Anaphylaxis causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Anaphylaxis}}
{{Anaphylaxis}}
{{CMG}}; {{VB}}[[User:Soumya Sachdeva|Soumya Sachdeva]]
{{CMG}}; {{VB}}[[User:Soumya Sachdeva|Soumya Sachdeva]], , {{AE}} [[User:Dushka|Dushka Riaz, MD]]
 
==Overview==
==Overview==
Anaphylaxis is a severe, whole-body allergic reaction to a chemical that has become an allergen. After being exposed to a substance such as bee sting venom, the person's immune system becomes sensitized to it. On a later exposure to that allergen, an allergic reaction may occur. This reaction happens quickly after the exposure, is severe, and involves the whole body.[[Tissues]] in different parts of the body release [[histamine]] and other substances. This causes the [[airways]] to tighten and leads to other symptoms. Anaphylaxis is life-threatening and can occur at any time. Risks include a history of any type of allergic reaction.
[[Anaphylaxis]] can have [[IgE]]-mediated, non IgE-mediated and nonimmunologic triggers. [[IgE]] mediated [[allergens]] include reactions to [[food]], [[medications]] and animal [[dander]]. Non-IgE mediated reactions can be caused by [[Intravenous immunoglobulin|IVIG]], biologic agents and [[NSAIDs]]. Nonimmunologic triggers to [[anaphylaxis]] include [[radiocontrast]] media, [[opiates]], and changes in [[Thermoregulation|temperature]]. <ref name="pmid28800865">{{cite journal| author=LoVerde D, Iweala OI, Eginli A, Krishnaswamy G| title=Anaphylaxis. | journal=Chest | year= 2018 | volume= 153 | issue= 2 | pages= 528-543 | pmid=28800865 | doi=10.1016/j.chest.2017.07.033 | pmc=6026262 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28800865  }} </ref> Adult cases are more commonly caused by [[medications]] and [[Insect sting allergy|insect sting]]<nowiki/>s while [[children]] are more triggered by [[food]]. <ref name="pmid28372711">{{cite journal| author=Commins SP| title=Outpatient Emergencies: Anaphylaxis. | journal=Med Clin North Am | year= 2017 | volume= 101 | issue= 3 | pages= 521-536 | pmid=28372711 | doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2016.12.003 | pmc=5381731 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28372711  }} </ref>


===Life Threatening Causes===
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. Anaphylaxis is itself a life threatening condition.
[[Anaphylaxis]] is itself a life-threatening condition caused by various [[allergens]]. <ref name="pmid28800865">{{cite journal| author=LoVerde D, Iweala OI, Eginli A, Krishnaswamy G| title=Anaphylaxis. | journal=Chest | year= 2018 | volume= 153 | issue= 2 | pages= 528-543 | pmid=28800865 | doi=10.1016/j.chest.2017.07.033 | pmc=6026262 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28800865  }} </ref>


==Causes==
==Causes==
Line 13: Line 12:
===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===


Anaphylaxis can occur in response to any allergen. Common causes include:
[[Anaphylaxis]] can occur in response to any [[allergen]]. Common causes include: <ref name="pmid21377030">{{cite journal| author=Simons FE, Ardusso LR, Bilò MB, El-Gamal YM, Ledford DK, Ring J | display-authors=etal| title=World Allergy Organization anaphylaxis guidelines: summary. | journal=J Allergy Clin Immunol | year= 2011 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 587-93.e1-22 | pmid=21377030 | doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2011.01.038 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21377030  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid21134568">{{cite journal| author=Boyce JA, Assa'ad A, Burks AW, Jones SM, Sampson HA, Wood RA | display-authors=etal| title=Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Food Allergy in the United States: Summary of the NIAID-Sponsored Expert Panel Report. | journal=J Allergy Clin Immunol | year= 2010 | volume= 126 | issue= 6 | pages= 1105-18 | pmid=21134568 | doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2010.10.008 | pmc=4241958 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21134568  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid24388012">{{cite journal| author=Sicherer SH, Sampson HA| title=Food allergy: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. | journal=J Allergy Clin Immunol | year= 2014 | volume= 133 | issue= 2 | pages= 291-307; quiz 308 | pmid=24388012 | doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2013.11.020 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24388012  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid30263034">{{cite journal| author=Fischer D, Vander Leek TK, Ellis AK, Kim H| title=Anaphylaxis. | journal=Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol | year= 2018 | volume= 14 | issue= Suppl 2 | pages= 54 | pmid=30263034 | doi=10.1186/s13223-018-0283-4 | pmc=6156836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30263034  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid29489197">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2021 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=29489197 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> <ref name="pmid20944042">{{cite journal| author=Tupper J, Visser S| title=Anaphylaxis: A review and update. | journal=Can Fam Physician | year= 2010 | volume= 56 | issue= 10 | pages= 1009-11 | pmid=20944042 | doi= | pmc=2954079 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20944042  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid23181736">{{cite journal| author=Worm M, Babina M, Hompes S| title=Causes and risk factors for anaphylaxis. | journal=J Dtsch Dermatol Ges | year= 2013 | volume= 11 | issue= 1 | pages= 44-50 | pmid=23181736 | doi=10.1111/j.1610-0387.2012.08045.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23181736  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid32316622">{{cite journal| author=Poziomkowska-Gęsicka I, Kurek M| title=Clinical Manifestations and Causes of Anaphylaxis. Analysis of 382 Cases from the Anaphylaxis Registry in West Pomerania Province in Poland. | journal=Int J Environ Res Public Health | year= 2020 | volume= 17 | issue= 8 | pages=  | pmid=32316622 | doi=10.3390/ijerph17082787 | pmc=7215547 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32316622  }} </ref> <ref name="pmidhttps://doi.org/10.1067/mai.2002.126811">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=https://doi.org/10.1067/mai.2002.126811 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref>


*Drug allergies ([[acetaminophen]], [[penicillin]]s, [[Prednisolone]], [[cephalosporin]]s, [[amphotericin B]], [[nitrofurantoin]], quinolones)
*[[Drug]] allergies ([[acetaminophen]], [[penicillin]]s, [[Prednisolone]], [[cephalosporin]]s, [[amphotericin B]], [[nitrofurantoin]], [[Quinolone|quinolones]])


*Food allergies (peanuts, milk, eggs, seafood, nuts, grains, beans, gelatin in capsules)
*Food [[allergies]] (peanuts, milk, eggs, seafood, nuts, grains, beans, gelatin in capsules)


*Insect bites/stings (yellow jacket, yellow and baldfaced hornets, paper wasp, honey bee, imported fire ants)
*[[Insect bites and stings|Insect bites]]/stings (yellow jacket, yellow and baldfaced hornets, paper wasp, honey bee, imported fire ants)


*Nonpollen allergen extracts (dust mites, dander of cats, dogs, horses and laboratory animals)
*Nonpollen allergen extracts (dust mites, dander of cats, dogs, horses and laboratory animals)


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:75%; height:100px" border="1"
{| style="width:75%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
| bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|'''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|'''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|'''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abatacept]], [[Acetaminophen]], [[Agalsidase beta]], [[Alemtuzumab]], [[Alglucosidase alfa]], [[Amifostine]], [[Aminohippurate]], [[Amoxycillin]], [[Amphotericin B]], [[Ampicillin]], [[Ancrod]], [[Anidulafungin]], [[Antihypertensives|Antihypertensive drug allergy]], [[Aprotinin]], [[Asparaginase]], [[Aspirin]], [[Atovaquone and proguanil hydrochloride]], [[Aztreonam]], [[Basiliximab]], [[Belimumab]], [[Cefadroxil]], [[Cefotaxime sodium]], [[Ceftazidime]], [[Ceftriaxone]], [[Cefaclor]] [[Cephalosporins]], [[Ciprofloxacin]], [[caspofungin acetate]], [[Cefoxitin sodium]], [[Cetrorelix]], [[conestat alfa]], [[cromolyn]], [[Clemastine]],  [[Cyanocobalamin]], [[Cytarabine]],[[Dacarbazine]], [[Denileukin diftitox]], [[Desmopressin]], [[Diphenhydramine]], [[Doxycycline]], [[Ecallantide]], [[Elosulfase alfa]], [[Epirubicin ]],  [[Ergonovine]], [[ethanolamine oleate]], [[fibrinogen]], [[Fluoxymesterone]], [[fosaprepitant]], [[Gadobenate Dimeglumine]],[[Gadoteridol]], [[Gadoterate]], [[gadoxetate]], [[galsulfase]], [[Ganirelix]], [[Gemifloxacin mesylate]], [[Gluten|Gluten allergy ]], [[Glucarpidase]], [[hexaminolevulinate]], [[hydroxyethyl starch]], [[Idelalisib]], [[Idursulfase]], [[Imipenem]], [[Indinavir]], [[Interferon beta- 1a]], [[Interferon beta- 1b]], [[Interleukin 11]], [[lamivudine]], [[laronidase]], [[Lincomycin Hydrochloride]], [[Local anesthesia|Local anaesthetic allergy ]], [[Meropenem]], [[Micafungin sodium]], [[Morphine|Morphine allergy ]],  [[Netupitant and palonosetron]], [[Niacin]], [[Norfloxacin]], [[Novacaine|Novacaine drug allergy]], [[Omalizumab]], [[Oxaliplatin]], [[Oxaprozin]], [[Oxytetracycline]], [[Palivizumab]], [[Papain]], [[Pegaspargase]], [[Pegloticase]], [[Penicillin]], [[p-Phenylenediamine]], [[Polidocanol]] , [[Prednisolone]],[[Protamine sulfate]], [[Probenecid]], [[Piperacillin]], [[Rabeprazole]], [[Rasburicase]], [[Secukinumab]], [[Sodium aurothiomalate]], [[Sorafenib]], [[Streptokinase]], [[Sulfasalazine]], [[Sulphonamides]], [[Spironolactone]], [[Telavancin hydrochloride]], [[Thallous Chloride Tl 201]], [[Tolmetin]], [[Trospium]], [[trichophyton mentagrophytes and trichophyton rubrum]], [[tuberculin]], [[Zopiclone]], [[Chlorhexidine gluconate]], [[taliglucerase alfa]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Abatacept]], [[Acetaminophen]], [[Agalsidase beta]], [[Alemtuzumab]], [[Alglucosidase alfa]], [[Amifostine]], [[Aminohippurate]], [[Amoxycillin]], [[Amphotericin B]], [[Ampicillin]], [[Ancrod]], [[Anidulafungin]], [[Antihypertensives|Antihypertensive drug allergy]], [[Aprotinin]], [[Asparaginase]], [[Aspirin]], [[Atovaquone and proguanil hydrochloride]], [[Aztreonam]], [[Basiliximab]], [[Belimumab]], [[Cefadroxil]], [[choriogonadotropin alfa]], [[Cefotaxime sodium]], [[Ceftazidime]], [[Ceftriaxone]], [[Cefaclor]] [[Cephalosporins]], [[Ciprofloxacin]], [[caspofungin acetate]], [[Cefoxitin sodium]], [[Cetrorelix]], [[Coagulation factor IX]],[[Coagulation factor XIII A-subunit]], [[conestat alfa]], [[cromolyn]], [[Clemastine]],  [[Cyanocobalamin]], [[Cytarabine]], [[cytomegalovirus immune globulin]], [[Dacarbazine]], [[Denileukin diftitox]], [[Desmopressin]], [[Diphenhydramine]], [[Doxycycline]], [[Ecallantide]], [[Elosulfase alfa]], [[Epirubicin ]] ,  [[Ergonovine]], [[ethanolamine oleate]], [[Ferric Carboxymaltose]],[[fibrinogen]], [[Fluoxymesterone]], [[fosaprepitant]], [[Gadobenate Dimeglumine]],[[Gadoteridol]], [[Gadoterate]], [[gadoxetate]], [[galsulfase]], [[Ganirelix]], [[Gemifloxacin mesylate]], [[Gluten|Gluten allergy]] , [[Glucarpidase]], [[Hepatitis B immunoglobulin]],[[hexaminolevulinate]], [[hydroxyethyl starch]], [[Idelalisib]], [[Idursulfase]], [[Imipenem]], [[Indinavir]], [[Interferon beta- 1a]], [[Interferon beta- 1b]], [[Interleukin 11]], [[Isosulfan blue]], [[lamivudine]], [[laronidase]], [[Lidocaine (ointment)]], [[Lincomycin Hydrochloride]], [[Local anesthesia|Local anaesthetic allergy]] , [[Meropenem]], [[Micafungin sodium]], [[Morphine|Morphine allergy]] ,  [[Netupitant and palonosetron]], [[Niacin]], [[Norfloxacin]], [[Novacaine|Novacaine drug allergy]], [[Omalizumab]], [[Oxaliplatin]], [[Oxaprozin]], [[Oxytetracycline]], [[Palivizumab]], [[Papain]], [[Pegaspargase]], *[[Peginterferon Beta-1a]],[[Pegloticase]], [[Penicillin]], [[p-Phenylenediamine]], [[Polidocanol]] , [[Prednisolone]],[[Protamine sulfate]], [[Probenecid]], [[Piperacillin]], [[Rabeprazole]], [[Rasburicase]], [[Secukinumab]], [[Sodium aurothiomalate]], [[Sorafenib]], [[Streptokinase]], [[Sulfacetamide]], [[Sulfasalazine]], [[Sulphonamides]], [[Spironolactone]], [[Telavancin hydrochloride]], [[Thallous Chloride Tl 201]], [[Tolmetin]], [[Trospium]], [[trichophyton mentagrophytes and trichophyton rubrum]], [[tuberculin]], [[Zopiclone]], [[Chlorhexidine gluconate]], [[taliglucerase alfa]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|'''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|'''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|'''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Insect bites and stings|Ant bite]], [[urticaria]], Baby bottle nipples induced, [[Bee sting]], [[Caffeine allergy]], [[Condoms and diaphragms induced allergies]], [[Exercise]], [[Insect bites and stings|Fire ant bite ]], [[Fire coral poisoning]], [[amaranth]], [[Food additive allergy ]], [[Food allergy]], [[Fruit allergy]], [[Glafenine]], [[Insect bites and stings|Greenhead ant sting ]], [[Herbal agent adverse reaction]], [[Hymenoptera venom]], [[Insect bites and stings|Inch ant sting ]], [[Jack jumper ant sting]], [[Non-food allergy -- africanized honeybee]], [[ant]], [[black fire ant]], [[bumblebee]], [[dust mites]], [[honey bee]], [[hornet]], [[mosquito]], [[red fire ant]], [[scorpion]], [[tropical fire ant]], [[wasp]], [[yellow jacket wasp]], [[Food allergy|Nut allergy]], [[Oriental hornet poisoning]], [[Food allergy|Peanut allergy]], [[Insect bites and stings|Red imported fire ant sting]], [[Food allergy|Seafood allergy]], [[Food allergy|Shellfish allergy]], [[Food allergy|Spice allergy]], [[Spider bite]], [[Insect bites and stings|Wasp sting]], Wound drains and tubes induced allergies
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Insect bites and stings|Ant bite]], [[urticaria]], Baby bottle nipples induced, [[Bee sting]], [[Caffeine allergy]], [[Condoms and diaphragms induced allergies]], [[Exercise]], [[Insect bites and stings|Fire ant bite]] , [[Fire coral poisoning]], [[amaranth]], [[Food additive allergy ]] , [[Food allergy]], [[Fruit allergy]], [[Glafenine]], [[Insect bites and stings|Greenhead ant sting]] , [[Herbal agent adverse reaction]], [[Hymenoptera venom]], [[Insect bites and stings|Inch ant sting]] , [[Jack jumper ant sting]], [[Non-food allergy -- africanized honeybee]], [[ant]], [[black fire ant]], [[bumblebee]], [[dust mites]], [[honey bee]], [[hornet]], [[mosquito]], [[red fire ant]], [[scorpion]], [[tropical fire ant]], [[wasp]], [[yellow jacket wasp]], [[Food allergy|Nut allergy]], [[Oriental hornet poisoning]], [[Food allergy|Peanut allergy]], [[Insect bites and stings|Red imported fire ant sting]], [[Food allergy|Seafood allergy]], [[Food allergy|Shellfish allergy]], [[Food allergy|Spice allergy]], [[Spider bite]], [[Insect bites and stings|Wasp sting]], Wound drains and tubes induced allergies
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|'''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alveolar hydatid disease]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Alveolar hydatid disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|'''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|'''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Blood transfusion|Blood transfusion and complications]], [[Bone marrow transplantation]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Blood transfusion|Blood transfusion and complications]], [[Bone marrow transplantation]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|'''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dye allergy|Contrast x-ray test dye reaction]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Dye allergy|Contrast x-ray test dye reaction]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|'''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Echinococcus granulosus ]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Echinococcus granulosus ]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|'''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|'''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|'''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|'''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|'''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|'''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|'''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|'''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|'''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Asthma]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Asthma]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|'''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|'''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Urticaria|Autoimmune urticaria]], [[Hives]], [[Hydatidosis ]], [[Serum sickness]], [[Mastocytosis|Systemic mastocytosis]], [[Type 1 hypersensitivity]],
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Urticaria|Autoimmune urticaria]], [[Hives]], [[Hydatidosis ]] , [[Serum sickness]], [[Mastocytosis|Systemic mastocytosis]], [[Type 1 hypersensitivity]],
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|'''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|'''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|'''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|'''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Food allergy|Egg allergy]], [[cholinergic urticaria|Handgrips induced allergies ]], [[Latex|Latex catheters induced allergies ]], Pacifiers induced allergies, [[Sterilization agents]], Stethoscope induced allergies
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Food allergy|Egg allergy]], [[cholinergic urticaria|Handgrips induced allergies]] , [[Latex|Latex catheters induced allergies]] , Pacifiers induced allergies, [[Sterilization agents]], Stethoscope induced allergies
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 168: Line 167:
*[[Ceftriaxone]]
*[[Ceftriaxone]]
*[[Cephalosporins]]
*[[Cephalosporins]]
*[[Choriogonadotropin alfa]]
*[[Ciprofloxacin]]
*[[Ciprofloxacin]]
*[[Coagulation factor XIII A-subunit]]
*[[Latex allergy|Condoms and diaphragms induced allergies]]
*[[Latex allergy|Condoms and diaphragms induced allergies]]
*[[Dye allergy|Contrast x-ray test dye reaction]]
*[[Dye allergy|Contrast x-ray test dye reaction]]
*[[Cyanocobalamin]]
*[[Cyanocobalamin]]
*[[Cytarabine]]
*[[Cytarabine]]
*[[Cytomegalovirus immune globulin]]
*[[Denileukin diftitox]]
*[[Denileukin diftitox]]
*[[Desmopressin]]
*[[Desmopressin]]
*[[Echinococcus granulosus ]]
*[[Echinococcus granulosus ]]
*[[Ferric Carboxymaltose]]
*[[Food allergy|Egg allergy]]
*[[Food allergy|Egg allergy]]
*[[Exercise]]
*[[Exercise]]
Line 187: Line 190:
*[[Glafenine]]
*[[Glafenine]]
*[[Gluten|Gluten allergy]]
*[[Gluten|Gluten allergy]]
*[[Hepatitis B immunoglobulin]]
*[[Hydroxyethyl starch]]
*[[Hydroxyethyl starch]]
*[[Infliximab]]
*[[Infliximab]]
Line 237: Line 241:
*[[Peanut allergy]]
*[[Peanut allergy]]
*[[Pegaspargase]]
*[[Pegaspargase]]
*[[Peginterferon Beta-1a]]
*[[Pegloticase]]
*[[Pegloticase]]
*[[Penicillin]]
*[[Penicillin]]
Line 264: Line 269:
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
[[CME Category::Cardiology]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
Line 270: Line 279:
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Immunology]]
[[Category:Immunology]]
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 20:09, 12 April 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Vidit Bhargava, M.B.B.S [2]Soumya Sachdeva, , Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dushka Riaz, MD

Overview

Anaphylaxis can have IgE-mediated, non IgE-mediated and nonimmunologic triggers. IgE mediated allergens include reactions to food, medications and animal dander. Non-IgE mediated reactions can be caused by IVIG, biologic agents and NSAIDs. Nonimmunologic triggers to anaphylaxis include radiocontrast media, opiates, and changes in temperature. [1] Adult cases are more commonly caused by medications and insect stings while children are more triggered by food. [2]

Life Threatening Causes

Anaphylaxis is itself a life-threatening condition caused by various allergens. [1]

Causes

Common Causes

Anaphylaxis can occur in response to any allergen. Common causes include: [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]

  • Food allergies (peanuts, milk, eggs, seafood, nuts, grains, beans, gelatin in capsules)
  • Insect bites/stings (yellow jacket, yellow and baldfaced hornets, paper wasp, honey bee, imported fire ants)
  • Nonpollen allergen extracts (dust mites, dander of cats, dogs, horses and laboratory animals)

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Abatacept, Acetaminophen, Agalsidase beta, Alemtuzumab, Alglucosidase alfa, Amifostine, Aminohippurate, Amoxycillin, Amphotericin B, Ampicillin, Ancrod, Anidulafungin, Antihypertensive drug allergy, Aprotinin, Asparaginase, Aspirin, Atovaquone and proguanil hydrochloride, Aztreonam, Basiliximab, Belimumab, Cefadroxil, choriogonadotropin alfa, Cefotaxime sodium, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone, Cefaclor Cephalosporins, Ciprofloxacin, caspofungin acetate, Cefoxitin sodium, Cetrorelix, Coagulation factor IX,Coagulation factor XIII A-subunit, conestat alfa, cromolyn, Clemastine, Cyanocobalamin, Cytarabine, cytomegalovirus immune globulin, Dacarbazine, Denileukin diftitox, Desmopressin, Diphenhydramine, Doxycycline, Ecallantide, Elosulfase alfa, Epirubicin , Ergonovine, ethanolamine oleate, Ferric Carboxymaltose,fibrinogen, Fluoxymesterone, fosaprepitant, Gadobenate Dimeglumine,Gadoteridol, Gadoterate, gadoxetate, galsulfase, Ganirelix, Gemifloxacin mesylate, Gluten allergy , Glucarpidase, Hepatitis B immunoglobulin,hexaminolevulinate, hydroxyethyl starch, Idelalisib, Idursulfase, Imipenem, Indinavir, Interferon beta- 1a, Interferon beta- 1b, Interleukin 11, Isosulfan blue, lamivudine, laronidase, Lidocaine (ointment), Lincomycin Hydrochloride, Local anaesthetic allergy , Meropenem, Micafungin sodium, Morphine allergy , Netupitant and palonosetron, Niacin, Norfloxacin, Novacaine drug allergy, Omalizumab, Oxaliplatin, Oxaprozin, Oxytetracycline, Palivizumab, Papain, Pegaspargase, *Peginterferon Beta-1a,Pegloticase, Penicillin, p-Phenylenediamine, Polidocanol , Prednisolone,Protamine sulfate, Probenecid, Piperacillin, Rabeprazole, Rasburicase, Secukinumab, Sodium aurothiomalate, Sorafenib, Streptokinase, Sulfacetamide, Sulfasalazine, Sulphonamides, Spironolactone, Telavancin hydrochloride, Thallous Chloride Tl 201, Tolmetin, Trospium, trichophyton mentagrophytes and trichophyton rubrum, tuberculin, Zopiclone, Chlorhexidine gluconate, taliglucerase alfa
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental Ant bite, urticaria, Baby bottle nipples induced, Bee sting, Caffeine allergy, Condoms and diaphragms induced allergies, Exercise, Fire ant bite , Fire coral poisoning, amaranth, Food additive allergy , Food allergy, Fruit allergy, Glafenine, Greenhead ant sting , Herbal agent adverse reaction, Hymenoptera venom, Inch ant sting , Jack jumper ant sting, Non-food allergy -- africanized honeybee, ant, black fire ant, bumblebee, dust mites, honey bee, hornet, mosquito, red fire ant, scorpion, tropical fire ant, wasp, yellow jacket wasp, Nut allergy, Oriental hornet poisoning, Peanut allergy, Red imported fire ant sting, Seafood allergy, Shellfish allergy, Spice allergy, Spider bite, Wasp sting, Wound drains and tubes induced allergies
Gastroenterologic Alveolar hydatid disease
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic Blood transfusion and complications, Bone marrow transplantation
Iatrogenic Contrast x-ray test dye reaction
Infectious Disease Echinococcus granulosus
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Asthma
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Autoimmune urticaria, Hives, Hydatidosis , Serum sickness, Systemic mastocytosis, Type 1 hypersensitivity,
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Egg allergy, Handgrips induced allergies , Latex catheters induced allergies , Pacifiers induced allergies, Sterilization agents, Stethoscope induced allergies

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 LoVerde D, Iweala OI, Eginli A, Krishnaswamy G (2018). "Anaphylaxis". Chest. 153 (2): 528–543. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2017.07.033. PMC 6026262. PMID 28800865.
  2. ↑ Commins SP (2017). "Outpatient Emergencies: Anaphylaxis". Med Clin North Am. 101 (3): 521–536. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2016.12.003. PMC 5381731. PMID 28372711.
  3. ↑ Simons FE, Ardusso LR, Bilò MB, El-Gamal YM, Ledford DK, Ring J; et al. (2011). "World Allergy Organization anaphylaxis guidelines: summary". J Allergy Clin Immunol. 127 (3): 587-93.e1-22. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.01.038. PMID 21377030.
  4. ↑ Boyce JA, Assa'ad A, Burks AW, Jones SM, Sampson HA, Wood RA; et al. (2010). "Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Food Allergy in the United States: Summary of the NIAID-Sponsored Expert Panel Report". J Allergy Clin Immunol. 126 (6): 1105–18. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2010.10.008. PMC 4241958. PMID 21134568.
  5. ↑ Sicherer SH, Sampson HA (2014). "Food allergy: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment". J Allergy Clin Immunol. 133 (2): 291–307, quiz 308. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.11.020. PMID 24388012.
  6. ↑ Fischer D, Vander Leek TK, Ellis AK, Kim H (2018). "Anaphylaxis". Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 14 (Suppl 2): 54. doi:10.1186/s13223-018-0283-4. PMC 6156836. PMID 30263034.
  7. ↑ "StatPearls". 2021. PMID 29489197.
  8. ↑ Tupper J, Visser S (2010). "Anaphylaxis: A review and update". Can Fam Physician. 56 (10): 1009–11. PMC 2954079. PMID 20944042.
  9. ↑ Worm M, Babina M, Hompes S (2013). "Causes and risk factors for anaphylaxis". J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 11 (1): 44–50. doi:10.1111/j.1610-0387.2012.08045.x. PMID 23181736.
  10. ↑ Poziomkowska-Gęsicka I, Kurek M (2020). "Clinical Manifestations and Causes of Anaphylaxis. Analysis of 382 Cases from the Anaphylaxis Registry in West Pomerania Province in Poland". Int J Environ Res Public Health. 17 (8). doi:10.3390/ijerph17082787. PMC 7215547 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32316622 Check |pmid= value (help).
  11. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID https://doi.org/10.1067/mai.2002.126811 Check |pmid= value (help).

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