Norfloxacin

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Norfloxacin
Adult Indications & Dosage
Pediatric Indications & Dosage
Contraindications
Warnings & Precautions
Adverse Reactions
Drug Interactions
Use in Specific Populations
Administration & Monitoring
Overdosage
Pharmacology
Clinical Studies
How Supplied
Images
Patient Counseling Information
Precautions with Alcohol
Brand Names
Look-Alike Names

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Alberto Plate [2]

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Overview

Norfloxacin is an fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is FDA approved for the treatment of urinary tract infections (UTI), prostatitis and sexually transmited diseases (STD).. Common adverse reactions include nause, stomach cramps, dizziness and headache.

Adult Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)

Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Norfloxacin in adult patients.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Norfloxacin in adult patients.

Pediatric Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)

There is limited information regarding Norfloxacin FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric) in the drug label.

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)

Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Norfloxacin in pediatric patients.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Norfloxacin in pediatric patients.

Contraindications

Norfloxacin is contraindicated in persons with a history of hypersensitivity, tendinitis, or tendon rupture associated with the use of norfloxacin or any member of the quinolone group of antimicrobial agents.

Warnings

Tendinopathy and Tendon Rupture

Fluoroquinolones, including Norfloxacin, are associated with an increased risk of tendinitis and tendon rupture in all ages. This adverse reaction most frequently involves the Achilles tendon, and rupture of the Achilles tendon may require surgical repair. Tendinitis and tendon rupture in the rotator cuff (the shoulder), the hand, the biceps, the thumb, and other tendon sites have also been reported. The risk of developing fluoroquinolone-associated tendinitis and tendon rupture is further increased in older patients usually over 60 years of age, in patients taking corticosteroid drugs, and in patients with kidney, heart or lung transplants. Factors, in addition to age and corticosteroid use, that may independently increase the risk of tendon rupture include strenuous physical activity, renal failure, and previous tendon disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis. Tendinitis and tendon rupture have also occurred in patients taking fluoroquinolones who do not have the above risk factors. Tendon rupture can occur during or after completion of therapy; cases occurring up to several months after completion of therapy have been reported. Norfloxacin should be discontinued if the patient experiences pain, swelling, inflammation or rupture of a tendon. Patients should be advised to rest at the first sign of tendinitis or tendon rupture, and to contact their healthcare provider regarding changing to a non-quinolone antimicrobial drug.

Exacerbation of Myasthenia Gravis

Fluoroquinolones, including Norfloxacin, have neuromuscular blocking activity and may exacerbate muscle weakness in persons with myasthenia gravis. Post-marketing serious adverse events, including deaths and requirement for ventilatory support, have been associated with fluoroquinolone use in persons with myasthenia gravis. Avoid Norfloxacin in patients with known history of myasthenia gravis.

Safety in Children, Adolescents, Nursing mothers, and during Pregnancy

THE SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF ORAL NORFLOXACIN IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS, ADOLESCENTS (UNDER THE AGE OF 18), PREGNANT WOMEN, AND NURSING MOTHERS HAVE NOT BEEN ESTABLISHED. The oral administration of single doses of norfloxacin, 6 times2 the recommended human clinical dose (on a mg/kg basis), caused lameness in immature dogs. Histologic examination of the weight-bearing joints of these dogs revealed permanent lesions of the cartilage. Other quinolones also produced erosions of the cartilage in weight-bearing joints and other signs of arthropathy in immature animals of various species.

Central Nervous System Effects/Disorders

Convulsions have been reported in patients receiving norfloxacin. Convulsions, increased intracranial pressure (including pseudotumor cerebri), and toxic psychoses have been reported in patients receiving drugs in this class. Quinolones may also cause central nervous system (CNS) stimulation which may lead to tremors, restlessness, lightheadedness, confusion, and hallucinations. If these reactions occur in patients receiving norfloxacin, the drug should be discontinued and appropriate measures instituted. The effects of norfloxacin on brain function or on the electrical activity of the brain have not been tested. Therefore, until more information becomes available, norfloxacin, like all other quinolones, should be used with caution in patients with known or suspected CNS disorders, such as severe cerebral arteriosclerosis, epilepsy, and other factors which predispose to seizures.

Hypersensitivity Reactions

Serious and occasionally fatal hypersensitivity (anaphylactic) reactions, some following the first dose, have been reported in patients receiving quinolone therapy, including Norfloxacin. Some reactions were accompanied by cardiovascular collapse, loss of consciousness, tingling, pharyngeal edema or facial edema, dyspnea, urticaria and itching. Only a few patients had a history of hypersensitivity reactions. If an allergic reaction to norfloxacin occurs, discontinue the drug. Serious acute hypersensitivity reactions require immediate emergency treatment with epinephrine. Oxygen, intravenous fluids, antihistamines, corticosteroids, pressor amines, and airway management, including intubation, should be administered as indicated.

Other serious and sometimes fatal events, some due to hypersensitivity, and some due to uncertain etiology, have been reported rarely in patients receiving therapy with quinolones, including Norfloxacin. These events may be severe and generally occur following the administration of multiple doses. Clinical manifestations may include one or more of the following:

The drug should be discontinued immediately at the first appearance of a skin rash, jaundice, or any other sign of hypersensitivity, and supportive measures should be instituted

Clostridium Difficile Associated Diarrhea

Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including Norfloxacin and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading to overgrowth of C. difficile. C. difficile produces toxins A and B which contribute to the development of CDAD.

Hypertoxin producing strains of C. difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections can be refractory to antimicrobial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibiotic use. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after the administration of antibacterial agents. If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibiotic use not directed against C. difficile may need to be discontinued. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibiotic treatment of C. difficile, and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated.

Peripheral Neuropathy

Cases of sensory or sensorimotor axonal polyneuropathy affecting small and/or large axons resulting in paresthesias, hypoesthesias, dysesthesias and weakness have been reported in patients receiving fluoroquinolones, including norfloxacin. Symptoms may occur soon after initiation of norfloxacin and may be irreversible. Norfloxacin should be discontinued immediately if the patient experiences symptoms of peripheral neuropathy including pain, burning, tingling, numbness, and/or weakness, or other alterations in sensations including light touch, pain, temperature, position sense and vibratory sensation.

Syphilis Treatment

Norfloxacin has not been shown to be effective in the treatment of syphilis. Antimicrobial agents used in high doses for short periods of time to treat gonorrhea may mask or delay the symptoms of incubating syphilis. All patients with gonorrhea should have a serologic test for syphilis at the time of diagnosis. Patients treated with norfloxacin should have a follow-up serologic test for syphilis after three months.

Adverse Reactions

Clinical Trials Experience

SIngle-Dose Studies

In clinical trials involving 82 healthy subjects and 228 patients with gonorrhea, treated with a single dose of norfloxacin, 6.5% reported drug-related adverse experiences. However, the following incidence figures were calculated without reference to drug relationship.

Multiple-Dose Studies

In clinical trials involving 52 healthy subjects and 1980 patients with urinary tract infections or prostatitis treated with multiple doses of norfloxacin, 3.6% reported drug-related adverse experiences. However, the incidence figures below were calculated without reference to drug relationship.

Postmarketing Experience

The most frequently reported adverse reaction in post-marketing experience is rash. CNS effects characterized as generalized seizures, myoclonus and tremors have been reported with Norfloxacin. Visual disturbances have been reported with drugs in this class.

The following additional adverse reactions have been reported since the drug was marketed: Hypersensitivity Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions
Dermatological Effects
Gastrointestinal Effects
Hepatic Effects
Cardiovascular Effects
Renal Effects
Nervous System/Psychiatric Effects
Musculoskeletal

exacerbation of myasthenia gravis (see WARNINGS, EXACERBATION OF MYASTHENIA GRAVIS); elevated creatine kinase (CK), muscle spasms.

Hematologic

Neutropenia; leukopenia; agranulocytosis; hemolytic anemia, sometimes associated with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency; thrombocytopenia.

Special Senses

Hearing loss, tinnitus, diplopia, dysgeusia.

Other adverse events reported with quinolones include: agranulocytosis, albuminuria, candiduria, crystalluria, cylindruria, dysphagia, elevation of blood glucose, elevation of serum cholesterol, elevation of serum potassium, elevation of serum triglycerides, hematuria, hepatic necrosis, symptomatic hypoglycemia, nystagmus, postural hypotension, prolongation of prothrombin time, and vaginal candidiasis.

Drug Interactions

There is limited information regarding Norfloxacin Drug Interactions in the drug label.

Use in Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category (FDA): There is no FDA guidance on usage of Norfloxacin in women who are pregnant.
Pregnancy Category (AUS): There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Norfloxacin in women who are pregnant.

Labor and Delivery

There is no FDA guidance on use of Norfloxacin during labor and delivery.

Nursing Mothers

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Norfloxacin in women who are nursing.

Pediatric Use

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Norfloxacin in pediatric settings.

Geriatic Use

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Norfloxacin in geriatric settings.

Gender

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Norfloxacin with respect to specific gender populations.

Race

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Norfloxacin with respect to specific racial populations.

Renal Impairment

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Norfloxacin in patients with renal impairment.

Hepatic Impairment

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Norfloxacin in patients with hepatic impairment.

Females of Reproductive Potential and Males

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Norfloxacin in women of reproductive potentials and males.

Immunocompromised Patients

There is no FDA guidance one the use of Norfloxacin in patients who are immunocompromised.

Administration and Monitoring

Administration

There is limited information regarding Norfloxacin Administration in the drug label.

Monitoring

There is limited information regarding Norfloxacin Monitoring in the drug label.

IV Compatibility

There is limited information regarding the compatibility of Norfloxacin and IV administrations.

Overdosage

There is limited information regarding Norfloxacin overdosage. If you suspect drug poisoning or overdose, please contact the National Poison Help hotline (1-800-222-1222) immediately.

Pharmacology

There is limited information regarding Norfloxacin Pharmacology in the drug label.

Mechanism of Action

There is limited information regarding Norfloxacin Mechanism of Action in the drug label.

Structure

There is limited information regarding Norfloxacin Structure in the drug label.

Pharmacodynamics

There is limited information regarding Norfloxacin Pharmacodynamics in the drug label.

Pharmacokinetics

There is limited information regarding Norfloxacin Pharmacokinetics in the drug label.

Nonclinical Toxicology

There is limited information regarding Norfloxacin Nonclinical Toxicology in the drug label.

Clinical Studies

There is limited information regarding Norfloxacin Clinical Studies in the drug label.

How Supplied

There is limited information regarding Norfloxacin How Supplied in the drug label.

Storage

There is limited information regarding Norfloxacin Storage in the drug label.

Images

Drug Images

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Package and Label Display Panel

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Patient Counseling Information

There is limited information regarding Norfloxacin Patient Counseling Information in the drug label.

Precautions with Alcohol

Alcohol-Norfloxacin interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.

Brand Names

There is limited information regarding Norfloxacin Brand Names in the drug label.

Look-Alike Drug Names

There is limited information regarding Norfloxacin Look-Alike Drug Names in the drug label.

Drug Shortage Status

Price

References

The contents of this FDA label are provided by the National Library of Medicine.


Norfloxacin
Noroxin® FDA Package Insert
Description
Clinical Pharmacology
Microbiology
Indications and Usage
Contraindications
Warnings and Precautions
Adverse Reactions
Drug Interactions
Overdosage
Dosage and Administration
How Supplied
Labels and Packages

For patient information, click here.

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [3]

Overview

Norfloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibacterial agent[1][2] occasionally used to treat common as well as complicated urinary tract infections.[3] It is sold under various brand names with the most common being Noroxin. In form of ophthalmic solutions it is known as Chibroxin (Apiflox eye drops in Jordan [4]). Norfloxacin is a first generation synthetic fluoroquinolone (quinolone) developed by Kyorin Seiyaku K.K. (Kyorin).[5]

Category

Fluoroquinolone

US Brand Names

NOROXIN®,CHIBROXIN®

FDA Package Insert

Description | Clinical Pharmacology | Microbiology | Indications and Usage | Contraindications | Warnings and Precautions | Adverse Reactions | Drug Interactions | Overdosage | Clinical Studies | Dosage and Administration | How Supplied | Labels and Packages

Mechanism of Action

Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and is bactericidal. At the molecular level, three specific events are attributed to norfloxacin in E. coli cells:

inhibition of the ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling reaction catalyzed by DNA gyrase, inhibition of the relaxation of supercoiled DNA, promotion of double-stranded DNA breakage.

References

  1. ↑ Nelson, JM.; Chiller, TM.; Powers, JH.; Angulo, FJ. (2007). "Fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter species and the withdrawal of fluoroquinolones from use in poultry: a public health success story". Clin Infect Dis. 44 (7): 977–80. doi:10.1086/512369. PMID 17342653. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ Padeĭskaia, EN. (2003). "[Norfloxacin: more than 20 years of clinical use, the results and place among fluoroquinolones in modern chemotherapy for infections]". Antibiot Khimioter. 48 (9): 28–36. PMID 15002177.
  3. ↑ Rafalsky, V.; Andreeva, I.; Rjabkova, E.; Rafalsky, Vladimir V (2006). Rafalsky, Vladimir V, ed. "Quinolones for uncomplicated acute cystitis in women". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 3: CD003597. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003597.pub2. PMID 16856014.
  4. ↑ http://www.jfda.jo/
  5. ↑ "HQ 545710". faqs.org. 30 October 1998.
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