Sandbox:Eiman

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Classification by etiology Etiology Clinical manifestations Paraclinical findings Comments
Symptoms and signs Lab findings Imaging
Fatigue/Lethargy Thirst Dizziness/Confusion Muscle weakness/cramp Somatic/visceral pain Vomiting Diarrhea Tachypnea Haematuria/Proteinuria Edema Blood tests Renal Funtion test Electrolytes Urine analysis ABG Other Ultrasound X-ray CT MRI Other
Prerenal Alcohol poisoning[1][2][3][4] + - +/- - +/- + +/- - - - Prolonged PT Elevated creatinine with normal BUN may indicate isopropyl alcohol poisoning
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
Aspergillosis[5][6][7] +/- - - - - - - +/- - -
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • Pulmonary infiltrates
  • Mucoid plugging
  • Central bronchiectasis
  • Mass in the upper lobe surrounded by a crescent of air
  • Solitary or multiple cavities
  • Halo sign (ground-glass appearance with nodules)
  • Defines bronchiectasis
  • May show evidence of wedge-shaped pulmonary infarction
  • Granulomata, tissue necrosis, and blood vessel invasion may be noted
  • N/A
  • N/A
Cholera[8][9][9][10] +/- + - - - +/- + - - -
  • N/A
  • Stool is used in dark field examination or PCR to visualize vibrio cholerae
  • Stool culture is carried out using thiosulfate-citrate-bile-sucrose-agar
  • Serotyping may be performed using an anti-serum
  • Elevated serum protein is noted
  • Elevated serum-specific gravity is noted
  • Elevated blood glucose may be detected
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
Congestive heart failure (CHF)[11][12][13][14][15][16] + - - - - - + - - +
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
Dehydration[17][18][19][20]

- Burns

-Cutaneous loss e.g. sweating

- Inadequate water intake

- Salt-wasting nephropathy

+ + - +/- - +/- +/- - - -
  • N/A
  • Ketones and glucose may be detected
  • Urine specific gravity is elevated
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
Diarrhea and/or vomiting[21][22][23][24] +/- +/- - - - + + - - -
  • N/A
  • Stool anion gap should be calculated
  • N/A
  • Abdominal ultrasound may be useful to detect cause
  • Upper gastrointestinal radiography with follow-through may be useful to detect cause
  • N/A
  • Brain MRI may be useful to detect cause
  • Esophagogastroduodenoscopy may be useful to detect cause
  • Treatment must include volume replacement
Drugs/toxins[25][26][27][28]

- ACE inhibitor

- Aminoglycosides

- Amphotericin B

- Contrast material

- Cyclosporin

- Diuretics

- Digitalis

- Heavy metals

- Indomethacin

- Tacrolimus

- NSAIDs

+/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/-
  • N/A
  • Blood glucose should be measured
  • Toxicology screening is crucial in aiding diagnosis
  • Rapid immunoassay screens may also aid diagnosis
  • Useful in drug-induced nephropathies
  • Some radio-opaque substances may be visualized
  • Ingested drug packets may also be visualized
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
Esophageal varices bleeding[29][30] +/- - - - +/- - - - - -
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • Duplex doppler ultrasonography can determine:
    • Velocity and direction of portal flow
    • Determine portal vein patency
  • Endoscopic ultrasonography may also be useful
  • Abnormal opacities representing paraesophageal varices may be detected outside the esophageal wall
  • The short or long segment of the descending aorta may be obliterated
  • A posterior mediastinal or intraparenchymal mass may be noted
  • A dilated azygous vein may be noted and is described as a "downhill varix"
  • Dilated collaterals may lead to a widened superior mediastinum
  • Barium swallow demonstrates snake-like filling defects
  • Can visualize the entire portal venous system
  • N/A
Heart disease[31][32]

-Congenital

-Acquired

+/- - - - - - - +/- - +/-
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • Ultrasound visualizes anatomy of the heart and in particular, the chambers and chamber flow
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • History and physical examination (auscultation of the heart) are important for diagnosis
Hemorrhage[33][34][35][36] - - - - - - - - - -
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • Chest x - ray may demonstrate bilateral opacities in the lung field and indicate hemothorax
  • Abdominal x - ray may demonstrate hemoperitoneum
  • Incomplete calcified margins of a dilated aorta may indicate a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm
  • Absence of the psoas shadow may suggest retroperitoneal blood
  • May visualize intrathoracic, intra-abdominal, and retroperitoneal bleeding
  • However, ultrasound is more often used
  • N/A
  • Esophagogastroduodenoscopy is often used to visualize the source of bleeding in the upper GI
  • Colonoscopy may be used in the lower GI
  • Angiography and nuclear medicine scanning are also useful in diagnosing the source of bleeding
  • N/A
Hemolysis[37][38][39][40] +/- - - - - - - - +/- -
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
Hepatorenal syndrome[41][42][43][44] +/- - - - +/- +/- - - +/- +/-
  • N/A
  • Abdominal ultrasound used to exclude hydronephrosis and intrinsic renal disease
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • Echocardiography is used to evaluate right ventricular preload, ventricular filling pressures, and cardiac function
  • N/A
Ischemic cardiomyopathy[45][46][47][48] +/- - - - - - - +/- - +/-
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • May detect abnormal cardiac silhouette
  • MRI with gadolinium–diethylene-triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) can evaluate mid-wall fibrosis
  • N/A
Liver cirrhosis[49][50][51] +/- - +/- +/- +/- - - - - +/-
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
Malignant hypertension[52][53] +/- - + - - +/- - +/- - +/- -
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • Electrocardiography may indicate the following:
    • Ischemia
    • Infarct
    • Evidence of electrolyte abnormalities or drug overdose
  • Echocardiography may indicate the following:
  • N/A
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