Beta adrenergic receptor kinase-2

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Adrenergic, beta, receptor kinase 2
Identifiers
Symbol(s) ADRBK2; BARK2; GRK3
External IDs OMIM: 109636 MGI: 87941 Homologene: 21072
RNA expression pattern

More reference expression data

Orthologs
Human Mouse
Entrez 157 320129
Ensembl ENSG00000100077 ENSMUSG00000042249
Uniprot P35626 Q8BVT9
Refseq NM_005160 (mRNA)
NP_005151 (protein) 		NM_001035531 (mRNA)
NP_001030608 (protein)
Location Chr 22: 24.29 - 24.45 Mb Chr 5: 113.15 - 113.26 Mb
Pubmed search [1] [2]

Adrenergic, beta, receptor kinase 2, also known as ADRBK2, is a human gene.[1]


The beta-adrenergic receptor kinase specifically phosphorylates the agonist-occupied form of the beta-adrenergic and related G protein-coupled receptors. Overall, the beta adrenergic receptor kinase 2 has 85% amino acid similarity with beta adrenergic receptor kinase 1, with the protein kinase catalytic domain having 95% similarity. These data suggest the existence of a family of receptor kinases which may serve broadly to regulate receptor function.[1]


Beta adrenergic receptor kinase-2 (ARBK2, BARK-2, G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 3, GRK3) is an intracellular enzyme that phosphorylates G protein-coupled receptors. It was cloned from mice and rats in 1991,[2]. The human gene was cloned in 1993.[3]

In 2003, a group of American and Canadian researchers published a paper that used gene linkage techniques to identify a mutation in the GRK3 gene as a possible cause of up to 10% of cases of bipolar disorder.[4] Beta adrenergic receptor kinase-2 appears to affect dopamine metabolism.

Subsequent studies, while noting that chromosome 22q12 may harbor a risk gene for schizophrenia, did not find that the gene coding for beta adrenergic receptor kinase-2 was linked to schizophrenia.[5]


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Entrez Gene: ADRBK2 adrenergic, beta, receptor kinase 2.
  2. ↑ Benovic, J. L. (1991). ""Cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization of beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 2: a new member of the receptor kinase family"". J. Biol. Chem. 266: 14939-14946.
  3. ↑ Parruti, G. (1993). ""Molecular cloning, functional expression and mRNA analysis of human beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 2."". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 190: 475-481.
  4. ↑ Barrett, T B (2003). ""Evidence that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter of the G protein receptor kinase 3 gene is associated with bipolar disorder"". Molecular Psychiatry 8: 546-557.
  5. ↑ Yu, SY (2004). ""Mutation screening and association study of the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 2 gene in schizophrenia families."". Psychiatry Res. 125: 95-104.

Further reading

  • Benovic JL, Onorato JJ, Arriza JL, et al. (1991). "Cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization of beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 2. A new member of the receptor kinase family.". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (23): 14939-46. PMID 1869533.
  • Calabrese G, Sallese M, Stornaiuolo A, et al. (1995). "Chromosome mapping of the human arrestin (SAG), beta-arrestin 2 (ARRB2), and beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 2 (ADRBK2) genes.". Genomics 23 (1): 286-8. doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1497. PMID 7695743.
  • Parruti G, Ambrosini G, Sallese M, De Blasi A (1993). "Molecular cloning, functional expression and mRNA analysis of human beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 2.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 190 (2): 475-81. PMID 8427589.
  • Oppermann M, Freedman NJ, Alexander RW, Lefkowitz RJ (1996). "Phosphorylation of the type 1A angiotensin II receptor by G protein-coupled receptor kinases and protein kinase C.". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (22): 13266-72. PMID 8662816.
  • Premont RT, Claing A, Vitale N, et al. (1998). "beta2-Adrenergic receptor regulation by GIT1, a G protein-coupled receptor kinase-associated ADP ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (24): 14082-7. PMID 9826657.
  • Oppermann M, Mack M, Proudfoot AE, Olbrich H (1999). "Differential effects of CC chemokines on CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) phosphorylation and identification of phosphorylation sites on the CCR5 carboxyl terminus.". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (13): 8875-85. PMID 10085131.
  • Dunham I, Shimizu N, Roe BA, et al. (1999). "The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22.". Nature 402 (6761): 489-95. doi:10.1038/990031. PMID 10591208.
  • Inngjerdingen M, Damaj B, Maghazachi AA (2000). "Human NK cells express CC chemokine receptors 4 and 8 and respond to thymus and activation-regulated chemokine, macrophage-derived chemokine, and I-309.". J. Immunol. 164 (8): 4048-54. PMID 10754297.
  • Celver JP, Lowe J, Kovoor A, et al. (2001). "Threonine 180 is required for G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 3- and beta-arrestin 2-mediated desensitization of the mu-opioid receptor in Xenopus oocytes.". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (7): 4894-900. doi:10.1074/jbc.M007437200. PMID 11060299.
  • Blaukat A, Pizard A, Breit A, et al. (2001). "Determination of bradykinin B2 receptor in vivo phosphorylation sites and their role in receptor function.". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (44): 40431-40. doi:10.1074/jbc.M107024200. PMID 11517230.
  • Wang J, Guan E, Roderiquez G, et al. (2002). "Role of tyrosine phosphorylation in ligand-independent sequestration of CXCR4 in human primary monocytes-macrophages.". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (52): 49236-43. doi:10.1074/jbc.M108523200. PMID 11668182.
  • Obara K, Arai K, Tomita Y, et al. (2002). "G-protein coupled receptor kinase 2 and 3 expression in human detrusor cultured smooth muscle cells.". Urol. Res. 29 (5): 325-9. PMID 11762794.
  • Mandyam CD, Thakker DR, Christensen JL, Standifer KM (2002). "Orphanin FQ/nociceptin-mediated desensitization of opioid receptor-like 1 receptor and mu opioid receptors involves protein kinase C: a molecular mechanism for heterologous cross-talk.". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 302 (2): 502-9. doi:10.1124/jpet.102.033159. PMID 12130708.
  • Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899-903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMID 12477932.
  • Barrett TB, Hauger RL, Kennedy JL, et al. (2004). "Evidence that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter of the G protein receptor kinase 3 gene is associated with bipolar disorder.". Mol. Psychiatry 8 (5): 546-57. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001268. PMID 12808434.
  • Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. (2004). "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40-5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039.
  • Dzimiri N, Muiya P, Andres E, Al-Halees Z (2005). "Differential functional expression of human myocardial G protein receptor kinases in left ventricular cardiac diseases.". Eur. J. Pharmacol. 489 (3): 167-77. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.03.015. PMID 15087239.
  • Teli T, Markovic D, Levine MA, et al. (2005). "Regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor type 1alpha signaling: structural determinants for G protein-coupled receptor kinase-mediated phosphorylation and agonist-mediated desensitization.". Mol. Endocrinol. 19 (2): 474-90. doi:10.1210/me.2004-0275. PMID 15498832.
  • Feng YH, Wang L, Wang Q, et al. (2005). "ATP stimulates GRK-3 phosphorylation and beta-arrestin-2-dependent internalization of P2X7 receptor.". Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol. 288 (6): C1342-56. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00315.2004. PMID 15728711.
  • Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, et al. (2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network.". Nature 437 (7062): 1173-8. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID 16189514.

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Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content

Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .

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