Neck masses differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

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*[[Incidence]]: 1 in 2000 to 5000 births
*[[Incidence]]: 1 in 2000 to 5000 births
*Sex: No predilection
*Gender: No predilection
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*[[Venous]]: Present with a bluish [[swelling]]
*[[Venous]]: Present with a bluish [[swelling]]
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*[[Age]]: Birth-5 years old
*[[Age]]: Birth-5 years old
*Sex: No predilection
*Gender: No predilection
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*Presents with a large [[swelling]] mainly in the [[neck]]
*Presents with a large [[swelling]] mainly in the [[neck]]
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*[[Incidence]]: 1:4000 births
*[[Incidence]]: 1:4000 births
*Sex: No predilection
*Gender: No predilection
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*Presents as a firm [[lateral]] neck mass
*Presents as a firm [[lateral]] neck mass
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*[[Age]]: Occurs in all age groups
*[[Age]]: Occurs in all age groups
*Sex: No predilection
*Gender: No predilection
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*Presents with an unilateral [[erythematous]] [[swelling]]
*Presents with an unilateral [[erythematous]] [[swelling]]
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*[[Age]]: Occurs in all age groups
*[[Age]]: Occurs in all age groups
*Sex: No predilection
*Gender: No predilection
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*Presents with an unilateral [[swelling]]
*Presents with an unilateral [[swelling]]
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*[[Age]]: 10-35 years old
*[[Age]]: 10-35 years old
*Sex: No predilection
*Gender: No predilection
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*[[Flu]]-like illness
*[[Flu]]-like illness
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*[[Age]]: Mainly adolescents
*[[Age]]: Mainly adolescents
*Sex: No predilection
*Gender: No predilection
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*[[Sore throat]]
*[[Sore throat]]
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*[[Prevalence]]: 1.1 million in U.S
*[[Prevalence]]: 1.1 million in U.S
*Sex: [[Males]]>[[females]]
*Gender: [[Males]]>[[females]]
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*[[Flu]]-like illness
*[[Flu]]-like illness
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*[[Age]]: Affects all age groups
*[[Age]]: Affects all age groups
*Sex: No predilection
*Gender: No predilection
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*[[Fever]]
*[[Fever]]
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*[[Incidence]]: 100-200 cases anually in USA
*[[Incidence]]: 100-200 cases anually in USA
*Sex: [[Males]]>[[females]]
*Gender: [[Males]]>[[females]]
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*[[Flu]]-like illness
*[[Flu]]-like illness
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**Mass is hyperintense on T2
**Mass is hyperintense on T2
**Enhancement on contrast
**Enhancement on contrast
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* [[Biopsy|Incisional biopsy]] and [[histopathological]] examination
* [[Biopsy|Incisional biopsy]] and [[histopathological]] examination
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |-
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|-
|-
! align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Monomorphic adenoma]] <ref name="pmid10889498">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim KH, Sung MW, Kim JW, Koo JW |title=Pleomorphic adenoma of the trachea |journal=Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=123 |issue=1 Pt 1 |pages=147–8 |date=July 2000 |pmid=10889498 |doi=10.1067/mhn.2000.102809 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24431845">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pramod Krishna B |title=Pleomorphic Adenoma of Minor Salivary Gland in a 14 year Old Child |journal=J Maxillofac Oral Surg |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=228–31 |date=June 2013 |pmid=24431845 |pmc=3681990 |doi=10.1007/s12663-010-0125-5 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30546932">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kessler AT, Bhatt AA |title=Review of the Major and Minor Salivary Glands, Part 2: Neoplasms and Tumor-like Lesions |journal=J Clin Imaging Sci |volume=8 |issue= |pages=48 |date=2018 |pmid=30546932 |pmc=6251244 |doi=10.4103/jcis.JCIS_46_18 |url=}}</ref>
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Monomorphic adenoma]] <ref name="pmid10889498">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim KH, Sung MW, Kim JW, Koo JW |title=Pleomorphic adenoma of the trachea |journal=Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=123 |issue=1 Pt 1 |pages=147–8 |date=July 2000 |pmid=10889498 |doi=10.1067/mhn.2000.102809 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24431845">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pramod Krishna B |title=Pleomorphic Adenoma of Minor Salivary Gland in a 14 year Old Child |journal=J Maxillofac Oral Surg |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=228–31 |date=June 2013 |pmid=24431845 |pmc=3681990 |doi=10.1007/s12663-010-0125-5 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30546932">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kessler AT, Bhatt AA |title=Review of the Major and Minor Salivary Glands, Part 2: Neoplasms and Tumor-like Lesions |journal=J Clin Imaging Sci |volume=8 |issue= |pages=48 |date=2018 |pmid=30546932 |pmc=6251244 |doi=10.4103/jcis.JCIS_46_18 |url=}}</ref>
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* [[Benign]] or [[malignant]]
* [[Benign]] or [[malignant]]
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*Age: From 26 to 76 years
*Age: 26-76 years
*Rare in children
*Rare in children
*Sex: No sex predilection
*Gender: No predilection
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*Growing [[palpable]] painless [[mass]] on jaw or in [[oral cavity]]
*Growing [[palpable]] painless [[mass]] on jaw or in [[oral cavity]]
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*[[Lymphadenopathy]] (if transformed to [[malignant]])
*[[Lymphadenopathy]] (if transformed to [[malignant]])
*[[Ulceration|Pain and ulceration]] (in later stage)
*[[Ulceration|Pain and ulceration]] (in later stage)
*
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ±
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ±
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ±
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* [[Nodular]]
* [[Nodular]]
* Fluctuant [[swelling]]
* Fluctuant [[swelling]]
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*Normal
*Normal
*Redness
*Redness
*Skin [[ulceration]]
*Skin [[ulceration]]
*May have lymphadenopathy
*May have [[lymphadenopathy]]
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* Normal
* Normal
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*Straw colored fluid on [[aspiration]]
*Straw colored fluid on [[aspiration]]
*
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* [[Ultrasound]]:
* [[Ultrasound]]:
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**May show cystic an solid components
**May show cystic an solid components
* [[Computed tomography|CT:]]
* [[Computed tomography|CT:]]
**useful for [[lesions]] with [[calcification]] and venous pleboliths
**useful for [[lesions]] with [[calcification]] and venous phleboliths
* [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI:]]
* [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI:]]
**Test of choice
**Test of choice
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* [[Biopsy|Incisional biopsy]] and [[Histopathological|histopathological examination]]
* [[Biopsy|Incisional biopsy]] and [[Histopathological|histopathological examination]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |-
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |-
|-
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Mucoepidermoid carcinoma]]
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Mucoepidermoid carcinoma]]
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* [[Malignant]]
* [[Malignant]]
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*Age:Mean age of 59
*Age: Mean age of 59
*Female predilection
*Female predilection
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* [[Cystic]] and [[Mass|solid mass]]
* [[Cystic]] and [[Mass|solid mass]]
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* May have lymphadenopathy
* May have [[lymphadenopathy]]
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* [[Gross examination|Gross findings]]:
* [[Gross examination|Gross findings]]:

Revision as of 18:04, 21 February 2019

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Neck masses must be differentiated from congenital abnormalities, inflammatory, and malignant lesions.

Differentiating neck masses from other Diseases

Neck masses must be differentiated from congenital abnormalities, inflammatory, and malignant lesions.

Category Diseases Benign/

Malignant

Clinical manifestation Paraclinical findings Gold standard diagnosis Associated findings
Demography History Symptoms Signs Lab findings Histopathology Imaging
Pain Dysphagia Mass exam Others
Congenital Branchial cleft cyst[1]
  • Age: 1-15 years old
  • Familial occurrence
  • Lateral neck mass
±
  • Solitary
  • Smooth
  • Mobile
  • Well-defined
  • Non-pulsatile
  • Fluctuant
  • A pit at the opening of the cyst
Thyroglossal duct cyst[2][3]
  • Age: 1-10 years old
  • Midline neck mass
Hemangioma[4]
  • Presents with a flat red or purple patch
  • Regress gradually with age
  • Firm
  • Rubbery
  • Well-demarcated
Vascular malformation[5][6]
  • Incidence: 1 in 2000 to 5000 births
  • Gender: No predilection
±
  • Grow proportionally with age
  • MRI
Category Diseases Benign Demography History Pain Dysphagia Mass exam Others Lab findings Histopathology Imaging Gold standard diagnosis Associated findings
Congenital Lymphatic malformation[7][8]
  • Age: Birth-5 years old
  • Gender: No predilection
+
Laryngocele[9][10][11] +
  • Soft
  • Reducible
  • Increase in size on valsalva
  • Common in glass blowers and trumpet players
Ranula[12][13]
  • Well circumscribed
  • Fluctuant
  • Soft
Category Diseases Benign Demography History Pain Dysphagia Mass exam Others Lab findings Histopathology Imaging Gold standard diagnosis Associated findings
Congenital Teratoma[14][15]
  • Incidence: 1:4000 births
  • Gender: No predilection
  • Presents as a firm lateral neck mass
  • Firm
  • Non-tender
  • High ALP levels
Dermoid cyst[16][17]
  • Freely mobile
  • Solitary
  • Rubbery
  • Nonpulsatile
  • Noncompressible
  • Ultrasound: Thin walled, unilocular
  • CT with contrast: Well circumscribed, unilocular, sac-of-marbles appearance due to fatty tissue
Thymic cyst[18]
  • Presents as a soft mass, gradually enlarging, on left side of the neck (usual)
  • Soft
  • Compressible
Category Diseases Benign Demography History Pain Dysphagia Mass exam Others Lab findings Histopathology Imaging Gold standard diagnosis Associated findings
Inflammatory Acute sialadenitis[19]
  • Age: Occurs in all age groups
  • Gender: No predilection
+ -
Chronic sialadenitis[20]
  • Age: Occurs in all age groups
  • Gender: No predilection
  • Presents with an unilateral swelling
  • Recurrent episodes common
+
  • Non-tender
  • Firm
  • Smooth
Reactive viral lymphadenopathy CMV[21]
  • Age: 10-35 years old
  • Gender: No predilection
  • Flu-like illness
  • Non-tender
  • Soft
  • Usually not necessary
EBV[22][23]
  • Age: Mainly adolescents
  • Gender: No predilection
  • Non-tender
  • Firm
  • Usually not necessary
HIV[24]
  • Non-tender mass
  • Usually not necessary
Viral URI[25]
  • Incidence: More in fall & winter
  • Age: Common in elderly and infants
  • Non-tender
  • No specific findings
Category Diseases Benign Demography History Pain Dysphagia Mass exam Others Lab findings Histopathology Imaging Gold standard diagnosis Associated findings
Inflammatory Bacterial lymphadenopathy Tularemia[26][27]
  • Age: Affects all age groups
  • Gender: No predilection
+
  • No specific findings
Brucellosis[28]
  • Flu-like illness
+
  • No specific findings
Cat-scratch disease[29][30]
  • More common in the Southern of U.S among children and young adults
+
Actinomycosis[31][32]
  • No predilection in race, age
  • [[Male] to female ratio : 1.5 to 3:1
  • Tender at the beginning
  • Painless
  • Fluctuant
  • Non-tender at late stage
Mycobacterial infections[22][33][34]
Streptococcal infection[21][35] + +
Category Diseases Benign Demography History Pain Dysphagia Mass exam Others Lab findings Histopathology Imaging Gold standard diagnosis Associated findings
Inflammatory Parasitic lymphadenopathy Toxoplasma gondii[36][37]
  • 6 years old and older adults are more affected in U.S.
  • Seen in hot climates
+
  • Bilateral
  • Non-tender
  • Symmetrical
  • Non-fluctuant
Sarcoidosis[38][19]
  • More common in African American women aged 20-40 years
Sjögren syndrome[39]
  • Female to male ratio: 9 to 1
  • May happen at any age
  • Mean age: 40-50
+
Castleman disease (angiofollicular lymphoproliferative disease)[40][41]
  • Mean age: 30-40 years
Category Diseases Benign Demography History Pain Dysphagia Mass exam Others Lab findings Histopathology Imaging Gold standard diagnosis Associated findings
Inflammatory Kikuchi disease (histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis)[42]
  • High prevalence in Japan
  • More common in young adults < 30 years old
+
Kimura disease[43]
  • More common in Asian males
Rosai-Dorfman disease[44][45]
Kawasaki disease[46][47]
  • More common in children < 5 years old
  • Highest incidence in Japan
  • Most leading cause of acquired heart disease in U.S
Category Diseases Benign or Malignant Demography History Pain Dysphagia Mass exam Others Lab findings Histopathology Imaging Gold standard diagnosis Associated findings
Neoplasm Salivary gland neoplasm Pleomorphic adenoma[48][49] +
  • MRI: Homogenous on T1
  • Abundant myxochondroid stroma on T2
Warthin's tumor[50][51]
  • Male to female ratio: 4:1
  • More common in people aged 60-70 years old
+
Oncocytoma

[52]

  • Race: Caucasian patients predilection
  • Gender: No gender preference
  • Age: 50–70 years
± ±
  • CT:
    • Isodense expansive mass
    • Enhancement after intravenous contrast
    • Hypodense areas
  • MRI:
    • Isodensties on T1
    • Mass is hyperintense on T2
    • Enhancement on contrast
-
Monomorphic adenoma [53][54][55]
  • Age: 26-76 years
  • Rare in children
  • Gender: No predilection
± ±
  • Normal
-
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma

[56]

  • Age: Mean age of 59
  • Female predilection
± ±
  • Cystic and solid component with variable appearance on CT and MRI
  • Association with CMV
Category Diseases Benign Demography History Pain Dysphagia Mass exam Others Lab findings Histopathology Imaging Gold standard diagnosis Associated findings
Neoplasm Salivary gland neoplasm Adenoid cystic carcinoma [57]
  • Age: 40s to 60s
  • Gender: Female predominance
± ± -
Adenocarcinoma

[58]

  • Age: young age predilection
  • May be normal
  • Or may show anemia and blood cell disorders with distant bone invasion
  • On histology it is confused with Adeocyctic carcinoma
  • With components of gland and cyst formations.
  • It has more perineural invasion.
Salivary duct cancer

[59][60][61]

(Highly aggressive)

  • Incidence: 1% to 3%
  • Gender: Men
  • Mean age: 55 to 61 years
  • Rapidly growing mass with jaw involvement
± ±
  • Painless
  • Hard
  • Non-compressible mass
  • May present with:
    • Facial paralysis in case of facial nerve involvement
  • Non-specific features on CT and MRI
  • Shows neural and jaw involvement.
Squamous cell carcinoma

[62][63]

  • Incidence: rare tumor
  • Age: Old age , 61 to 68 years
  • Male predilection
  • Present as painful growing mass on jaw
+

Nest and solid sheets of tumor cells arranged in glandular pattern.

  • Tumor dimension can be delineated using both CT and MRI
Category Diseases Benign Demography History Pain Dysphagia Mass exam Others Lab findings Histopathology Imaging Gold standard diagnosis Associated findings
Neoplasm Hypopharyngeal cancer[64][65][66]
  • More common in males
  • Age: 55-65 years old
  • Incidence: < 1/100,000 in U.S.
  • More common: Japan, India, Iran
+
Parathyroid cancer

[67][68][69]

  • Incidence: Rare
  • Mean age : 44 to 54 years
  • Gender: Female predilection
+ +
Carotid body tumors

[70][71][72][73]

  • Age: 26-55 years
  • Male predominance
+ -
Paraganglioma

[74][75][76]

Malignant (rare)

  • Age 50-70 years
  • More in females
-
Category Diseases Benign Demography History Pain Dysphagia Mass exam Others Lab findings Histopathology Imaging Gold standard diagnosis Associated findings
Neoplasm Schwannoma

[77][78][79]

  • Rare tumor
  • Incidence: 1% to 10%
+ ±
  • Multiple
  • Slow growing nodules on the skin
  • May be normal
Lymphoma [80][81]

[82][83][84][85]

  • Age: Predilection for older age
  • Mean age: 55
±
  • Fine needle aspiration (FNA) with cytometry is used for screening.
  • Tissue biopsy is used for diagnose.
  • On complete node analysis four patterns are described:
    • Nodular/follicular
    • Diffuse pattern
    • Transition from a nodular to a diffuse pattern in adjacent nodes
    • Transition from a lower to a higher grade of involvement within a single node
Liposarcoma [86][87][88][89]
  • Rare tumors
  • Age: Relatively in older age
  • Gender: No gender predilection
  • Mobile mass
  • Few symptoms until they grow enough to compress the surrounding structures
  • Symptoms of neural deficit, pain, tingling or skin changes.
±
  • Mobile soft mass
  • Intact overlying skin
  • Blue discoloration due to intra-lesion hemorrhage
  • Intact skin and normal color
  • Normal
Category Diseases Benign Demography History Pain Dysphagia Mass exam Others Lab findings Histopathology Imaging Gold standard diagnosis Associated findings
Neoplasm Lipoma [90][91][92]
  • One or multiple soft, painless skin nodules.
  • May causes pain or compressive symptoms
±
  • Mobile soft nodule
  • Intact overlying skin
  • Intact skin and normal color
  • Normal
  • Bundle of well-demarcated lipocytes
  • Single nuclei aligned to the side
  • Intra-cytoplasimic fat granules.

and tissue biopsy

Glomus vagale, glomus jugulare tumors

[93][94][95][96][97][98]

  • Rare tumor
±
  • Normal
  • Imaging of choice is MRI
  • MRI:
  • USG :
    • Used to see the tumor in early stage of diagnoses.
    • US shows isoechoic to hypoechoic well defined tumor
  • CT:
    • To see vascularity of tumor.
  • Biochemical testing to see secretary nature of tumor
Metastatic head and neck cancer

[99][100]

±
  • Vary depending on the underlying cancer
-
Category Diseases Benign Demography History Pain Dysphagia Mass exam Others Lab findings Histopathology Imaging Gold standard diagnosis Associated findings
Other Laryngeal cancer

[101][102]

Benign/Malignant
  • Older males
  • Younger patients with HPV infection or smoking history
± ±

human papillomavirus (HPV) infection

Arteriovenous fistula

[103][104]

  • Depends on the risk factors
  • Varies depending on the etiology
Thyroid nodule/ Goiter

[105][106][107][108]

  • Female predominance
  • Young age (benign causes)
  • Old age (malignant etiology)
± ±
  • Painless
  • Non-tender
  • Asymmetrical neck mass in front of neck
  • With smooth overlying skin
  • Nodular surface
  • Depending on the type:
  • Normal to low TSH levels in case of malignancy
  • High TSH levels in case of goiter
Category Diseases Benign Demography History Pain Dysphagia Mass exam Others Lab findings Histopathology Imaging Gold standard diagnosis Associated findings

References

  1. Nahata, Vaishali (2016). "Branchial cleft cyst". Indian Journal of Dermatology. 61 (6): 701. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.193718. ISSN 0019-5154.
  2. Amos J, Shermetaro C. PMID 30085599. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  3. Deaver MJ, Silman EF, Lotfipour S (August 2009). "Infected thyroglossal duct cyst". West J Emerg Med. 10 (3): 205. PMC 2729228. PMID 19718389.
  4. Léauté-Labrèze, C.; Prey, S.; Ezzedine, K. (2011). "Infantile haemangioma: Part I. Pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical features, life cycle and associated structural abnormalities". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 25 (11): 1245–1253. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04102.x. ISSN 0926-9959.
  5. Cox JA, Bartlett E, Lee EI (May 2014). "Vascular malformations: a review". Semin Plast Surg. 28 (2): 58–63. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1376263. PMC 4078214. PMID 25045330.
  6. Behravesh S, Yakes W, Gupta N, Naidu S, Chong BW, Khademhosseini A, Oklu R (December 2016). "Venous malformations: clinical diagnosis and treatment". Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 6 (6): 557–569. doi:10.21037/cdt.2016.11.10. PMC 5220204. PMID 28123976.
  7. Cox JA, Bartlett E, Lee EI (May 2014). "Vascular malformations: a review". Semin Plast Surg. 28 (2): 58–63. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1376263. PMC 4078214. PMID 25045330.
  8. Guruprasad Y, Chauhan DS (September 2012). "Cervical cystic hygroma". J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 11 (3): 333–6. doi:10.1007/s12663-010-0149-x. PMC 3428451. PMID 23997487.
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