Phenothiazine
Template:Chembox new Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us [2] to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.
Synonyms and related keywords: Dibenzoparathiazine; Thiodiphenylamine; AFI-Tiazin; Agrazine; Antiverm; Biverm; Dibenzothiazine; Orimon; Lethelmin; Souframine; Nemazene; Vermitin; Padophene; Fenoverm; Phenovarm; Fentiazine; Contaverm; Fenothiazine, Ieeno; ENT 38; Helmetina; Helmetine, Penthazine; XL-50; Wurm-thional; Fentiazin; Padophene; Phenegic; Phenovis; Phenoxur; Reconox, Fenergan, Protazine; Thiergan
[1]
Overview
It is commonly used as an intermediate chemical in the manufacture of various antipsychotic neuroleptic psychotropic drugs. It originally was developed as a synthetic dye in 1883, [2] and it was introduced by DuPont as an insecticide in 1935.[3]
It is sometimes used as an antihelminthic in livestock. It is used as an industrial chemical in the manufacture of rubber additives.[4]
Phenothiazine pesticides work by affecting the nervous system of insects, inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine by disabling the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Many of the side effects of phenothiazine neuroleptic antipsychotics are due to their anticholinergic blocking effects. [5]
Phenothiazine is also a potent alpha-adrenergic blocking agent.
Phenothiazine-derivative drugs
The term "phenothiazines" is used to describe the largest of the five main classes of neuroleptic antipsychotic drugs. These drugs have antipsychotic and, often, antiemetic properties, although they may also cause severe side effects such as akathisia, tardive dyskinesia, extrapyramidal symptoms, and the rare but potentially fatal neuroleptic malignant syndrome as well as substantial weight gain.
The phenothiazine class of neuroleptic antipsychotic psychotropics are closely related to the thioxanthenes which are very similar pharmacologically.
There are three groups of phenothiazine antipsychotics, differing by their chemical structure and their pharmacological effects. They are the aliphatic compounds, the piperidines and piperazines. An aliphatic compound, piperidine or piperazine functional group is added to the phenothiazine molecule for the purpose of enhancing absorption and bioavailability of the phenothiazine chemical.
| Group | Autonomic | Example | Sedative | Extrapyramidal side-effect |
| Aliphatic compounds | ||||
| moderate | Chlorpromazine (marketed as Thorazine, Chlor-PZ, Klorazine, Promachlor, Promapar, Sonazine, Chlorprom, Chlor-Promanyl, Largactil) | strong | moderate | |
| Promazine (trade name Sparine) | moderate | moderate | ||
| Triflupromazine (trade names Stelazine, Clinazine, Novaflurazine, Pentazine, Terfluzine, Triflurin, Vesprin) | strong | moderate/strong | ||
| Levomepromazine in Germany and Methotrimeprazine in America (trade names Nozinan, Nozinan, Levoprome) | extremely strong | low | ||
| Piperidines | strong | Mesoridazine (trade name Serentil) | strong | weak |
| Thioridazine (trade names Mellaril, Novoridazine, Thioril) | strong | weak | ||
| Piperazines | weak | Fluphenazine (trade names Prolixin, Permitil, Modecate, Moditen) | weak/moderate | strong |
| Perphenazine (sold as Trilafon, Etrafon, Triavil, Phenazine, Etrafon) | weak/moderate | strong | ||
| Flupentixol (sold as Depixol, Fluanxol) | moderate | strong | ||
| Prochlorperazine (trade names Compazine, Stemetil) | ||||
| Trifluoperazine (trade name Stelazine) | moderate | strong |
References
- ↑ U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety & Health Administration Chemical Sampling Information [[Phenothiazine Also see: OSHA Also see: PAN Pesticides Database
- ↑ Whitaker R (2004). "The case against antipsychotic drugs: a 50-year record of doing more harm than good". Med. Hypotheses. 62 (1): 5–13. doi:10.1016/S0306-9877(03)00293-7. PMID 14728997.
- ↑ History of Insecticides and Control Equipment Clemson University Pesticide Information Program.
- ↑ NPL Site Narrative for Forest Glen Mobile Home Subdivision FOREST GLEN MOBILE HOME SUBDIVISION Niagara Falls, New York Federal Register Notice: November 21, 1989
- ↑ "Facts and Comparisons" III W. Port Plaza, Suite 300 St. Louis MO. USA 63146-3098 (telephone 314-216-2100 or 1-800-223-0554). The updatable section called "Antipsychotic Agents" is (c)1990
Further reading
- Hendricks, Christensen, J.B., and Kristiansen, Jette E. Sonderborg, Denmark. "Antibakterielle Eigenschaften der Phenothiazine: Eine Behandlungsoption für die Zukunft?" Chemotherapie Journal. 13.5. (2004): 203–205. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesesellschaft mbH. 21 August 2005. (PDF).
- PubChem Substance Summary: Phenothiazine National Center for Biotechnology Information.