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[[Fever]], [[hyperventilation]] and [[infection]] leading to [[sepsis]] are also common causes of tachycardia, primarily due to increase in [[metabolic]] demands and compensatory increase in heart rate.
[[Fever]], [[hyperventilation]] and [[infection]] leading to [[sepsis]] are also common causes of tachycardia, primarily due to increase in [[metabolic]] demands and compensatory increase in heart rate.


An increase in [[sympathetic nervous system]] stimulation causes the heart rate to increase, both by the direct action of [[sympathetic nerve]] fibers on the heart and by causing the [[endocrine]] system to release [[hormone]]s such as [[epinephrine|epinephrine (adrenaline)]], which have a similar effect. Increased sympathetic stimulation is usually due to physical or psychological stress (the so-called "[[fight or flight]]" response), but can also be induced by [[stimulant]]s such as [[amphetamines]].
An increase in [[sympathetic nervous system]] stimulation causes the heart rate to increase, both by the direct action of [[sympathetic nerve]] fibers on the heart and by causing the [[endocrine]] system to release [[hormone]]s such as [[epinephrine|epinephrine (adrenaline)]], which have a similar effect. Increased sympathetic stimulation is usually due to physical or psychological stress (the so-called [[fight or flight]] response), but can also be induced by [[stimulant]]s such as [[amphetamines]].


[[Endocrine disorders]] such as [[pheochromocytoma]] can cause epinephrine release and tachycardia independent of the nervous system. [[Hyperthyroidism]] is also known to cause tachycardia.
[[Endocrine disorders]] such as [[pheochromocytoma]] can cause epinephrine release and tachycardia independent of the nervous system. [[Hyperthyroidism]] is also known to cause tachycardia.

Revision as of 19:15, 8 January 2013

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: M.Umer Tariq [2]

Causes

Common Causes

The most common cause of the tachycardia is orthostatic hypotension (also called postural hypotension), a sudden drop of blood pressure that occurs with a change in body position (e.g., going from lying down to standing up). When tachycardia occurs for this reason, it is called postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS).

Fever, hyperventilation and infection leading to sepsis are also common causes of tachycardia, primarily due to increase in metabolic demands and compensatory increase in heart rate.

An increase in sympathetic nervous system stimulation causes the heart rate to increase, both by the direct action of sympathetic nerve fibers on the heart and by causing the endocrine system to release hormones such as epinephrine (adrenaline), which have a similar effect. Increased sympathetic stimulation is usually due to physical or psychological stress (the so-called fight or flight response), but can also be induced by stimulants such as amphetamines.

Endocrine disorders such as pheochromocytoma can cause epinephrine release and tachycardia independent of the nervous system. Hyperthyroidism is also known to cause tachycardia.

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, AV Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia, AV-dissociation, Bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome, Cardiac amyloidosis, Cardiac arrhythmia, Cardiac tamponade, Cardiogenic shock, Congestive Heart Failure, Ebstein's Anomaly of the Tricuspid Valve, Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia, Inferior vena cava syndrome, Multifocal atrial tachycardia, Nonparoxysmal Junctional Tachycardia, Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, Premature ventricular contractions, Pulseless ventricular tachycardia, Torsade de pointes, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

Chemical / poisoning

3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate, Arsenic Poisoning, Bothrops, Caffeine, Carbon monoxide poisoning, Cardiac effects of insect bites, Hydroxyethyl starch, Mercury poisoning, Methadone withdrawl, Scombroid

Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect

Amlodipine, Amphetamine, Anticholinergic, Antipsychotic, Atropine, Abciximab (patient information), Benzatropine, Biperiden, Bupropion, Caspofungin, Clofarabine, Clomipramine, Clonidine, Daptomycin, Desflurane, Desoxyn, Diethylcathinone, Diflunisal, Digoxin, Diltiazem, Dimenhydrinate, Diphenhydramine, Doxapram, Doxepin, Ephedrine, Epinephrine, Ethcathinone, Iloprost, Imipramine, Isoproterenol, Isosorbide mononitrate, Levomepromazine, Levomethamphetamine, Levosimendan, Lomotil, Maprotiline, Methcathinone, Methylphenidate, Metoclopramide, Milnacipran, Minoxidil, Modafinil, Motofen, Nalbuphine, Nalmefene, Nialamide, Neuromuscular-blocking drugs, Olanzapine, Opioid, Paliperidone, Papaverine, Phentermine, Pipradrol, Procainamide (patient information), Procyclidine hydrochloride, Propantheline, Pseudoephedrine, Sumatriptan, Terbutaline, Tizanidine, Trazodone, Tuaminoheptane, Vardenafil, Zopiclone withdrawl

Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine

Graves' Disease, Toxic multinodular goitre

Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic

Accessory pancreas, Gastroenteritis, Megacolon, Peritonitis, Retroperitoneal hematoma, Ulcerative colitis

Genetic

Brugada syndrome, Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, Costello syndrome

Hematologic

Ruptured spleen, Sickle-cell disease

Iatrogenic

Blood transfusion

Infectious Disease

Clostridium Difficile, Cotton fever, Ebola, Lassa fever, Malaria, Scarlet fever, Tuberculosis

Musculoskeletal / Ortho No underlying causes
Neurologic

Autonomic neuropathy, Dysautonomia

Nutritional / Metabolic

Adams Nance syndrome, Acute Porphyria, Beriberi Heart Disease, Betel nut, Foods containing tyramine, Hypoglycemia, Hypomagnesemia, Metabolic acidosis

Obstetric/Gynecologic

Aortocaval compression syndrome, Fetal distress, Omphalitis

Oncologic Insulinoma
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity

Aconitum, Benzylpiperazine, Bupropion, Cocaine, Diflunisal, Imipramine, Lomotil, Long-term effects of alcohol, Procainamide, Procyclidine hydrochloride, Xanthine

Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary

Acute Chest Syndrome, Asthma, Community-acquired pneumonia, Hemothorax

Renal / Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Kawasaki disease
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma

Commotio cordis

Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous

Chronic fatigue syndrome, Dipping tobacco, Hyperthermia, Malignant hyperthermia, Pheochromocytoma, Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome

Causes in Alphabetical Order


References


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