Cefotaxime sodium

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Cefotaxime sodium
Adult Indications & Dosage
Pediatric Indications & Dosage
Contraindications
Warnings & Precautions
Adverse Reactions
Drug Interactions
Use in Specific Populations
Administration & Monitoring
Overdosage
Pharmacology
Clinical Studies
How Supplied
Images
Patient Counseling Information
Precautions with Alcohol
Brand Names
Look-Alike Names

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Stefano Giannoni [2]

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Overview

Cefotaxime sodium is a 3rd Generation Cephalosporin that is FDA approved for the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections, genitourinary infections, gynecologic infections, bacteremia/septicemia, skin and skin structure infections, intra-abdominal infections, bone and/or joint infections and central nervous system infections. Common adverse reactions include injection site pain, injection site phlebitis, rash, diarrhea, vomiting.

Adult Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)

Cefotaxime for Injection, USP is indicated for the treatment of patients with serious infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated microorganisms in the diseases listed below.

Lower respiratory tract infections

Genitourinary infections

Urinary tract infections
Uncomplicated gonorrhea (cervical/urethral and rectal)

Gynecologic infections

Including:

Caused by:

Bacteremia/Septicemia

Skin and skin structure infections

Intra-abdominal infections

Including:

  • Peritonitis:

Caused by:

Bone and/or joint infections

Caused by:

Central nervous system infections

Caused by:

Although many strains of enterococci (e.g., S. faecalis) and Pseudomonas species are resistant to cefotaxime sodium in vitro, Cefotaxime for Injection, USP has been used successfully in treating patients with infections caused by susceptible organisms.

Specimens for bacteriologic culture should be obtained prior to therapy in order to isolate and identify causative organisms and to determine their susceptibilities to cefotaxime. Therapy may be instituted before results of susceptibility studies are known; however, once these results become available, the antibiotic treatment should be adjusted accordingly.

In certain cases of confirmed or suspected gram-positive or gram-negative sepsis or in patients with other serious infections in which the causative organism has not been identified, Cefotaxime for Injection, USP may be used concomitantly with an aminoglycoside. The dosage recommended in the labeling of both antibiotics may be given and depends on the severity of the infection and the patient's condition. Renal function should be carefully monitored, especially if higher dosages of the aminoglycosides are to be administered or if therapy is prolonged, because of the potential nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics. It is possible that nephrotoxicity may be potentiated if Cefotaxime for Injection, USP is used concomitantly with an aminoglycoside.

Dosage

  • Dosage and route of administration should be determined by susceptibility of the causative organisms, severity of the infection, and the condition of the patient (see table for dosage guideline).
  • Cefotaxime may be administered IM or IV after reconstitution.
  • The maximum daily dosage should not exceed 12 grams.

If C. trachomatis is a suspected pathogen, appropriate anti-chlamydial coverage should be added, because cefotaxime sodium has no activity against this organism.

  • To prevent postoperative infection in contaminated or potentially contaminated surgery, the recommended dose is a single 1 gram IM or IV administered 30 to 90 minutes prior to start of surgery.

Cesarean Section Patients

  • The first dose of 1 gram is administered intravenously as soon as the umbilical cord is clamped.
  • The second and third doses should be given as 1 gram intravenously or intramuscularly at 6 and 12 hours after the first dose.

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)

Guideline-Supported Use

Bacterial endocarditis

  • In patients with infective endocarditis and meningitis, Cefotaxime may be used in high doses.[1]
  • Treatment should be for 4 weeks
  • The American Heart Association recommend Cefotaxime for treatment of HACEK endocarditis.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

Salmonella infection

  • 4 grams every 8 hours.[2]
  • No effective for Salmonella typhi.

Pediatric Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)

Cefotaxime for Injection, USP is indicated for the treatment of patients with serious infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated microorganisms in the diseases listed below.

Lower respiratory tract infections

Genitourinary infections

Urinary tract infections
Uncomplicated gonorrhea (cervical/urethral and rectal)

Gynecologic infections

Including:

Caused by:

Bacteremia/Septicemia

Skin and skin structure infections

Intra-abdominal infections

Including:

  • Peritonitis:

Caused by:

Bone and/or joint infections

Caused by:

Central nervous system infections

Caused by:

Although many strains of enterococci (e.g., S. faecalis) and Pseudomonas species are resistant to cefotaxime sodium in vitro, Cefotaxime for Injection, USP has been used successfully in treating patients with infections caused by susceptible organisms.

Specimens for bacteriologic culture should be obtained prior to therapy in order to isolate and identify causative organisms and to determine their susceptibilities to cefotaxime. Therapy may be instituted before results of susceptibility studies are known; however, once these results become available, the antibiotic treatment should be adjusted accordingly.

In certain cases of confirmed or suspected gram-positive or gram-negative sepsis or in patients with other serious infections in which the causative organism has not been identified, Cefotaxime for Injection, USP may be used concomitantly with an aminoglycoside. The dosage recommended in the labeling of both antibiotics may be given and depends on the severity of the infection and the patient's condition. Renal function should be carefully monitored, especially if higher dosages of the aminoglycosides are to be administered or if therapy is prolonged, because of the potential nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics. It is possible that nephrotoxicity may be potentiated if Cefotaxime for Injection, USP is used concomitantly with an aminoglycoside.

Dosage

The following dosage schedule is recommended:

Neonates (birth to 1 month)

  • 0-1 week of age 50 mg/kg per dose every 12 hours IV
  • 1-4 weeks of age 50 mg/kg per dose every 8 hours IV
  • It is not necessary to differentiate between premature and normal-gestational age infants.

Infants and Children (1 month to 12 years)

  • For body weights less than 50 kg, the recommended daily dose is 50 to 180 mg/kg IM or IV body weight divided into four to six equal doses.
  • The higher dosages should be used for more severe or serious infections, including meningitis.
  • For body weights 50 kg or more, the usual adult dosage should be used; the maximum daily dosage should not exceed 12 grams.

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)

Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Cefotaxime sodium in pediatric patients.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

Bacterial endocarditis

  • 225 mg/kg/day for 6 weeks[3]

Contraindications

Warnings

Adverse Reactions

Clinical Trials Experience

Cefotaxime is generally well tolerated. The most common adverse reactions have been local reactions following IM or IV injection. Other adverse reactions have been encountered infrequently.

The most frequent adverse reactions (greater than 1%) are:

Local (4.3%)
  • Injection site inflammation with IV administration
  • Pain
  • Induration
  • Tenderness after IM injection
Hypersensitivity (2.4%)
Gastrointestinal (1.4%)

Less frequent adverse reactions (less than 1%) are:

Hematologic System
Genitourinary System
Central Nervous System
Liver

Transient elevations in:

Kidney
  • As with some other cephalosporins, transient elevations of BUN have been occasionally observed with cefotaxime.

Postmarketing Experience

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of cefotaxime. Because these reactions were reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

Cardiovascular System

Potentially life-threatening arrhythmias following rapid (less than 60 seconds) bolus administration via central venous catheter have been observed.

Central Nervous System

Administration of high doses of beta-lactam antibiotics, including cefotaxime, particularly in patients with renal insufficiency may result in encephalopathy (e.g. impairment of consciousness, abnormal movements and convulsions).

Cutaneous

As with other cephalosporins, isolated cases of:

Hematologic System

Hypersensitivity

Kidney

Liver

Cephalosporin Class Labeling

In addition to the adverse reactions listed above which have been observed in patients treated with cefotaxime sodium, the following adverse reactions and altered laboratory tests have been reported for cephalosporin class antibiotics: allergic reactions, hepatic dysfunction including cholestasis, aplastic anemia, hemorrhage, and false-positive test for urinary glucose. Several cephalosporins have been implicated in triggering seizures, particularly in patients with renal impairment when the dosage was not reduced. If seizures associated with drug therapy occur, the drug should be discontinued. Anticonvulsant therapy can be given if clinically indicated.

Drug Interactions

  • Increased nephrotoxicity has been reported following concomitant administration of cephalosporins and aminoglycoside antibiotics.
  • Probenecid interferes with the renal tubular transfer of cefotaxime, decreasing the total clearance of cefotaxime by approximately 50% and increasing the plasma concentrations of cefotaxime. Administration of cefotaxime in excess of 6 grams/day should be avoided in patients receiving probenecid.
  • A single intravenous dose and oral dose of probenecid (500 mg each) followed by two oral doses of probenecid 500 mg at approximately hourly intervals administered to three healthy male subjects receiving a continuous infusion of cefotaxime increased the steady-state plasma concentration of cefotaxime by approximately 80%. In another study, administration of oral probenecid 500 mg every 6 hours to six healthy male subjects with cefotaxime 1 gram infused over 5 minutes decreased the total clearance of cefotaxime by approximately 50%.
  • Additionally, no disulfiram-like reactions were reported in a study conducted in 22 healthy volunteers administered cefotaxime and ethanol.

Use in Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category (FDA): B

  • Reproduction studies have been performed in pregnant mice given cefotaxime intravenously at doses up to 1200 mg/kg/day (0.4 times the recommended human dose based on mg/m2) or in pregnant rats when administered intravenously at doses up to 1200 mg/kg/day (0.8 times the recommended human dose based on mg/m2).
  • No evidence of embryotoxicity or teratogenicity was seen in these studies. *Although cefotaxime has been reported to cross the placental barrier and appear in cord blood, the effect on the human fetus is not known.
  • There are no well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproductive studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.


Pregnancy Category (AUS): B1 There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Cefotaxime sodium in women who are pregnant.

Labor and Delivery

There is no FDA guidance on use of Cefotaxime sodium during labor and delivery.

Nursing Mothers

  • Cefotaxime is excreted in human milk in low concentrations.
  • Caution should be exercised when cefotaxime is administered to a nursing woman.

Pediatric Use

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Cefotaxime sodium in pediatric settings.

Geriatic Use

  • Of the 1409 subjects in clinical studies of cefotaxime, 632 (45%) were 65 and over, while 258 (18%) were 75 and over.
  • No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between these subjects and younger subjects, and other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out.
  • This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function

Gender

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Cefotaxime sodium with respect to specific gender populations.

Race

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Cefotaxime sodium with respect to specific racial populations.

Renal Impairment

  • Because high and prolonged serum antibiotic concentrations can occur from usual doses in patients with transient or persistent reduction of urinary output because of renal insufficiency, the total daily dosage should be reduced when cefotaxime is administered to such patients. Continued dosage should be determined by degree of renal impairment, severity of infection, and susceptibility of the causative organism.

Although there is no clinical evidence supporting the necessity of changing the dosage of cefotaxime sodium in patients with even profound renal dysfunction, it is suggested that, until further data are obtained, the dose of cefotaxime sodium be halved in patients with estimated creatinine clearances of less than 20 mL/min/1.73 m2.

When only serum creatinine is available, the following formula (based on sex, weight, and age of the patient) may be used to convert this value into creatinine clearance. The serum creatinine should represent a steady state of renal function.

  • This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function

Hepatic Impairment

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Cefotaxime sodium in patients with hepatic impairment.

Females of Reproductive Potential and Males

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Cefotaxime sodium in women of reproductive potentials and males.

Immunocompromised Patients

There is no FDA guidance one the use of Cefotaxime sodium in patients who are immunocompromised.

Administration and Monitoring

Administration

Monitoring

  • Cefotaxime, like other parenteral anti-infective drugs, may be locally irritating to tissues. In most cases, perivascular extravasation of cefotaxime responds to changing of the infusion site. In rare instances, extensive perivascular extravasation of cefotaxime may result in tissue damage and require surgical treatment. To minimize the potential for tissue inflammation, infusion sites should be monitored regularly and changed when appropriate.
  • As with other beta-lactam antibiotics, granulocytopenia and, more rarely, agranulocytosis may develop during treatment with cefotaxime, particularly if given over long periods. For courses of treatment lasting longer than 10 days, blood counts should therefore be monitored.
  • This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.

IV Compatibility

Preparation of cefotaxime for injection sterile

Cefotaxime for IM or IV administration should be reconstituted as follows:

(*) in conventional vials

Shake to dissolve

  • Inspect for particulate matter and discoloration prior to use.
  • Solutions of cefotaxime range from very pale yellow to light amber, depending on concentration, diluent used, and length and condition of storage.
For intramuscular use
  • Reconstitute VIALS with Sterile Water for Injection or Bacteriostatic Water for Injection as described above.
  • IM Administration: As with all IM preparations, cefotaxime should be injected well within the body of a relatively large muscle such as the upper outer quadrant of the buttock (i.e., gluteus maximus); aspiration is necessary to avoid inadvertent injection into a blood vessel. Individual IM doses of 2 grams may be given if the dose is divided and is administered in different intramuscular sites.
For intravenous use
  • Reconstitute VIALS with at least 10 mL of Sterile Water for Injection. *Reconstitute INFUSION BOTTLES with 50 or 100 mL of 0.9% Sodium Chloride *Injection or 5% Dextrose Injection.
  • IV Administration: The IV route is preferable for patients with bacteremia, bacterial septicemia, peritonitis, meningitis, or other severe or life-threatening infections, or for patients who may be poor risks because of lowered resistance resulting from such debilitating conditions as malnutrition, trauma, surgery, diabetes, heart failure, or malignancy, particularly if shock is present or impending.
  • For intermittent IV administration, a solution containing 1 gram or 2 grams in 10 mL of Sterile Water for Injection can be injected over a period of three to five minutes.
  • Cefotaxime should not be administered over a period of less than three minutes.
  • With an infusion system, it may also be given over a longer period of time through the tubing system by which the patient may be receiving other IV solutions. However, during infusion of the solution containing cefotaxime, it is advisable to discontinue temporarily the administration of other solutions at the same site.
  • For the administration of higher doses by continuous IV infusion, a solution of cefotaxime may be added to IV bottles containing the solutions discussed below.

NOTE:

  • Solutions of cefotaxime must not be admixed with aminoglycoside solutions. If cefotaxime and aminoglycosides are to be administered to the same patient, they must be administered separately and not as mixed injection.
  • A SOLUTION OF 1 G CEFOTAXIME IN 14 ML OF STERILE WATER FOR INJECTION IS ISOTONIC.

Compatibility and Stability

Solutions of cefotaxime reconstituted as described above remain chemically stable (potency remains above 90%) as follows when stored in original containers and disposable plastic syringes:

  • Reconstituted solutions stored in original containers and plastic syringes remain stable for 13 weeks frozen.
  • Reconstituted solutions may be further diluted up to 1000 mL with the following solutions and maintain satisfactory potency for 24 hours at or below 22°C, and at least 5 days under refrigeration (at or below 5°C):
    • 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection
    • 5 or 10% Dextrose Injection
    • 5% Dextrose and 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection
    • 5% Dextrose and 0.45% Sodium Chloride Injection
    • 5% Dextrose and 0.2% Sodium Chloride Injection
    • Lactated Ringer's Solution
    • Sodium Lactate Injection (M/6)
    • 10% Invert Sugar Injection
    • 8.5% Amino Acid Injection without Electrolytes

NOTE:

  • Cefotaxime solutions exhibit maximum stability in the pH 5-7 range.
  • Solutions of cefotaxime should not be prepared with diluents having a pH above 7.5, such as Sodium Bicarbonate Injection.
  • Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.

Overdosage

  • The acute toxicity of cefotaxime was evaluated in neonatal and adult mice and rats.
  • Significant mortality was seen at parenteral doses in excess of 6000 mg/kg/day in all groups.
  • Common toxic signs in animals that died were a decrease in spontaneous activity, tonic and clonic convulsions, dyspnea, hypothermia, and cyanosis. *Cefotaxime sodium overdosage has occurred in patients.
  • Most cases have shown no overt toxicity.
  • The most frequent reactions were elevations of BUN and creatinine.
  • There is a risk of reversible encephalopathy in cases of administration of high doses of beta-lactam antibiotics including cefotaxime.
  • No specific antidote exists.
  • Patients who receive an acute overdosage should be carefully observed and given supportive treatment.

Pharmacology

Cefotaxime sodium
Clinical data
Trade namesClaforan ; Cefatam (LGls)
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa682765
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: B1
  • US: B (No risk in non-human studies)
Routes of
administration		Intravenous and Intramuscular
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: S4 (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailabilityn/a
MetabolismHepatic
Elimination half-life0.8–1.4 hours
Excretion50–85% renal
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEMBL
E number{{#property:P628}}
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Chemical and physical data
FormulaC16H17N5O7S2
Molar mass455.47 g/mol
3D model (JSmol)
  (verify)

Mechanism of Action

Cefotaxime sodium is a bactericidal agent that acts by inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cefotaxime has activity in the presence of some of beta-lactamases, both penicillinases and cephalosporinases, of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.

Mechanism of Resistance

Resistance to cefotaxime is primarily through hydrolysis by beta-lactamase, alteration of penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), and decreased permeability.

Structure

Sterile cefotaxime sodium is a semisynthetic, broad spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic for parenteral administration. It is the sodium salt of 7-[2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl) glyoxylamido]-3(hydroxymethyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo [4.2.0] oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate 72 (Z)-(o-methyloxime), acetate (ester). Cefotaxime for Injection, USP contains approximately 50.5 mg (2.2 mEq) of sodium per gram of cefotaxime activity. Solutions of Cefotaxime for Injection, USP range from very pale yellow to light amber depending on the concentration and the diluent used. The pH of the injectable solutions usually ranges from 5.0 to 7.5.

Pharmacodynamics

There is limited information regarding Pharmacodynamics of cefotaxime in the drug label.

Pharmacokinetics

  • Following IM administration of a single 500 mg or 1 g dose of cefotaxime to normal volunteers, mean peak serum concentrations of 11.7 and 20.5 mcg/mL respectively were attained within 30 minutes and declined with an elimination half-life of approximately 1 hour.
  • There was a dose-dependent increase in serum levels after the IV administration of 500 mg, 1 g, and 2 g of cefotaxime (38.9, 101.7, and 214.4 mcg/mL respectively) without alteration in the elimination half-life.
  • There is no evidence of accumulation following repetitive IV infusion of 1 g doses every 6 hours for 14 days as there are no alterations of serum or renal clearance.
  • About 60% of the administered dose was recovered from urine during the first 6 hours following the start of the infusion.
  • Approximately 20-36% of an intravenously administered dose of 14C-cefotaxime is excreted by the kidney as unchanged cefotaxime and 15-25% as the desacetyl derivative, the major metabolite. T
  • The desacetyl metabolite has been shown to contribute to the bactericidal activity. Two other urinary metabolites (M2 and M3) account for about 20-25%. They lack bactericidal activity.
  • A single 50 mg/kg dose of cefotaxime was administered as an intravenous infusion over a 10- to 15-minute period to 29 newborn infants grouped according to birth weight and age.
  • The mean half-life of cefotaxime in infants with lower birth weights (≤ 1500 grams), regardless of age, was longer (4.6 hours) than the mean half-life (3.4 hours) in infants whose birth weight was greater than 1500 grams. Mean serum clearance was also smaller in the lower birth weight infants.
  • Although the differences in mean half-life values are statistically significant for weight, they are not clinically important. Therefore, dosage should be based solely on age.

Nonclinical Toxicology

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis

Lifetime studies in animals to evaluate carcinogenic potential have not been conducted. Cefotaxime was not mutagenic in the mouse micronucleus test or in the Ames test. Cefotaxime did not impair fertility to rats when administered subcutaneously at doses up to 250 mg/kg/day (0.2 times the maximum recommended human dose based on mg/m2) or in mice when administered intravenously at doses up to 2000 mg/kg/day (0.7 times the recommended human dose based on mg/m2).

Clinical Studies

There is limited information regarding Cefotaxime sodium Clinical Studies in the drug label.

How Supplied

Sterile Cefotaxime for Injection, USP, is a dry off-white to pale yellow crystalline powder supplied in vials and bottles containing cefotaxime sodium as follows:

500 mg cefotaxime

  • (free acid equivalent) vials in packages of 10 (NDC 0143-9930-10)

1 g cefotaxime

  • (free acid equivalent) vials in packages of 25 (NDC 0143-9931-25)

2 g cefotaxime

  • (free acid equivalent) vials in packages of 25 (NDC 0143-9933-25)

Also available:

  • Pharmacy Bulk Package: 10 g cefotaxime (free acid equivalent) in bottles, packages of 1 (NDC 0143-9935-01) NOT FOR DIRECT ADMINISTRATION.

Storage

  • Cefotaxime for Injection, USP in the dry state should be stored at 20º to 25°C (68º to 77°F)
  • The dry material as well as solutions tend to darken depending on storage conditions and should be protected from elevated temperatures and excessive light.

Images

Drug Images

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Package and Label Display Panel

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Patient Counseling Information

  • Patients should be counseled that antibacterial drugs including cefotaxime should only be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (e.g., the common cold). When cefotaxime is prescribed to treat a bacterial infection, patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed.
  • Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment and increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by cefotaxime or other antibacterial drugs in the future.
  • Diarrhea is a common problem caused by antibiotics which usually ends when the antibiotic is discontinued. Sometimes after starting treatment with antibiotics, patients can develop watery and bloody stools (with or without stomach cramps and fever) even as late as two or more months after having taken the last dose of the antibiotic. If this occurs, patients should contact their physician as soon as possible.

Precautions with Alcohol

No disulfiram-like reactions were reported in a study conducted in 22 healthy volunteers administered cefotaxime and ethanol.

Brand Names

Look-Alike Drug Names

There is limited information regarding Cefotaxime sodium Look-Alike Drug Names in the drug label.

Drug Shortage Status

Price

References

The contents of this FDA label are provided by the National Library of Medicine.

  1. ↑ Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, Fowler VG, Bolger AF, Levison ME; et al. (2005). "Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Circulation. 111 (23): e394–434. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.165564. PMID 15956145.
  2. ↑ Bonvin P, Ejlertsen T, Dons-Jensen H (1998). "Brain abscess caused by Salmonella enteritidis in an immunocompetent adult patient: successful treatment with cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin". Scand J Infect Dis. 30 (6): 632–4. PMID 10225404.
  3. ↑ Hyams KC, Mader JT, Pollard RB, Parks DH, Thomson PD, Reinarz JA (1981). "Serratia endocarditis in a pediatric burn patient. Cure with cefotaxime". JAMA. 246 (9): 983–4. PMID 6265660.
  4. ↑ "CEFOTAXIME- cefotaxime sodium injection, powder, for solution".

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