{cite journal |vauthors=Singh P, Enders FT, Vaughan LE, Bergstralh EJ, Knoedler JJ, Krambeck AE, Lieske JC, Rule AD |title=Stone Composition Among First-Time Symptomatic Kidney Stone Formers in the Community |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=90 |issue=10 |pages=1356–65 |date=October 2015 |pmid=26349951 |pmc=4593754 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.07.016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14960744">{{cite journal |vauthors=Teichman JM |title=Clinical practice. Acute renal colic from ureteral calculus |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=350 |issue=7 |pages=684–93 |date=February 2004 |pmid=14960744 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp030813 |url=}}</ref>
-! colspan="6" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Lab findings
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Imaging
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Mild [[leukocytosis]], ↑[[CRP]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]], ↑[[Phosphate|P]], ↑[[Calcium|Ca]], ↑[[urate]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Gross or [[microscopic hematuria]], [[Red blood cell]]s, urinary crystals of [[calcium oxalate]], [[uric acid]], or [[cystine]], [[hypercalciuria]], urinary pH > 7 in [[Struvite|struvite stones]] (''[[Proteus]]'', ''[[Pseudomonas]]'', ''[[Klebsiella]]''), urinary pH < 5 in [[uric acid]] stones
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]], [[renal tubular acidosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |All types of stones are visible, [[hydronephrosis]], [[abdominal aortic aneurysm]], [[cholelithiasis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Calcium]] - containing stones, [[uric acid]] or [[cystine]] stones, stone movement
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Stone density, size and composition, [[hydronephrosis]], nephromegaly, perinephric fat streaking
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Intravenous pyelogram|Intravenous pyelography (IVP)]], [[Tomography|renal tomography]], nuclear renal scan
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 |-
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fatigue/Lethargy
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fatigue/
+Lethargy
 ! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Thirst
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dizziness/Confusion
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dizziness/
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Muscle weakness/cramp
+Confusion
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Somatic/visceral pain
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Muscle weakness/
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Vomiting
+cramp
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diarrhea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Somatic/
+visceral pain
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Vomiting
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diarrhea
 ! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Tachypnea
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Haematuria/Proteinuria
 ! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Edema
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CBC
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Blood indices
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |KFT
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Renal Funtion test
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Urine analysis
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Urine analysis
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ABG
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ABG
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Ultrasound
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Ultrasound
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |X-ray
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |X-ray
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CT
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CT
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |MRI
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |MRI
-| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
-|-
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Postrenal
-|[[Obstructive uropathy]]<ref name="pmid19233402">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abrams P, Chapple C, Khoury S, Roehrborn C, de la Rosette J |title=Evaluation and treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in older men |journal=J. Urol. |volume=181 |issue=4 |pages=1779–87 |date=April 2009 |pmid=19233402 |doi=10.1016/j.juro.2008.11.127 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18554695">{{cite journal |vauthors=Parsons JK, Bergstrom J, Silberstein J, Barrett-Connor E |title=Prevalence and characteristics of lower urinary tract symptoms in men aged > or &amp;#61; 80 years |journal=Urology |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=318–21 |date=August 2008 |pmid=18554695 |pmc=2597492 |doi=10.1016/j.urology.2008.03.057 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1528201">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jones CS, Osborne DJ, Stanley J |title=Enterobacterial tetracycline resistance in relation to plasmid incompatibility |journal=Mol. Cell. Probes |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=313–7 |date=August 1992 |pmid=1528201 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17011389">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee JY, Kim DK, Chancellor MB |title=When to use antimuscarinics in men who have lower urinary tract symptoms |journal=Urol. Clin. North Am. |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=531–7, x |date=November 2006 |pmid=17011389 |doi=10.1016/j.ucl.2006.06.013 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17239319">{{cite journal |vauthors=MacDiarmid S, Rogers A |title=Male overactive bladder: the role of urodynamics and anticholinergics |journal=Curr Urol Rep |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=66–73 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17239319 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12853821">{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=AUA guideline on management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (2003). Chapter 1: Diagnosis and treatment recommendations |journal=J. Urol. |volume=170 |issue=2 Pt 1 |pages=530–47 |date=August 2003 |pmid=12853821 |doi=10.1097/01.ju.0000078083.38675.79 |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|
-* [[Leukocytosis]]
-* [[Anemia]] may be present in [[chronic kidney failure]]
-|
-* Initially, fractional excretion of [[sodium]] < 1% then > 1%
-* Elevated [[creatinine]] and [[BUN]]
-|
-* Initially, [[hyponatremia]] then [[hypernatremia]]
-* Hypo or [[hyperkalemia]]
-* Hypo or [[hyperchloremia]]
-* Hypo or [[hypercalcemia]]
-* Hypo or [[hypermagnesemia]]
-* [[Hyperuricemia]]
-|
-* The following may be demonstrated:
-** [[Microscopic hematuria]]
-** [[Pyuria]]
-** [[Crystalluria]]
-** [[Proteinuria]]
-* Initially, urine [[osmolality]] is elevated then decreased
-|
-* Decreased [[bicarbonate]]
-|
-* Ultrasound may detect a dilation within the urinary system without an obstruction, as demonstrated by:
-** [[Hydronephrosis]]
-** Chronic massive diuresis
-** Extrarenal pelvis
-** Diverticula
-** Megacalyces
-** Ileal conduits
-* Ultrasound may also detect an obstruction without dilatation, as demonstrated by:
-** Incomplete obstructions
-** Crystals
-** Renal stones
-** Staghorn stone
-** Retroperitoneal obstruction
-|
-* Helical CT is more sensitive than [[ultrasound]] and has the ability to detect dilatation and obstruction
-|
-* MRI can demonstrate the following:
-** Renal function with use of contrast
-** Distinguish between calcified and noncalcified calculi
-** Distinguish between acute and chronic obstruction
-|
-* IVP can localize obstructions, however contrast is used and may lead to [[nephrotxicity]]
-* ECG can assess effect of [[hyperkalemia]]
-* Radionucleotide scanning can accurately detect [[hyrdronephrosis]] without the use of contrast
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-|-
-|[[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]]<ref name="pmid16458735">{{cite journal |vauthors=Burnett AL, Wein AJ |title=Benign prostatic hyperplasia in primary care: what you need to know |journal=J. Urol. |volume=175 |issue=3 Pt 2 |pages=S19–24 |date=March 2006 |pmid=16458735 |doi=10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00310-1 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27717522">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dahm P, Brasure M, MacDonald R, Olson CM, Nelson VA, Fink HA, Rwabasonga B, Risk MC, Wilt TJ |title=Comparative Effectiveness of Newer Medications for Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Attributed to Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |journal=Eur. Urol. |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=570–581 |date=April 2017 |pmid=27717522 |pmc=5337128 |doi=10.1016/j.eururo.2016.09.032 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10364649">{{cite journal |vauthors=Djavan B, Marberger M |title=A meta-analysis on the efficacy and tolerability of alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonists in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic obstruction |journal=Eur. Urol. |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |date=1999 |pmid=10364649 |doi=10.1159/000019919 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1383816">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gormley GJ, Stoner E, Bruskewitz RC, Imperato-McGinley J, Walsh PC, McConnell JD, Andriole GL, Geller J, Bracken BR, Tenover JS |title=The effect of finasteride in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. The Finasteride Study Group |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=327 |issue=17 |pages=1185–91 |date=October 1992 |pmid=1383816 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199210223271701 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15329091">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chapple CR |title=Pharmacological therapy of benign prostatic hyperplasia/lower urinary tract symptoms: an overview for the practising clinician |journal=BJU Int. |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=738–44 |date=September 2004 |pmid=15329091 |doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2004.05022.x |url=}}</ref>
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-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
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-* [[Leukocytosis]] may be present
-|
-* In chronic renal insufficiency with high post-void residual volume, the following may be noted:
-** Elevated [[creatinine]]
-** Elevated [[BUN]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Urine analysis may demonstrate the following;
-** [[Hematuria]]
-** [[Bactiuria]]
-** [[Proteinuria]]
-** [[Glucosuria]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Urine culture is recommended to rule out infection
-* Prostate-specific antigen may elevated in those with [[prostate cancer]]
-|
-* Abdominal ultrasound may detect [[hydronephrosis]] and assess [[bladder outlet obstruction]]
-* Transrectal ultrasonography can determine dimension and size of the [[prostate]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* [[Cystoscopy]] may be used on suspicion of [[foreign body]] or [[malignancy]]
-|
-|-
-|[[Iatrogenic|Catheter-related]]<ref name="pmid20175247">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hooton TM, Bradley SF, Cardenas DD, Colgan R, Geerlings SE, Rice JC, Saint S, Schaeffer AJ, Tambayh PA, Tenke P, Nicolle LE |title=Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract infection in adults: 2009 International Clinical Practice Guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=625–63 |date=March 2010 |pmid=20175247 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3130935">{{cite journal |vauthors=Belfield PW |title=Urinary catheters |journal=Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) |volume=296 |issue=6625 |pages=836–7 |date=March 1988 |pmid=3130935 |pmc=2545116 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24042368">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hollingsworth JM, Rogers MA, Krein SL, Hickner A, Kuhn L, Cheng A, Chang R, Saint S |title=Determining the noninfectious complications of indwelling urethral catheters: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=159 |issue=6 |pages=401–10 |date=September 2013 |pmid=24042368 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-159-6-201309170-00006 |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
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-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
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-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
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-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
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-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
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-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Gross or microscopic [[hematuria]] may be noted
-* [[Pyuria]] may also be present
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* CT can be the initial investigation performed
-|
-* In addition to CT, and MRI may be carried out in order to determine the incidence of pelvic fractures
-|
-* Retrograde urethrography is the imaging modality of choice for urethral injuries
-* Static cystography can aid diagnosis of bladder injury
-* [[Cystoscopy]]] is helpful in male urethral injury
-|
-|-
-|[[Chronic prostatitis]]<ref name="pmid10422990">{{cite journal |vauthors=Krieger JN, Nyberg L, Nickel JC |title=NIH consensus definition and classification of prostatitis |journal=JAMA |volume=282 |issue=3 |pages=236–7 |date=July 1999 |pmid=10422990 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12819913">{{cite journal |vauthors=Potts JM |title=Chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a non-prostatocentric perspective |journal=World J Urol |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=54–6 |date=June 2003 |pmid=12819913 |doi=10.1007/s00345-003-0327-2 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8306156">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ohkawa M, Yamaguchi K, Tokunaga S, Nakashima T, Fujita S |title=Ureaplasma urealyticum in the urogenital tract of patients with chronic prostatitis or related symptomatology |journal=Br J Urol |volume=72 |issue=6 |pages=918–21 |date=December 1993 |pmid=8306156 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1279213">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shortliffe LM, Sellers RG, Schachter J |title=The characterization of nonbacterial prostatitis: search for an etiology |journal=J. Urol. |volume=148 |issue=5 |pages=1461–6 |date=November 1992 |pmid=1279213 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2913355">{{cite journal |vauthors=Berger RE, Krieger JN, Kessler D, Ireton RC, Close C, Holmes KK, Roberts PL |title=Case-control study of men with suspected chronic idiopathic prostatitis |journal=J. Urol. |volume=141 |issue=2 |pages=328–31 |date=February 1989 |pmid=2913355 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17695411">{{cite journal |vauthors=Trinchieri A, Magri V, Cariani L, Bonamore R, Restelli A, Garlaschi MC, Perletti G |title=Prevalence of sexual dysfunction in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome |journal=Arch Ital Urol Androl |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=67–70 |date=June 2007 |pmid=17695411 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
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-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
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-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* [[Leukocytosis]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Expressed prostatic secretion demonstrate 10-fold increase in [[bacteria]]
-* Semen and blood culture may also detect bacterial presence > 100,000 colony - forming units
-* The following tests are useful to rule out other eitologies:
-** Urethral swab and culture
-** Screening for [[sexually transmitted infections ]]
-** Prostate-specific antigen testing
-** Uroflowmetry
-** Retrograde urethrography
-** [[Cystoscopy]]
-* Prostate [[biopsy]] is definitive for diagnosis and may demonstrate leukocytic infiltration in the stroma of the prostate
-|
-* Transrectal ultrasound may demonstrate:
-** Hypoechoic lesions that indicate prostatic [[calcification]]
-** Prostatic stones
-** Prostatic [[abscess]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Retrograde urethrography can confirm urethral stricture
-* Uroflowmetry asesses urodynamics
-* Postvoid residual testing determines the volume of urine left after voidance
-* [[Cystoscopy]] is used to rule out the following:
-** [[Malignancy]]
-** [[Stones]]
-** Urethral strictures
-** Bladder neck abnormalities
-|
 |-
-|[[Neurogenic bladder]]<ref name="pmid23069382">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bellucci CH, Wöllner J, Gregorini F, Birnböck D, Kozomara M, Mehnert U, Schubert M, Kessler TM |title=Acute spinal cord injury--do ambulatory patients need urodynamic investigations? |journal=J. Urol. |volume=189 |issue=4 |pages=1369–73 |date=April 2013 |pmid=23069382 |doi=10.1016/j.juro.2012.10.013 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11805620">{{cite journal |vauthors=Burns AS, Rivas DA, Ditunno JF |title=The management of neurogenic bladder and sexual dysfunction after spinal cord injury |journal=Spine |volume=26 |issue=24 Suppl |pages=S129–36 |date=December 2001 |pmid=11805620 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17321853">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chiodo AE, Scelza WM, Kirshblum SC, Wuermser LA, Ho CH, Priebe MM |title=Spinal cord injury medicine. 5. Long-term medical issues and health maintenance |journal=Arch Phys Med Rehabil |volume=88 |issue=3 Suppl 1 |pages=S76–83 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17321853 |doi=10.1016/j.apmr.2006.12.015 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10569434">{{cite journal |vauthors=McKinley WO, Jackson AB, Cardenas DD, DeVivo MJ |title=Long-term medical complications after traumatic spinal cord injury: a regional model systems analysis |journal=Arch Phys Med Rehabil |volume=80 |issue=11 |pages=1402–10 |date=November 1999 |pmid=10569434 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Elevated [[creatinine]]
-* Elevated [[BUN]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Urine [[cytology ]]to rule out infection
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* Other investigations for n[[eurogenic bladder]] include:
-** Postvoid residual bladder volume
-*** Useful in urinary [[incontinence]]
-*** Evaluates bladder contractility
-** Uroflow rate
-*** Low uroflow rate may indicate urethral obstruction
-** Filling cystometrogram
-*** May indicate [[detrusor muscle]] instability
-** Voiding cystometrogram
-*** Assesses pressure within the [[bladder]]
-** Cystogram
-*** May indicate stress [[incontinence]]
-*** May also evaluate urethral motion and the presence of a cystocele
-** Electromyography
-*** Evaluates uncoordinated voidance, also known as detrusor sphincter dyssynergia
-** Cystoscopy
-*** For diagnosis of bladder lesions
-** Videourodynamics
-*** For assessment of lower urinary tract pathologies such as, [[vesicoureteral reflux]] and bladder [[diverticulum]]
-|
 |}
-</small></small>
 ==References==
 {{Reflist|2}}
+[[Category:Medicine]]
+[[Category:Infectious disease]]
 [[Category:Nephrology]]
-[[Category:Neurology]]
+[[Category:Urology]]
+[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
 [[Category:Emergency medicine]]
-[[Category:Primary care]]
-[[Category:Disease]]
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