Cyanosis causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]
Overview
In central cyanosis saturation of oxygen is less than 85% when there is reduced hemoglobin more than 5g/dl following a intrapulmonary shunt or intracardiac shunt leading to mixing of arterial and venous oxygen content. In peripheral cyanosis, the saturation of oxygen is normal and there is peripheral capillary bed vasoconstriction due to low cardiac output state or sepsis.
Causes
Life Threatening Causes
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
- Carbon monoxide poisoning[1]
- Cyanide poisoning[2]
- Malathion
- Parathion
- Ethylene glycol
- Epiglottitis
- Foreign body aspiration[3]
- Pulmonary embolism[4]
- Tension pneumothorax[5]
- Hemothorax
- Pulmonary hemorrhage
- Pulmonary hypertension[6]
- Myocardial infarction
- Congestive heart failure
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation[7]
- Tetralogy of fallot[8]
- Cardiac tamponade[9]
- Eisenmenger syndrome[10]
- Anaphylaxis
- Birth asphyxia[11]
- Amniotic fluid embolism[12]
Common Causes
Central Cyanosis
There following are some of the common causes of central cyanosis:
- Conditions associated with decreased concentration of inspired oxygen (FiO2):[13]
- Smoke inhalation most commonly from house fires
- Carbon monoxide poisoning
- Hydrogen cyanide poisoning
- Intentional or unintentional exposure to asphyxiating gases (eg, Propane, methane, butane, hydrogen sulphide)
- Impairment of chest wall or lung expansion:
- External compression
- Pneumothorax[14]
- Hemothorax
- Flail chest
- Hypoventilation:
- Upper airway obstruction: [15][3]
- Foreign body aspiration
- Pertussis / Croup
- Epiglottitis
- Bacterial tracheitis
- Traumatic disruption (thermal injury, fractures)
- Acute chest syndrome[16]
- Congenital airway abnormalities:
- Choanal atresia
- Laryngotracheomalacia
- Macroglossia
- Micrognathia or retrognathia (eg, Pierre-Robin syndrome)
- Neurologic abnormalities:[17][18][19]
- CNS depression
- Birth asphyxia
- Severe head trauma
- Apnea of prematurity
- Obstructive sleep apnea
- Infections (eg, meningitis, encephalitis)
- Intraventricular hemorrhage
- Seizures
- Cyanotic breath holding spells[20]
- Coma
- Neuromuscular disorders:
- Myasthenia gravis
- Injury to the phrenic nerve
- Type 1 spinal muscular dystrophy (Wernig-Hoffman disease)
- Upper airway obstruction: [15][3]
- Intrinsic lung diseases:[21][22][23][24][25]
- Vascular causes:
- Cardiac tamponade
- Cyanotic congenital heart diseases (Right to left shunts):[26][27][8]
- Decreased pulmonary flow:
- Tetralogy of fallot[8]
- Tricuspid valve anomalies:
- Pulmonary stenosis (critical valvular)
- Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum
- Increased pulmonary flow:
- TGA (Transposition of great arteries, most common dextro type)
- Truncus arteriosus
- TAPVC (Total anamalous pulmonary venous connection)
- Heart failure: Conditions that present with cyanosis and severe heart failure include:
- Left sided obstructive lesion (HLHS)
- Coarctation of aorta
- Critical valvular aortic stenosis
- Decreased pulmonary flow:
- Eisenmenger syndrome
- Congestive heart failure
- Atrial septal defect
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Pulmonary edema
- Pulmonary hemorrhage
- Pulmonary embolism
- Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations
- Multiple small intrapulmonary shunts
- Shock
- Sepsis
- Amniotic fluid embolism[12]
- Hematologic abnormalities:[28]
- Methemoglobinemia (congenital or acquired)
- Sulfhemoglobinemia (acquired)
- Hemoglobin mutations with low oxygen affinity:
- Hb Kansas
- Hb Beth Israel
- Hb Saint Mande
- Hb Bruxells
- Polycythemia vera
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation
- Metabolic disorders:
- Miscellaneous:
- Drugs and chemicals:[29][30]
- Beta blockers
- Nitrite or nitrate-containing compounds (eg, nitroglycerin)
- Dapsone
- Sulfonamides
- Benzocaine
- Chloroquine
- Heroin
- Venomous snakebites[31]
- Brief resolved unexplained events (BRUE)[32]
- High altitude[33]
- Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
- Cirrhosis of liver
- Drowning
- Chocking
- Hanging
- Hypothermia
- Drugs and chemicals:[29][30]
Peripheral Cyanosis:
There following are some of the common causes of peripheral cyanosis: [34][35]
- Various conditions that cause central cyanosis can also present with peripheral cyanosis.
- Common conditions where peripheral cyanosis is more specific:
- Cold exposure
- Acrocyanosis
- Erythrocyanosis
- Raynaud's phenomenon
- Raynaud's disease
- Arterial obstruction:
- Venous obstruction:
- Decreased cardiac output:
- Redistribution of blood flow from extremities
Pseudocyanosis:
- Metals:
- Drugs:
- Pigmentary lesions (eg, Mongolian spots, large birthmarks)
- Extensive tattoos
- Consumption of blue or purple-dyed food
Causes by Organ System
Causes in Alphabetical Order
Causes of Cyanosis Based on Classification
Causes of Central Cyanosis
Causes of peripheral cyanosis
References
- ↑ Olson K, Smollin C (July 2008). "Carbon monoxide poisoning (acute)". BMJ Clin Evid. 2008. PMC 2907971. PMID 19445736.
- ↑ Parker-Cote JL, Rizer J, Vakkalanka JP, Rege SV, Holstege CP (February 2018). "Challenges in the diagnosis of acute cyanide poisoning". Clin Toxicol (Phila): 1–9. doi:10.1080/15563650.2018.1435886. PMID 29417853.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Zoorob RJ, Campbell JS (November 2003). "Acute dyspnea in the office". Am Fam Physician. 68 (9): 1803–10. PMID 14620600.
- ↑ Just-Viera JO, Norwood T, Yeager GH (April 1967). "Importance of shock and cyanosis in pulmonary embolism". Ann. Surg. 165 (4): 528–35. PMC 1617449. PMID 6021453.
- ↑ Barton ED (July 1999). "Tension pneumothorax". Curr Opin Pulm Med. 5 (4): 269–74. PMID 10407699.
- ↑ Wang RF, Hung TY, Chong CF, Wang TL, Chen CC (February 2008). "Central cyanosis due to severe pulmonary hypertension combined with pericarditis as the initial manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus". Am J Emerg Med. 26 (2): 248.e1–2. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2007.04.007. PMID 18272123.
- ↑ Costello RA, Nehring SM. PMID 28722864. Missing or empty
|title=
(help) - ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Bailliard F, Anderson RH (January 2009). "Tetralogy of Fallot". Orphanet J Rare Dis. 4: 2. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-4-2. PMC 2651859. PMID 19144126.
- ↑ Bodson L, Bouferrache K, Vieillard-Baron A (October 2011). "Cardiac tamponade". Curr Opin Crit Care. 17 (5): 416–24. doi:10.1097/MCC.0b013e3283491f27. PMID 21716107.
- ↑ Komine S (February 1964). "In vitro studies on the degradation and synthesis of serum proteins in placentae. I. Synthesis of serum proteins". Nippon Juigaku Zasshi. 26 (1): 15–23. PMID 4173631.
- ↑ Steinhorn RH (September 2008). "Evaluation and management of the cyanotic neonate". Clin Pediatr Emerg Med. 9 (3): 169–175. doi:10.1016/j.cpem.2008.06.006. PMC 2598396. PMID 19727322.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Kaur K, Bhardwaj M, Kumar P, Singhal S, Singh T, Hooda S (2016). "Amniotic fluid embolism". J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 32 (2): 153–9. doi:10.4103/0970-9185.173356. PMC 4874066. PMID 27275041.
- ↑ Dueñas-Laita A, Burillo Putze G, Alonso JR, Bajo A, Climent B, Corral E, Felices F, Ferrer A, Hernández Frutos MP, Nogué S, Puiguriguer J (December 2010). "[Basis for the clinical management of fire smoke poisoning "Docohumo Madrid 2010"]". Med Intensiva (in Spanish; Castilian). 34 (9): 609–19. doi:10.1016/j.medin.2010.07.007. PMID 21051109.
- ↑ Costumbrado J, Ghassemzadeh S. PMID 29083723. Missing or empty
|title=
(help) - ↑ Gossman WG, Burns B. PMID 29261942. Missing or empty
|title=
(help) - ↑ Jain S, Bakshi N, Krishnamurti L (December 2017). "Acute Chest Syndrome in Children with Sickle Cell Disease". Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol. 30 (4): 191–201. doi:10.1089/ped.2017.0814. PMC 5733742. PMID 29279787.
- ↑ Kondamudi NP, Dulebohn SC. PMID 28722923. Missing or empty
|title=
(help) - ↑ Kondamudi NP, Wilt AS. PMID 28722998. Missing or empty
|title=
(help) - ↑ Memon J, Manganaro SN. PMID 28722938. Missing or empty
|title=
(help) - ↑ Bergeron M, Cohen AP, Cotton RT (2017). "The Management of Cyanotic Spells in Children with Oesophageal Atresia". Front Pediatr. 5: 106. doi:10.3389/fped.2017.00106. PMC 5430373. PMID 28555179.
- ↑ Maitre B, Similowski T, Derenne JP (September 1995). "Physical examination of the adult patient with respiratory diseases: inspection and palpation". Eur. Respir. J. 8 (9): 1584–93. PMID 8575588.
- ↑ Hermansen CL, Mahajan A (December 2015). "Newborn Respiratory Distress". Am Fam Physician. 92 (11): 994–1002. PMID 26760414.
- ↑ Bishop NB, Stankiewicz P, Steinhorn RH (July 2011). "Alveolar capillary dysplasia". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 184 (2): 172–9. doi:10.1164/rccm.201010-1697CI. PMC 3172887. PMID 21471096.
- ↑ Justice NA, Le JK. PMID 28722988. Missing or empty
|title=
(help) - ↑ Reuter S, Moser C, Baack M (October 2014). "Respiratory distress in the newborn". Pediatr Rev. 35 (10): 417–28, quiz 429. doi:10.1542/pir.35-10-417. PMC 4533247. PMID 25274969.
- ↑ Woods WA, McCulloch MA (November 2005). "Cardiovascular emergencies in the pediatric patient". Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. 23 (4): 1233–49. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2005.07.003. PMID 16199347.
- ↑ Driscoll DJ (February 1990). "Evaluation of the cyanotic newborn". Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 37 (1): 1–23. PMID 2407997.
- ↑ Martínez de Zabarte Fernández JM, García Íñiguez JP, Domínguez Cajal M (February 2018). "Metahemoglobinemia in infants over one year". Med Clin (Barc). doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2017.12.009. PMID 29439874.
- ↑ Günal E, Akkuş Y, Çığşar G, Çiftçi H, Kahramanca Ş, Özdemir M (October 2017). "Methemoglobinemia incidence after the application of lidocaine for small surgical procedures". Agri. 29 (4): 173–176. PMID 29171648.
- ↑ Hilbert P, Zur Nieden K (September 2004). "[Suicidal fatal beta-blocker intoxication]". Anaesthesist (in German). 53 (9): 826–9. doi:10.1007/s00101-004-0721-1. PMID 15249969.
- ↑ Hifumi T, Sakai A, Kondo Y, Yamamoto A, Morine N, Ato M, Shibayama K, Umezawa K, Kiriu N, Kato H, Koido Y, Inoue J, Kawakita K, Kuroda Y (2015). "Venomous snake bites: clinical diagnosis and treatment". J Intensive Care. 3 (1): 16. doi:10.1186/s40560-015-0081-8. PMC 4393627. PMID 25866646.
- ↑ Kondamudi NP, Virji M. PMID 28722926. Missing or empty
|title=
(help) - ↑ Jensen JD, Vincent AL. PMID 28613569. Missing or empty
|title=
(help) - ↑ Fardoun MM, Nassif J, Issa K, Baydoun E, Eid AH (2016). "Raynaud's Phenomenon: A Brief Review of the Underlying Mechanisms". Front Pharmacol. 7: 438. doi:10.3389/fphar.2016.00438. PMC 5110514. PMID 27899893.
- ↑ Das S, Maiti A (November 2013). "Acrocyanosis: an overview". Indian J Dermatol. 58 (6): 417–20. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.119946. PMC 3827510. PMID 24249890.