Sandbox:Eiman: Difference between revisions

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! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Imaging
! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Imaging
|-
|-
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fatigue/Lethargy
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fatigue/
Lethargy
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Thirst
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Thirst
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dizziness/Confusion
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dizziness/
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Muscle weakness/cramp
Confusion
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Somatic/visceral pain
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Muscle weakness/
cramp
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Somatic/
visceral pain
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Vomiting  
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Vomiting  
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diarrhea  
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diarrhea  
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Tachypnea
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Tachypnea
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Haematuria/Proteinuria
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Hematuria/
Proteinuria
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Edema
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Edema
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Blood tests
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Blood indices
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Renal Funtion test
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Renal Funtion test
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
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|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|Prolonged [[PT]]
|[[PT]]
|Elevated [[creatinine]] with normal [[BUN]] may indicate isopropyl [[alcohol]] poisoning
|[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]] (isopropyl [[alcohol]])
|
|[[Sodium|Na]]
* Decreased serum [[sodium]]
|Not applicable
|
|[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]]
*N/A
|[[Liver function tests|LFT]]
|
|Not applicable
* Decreased [[bicarbonate]]
|Not applicable
|
|Not applicable
* Serum [[glucose]] level
|Not applicable
* Serum blood [[alcohol]] level
|Not applicable
* Elevated hepatic [[transaminases]]
|[[Thiamine]] must be given to prevent [[Wernicke's encephalopathy]]
* Toxicology screen for [[acetaminophen]] and [[salicylates]]
|
*N/A
|
*N/A
|
*N/A
|
*N/A
|
*N/A
|
* Serum [[osmolality]] should be calculated
* [[Thiamine]] must be given to avoid [[Wernicke's encephalopathy]]
|-
|-
|[[Aspergillosis|'''Aspergillosis''']]<ref name="pmid11880955">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marr KA, Carter RA, Crippa F, Wald A, Corey L |title=Epidemiology and outcome of mould infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=34 |issue=7 |pages=909–17 |date=April 2002 |pmid=11880955 |doi=10.1086/339202 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16886149">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cornillet A, Camus C, Nimubona S, Gandemer V, Tattevin P, Belleguic C, Chevrier S, Meunier C, Lebert C, Aupée M, Caulet-Maugendre S, Faucheux M, Lelong B, Leray E, Guiguen C, Gangneux JP |title=Comparison of epidemiological, clinical, and biological features of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic and nonneutropenic patients: a 6-year survey |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=577–84 |date=September 2006 |pmid=16886149 |doi=10.1086/505870 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16129254">{{cite journal |vauthors=Horger M, Hebart H, Einsele H, Lengerke C, Claussen CD, Vonthein R, Pfannenberg C |title=Initial CT manifestations of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in 45 non-HIV immunocompromised patients: association with patient outcome? |journal=Eur J Radiol |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=437–44 |date=September 2005 |pmid=16129254 |doi=10.1016/j.ejrad.2005.01.001 |url=}}</ref>
|[[Aspergillosis|'''Aspergillosis''']]<ref name="pmid11880955">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marr KA, Carter RA, Crippa F, Wald A, Corey L |title=Epidemiology and outcome of mould infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=34 |issue=7 |pages=909–17 |date=April 2002 |pmid=11880955 |doi=10.1086/339202 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16886149">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cornillet A, Camus C, Nimubona S, Gandemer V, Tattevin P, Belleguic C, Chevrier S, Meunier C, Lebert C, Aupée M, Caulet-Maugendre S, Faucheux M, Lelong B, Leray E, Guiguen C, Gangneux JP |title=Comparison of epidemiological, clinical, and biological features of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic and nonneutropenic patients: a 6-year survey |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=577–84 |date=September 2006 |pmid=16886149 |doi=10.1086/505870 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16129254">{{cite journal |vauthors=Horger M, Hebart H, Einsele H, Lengerke C, Claussen CD, Vonthein R, Pfannenberg C |title=Initial CT manifestations of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in 45 non-HIV immunocompromised patients: association with patient outcome? |journal=Eur J Radiol |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=437–44 |date=September 2005 |pmid=16129254 |doi=10.1016/j.ejrad.2005.01.001 |url=}}</ref>
Line 82: Line 73:
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
|Not applicable
*N/A
|Not applicable
|
|Not applicable
*N/A
|Not applicable
|
|Not applicable
*N/A
|[[Allergy test]], ↑[[IgE]] (>1000 IU/dl), Direct visualization of [[Hyphae|fungal hyphae]]
|
|Not applicable
*N/A
|Pulmonary infiltrates, [[Mucus|Mucus plug]], Mass in the upper lobe surrounded by a crescent of air, Solitary or multiple cavities
|
|Halo sign, Wedge-shaped pulmonary [[infarction]], [[Granuloma]]
*N/A
|Not applicable
|
|Not applicable
* [[Aspergillus]] precipitins [[allergy test]] is positive
|[[Polymerase chain reaction|Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)]]  
* [[IgE]] is > 1000 IU/dl
* [[Fungi]] are identified via:
** Gomori methenamine silver stain
** Calcofluor
** Positive culture result from [[sputum]], [[needle biopsy]], or [[bronchoalveolar lavage]]
*** Hyphae are demonstrated
*** Elevated galactomannan level in bronchoalveolar fluid 
|
*N/A
|
* Pulmonary infiltrates
* Mucoid plugging
* Central [[bronchiectasis]]
* Mass in the upper lobe surrounded by a crescent of air  
* Solitary or multiple cavities
|
* Halo sign (ground-glass appearance with nodules)
* Defines [[bronchiectasis]]
* May show evidence of wedge-shaped pulmonary [[infarction]]
* Granulomata, tissue [[necrosis]], and blood vessel invasion may be noted
|
*N/A
|
*N/A
|
* [[Polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR) assays could be useful in diagnosis of invasive [[aspergillosis]]  
|-
|-
|[[Cholera|'''Cholera''']]<ref name="pmid19842974">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weil AA, Khan AI, Chowdhury F, Larocque RC, Faruque AS, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB, Qadri F, Harris JB |title=Clinical outcomes in household contacts of patients with cholera in Bangladesh |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=1473–9 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19842974 |pmc=2783773 |doi=10.1086/644779 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4809112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cash RA, Music SI, Libonati JP, Snyder MJ, Wenzel RP, Hornick RB |title=Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. I. Clinical, serologic, and bacteriologic responses to a known inoculum |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=45–52 |date=January 1974 |pmid=4809112 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4809112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cash RA, Music SI, Libonati JP, Snyder MJ, Wenzel RP, Hornick RB |title=Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. I. Clinical, serologic, and bacteriologic responses to a known inoculum |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=45–52 |date=January 1974 |pmid=4809112 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21696312">{{cite journal |vauthors=Harris JB, Ivers LC, Ferraro MJ |title=Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 19-2011. A 4-year-old Haitian boy with vomiting and diarrhea |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=364 |issue=25 |pages=2452–61 |date=June 2011 |pmid=21696312 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcpc1100927 |url=}}</ref>
|[[Cholera|'''Cholera''']]<ref name="pmid19842974">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weil AA, Khan AI, Chowdhury F, Larocque RC, Faruque AS, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB, Qadri F, Harris JB |title=Clinical outcomes in household contacts of patients with cholera in Bangladesh |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=1473–9 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19842974 |pmc=2783773 |doi=10.1086/644779 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4809112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cash RA, Music SI, Libonati JP, Snyder MJ, Wenzel RP, Hornick RB |title=Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. I. Clinical, serologic, and bacteriologic responses to a known inoculum |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=45–52 |date=January 1974 |pmid=4809112 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4809112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cash RA, Music SI, Libonati JP, Snyder MJ, Wenzel RP, Hornick RB |title=Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. I. Clinical, serologic, and bacteriologic responses to a known inoculum |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=45–52 |date=January 1974 |pmid=4809112 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21696312">{{cite journal |vauthors=Harris JB, Ivers LC, Ferraro MJ |title=Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 19-2011. A 4-year-old Haitian boy with vomiting and diarrhea |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=364 |issue=25 |pages=2452–61 |date=June 2011 |pmid=21696312 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcpc1100927 |url=}}</ref>
Line 132: Line 97:
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
|[[Leukocytosis]], ↑[[Hematocrit|HCT]]  
*[[Leukocytosis]] without left shift is noted
|[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
* Elevated [[hematocrit]]
|[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Ca]], ↑[[Mg]]
|
|Not applicable
* Elevated [[blood urea nitrogen]]
|[[Lactate]], ↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]]
* Elevated [[creatinine]]
|Stool PCR, Stool culture, Serotyping  
|
|Not applicable
* Serum [[sodium]] < 135 mmol/l
|Not applicable
* Elevated [[calcium]]
|Not applicable
* Elevated [[magnesium]]
|Not applicable
|
|Not applicable
*N/A
| -
|
* Elevated [[lactate]]
* Serum [[bicarbonate]] < 15 mmol/l
|
* Stool is used in dark field examination or PCR to visualize [[vibrio cholerae]]
* Stool culture is carried out using thiosulfate-citrate-bile-sucrose-agar
* Serotyping may be performed using an anti-serum
* Elevated serum [[protein]] is noted
* Elevated serum-specific gravity is noted
* Elevated blood [[glucose]] may be detected
|
*N/A
|
*N/A
|
*N/A
|
*N/A
|
*N/A
|
*N/A
|-
|-
|'''[[Congestive heart failure]] (CHF)'''<ref name="pmid17724259">{{cite journal |vauthors=Solomon SD, Dobson J, Pocock S, Skali H, McMurray JJ, Granger CB, Yusuf S, Swedberg K, Young JB, Michelson EL, Pfeffer MA |title=Influence of nonfatal hospitalization for heart failure on subsequent mortality in patients with chronic heart failure |journal=Circulation |volume=116 |issue=13 |pages=1482–7 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17724259 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.696906 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15687312">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fonarow GC, Adams KF, Abraham WT, Yancy CW, Boscardin WJ |title=Risk stratification for in-hospital mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure: classification and regression tree analysis |journal=JAMA |volume=293 |issue=5 |pages=572–80 |date=February 2005 |pmid=15687312 |doi=10.1001/jama.293.5.572 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12798577">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kittleson M, Hurwitz S, Shah MR, Nohria A, Lewis E, Givertz M, Fang J, Jarcho J, Mudge G, Stevenson LW |title=Development of circulatory-renal limitations to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors identifies patients with severe heart failure and early mortality |journal=J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. |volume=41 |issue=11 |pages=2029–35 |date=June 2003 |pmid=12798577 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17602982">{{cite journal |vauthors=Filippatos G, Rossi J, Lloyd-Jones DM, Stough WG, Ouyang J, Shin DD, O'connor C, Adams KF, Orlandi C, Gheorghiade M |title=Prognostic value of blood urea nitrogen in patients hospitalized with worsening heart failure: insights from the Acute and Chronic Therapeutic Impact of a Vasopressin Antagonist in Chronic Heart Failure (ACTIV in CHF) study |journal=J. Card. Fail. |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=360–4 |date=June 2007 |pmid=17602982 |doi=10.1016/j.cardfail.2007.02.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22554602">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zamora E, Lupón J, Vila J, Urrutia A, de Antonio M, Sanz H, Grau M, Ara J, Bayés-Genís A |title=Estimated glomerular filtration rate and prognosis in heart failure: value of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study-4, chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration, and cockroft-gault formulas |journal=J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. |volume=59 |issue=19 |pages=1709–15 |date=May 2012 |pmid=22554602 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2011.11.066 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22441773">{{cite journal |vauthors=McAlister FA, Ezekowitz J, Tarantini L, Squire I, Komajda M, Bayes-Genis A, Gotsman I, Whalley G, Earle N, Poppe KK, Doughty RN |title=Renal dysfunction in patients with heart failure with preserved versus reduced ejection fraction: impact of the new Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology Collaboration Group formula |journal=Circ Heart Fail |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=309–14 |date=May 2012 |pmid=22441773 |doi=10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.966242 |url=}}</ref>
|'''[[Congestive heart failure]] (CHF)'''<ref name="pmid17724259">{{cite journal |vauthors=Solomon SD, Dobson J, Pocock S, Skali H, McMurray JJ, Granger CB, Yusuf S, Swedberg K, Young JB, Michelson EL, Pfeffer MA |title=Influence of nonfatal hospitalization for heart failure on subsequent mortality in patients with chronic heart failure |journal=Circulation |volume=116 |issue=13 |pages=1482–7 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17724259 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.696906 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15687312">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fonarow GC, Adams KF, Abraham WT, Yancy CW, Boscardin WJ |title=Risk stratification for in-hospital mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure: classification and regression tree analysis |journal=JAMA |volume=293 |issue=5 |pages=572–80 |date=February 2005 |pmid=15687312 |doi=10.1001/jama.293.5.572 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12798577">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kittleson M, Hurwitz S, Shah MR, Nohria A, Lewis E, Givertz M, Fang J, Jarcho J, Mudge G, Stevenson LW |title=Development of circulatory-renal limitations to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors identifies patients with severe heart failure and early mortality |journal=J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. |volume=41 |issue=11 |pages=2029–35 |date=June 2003 |pmid=12798577 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17602982">{{cite journal |vauthors=Filippatos G, Rossi J, Lloyd-Jones DM, Stough WG, Ouyang J, Shin DD, O'connor C, Adams KF, Orlandi C, Gheorghiade M |title=Prognostic value of blood urea nitrogen in patients hospitalized with worsening heart failure: insights from the Acute and Chronic Therapeutic Impact of a Vasopressin Antagonist in Chronic Heart Failure (ACTIV in CHF) study |journal=J. Card. Fail. |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=360–4 |date=June 2007 |pmid=17602982 |doi=10.1016/j.cardfail.2007.02.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22554602">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zamora E, Lupón J, Vila J, Urrutia A, de Antonio M, Sanz H, Grau M, Ara J, Bayés-Genís A |title=Estimated glomerular filtration rate and prognosis in heart failure: value of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study-4, chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration, and cockroft-gault formulas |journal=J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. |volume=59 |issue=19 |pages=1709–15 |date=May 2012 |pmid=22554602 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2011.11.066 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22441773">{{cite journal |vauthors=McAlister FA, Ezekowitz J, Tarantini L, Squire I, Komajda M, Bayes-Genis A, Gotsman I, Whalley G, Earle N, Poppe KK, Doughty RN |title=Renal dysfunction in patients with heart failure with preserved versus reduced ejection fraction: impact of the new Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology Collaboration Group formula |journal=Circ Heart Fail |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=309–14 |date=May 2012 |pmid=22441773 |doi=10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.966242 |url=}}</ref>
Line 178: Line 121:
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| +
| +
|
|[[Anemia]], [[Leukocytosis]]
* May indicate [[anemia]]
|[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
* [[Leukocytosis]] may be detected
|↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]]
|
|Not applicable
* Elevated [[BUN]]
|[[Lactate]], ↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]], ↑[[BNP]], ↑[[Troponin]]
* Elevated [[creatinine]]
|Not applicable
 
|[[Cardiomegaly]], [[Pulmonary hypertension]], [[Pleural effusions]]
* Serum [[sodium]] may be decreased
|[[Pulmonary edema]]
* Serum [[potassium]] may be elevated
|Not applicable
|
|[[Valvular heart disease]]
*N/A
|Decreased [[ejection fraction]] in [[echocardiography]], Heart function and damage in nuclear imaging
|
|Not applicable
* Serum [[bicarbonate]] may be decreased
* Serum [[lactate]] may be elevated
* [[Metabolic acidosis]] may be present
|
* [[Brain natriuretic peptide]] (BNP) or N -terminal prohormone BNP may be elevated and indicate ventricular dilatation
* Cardiac [[troponin]]s may be elevated
* [[Pulse oximetry]] may indicate [[hypoxemia]]
|
*N/A
|
* May demonstrate:
** [[Cardiomegaly]]
** [[Pulmonary hypertension]]
** [[Pleural effusions]]
|
* More accurate visualization of [[pulmonary edema]]
|
*N/A
|
* Useful in detecting congenital cardiac anomalies and assessment [[valvular heart disease]]
* Delayed enhancement cardiovascular [[magnetic resonance imaging]] is useful in identifying the etiology of acute [[chest pain]]
|
* [[Echocardiography]] demonstrates decreased [[ejection fraction]]
** Also demonstrates left and right ventricular function and filling pressures
* [[Electrocardiogram]] (ECG) may indicate a [[myocardial infarction]] or [[ischemia]], [[arrhythmia]] or atrioventricular block
* Nuclear imaging can be used to assess heart function and damage in [[CHF]], such as:
** ECG-gated myocardial perfusion imaging
** ECG-gated single-photon emission CT
|
*N/A
|-
|-
|[[Dehydration|'''Dehydration''']]<ref name="pmid15187057">{{cite journal |vauthors=Steiner MJ, DeWalt DA, Byerley JS |title=Is this child dehydrated? |journal=JAMA |volume=291 |issue=22 |pages=2746–54 |date=June 2004 |pmid=15187057 |doi=10.1001/jama.291.22.2746 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9220501">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vega RM, Avner JR |title=A prospective study of the usefulness of clinical and laboratory parameters for predicting percentage of dehydration in children |journal=Pediatr Emerg Care |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=179–82 |date=June 1997 |pmid=9220501 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5928490">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dossetor JB |title=Creatininemia versus uremia. The relative significance of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine concentrations in azotemia |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=1287–99 |date=December 1966 |pmid=5928490 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2198971">{{cite journal |vauthors=Baskett PJ |title=ABC of major trauma. Management of hypovolaemic shock |journal=BMJ |volume=300 |issue=6737 |pages=1453–7 |date=June 1990 |pmid=2198971 |pmc=1663124 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|[[Dehydration|'''Dehydration''']]<ref name="pmid15187057">{{cite journal |vauthors=Steiner MJ, DeWalt DA, Byerley JS |title=Is this child dehydrated? |journal=JAMA |volume=291 |issue=22 |pages=2746–54 |date=June 2004 |pmid=15187057 |doi=10.1001/jama.291.22.2746 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9220501">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vega RM, Avner JR |title=A prospective study of the usefulness of clinical and laboratory parameters for predicting percentage of dehydration in children |journal=Pediatr Emerg Care |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=179–82 |date=June 1997 |pmid=9220501 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5928490">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dossetor JB |title=Creatininemia versus uremia. The relative significance of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine concentrations in azotemia |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=1287–99 |date=December 1966 |pmid=5928490 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2198971">{{cite journal |vauthors=Baskett PJ |title=ABC of major trauma. Management of hypovolaemic shock |journal=BMJ |volume=300 |issue=6737 |pages=1453–7 |date=June 1990 |pmid=2198971 |pmc=1663124 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
Line 847: Line 760:
*N/A
*N/A
|}
|}
<references />

Revision as of 13:22, 11 May 2018

Classification by etiology Etiology Clinical manifestations Paraclinical findings Comments
Symptoms and signs Lab findings Imaging
Fatigue/

Lethargy

Thirst Dizziness/

Confusion

Muscle weakness/

cramp

Somatic/

visceral pain

Vomiting Diarrhea Tachypnea Hematuria/

Proteinuria

Edema Blood indices Renal Funtion test Electrolytes Urine analysis ABG Other Ultrasound X-ray CT MRI Other
Prerenal Alcohol poisoning[1][2][3][4] + - +/- - +/- + +/- - - - PT BUN, ↑Cr (isopropyl alcohol) Na Not applicable HCO3 LFT Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Thiamine must be given to prevent Wernicke's encephalopathy
Aspergillosis[5][6][7] +/- - - - - - - +/- - - Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Allergy test, ↑IgE (>1000 IU/dl), Direct visualization of fungal hyphae Not applicable Pulmonary infiltrates, Mucus plug, Mass in the upper lobe surrounded by a crescent of air, Solitary or multiple cavities Halo sign, Wedge-shaped pulmonary infarction, Granuloma Not applicable Not applicable Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Cholera[8][9][9][10] +/- + - - - +/- + - - - Leukocytosis, ↑HCT BUN, ↑Cr Na, ↑Ca, ↑Mg Not applicable Lactate, ↓HCO3 Stool PCR, Stool culture, Serotyping Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable -
Congestive heart failure (CHF)[11][12][13][14][15][16] + - - - - - + - - + Anemia, Leukocytosis BUN, ↑Cr Na, ↑K Not applicable Lactate, ↓HCO3, ↑BNP, ↑Troponin Not applicable Cardiomegaly, Pulmonary hypertension, Pleural effusions Pulmonary edema Not applicable Valvular heart disease Decreased ejection fraction in echocardiography, Heart function and damage in nuclear imaging Not applicable
Dehydration[17][18][19][20]

- Burns

-Cutaneous loss e.g. sweating

- Inadequate water intake

- Salt-wasting nephropathy

+ + - +/- - +/- +/- - - -
  • N/A
  • Ketones and glucose may be detected
  • Urine specific gravity is elevated
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
Diarrhea and/or vomiting[21][22][23][24] +/- +/- - - - + + - - -
  • N/A
  • Stool anion gap should be calculated
  • N/A
  • Abdominal ultrasound may be useful to detect cause
  • Upper gastrointestinal radiography with follow-through may be useful to detect cause
  • N/A
  • Brain MRI may be useful to detect cause
  • Esophagogastroduodenoscopy may be useful to detect cause
  • Treatment must include volume replacement
Drugs/toxins[25][26][27][28]

- ACE inhibitor

- Aminoglycosides

- Amphotericin B

- Contrast material

- Cyclosporin

- Diuretics

- Digitalis

- Heavy metals

- Indomethacin

- Tacrolimus

- NSAIDs

+/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/-
  • N/A
  • Blood glucose should be measured
  • Toxicology screening is crucial in aiding diagnosis
  • Rapid immunoassay screens may also aid diagnosis
  • Useful in drug-induced nephropathies
  • Some radio-opaque substances may be visualized
  • Ingested drug packets may also be visualized
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
Esophageal varices bleeding[29][30] +/- - - - +/- - - - - -
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • Duplex doppler ultrasonography can determine:
    • Velocity and direction of portal flow
    • Determine portal vein patency
  • Endoscopic ultrasonography may also be useful
  • Abnormal opacities representing paraesophageal varices may be detected outside the esophageal wall
  • The short or long segment of the descending aorta may be obliterated
  • A posterior mediastinal or intraparenchymal mass may be noted
  • A dilated azygous vein may be noted and is described as a "downhill varix"
  • Dilated collaterals may lead to a widened superior mediastinum
  • Barium swallow demonstrates snake-like filling defects
  • Can visualize the entire portal venous system
  • N/A
Heart disease[31][32]

-Congenital

-Acquired

+/- - - - - - - +/- - +/-
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • Ultrasound visualizes anatomy of the heart and in particular, the chambers and chamber flow
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • History and physical examination (auscultation of the heart) are important for diagnosis
Hemorrhage[33][34][35][36] - - - - - - - - - -
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • Chest x - ray may demonstrate bilateral opacities in the lung field and indicate hemothorax
  • Abdominal x - ray may demonstrate hemoperitoneum
  • Incomplete calcified margins of a dilated aorta may indicate a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm
  • Absence of the psoas shadow may suggest retroperitoneal blood
  • May visualize intrathoracic, intra-abdominal, and retroperitoneal bleeding
  • However, ultrasound is more often used
  • N/A
  • Esophagogastroduodenoscopy is often used to visualize the source of bleeding in the upper GI
  • Colonoscopy may be used in the lower GI
  • Angiography and nuclear medicine scanning are also useful in diagnosing the source of bleeding
  • N/A
Hemolysis[37][38][39][40] +/- - - - - - - - +/- -
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
Hepatorenal syndrome[41][42][43][44] +/- - - - +/- +/- - - +/- +/-
  • N/A
  • Abdominal ultrasound used to exclude hydronephrosis and intrinsic renal disease
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • Echocardiography is used to evaluate right ventricular preload, ventricular filling pressures, and cardiac function
  • N/A
Ischemic cardiomyopathy[45][46][47][48] +/- - - - - - - +/- - +/-
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • May detect abnormal cardiac silhouette
  • MRI with gadolinium–diethylene-triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) can evaluate mid-wall fibrosis
  • N/A
Liver cirrhosis[49][50][51] +/- - +/- +/- +/- - - - - +/-
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • N/A
Malignant hypertension[52][53] +/- - + - - +/- - +/- - +/- -
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • Electrocardiography may indicate the following:
    • Ischemia
    • Infarct
    • Evidence of electrolyte abnormalities or drug overdose
  • Echocardiography may indicate the following:
  • N/A
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