Neurotrophin-3: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
m (Robot: Automated text replacement (-{{SIB}} +, -{{EH}} +, -{{EJ}} +, -{{Editor Help}} +, -{{Editor Join}} +))
m (Bot: HTTP→HTTPS (v475))
Line 1: Line 1:
{{protein
{{Redirect|NT3|the Microsoft operating system|Windows NT 3}}
| Name = neurotrophin 3
{{Infobox_gene}}
| caption =  
'''Neurotrophin-3''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''NTF3'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid1889806">{{cite journal | vauthors = Maisonpierre PC, ((Le Beau MM)), ((Espinosa R III)), Ip NY, Belluscio L, de la Monte SM, Squinto S, Furth ME, Yancopoulos GD | title = Human and rat brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3: gene structures, distributions, and chromosomal localizations | journal = Genomics | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 558–68 |date=Oct 1991 | pmid = 1889806 | pmc = | doi =10.1016/0888-7543(91)90436-I  }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: NTF3 neurotrophin 3| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=4908| accessdate = }}</ref>
| image =  
| width =  
| HGNCid = 8023
| Symbol = NTF3
| AltSymbols =  
| EntrezGene = 4908
| OMIM = 162660
| RefSeq = NM_002527
| UniProt = P20783
| PDB =  
| ECnumber =  
| Chromosome = 12
| Arm = p
| Band = 13
| LocusSupplementaryData =  
}}
{{SI}}
__NOTOC__
{{GS}}


The [[protein]] encoded by this gene, NT-3, is a [[neurotrophic factor]] in the NGF (Nerve Growth Factor) family of [[neurotrophins]]. It is a [[protein]] [[growth factor]] which has activity on certain [[neuron]]s of the peripheral and [[central nervous system]]; it helps to support the survival and differentiation of existing neurons, and encourages the growth and differentiation of new neurons and [[synapse]]s. NT-3 was the third neurotrophic factor to be characterized, after [[nerve growth factor]] (NGF) and [[BDNF]] (Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor).<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Maisonpierre P, Belluscio L, Squinto S, Ip N, Furth M, Lindsay R, Yancopoulos G |title=Neurotrophin-3: a neurotrophic factor related to NGF and BDNF |journal=Science |volume=247 |issue=4949 Pt 1 |pages=1446–51 |year=1990 |pmid=2321006 |doi=10.1126/science.2321006}}</ref>


==Function==
Although the vast majority of neurons in the [[mammal]]ian brain are formed prenatally, parts of the adult brain retain the ability to grow new neurons from neural [[stem cell]]s; a process known as [[neurogenesis]]. Neurotrophins are chemicals that help to stimulate and control neurogenesis.


==Overview==
NT-3 is unique in the number of neurons it can potentially stimulate, given its ability to activate two of the receptor tyrosine kinase neurotrophin receptors ([[TrkC]] and [[TrkB]] – see below).
''' Neurotrophin-3, or NT-3 ''' is a [[neurotrophic factor]], in the NGF (Nerve Growth Factor)-family of [[neurotrophins]]. It is a [[protein]] [[growth factor]] which has activity on certain [[neuron]]s of the peripheral and [[central nervous system]]; it helps to support the survival and differentiation of existing neurons, and encourages the growth and differentiation of new neurons and [[synapse]]s. NT-3 was the third neurotrophic factor to be characterized, after [[nerve growth factor]] ([[NGF]]) and [[BDNF]] (Brain Derived Neurotrohic Factor).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Maisonpierre P, Belluscio L, Squinto S, Ip N, Furth M, Lindsay R, Yancopoulos G |title=Neurotrophin-3: a neurotrophic factor related to NGF and BDNF |journal=Science |volume=247 |issue=4949 Pt 1 |pages=1446-51 |year=1990 |pmid=2321006}}</ref>
 
==Function==
Although the vast majority of neurons in the [[mammal|mammalian]] brain are formed prenatally, parts of the adult brain retain the ability to grow new neurons from neural [[stem cell]]s; a process known as [[neurogenesis]]. Neurotrophins are chemicals that help to stimulate and control neurogenesis.  


NT-3 is unique in the number of neurons it can potentially stimulate, given its ability to activate two of the receptor tyrosine kinase neurotrophin receptors ([[TrkC]] and [[TrkB]] - see below).
Mice born without the ability to make NT-3 have loss of [[proprioceptive]] and subsets of [[mechanoreceptive]] sensory neurons.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Tessarollo L, Vogel K, Palko M, Reid S, Parada L |title=Targeted mutation in the neurotrophin-3 gene results in loss of muscle sensory neurons |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |volume=91 |issue=25 |pages=11844–8 |year=1994 |pmid=7991545 |doi=10.1073/pnas.91.25.11844 |pmc=45332}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Klein R, Silos-Santiago I, Smeyne R, Lira S, Brambilla R, Bryant S, Zhang L, Snider W, Barbacid M |title=Disruption of the neurotrophin-3 receptor gene trkC eliminates la muscle afferents and results in abnormal movements |journal=Nature |volume=368 |issue=6468 |pages=249–51 |year=1994 |pmid=8145824 |doi=10.1038/368249a0}}</ref>


Mice born without the ability to make NT-3 have loss of [[proprioceptive]] and subsets of [[mechanoreceptive]] sensory neurons.<ref> {{cite journal |author=Tessarollo L, Vogel K, Palko M, Reid S, Parada L |title=Targeted mutation in the neurotrophin-3 gene results in loss of muscle sensory neurons |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |volume=91 |issue=25 |pages=11844-8 |year=1994 |pmid=7991545}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Klein R, Silos-Santiago I, Smeyne R, Lira S, Brambilla R, Bryant S, Zhang L, Snider W, Barbacid M |title=Disruption of the neurotrophin-3 receptor gene trkC eliminates la muscle afferents and results in abnormal movements |journal=Nature |volume=368 |issue=6468 |pages=249-51 |year=1994 |pmid=8145824}}</ref>
 
==Mechanism of action==
==Mechanism of action==


NT-3 binds three receptors on the surface of cells which are capable of responding to this growth factor:
NT-3 binds three receptors on the surface of cells which are capable of responding to this growth factor:


* [[TrkC]] (pronounced "Track C"), is apparently the "physiologic" receptor, in that it binds with greatest affinity to NT-3.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lamballe F, Klein R, Barbacid M |title=trkC, a new member of the trk family of tyrosine protein kinases, is a receptor for neurotrophin-3 |journal=Cell |volume=66 |issue=5 |pages=967-79 |year=1991 |pmid=1653651}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Tessarollo L, Tsoulfas P, Martin-Zanca D, Gilbert D, Jenkins N, Copeland N, Parada L |title=trkC, a receptor for neurotrophin-3, is widely expressed in the developing nervous system and in non-neuronal tissues |journal=Development |volume=118 |issue=2 |pages=463-75 |year=1993 |pmid=8223273}}</ref>
* [[TrkC]] (pronounced "Track C"), is apparently the "physiologic" receptor, in that it binds with greatest affinity to NT-3.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lamballe F, Klein R, Barbacid M |title=trkC, a new member of the trk family of tyrosine protein kinases, is a receptor for neurotrophin-3 |journal=Cell |volume=66 |issue=5 |pages=967–79 |year=1991 |pmid=1653651 |doi=10.1016/0092-8674(91)90442-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Tessarollo L, Tsoulfas P, Martin-Zanca D, Gilbert D, Jenkins N, Copeland N, Parada L |title=trkC, a receptor for neurotrophin-3, is widely expressed in the developing nervous system and in non-neuronal tissues |journal=Development |volume=118 |issue=2 |pages=463–75 |year=1993 |pmid=8223273}}</ref>
 
* However, NT-3 is capable of binding and signaling through a TrkC-related receptors called [[TrkB]].
* However, NT-3 is capable of binding and signaling through a TrkC-related receptors called [[TrkB]].
 
* Finally, NT-3 also binds a second-receptor type besides Trk receptors, called  the [[LNGFR]] (for "low affinity nerve growth factor receptor).
* Finally, NT-3 also binds a second-receptor type besides Trk receptors, called  the [[LNGFR]] (for "low affinity nerve growth factor receptor).


===High affinity receptors===
===High affinity receptors===
[[TrkC]] is a [[receptor tyrosine kinase]] (meaning it mediates its actions by causing the addition of phosphate molecules on certain tyrosines in the cell, activating [[cellular signaling]]).
[[TrkC]] is a [[receptor tyrosine kinase]] (meaning it mediates its actions by causing the addition of phosphate molecules on certain tyrosines in the cell, activating [[cellular signaling]]).


As mentioned above, there are other related Trk receptors, [[TrkA]] and [[TrkB]].  Also as mentioned, there are other neurotrophic factors structurally related to NT-3:   
As mentioned above, there are other related Trk receptors, [[TrkA]] and [[TrkB]].  Also as mentioned, there are other neurotrophic factors structurally related to NT-3:   
* [[nerve growth factor|NGF]] (for "Nerve Growth Factor")
* [[nerve growth factor|NGF]] (for "Nerve Growth Factor")
* [[BDNF]] (for "Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor")  
* [[BDNF]] (for "Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor")
* [[NT-4]] (for "Neurotrophin-4")  
* [[NT-4]] (for "Neurotrophin-4")


While TrkB mediates the effects of [[BDNF]], NT-4, and NT-3,  [[TrkA]] binds and is activated by [[NGF]], and TrkC binds and is activated only by NT-3.
While TrkB mediates the effects of BDNF, NT-4, and NT-3,  [[TrkA]] binds and is activated by [[Nerve growth factor|NGF]], and TrkC binds and is activated only by NT-3.


===Low affinity receptors===
===Low affinity receptors===
The other NT-3 receptor, the [[LNGFR]], plays a somewhat less clear role.  Some researchers have shown the [[LNGFR]] binds and serves as a "sink" for neurotrophins.
The other NT-3 receptor, the [[LNGFR]], plays a somewhat less clear role.  Some researchers have shown the LNGFR binds and serves as a "sink" for neurotrophins.


Cells which express both the [[LNGFR]] and the Trk receptors might therefore have a greater activity - since they have a higher "microconcentration" of the neurotrophin.
The crystal structure of NT-3 shows that NT-3 forms a central [[homodimer]] around which two [[glycosylated]] p75 LNGFR molecules bind symmetrically. The symmetrical binding takes place along the NT-3 interfaces, resulting in a 2:2 ligand-receptor cluster in the center.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gong Y, Cao P, Yu HJ, Jiang T |title=Crystal structure of the neurotrophin-3 and p75NTR symmetrical complex |journal=Nature |volume=454 |issue=7205 |pages=789–93 |date=August 2008 |pmid=18596692 |doi=10.1038/nature07089 |url=}}</ref>


It has also been shown, however, that the [[LNGFR]] may signal a cell to die via [[apoptosis]] - so therefore cells  expressing the LNGFR in the absence of Trk receptors may die rather than live in the presence of a neurotrophin.
Cells which express both the LNGFR and the Trk receptors might therefore have a greater activity – since they have a higher "microconcentration" of the neurotrophin.
 
It has also been shown, however, that the LNGFR may signal a cell to die via [[apoptosis]] – so therefore cells  expressing the LNGFR in the absence of Trk receptors may die rather than live in the presence of a neurotrophin.


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{reflist|35em}}
 
==Further reading==
{{refbegin|35em}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
| citations =
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Kalcheim C, Carmeli C, Rosenthal A |title=Neurotrophin 3 is a mitogen for cultured neural crest cells. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=89 |issue= 5 |pages= 1661–5 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1542658 |doi=10.1073/pnas.89.5.1661  | pmc=48512  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Ozçelik T, Rosenthal A, Francke U |title=Chromosomal mapping of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 genes in man and mouse. |journal=Genomics |volume=10 |issue= 3 |pages= 569–75 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1889807 |doi=10.1016/0888-7543(91)90437-J  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Hallböök F, Ibáñez CF, Persson H |title=Evolutionary studies of the nerve growth factor family reveal a novel member abundantly expressed in Xenopus ovary. |journal=Neuron |volume=6 |issue= 5 |pages= 845–58 |year= 1991 |pmid= 2025430 |doi=10.1016/0896-6273(91)90180-8  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Jones KR, Reichardt LF |title=Molecular cloning of a human gene that is a member of the nerve growth factor family. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=87 |issue= 20 |pages= 8060–4 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2236018 |doi=10.1073/pnas.87.20.8060  | pmc=54892  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Rosenthal A, Goeddel DV, Nguyen T, etal |title=Primary structure and biological activity of a novel human neurotrophic factor. |journal=Neuron |volume=4 |issue= 5 |pages= 767–73 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2344409 |doi=10.1016/0896-6273(90)90203-R  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Kaisho Y, Yoshimura K, Nakahama K |title=Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding a novel human neurotrophic factor. |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=266 |issue= 1-2 |pages= 187–91 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2365067 |doi=10.1016/0014-5793(90)81536-W  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Ernfors P, Lee KF, Kucera J, Jaenisch R |title=Lack of neurotrophin-3 leads to deficiencies in the peripheral nervous system and loss of limb proprioceptive afferents. |journal=Cell |volume=77 |issue= 4 |pages= 503–12 |year= 1994 |pmid= 7514502 |doi=10.1016/0092-8674(94)90213-5  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Robinson RC, Radziejewski C, Stuart DI, Jones EY |title=Structure of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor/neurotrophin 3 heterodimer. |journal=Biochemistry |volume=34 |issue= 13 |pages= 4139–46 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7703225 |doi=10.1021/bi00013a001  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Hattori M, Nanko S |title=Association of neurotrophin-3 gene variant with severe forms of schizophrenia. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=209 |issue= 2 |pages= 513–8 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7733919 |doi= 10.1006/bbrc.1995.1531 }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Tessarollo L, Vogel KS, Palko ME, etal |title=Targeted mutation in the neurotrophin-3 gene results in loss of muscle sensory neurons. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=91 |issue= 25 |pages= 11844–8 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7991545 |doi=10.1073/pnas.91.25.11844  | pmc=45332  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Rydén M, Ibáñez CF |title=Binding of neurotrophin-3 to p75LNGFR, TrkA, and TrkB mediated by a single functional epitope distinct from that recognized by trkC. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=271 |issue= 10 |pages= 5623–7 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8621424 |doi=10.1074/jbc.271.10.5623  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Hui JO, Le J, Katta V, etal |title=Human neurotrophin-3: a one-step peptide mapping method and complete disulfide characterization of the recombinant protein. |journal=J. Protein Chem. |volume=15 |issue= 4 |pages= 351–8 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8819011 |doi=10.1007/BF01886861  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Donovan MJ, Hahn R, Tessarollo L, Hempstead BL |title=Identification of an essential nonneuronal function of neurotrophin 3 in mammalian cardiac development. |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=14 |issue= 2 |pages= 210–3 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8841198 |doi= 10.1038/ng1096-210 }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Arinami T, Takekoshi K, Itokawa M, etal |title=Failure to find associations of the CA repeat polymorphism in the first intron and the Gly-63/Glu-63 polymorphism of the neurotrophin-3 gene with schizophrenia. |journal=Psychiatr. Genet. |volume=6 |issue= 1 |pages= 13–5 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8925252 |doi=10.1097/00041444-199621000-00003  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Urfer R, Tsoulfas P, O'Connell L, etal |title=High resolution mapping of the binding site of TrkA for nerve growth factor and TrkC for neurotrophin-3 on the second immunoglobulin-like domain of the Trk receptors. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=273 |issue= 10 |pages= 5829–40 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9488719 |doi=10.1074/jbc.273.10.5829  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Suenaga M, Ohmae H, Tsuji S, etal |title=Renaturation of recombinant human neurotrophin-3 from inclusion bodies using a suppressor agent of aggregation. |journal=Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. |volume=28 |issue=  2|pages= 119–24 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9756741 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Hochhaus F, Koehne P, Schäper C, etal |title=Elevated nerve growth factor and neurotrophin-3 levels in cerebrospinal fluid of children with hydrocephalus. |journal=BMC Pediatrics |volume=1 |issue=  |pages= 2 |year= 2003 |pmid= 11580868 |doi=10.1186/1471-2431-1-2  | pmc=57003  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Kobayashi H, Gleich GJ, Butterfield JH, Kita H |title=Human eosinophils produce neurotrophins and secrete nerve growth factor on immunologic stimuli. |journal=Blood |volume=99 |issue= 6 |pages= 2214–20 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11877300 |doi=10.1182/blood.V99.6.2214  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Hattori M, Kunugi H, Akahane A, etal |title=Novel polymorphisms in the promoter region of the neurotrophin-3 gene and their associations with schizophrenia. |journal=Am. J. Med. Genet. |volume=114 |issue= 3 |pages= 304–9 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11920853 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.10248  }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{PDB Gallery|geneid=4908}}


{{Hormones}}
{{Hormones}}
{{Nerve growth factor family}}
{{Nerve growth factor family}}
{{Growth factor receptor modulators}}
<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
{{PBB_Controls
| update_page = yes
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = no
| update_citations = yes
}}


[[Category:Neurotrophins]]
[[Category:Neurotrophic factors]]
[[Category:Peptide hormones]]
[[Category:Peptide hormones]]
[[Category:Growth factors]]
[[Category:Growth factors]]
[[Category:Developmental neuroscience]]
[[Category:Developmental neuroscience]]
[[Category:Proteins]]
[[Category:Proteins]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:TrkB agonists]]
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Revision as of 17:35, 30 October 2017

"NT3" redirects here. For the Microsoft operating system, see Windows NT 3.
VALUE_ERROR (nil)
Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

n/a

n/a

Ensembl

n/a

n/a

UniProt

n/a

n/a

RefSeq (mRNA)

n/a

n/a

RefSeq (protein)

n/a

n/a

Location (UCSC)n/an/a
PubMed searchn/an/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Neurotrophin-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NTF3 gene.[1][2]

The protein encoded by this gene, NT-3, is a neurotrophic factor in the NGF (Nerve Growth Factor) family of neurotrophins. It is a protein growth factor which has activity on certain neurons of the peripheral and central nervous system; it helps to support the survival and differentiation of existing neurons, and encourages the growth and differentiation of new neurons and synapses. NT-3 was the third neurotrophic factor to be characterized, after nerve growth factor (NGF) and BDNF (Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor).[3]

Function

Although the vast majority of neurons in the mammalian brain are formed prenatally, parts of the adult brain retain the ability to grow new neurons from neural stem cells; a process known as neurogenesis. Neurotrophins are chemicals that help to stimulate and control neurogenesis.

NT-3 is unique in the number of neurons it can potentially stimulate, given its ability to activate two of the receptor tyrosine kinase neurotrophin receptors (TrkC and TrkB – see below).

Mice born without the ability to make NT-3 have loss of proprioceptive and subsets of mechanoreceptive sensory neurons.[4][5]

Mechanism of action

NT-3 binds three receptors on the surface of cells which are capable of responding to this growth factor:

  • TrkC (pronounced "Track C"), is apparently the "physiologic" receptor, in that it binds with greatest affinity to NT-3.[6][7]
  • However, NT-3 is capable of binding and signaling through a TrkC-related receptors called TrkB.
  • Finally, NT-3 also binds a second-receptor type besides Trk receptors, called the LNGFR (for "low affinity nerve growth factor receptor).

High affinity receptors

TrkC is a receptor tyrosine kinase (meaning it mediates its actions by causing the addition of phosphate molecules on certain tyrosines in the cell, activating cellular signaling).

As mentioned above, there are other related Trk receptors, TrkA and TrkB. Also as mentioned, there are other neurotrophic factors structurally related to NT-3:

  • NGF (for "Nerve Growth Factor")
  • BDNF (for "Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor")
  • NT-4 (for "Neurotrophin-4")

While TrkB mediates the effects of BDNF, NT-4, and NT-3, TrkA binds and is activated by NGF, and TrkC binds and is activated only by NT-3.

Low affinity receptors

The other NT-3 receptor, the LNGFR, plays a somewhat less clear role. Some researchers have shown the LNGFR binds and serves as a "sink" for neurotrophins.

The crystal structure of NT-3 shows that NT-3 forms a central homodimer around which two glycosylated p75 LNGFR molecules bind symmetrically. The symmetrical binding takes place along the NT-3 interfaces, resulting in a 2:2 ligand-receptor cluster in the center.[8]

Cells which express both the LNGFR and the Trk receptors might therefore have a greater activity – since they have a higher "microconcentration" of the neurotrophin.

It has also been shown, however, that the LNGFR may signal a cell to die via apoptosis – so therefore cells expressing the LNGFR in the absence of Trk receptors may die rather than live in the presence of a neurotrophin.

References

  1. ↑ Maisonpierre PC, Le Beau MM, Espinosa R III, Ip NY, Belluscio L, de la Monte SM, Squinto S, Furth ME, Yancopoulos GD (Oct 1991). "Human and rat brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3: gene structures, distributions, and chromosomal localizations". Genomics. 10 (3): 558–68. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(91)90436-I. PMID 1889806.
  2. ↑ "Entrez Gene: NTF3 neurotrophin 3".
  3. ↑ Maisonpierre P, Belluscio L, Squinto S, Ip N, Furth M, Lindsay R, Yancopoulos G (1990). "Neurotrophin-3: a neurotrophic factor related to NGF and BDNF". Science. 247 (4949 Pt 1): 1446–51. doi:10.1126/science.2321006. PMID 2321006.
  4. ↑ Tessarollo L, Vogel K, Palko M, Reid S, Parada L (1994). "Targeted mutation in the neurotrophin-3 gene results in loss of muscle sensory neurons". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 91 (25): 11844–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.25.11844. PMC 45332. PMID 7991545.
  5. ↑ Klein R, Silos-Santiago I, Smeyne R, Lira S, Brambilla R, Bryant S, Zhang L, Snider W, Barbacid M (1994). "Disruption of the neurotrophin-3 receptor gene trkC eliminates la muscle afferents and results in abnormal movements". Nature. 368 (6468): 249–51. doi:10.1038/368249a0. PMID 8145824.
  6. ↑ Lamballe F, Klein R, Barbacid M (1991). "trkC, a new member of the trk family of tyrosine protein kinases, is a receptor for neurotrophin-3". Cell. 66 (5): 967–79. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90442-2. PMID 1653651.
  7. ↑ Tessarollo L, Tsoulfas P, Martin-Zanca D, Gilbert D, Jenkins N, Copeland N, Parada L (1993). "trkC, a receptor for neurotrophin-3, is widely expressed in the developing nervous system and in non-neuronal tissues". Development. 118 (2): 463–75. PMID 8223273.
  8. ↑ Gong Y, Cao P, Yu HJ, Jiang T (August 2008). "Crystal structure of the neurotrophin-3 and p75NTR symmetrical complex". Nature. 454 (7205): 789–93. doi:10.1038/nature07089. PMID 18596692.

Further reading

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Neurotrophin-3&oldid=1415590"