Lymphadenopathy causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Lymphadenopathy}}
{{Lymphadenopathy}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{RT}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{ADS}}{{RT}}{{DYM}} [[Ogechukwu Hannah Nnabude, MD]]
==Overview==
The most common causes of [[lymphadenopathy]] include infections, [[cancers]], and [[connective tissue]] disorders.
The enlargement of the lymph nodes may be of infectious, [[bacterial]], [[malignant]], [[protozoan]] origin and may also be caused by [[live vaccines]]. [[Viral infections]] such as [[Epstein-Barr virus]] and [[cytomegalovirus]] cause [[infectious mononucleosis]]. [[Yersinia pestis]] causes swelling of the lymph node so large that it can be seen under the skin, which causes the [[bubonic plague]]. These lymph nodes can become [[necrotic]] and are called [[buboes]]. [[Cat-scratch disease]], [[cutaneous anthrax]], and [[tuberculous]] lymphadenitis are other bacterial infections. [[African sleeping sickness]], [[Chagas' disease]], and [[toxoplasmosis]] are [[protozoal]] infections. [[Neoplastic]] causes of [[lymphadenopathy]] are primary and secondary. [[Hodgkin lymphoma]] and [[non-Hodgkin lymphoma]] give [[lymphadenopathy]] in all or a few lymph nodes.  Secondary: [[metastasis]], [[Virchow's Node]], [[neuroblastoma]], and [[chronic lymphocytic leukemia]].  [[Autoimmune]] causes include [[systemic lupus erythematosus]] and [[rheumatoid arthritis]] may have [[generalized lymphadenopathy]].


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
* Acute [[infection]]s (e.g. [[bacterial]], or [[virus|viral]])
Common causes of [[lymphadenopathy]] may include:
* Chronic infections (e.g [[tuberculous lymphadenitis]], [[cat-scratch disease]]).  Infectious [[mononucleosis]] is an acute viral infection, the hallmark of which is marked enlargement of the [[cervical lymph nodes]].
 
*[[Toxoplasmosis]], a [[parasitic disease]], gives a generalized lymphadenopathy<ref name=Status/>
*Acute [[infection]]s (e.g. [[bacterial]], or [[virus|viral]])
* [[Hodgkin lymphoma]], [[non-Hodgkin lymphoma]], [[hairy cell leukemia]], give lymphadenopathy in all or a few lymph nodes <ref name=Status> Status and anamnesis, Anders Albinsson. Page 12 </ref>
**[[Infectious mononucleosis]]([[cervical lymph nodes]])
* [[Metastasis]]
*Chronic infections:
* [[Sarcoidosis]]
**[[tuberculous lymphadenitis]]
* [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]] ([[SLE]])
**[[cat-scratch disease]]
* [[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
**[[AIDS]] - generalized lymphadenopathy<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aproposinc.com/hap/types.htm|title=Understanding and Preventing AIDS: A Book for Everyone|author=Chris Jennings|year=1993}}</ref>
* [[AIDS]] - generalized lymphadenopathy is an early sign of infection with [[human immunodeficiency virus]] (HIV), the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).  "Lymphadenopathy syndrome" has been used to describe the first symptomatic stage of [[HIV]] progression, preceding [[AIDS-related complex]] and full-blown [[AIDS]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aproposinc.com/hap/types.htm|title=Understanding and Preventing AIDS: A Book for Everyone|author=Chris Jennings|year=1993}}</ref>
*[[Toxoplasmosis]], a [[parasitic disease]], gives a [[generalized lymphadenopathy]]<ref name="Status">Status and anamnesis, Anders Albinsson. Page 12 </ref>
*Cancers:<ref name="Status" />
**[[Hodgkin lymphoma]]
**[[non-Hodgkin lymphoma]]
**[[hairy cell leukemia]], ( all or a few lymph nodes )
*[[Metastasis]]
*Connective tissue disorders:
**[[Sarcoidosis]]
**[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]] ([[SLE]])
**[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" |[[Apo a-i deficiency]]
|-
| bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Chemical/Poisoning'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Anthrax]],  [[Black widow spider venom]],  [[Zinc]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|'''Dental'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Lip cancer]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|'''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Aphthous stomatitis]],  [[Asymmetric periflexural exanthem ]] ,  [[Dermatomyositis]],  [[Erysipelas]],  [[Erythroderma]],  [[Gingivostomatitis]],  [[Infantile papular acrodermatitis]],  [[Leprosy]],  [[Mastitis]],  [[Measles]],  [[Melanoma]],  [[Mumps]],  [[Sarcoidosis]],  [[Spotted fevers]],  [[Yaws]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|'''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Erythroderma]], [[Infantile papular acrodermatitis]], [[Melanoma]], [[Merkel cell carcinoma]], [[Mycosis fungoides]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Allopurinol]], [[Atenolol]], [[Bcg vaccine]], [[Captopril]], [[Carbamazepine]],  [[Cephalosporins]],  [[Certolizumab pegol]],  [[Hydralazine]],  [[Infliximab]],  [[Oxaprozin]],  [[Penicillin]],  [[Penicillium marneffei]],  [[Phenytoin]],  [[Pinta]],  [[Pneumococcal vaccine 13-valent ]] ,  [[Primidone]],  [[Pyrimethamine]],  [[Quinidine]],  [[Sulfonamides]],  [[Sulindac]],  [[Tiagabine]],  [[Typhoid vaccination]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|'''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Allopurinol]], [[Atenolol ]], [[BCG vaccine]], [[Captopril]], [[Carbamazepine ]], [[Cephalosporins]], [[Cidofovir]], [[Gold]],[[Hydralazine]], [[Oxaprozin]], [[Penicillin]], [[Phenytoin]], [[Phenytoin]], [[Primidone]], [[Pyrimethamine]], [[Quinidine]], [[Sulfasalazine]] [[Sulfonamides]],[[Sulindac]], [[Tiagabine]], [[Zonisamide]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Aphthous stomatitis]], [[Kikuchi's disease]], [[Lymphangioma]], [[Lymphangitis]], [[Lymphatic filariasis]], [[Lymphoma]], [[Malignant lymphoma]], [[Mesenteric adenitis]], [[Sinus histiocytosis]], [[Streptococcal pharyngitis]], [[Vincent's angina]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|'''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Castleman's disease]],  [[Chediak-higashi syndrome]],  [[Hyperthyroidism]]
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hyperthyroidism]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|'''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hepatitis A]], [[Hepatitis B]], [[Mesenteric adenitis]], [[Stomach cancer]], [[Tang Hsi Ryu syndrome]],[[Whipple's disease]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|'''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Familial alphalipoprotein deficiency]], [[Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis]], [[Familial histiocytic reticulosis]], [[X-linked agammaglobulinaemia]], [[X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Brucellosis]], [[Colorectal cancer]], [[Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis]], [[Stomach cancer]], [[Whipple's disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|'''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia]], [[Acute lymphocytic leukemia]], [[Adult T cell leukemia]], [[Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome]] type 1, [[Castleman's disease]], [[Chronic lymphocytic leukemia]], [[Cutaneous T cell lymphoma]],[[Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis]], [[Familial histiocytic reticulosis]], [[Faisalabad histiocytosis]], [[Gamma heavy chain disease]], [[Hairy cell leukaemia]], Hemoblastosis, [[Hemophagocytic reticulosis]], [[Histiocytosis X]],[[Hodgkin's Lymphoma]], [[Hyperimmunoglobulinemia D and periodic fever syndrome]], [[Large granular lymphocyte leukemia]],[[Leukemia]], [[Lipogranulomatosis]], [[Lymphangioma]], [[Lymphoma]], [[Macroglobulinemia]], [[Myeloproliferative disorder]],[[Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma]], Primary [[autoimmune haemolytic anaemia]], [[Plasma cell leukemia]], [[Reticuloendotheliosis]],[[Sinus histiocytosis]], [[Systemic mastocytosis]], [[Waldenström macroglobulinemia]], [[X-linked agammaglobulinaemia]],[[X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome]], [[WT limb blood syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Chediak-higashi syndrome]], [[Churg-strauss syndrome]], [[Faisalabad histiocytosis]], [[Familial alphalipoprotein deficiency]], [[Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis]], [[Familial histiocytic reticulosis]], [[Griscelli disease]], [[Lipogranulomatosis]], [[Rosai-dorfman disease]], [[Siccardi syndrome]], [[Sphingomyelinase deficiency]], [[Wt limb blood syndrome]], [[X-linked agammaglobulinaemia]], [[X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|'''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Acute lymphatic leukemia]],  [[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia]],  [[Acute lymphocytic leukemia]],  [[Addison's disease]],  [[Adult t cell leukemia]],  [[Apo a-i deficiency]],  [[Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia]],  [[Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type 1]],  [[Caspase-8 deficiency]],  [[Chancroid]],  [[Chronic lymphatic leukemia]],  [[Chronic lymphocytic leukemia]],  [[Churg-strauss syndrome]],  [[Cutaneous t cell lymphoma]],  [[Familial alphalipoprotein deficiency]],  [[Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis]],  [[Familial histiocytic reticulosis]],  [[Hairy cell leukaemia]],  [[Hemoblastosis]],  [[Histiocytosis x]],  [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]],  [[Hyperimmunoglobulinemia d ]] ,  [[Kawasaki disease]],  [[Large granular lymphocyte leukemia]],  [[Lassa fever]],  [[Leukemia]],  [[Macroglobulinemia]],  [[Myeloproliferative disorder]],  [[Non-hodgkin's lymphoma]],  [[Plasma cell leukemia]],  [[Primary autoimmune haemolytic anaemia]],  [[Pseudolymphoma]],  [[Septicaemia]],  [[Siccardi syndrome]],  [[Sinus histiocytosis]],  [[Waldenström macroglobulinemia]],  [[Yersinia pestis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|'''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| '''Bacteria''':
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Bcg vaccine]],  [[Pneumococcal vaccine 13-valent ]] ,  [[Radiotherapy]],  [[Typhoid vaccination]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|'''Infectious Disease'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |'''Bacteria''':
[[Anthrax]], [[Borrelia burgdorferi]], [[Boutonneuse fever]], [[Brucellosis]], [[Cat scratch disease]], [[Congenital tuberculosis]], [[Erysipelas]], [[Granuloma inguinale]], [[Lepromatous leprosy]], [[Listeriosis]], [[Lymphogranuloma venereum]],[[Mastitis]], [[Moraxella catarrhalis]], [[Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare]], [[Mycobacterium chelonei]], [[Pinta]],[[Plague]], [[Rat-bite fever]], [[Rickettsiae]], [[Scrub typhus]], [[Sennetsu fever]], [[Septicaemia]], [[Spotted fevers]],[[Streptococcal tonsillitis]], [[Syphilis]], [[Three-day fever]], [[Tuberculosis]], [[Tularemia]], [[Typhus fever]], [[Vincent's angina]], [[Yaws]], [[Yersinia pestis]]
[[Anthrax]], [[Borrelia burgdorferi]], [[Boutonneuse fever]], [[Brucellosis]], [[Cat scratch disease]], [[Congenital tuberculosis]], [[Erysipelas]], [[Granuloma inguinale]], [[Lepromatous leprosy]], [[Listeriosis]], [[Lymphogranuloma venereum]],[[Mastitis]], [[Moraxella catarrhalis]], [[Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare]], [[Mycobacterium chelonei]], [[Pinta]],[[Plague]], [[Rat-bite fever]], [[Rickettsiae]], [[Scrub typhus]], [[Sennetsu fever]], [[Septicaemia]], [[Spotted fevers]],[[Streptococcal tonsillitis]], [[Syphilis]], [[Three-day fever]], [[Tuberculosis]], [[Tularemia]], [[Typhus fever]], [[Vincent's angina]], [[Yaws]], [[Yersinia pestis]]


Line 77: Line 92:
[[African Sleeping sickness]], [[Chagas' disease]], [[Congenital Toxoplasmosis]], [[Filaria]], [[Lymphatic filariasis]],[[Onchocerciasis]], [[Opisthorchiasis]], [[Paracoccidioidomycosis]], [[Rhabditida Infections]], [[Toxoplasmosis]],[[Trypanosomiasis]], [[Visceral leishmaniasis]] /[[Kala-azar]], [[Wuchereria bancrofti]]
[[African Sleeping sickness]], [[Chagas' disease]], [[Congenital Toxoplasmosis]], [[Filaria]], [[Lymphatic filariasis]],[[Onchocerciasis]], [[Opisthorchiasis]], [[Paracoccidioidomycosis]], [[Rhabditida Infections]], [[Toxoplasmosis]],[[Trypanosomiasis]], [[Visceral leishmaniasis]] /[[Kala-azar]], [[Wuchereria bancrofti]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|'''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Juvenile chronic arthritis]], [[WT limb blood syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Dermatomyositis]],  [[Rhabdomyosarcoma]], [[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|'''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Tang Hsi Ryu syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[African sleeping sickness]],  [[Western equine encephalitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|'''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Apo A-I deficiency]], [[Sphingomyelinase deficiency]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Lipogranulomatosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|'''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Breast cancer]],  [[Lymphogranuloma venereum]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|'''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  [[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia]], [[Acute lymphocytic leukemia]], [[Adult T cell leukemia]], [[Breast cancer]], [[Colorectal cancer]], [[Chronic lymphocytic leukemia]], [[Hemangiopericytoma]], [[Lip cancer]], [[Malignant lymphoma]], [[Melanoma]], [[Metastasis]], [[Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma]], [[Pancoast tumor]], [[Pseudolymphoma]],[[Rhabdomyosarcoma]], [[Stomach cancer]], [[Cutaneous T cell lymphoma]], [[Hairy cell leukaemia]], [[Hodgkin's Lymphoma]],[[Large granular lymphocyte leukemia]], [[Lymphoma]], [[Plasma cell leukemia]], [[Merkel cell carcinoma]], [[Mycosis fungoides]],[[WT limb blood syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Acute lymphatic leukemia]], [[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia]], [[Acute lymphocytic leukemia]], [[Addison's disease]],  [[Adult t cell leukemia]], [[Breast cancer]], [[Chronic lymphatic leukemia]], [[Chronic lymphocytic leukemia]], [[Colorectal cancer]],  [[Cutaneous t cell lymphoma]],  [[Cystic hygroma]], [[Epstein-barr virus]], [[Gamma heavy chain disease]], [[Granuloma inguinale]], [[Hemangiopericytoma]], [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]], [[Inflammatory pseudotumor]], [[Kikuchi's disease]], [[Leukemia]], [[Lip cancer]], [[Lymphangioma]],  [[Lymphoma]],  [[Malignant lymphoma]], [[Melanoma]],  [[Merkel cell carcinoma]], [[Myeloproliferative disorder]],  [[Non-hodgkin's lymphoma]],  [[Pancoast tumor]], [[Plasma cell leukemia]], [[Primary autoimmune haemolytic anaemia]],  [[Pseudolymphoma]],  [[Reticuloendotheliosis]],  [[Rhabdomyosarcoma]], [[Secondary deposits from a local malignancy]], [[Stomach cancer]], [[Systemic mastocytosis]], [[Waldenström macroglobulinemia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|'''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|'''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|'''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|'''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Extrinsic allergic alveolitis]], [[Pneumoconiosis]], [[Sarcoidosis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Congenital tuberculosis]],  [[Extrinsic allergic alveolitis]], [[Histoplasmosis]],  [[Pancoast tumor]],  [[Pneumoconiosis]], [[Tuberculosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|'''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|'''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy]], [[Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome]] type 1, [[Caspase-8 deficiency]], [[Chediak-Higashi syndrome]], [[Churg-Strauss syndrome]], [[Common Variable Immunodeficiency]], [[Extrinsic allergic alveolitis]], [[Griscelli disease]], Primary [[autoimmune haemolytic anaemia]], [[Rheumatoid arthritis]], [[Serum sickness]], [[Siccardi syndrome]], [[Still's Disease]], [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]/[[SLE]], [[Sarcoidosis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Amyloidosis]], [[Extrinsic allergic alveolitis]], [[Hemangiopericytoma]], [[Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis]], [[Hemophagocytic reticulosis]], [[Juvenile chronic arthritis]], [[Rheumatoid arthritis]], [[Rheumatoid disease]], [[Still's disease]], [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|'''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Aids]],  [[Bejel]],  [[Chancroid]],  [[Herpes simplex]],  [[Herpes virus 2]],  [[Hiv-1 disease]],  [[Human immunodeficiency virus]],  [[Secondary syphilis]],  [[Sexually transmitted diseases]],  [[Syphilis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|'''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Snake bite ]] ,  [[Spider bite]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|'''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Granuloma inguinale]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|'''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Tang hsi ryu syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amyloidosis]], [[Aphthous stomatitis]], [[Bejel]], [[Black widow spider envenomation]], [[Cystic hygroma]],[[Gingivostomatitis]], [[Idiopathic]], [[Radiotherapy]], [[Snake bite]] (Viperidae), [[Spider bite]], [[Vaccination]]
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order<ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref><ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X</ref>===
*Common causes of lymphadenopathy, include:<ref name="pmid24753638">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mohseni S, Shojaiefard A, Khorgami Z, Alinejad S, Ghorbani A, Ghafouri A |title=Peripheral lymphadenopathy: approach and diagnostic tools |journal=Iran J Med Sci |volume=39 |issue=2 Suppl |pages=158–70 |year=2014 |pmid=24753638 |pmc=3993046 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="AA">Lymph node enlargment. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph_node Accessed on May 9, 2016</ref>
 
:*'''Infections''' (acute suppurative)
::*[[Fungal]]
::*[[Mycobacterial]]
::*[[Viral]]
::*[[Protozoal]] (e.g. [[Toxoplasmosis|toxoplasma]])
::*[[Bacterial]] (e.g. [[chlamydia]], [[Rickettsia rickettsii infection|rickettsia]], [[bartonella]])
:*'''Reactive'''
::*[[Follicular hyperplasia]]
::*[[Paracortical hyperplasia]]
::*Sinus [[histiocytosis]]
::*[[Granulomatous]]
::*[[Neoplastic]]
::*Drugs (e.g. [[cyclosporin]], [[phenytoin]], [[methotrexate]])
::*[[Lipid storage diseases]]
::*[[IgG4-related sclerosing disease]]
 
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
Various causes in alphabetical order:<ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref><ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X</ref>
{{MultiCol}}
{{MultiCol}}
*[[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia]]
*[[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia]]
Line 151: Line 181:
*[[Adult T cell leukemia]]
*[[Adult T cell leukemia]]


*[[African Sleeping sickness]]<ref name="pmid21901632">{{cite journal |author=Blum JA, Neumayr AL, Hatz CF |title=Human African trypanosomiasis in endemic populations and travellers |journal=Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. |volume=31 |issue=6|pages=905–13 |year=2012 |month=June |pmid=21901632 |doi=10.1007/s10096-011-1403-y |url=}}</ref>
*[[African Sleeping sickness]]<ref name="pmid21901632">{{cite journal |vauthors=Blum JA, Neumayr AL, Hatz CF |title=Human African trypanosomiasis in endemic populations and travellers |journal=Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=905–13 |date=June 2012 |pmid=21901632 |doi=10.1007/s10096-011-1403-y |url=}}</ref>


*[[AIDS]]<ref name="pmid22716315">{{cite journal |author=Beukes CA, Thiart J |title=The incidence of human herpes virus-8 expression in lymph node biopsies from human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients |journal=Histopathology |volume= |issue=|pages= |year=2012 |month=April |pmid=22716315 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2559.2012.04291.x |url=}}</ref>
*[[AIDS]]<ref name="pmid22716315">{{cite journal |vauthors=Beukes CA, Thiart J |title=The incidence of human herpes virus-8 expression in lymph node biopsies from human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients |journal=Histopathology |volume=61 |issue=5 |pages=942–4 |date=November 2012 |pmid=22716315 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2559.2012.04291.x |url=}}</ref>


*[[Amyloidosis]]
*[[Amyloidosis]]


*[[Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy]]<ref name="pmid21821991">{{cite journal |author=Mitsuhashi K, Shiseki M, Ishiyama M, ''et al.'' |title=[Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma with marked polyclonal plasmacytosis in peripheral blood and bone marrow mimicking plasma cell leukemia] |language=Japanese |journal=Rinsho Ketsueki |volume=52 |issue=7 |pages=563–9 |year=2011|month=July |pmid=21821991 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy]]<ref name="pmid21821991">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mitsuhashi K, Shiseki M, Ishiyama M, Kondo T, Kazama H, Yasunami T, Okamura T, Yoshinaga K, Mori N, Teramura M, Masuda A, Motoji T |title=[Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma with marked polyclonal plasmacytosis in peripheral blood and bone marrow mimicking plasma cell leukemia] |language=Japanese |journal=Rinsho Ketsueki |volume=52 |issue=7 |pages=563–9 |date=July 2011 |pmid=21821991 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


*[[Anthrax]]
*[[Anthrax]]
Line 163: Line 193:
*[[Aphthous stomatitis]]
*[[Aphthous stomatitis]]


*[[Apo A-I deficiency]]<ref name="pmid22271127">{{cite journal |author=Simonelli S, Gianazza E, Mombelli G, ''et al.''|title=Severe high-density lipoprotein deficiency associated with autoantibodies against lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase in non-Hodgkin lymphoma |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=172 |issue=2 |pages=179–81 |year=2012 |month=January |pmid=22271127|doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2011.661 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Apo A-I deficiency]]<ref name="pmid22271127">{{cite journal |vauthors=Simonelli S, Gianazza E, Mombelli G, Bondioli A, Ferraro G, Penco S, Sirtori CR, Franceschini G, Calabresi L |title=Severe high-density lipoprotein deficiency associated with autoantibodies against lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase in non-Hodgkin lymphoma |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=172 |issue=2 |pages=179–81 |date=January 2012 |pmid=22271127 |doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2011.661 |url=}}</ref>


*[[Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome]] type 1<ref name="pmid22752343">{{cite journal |author=Simesen de Bielke MG, Yancoski J, Rocco C, ''et al.'' |title=A Missense Mutation in the Extracellular Domain of Fas: The Most Common Change in Argentinean Patients with Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome Represents a Founder Effect |journal=J Clin Immunol |volume= |issue=|pages= |year=2012 |month=July |pmid=22752343 |doi=10.1007/s10875-012-9731-y |url=}}</ref>
*[[Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome]] type 1<ref name="pmid22752343">{{cite journal |vauthors=Simesen de Bielke MG, Yancoski J, Rocco C, Pérez LE, Cantisano C, Pérez N, Oleastro M, Danielian S |title=A missense mutation in the extracellular domain of Fas: the most common change in Argentinean patients with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome represents a founder effect |journal=J. Clin. Immunol. |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=1197–203 |date=December 2012 |pmid=22752343 |doi=10.1007/s10875-012-9731-y |url=}}</ref>


*[[BCG vaccine]]
*[[BCG vaccine]]
Line 175: Line 205:
*[[Borrelia burgdorferi]]
*[[Borrelia burgdorferi]]


*[[Boutonneuse fever]]<ref name="pmid22511280">{{cite journal |author=Schleenvoigt BT, Keller P, Stallmach A, Pletz MW |title=[African tick bite fever--rickettsiosis after holiday in South Africa] |language=German |journal=Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr.|volume=137 |issue=17 |pages=891–3 |year=2012 |month=April |pmid=22511280 |doi=10.1055/s-0032-1304902 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Boutonneuse fever]]<ref name="pmid22511280">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schleenvoigt BT, Keller P, Stallmach A, Pletz MW |title=[African tick bite fever--rickettsiosis after holiday in South Africa] |language=German |journal=Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. |volume=137 |issue=17 |pages=891–3 |date=April 2012 |pmid=22511280 |doi=10.1055/s-0032-1304902 |url=}}</ref>


*[[Breast cancer]]
*[[Breast cancer]]


*[[Brucellosis]]<ref name="pmid22812616">{{cite journal |author=Roushan MR, Amiri MJ |title=Update on Childhood Brucellosis|journal=Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2012 |month=July |pmid=22812616 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Brucellosis]]<ref name="pmid22812616">{{cite journal |vauthors=Roushan MR, Amiri MJ |title=Update on childhood brucellosis |journal=Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=42–6 |date=April 2013 |pmid=22812616 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


*[[Caspase-8 deficiency]]
*[[Caspase-8 deficiency]]


*[[Castleman's disease]]<ref name="pmid22791417">{{cite journal |author=Dispenzieri A, Armitage JO, Loe MJ, ''et al.'' |title=The clinical spectrum of Castleman's disease |journal=Am J Hematol |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2012 |month=June |pmid=22791417|doi=10.1002/ajh.23291 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Castleman's disease]]<ref name="pmid22791417">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dispenzieri A, Armitage JO, Loe MJ, Geyer SM, Allred J, Camoriano JK, Menke DM, Weisenburger DD, Ristow K, Dogan A, Habermann TM |title=The clinical spectrum of Castleman's disease |journal=Am. J. Hematol. |volume=87 |issue=11 |pages=997–1002 |date=November 2012 |pmid=22791417 |pmc=3900496 |doi=10.1002/ajh.23291 |url=}}</ref>


*[[Cat scratch disease]]<ref name="pmid22358366">{{cite journal |author=Chondrogiannis K, Vezakis A, Derpapas M, Melemeni A, Fragulidis G |title=Seronegative cat-scratch disease diagnosed by PCR detection of Bartonella henselae DNA in lymph node samples|journal=Braz J Infect Dis |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=96–9 |year=2012 |pmid=22358366 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Cat scratch disease]]<ref name="pmid22358366">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chondrogiannis K, Vezakis A, Derpapas M, Melemeni A, Fragulidis G |title=Seronegative cat-scratch disease diagnosed by PCR detection of Bartonella henselae DNA in lymph node samples |journal=Braz J Infect Dis |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=96–9 |date=2012 |pmid=22358366 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
*[[Certolizumab pegol]]


*[[Chagas' disease]]
*[[Chagas' disease]]


*[[Chediak-Higashi syndrome]]<ref name="pmid22223973">{{cite journal |author=Reddy RR, Babu BM, Venkateshwaramma B, Hymavathi Ch|title=Silvery hair syndrome in two cousins: Chediak-Higashi syndrome vs Griscelli syndrome, with rare associations |journal=Int J Trichology |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=107–11 |year=2011 |month=July |pmid=22223973 |pmc=3250006 |doi=10.4103/0974-7753.90825|url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22147054">{{cite journal |author=Fantinato GT, Cestari Sda C, Afonso JP, Sousa LS, Enokihara MM|title=Do you know this syndrome? Chediak-Higashi syndrome |journal=An Bras Dermatol |volume=86 |issue=5 |pages=1029 |year=2011|pmid=22147054 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Chediak-Higashi syndrome]]<ref name="pmid22223973">{{cite journal |vauthors=Reddy RR, Babu BM, Venkateshwaramma B, Hymavathi Ch |title=Silvery hair syndrome in two cousins: Chediak-Higashi syndrome vs Griscelli syndrome, with rare associations |journal=Int J Trichology |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=107–11 |date=July 2011 |pmid=22223973 |pmc=3250006 |doi=10.4103/0974-7753.90825 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22147054">{{cite journal |author=Fantinato GT, Cestari Sda C, Afonso JP, Sousa LS, Enokihara MM|title=Do you know this syndrome? Chediak-Higashi syndrome |journal=An Bras Dermatol |volume=86 |issue=5 |pages=1029 |year=2011|pmid=22147054 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


*[[Chronic lymphocytic leukemia]]
*[[Chronic lymphocytic leukemia]]
Line 223: Line 255:
*[[Erysipelas]]
*[[Erysipelas]]


*[[Erythroderma]]<ref name="pmid22768436">{{cite journal |author=Goyal T, Varshney A |title=A rare presentation of erythrodermic mycosis fungoides |journal=Cutis |volume=89 |issue=5 |pages=229–32, 236 |year=2012 |month=May |pmid=22768436 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Erythroderma]]<ref name="pmid22768436">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goyal T, Varshney A |title=A rare presentation of erythrodermic mycosis fungoides |journal=Cutis |volume=89 |issue=5 |pages=229–32, 236 |date=May 2012 |pmid=22768436 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


*[[Extrinsic allergic alveolitis]]
*[[Extrinsic allergic alveolitis]]
Line 231: Line 263:
*[[Familial alphalipoprotein deficiency]]
*[[Familial alphalipoprotein deficiency]]


*[[Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis]]<ref name="pmid9094188">{{cite journal |author=Caballes RL, Caballes-Ponce MG, Kim DU |title=Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHLH) |journal=Pathology |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=92–5 |year=1997 |month=February |pmid=9094188 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis]]<ref name="pmid9094188">{{cite journal |vauthors=Caballes RL, Caballes-Ponce MG, Kim DU |title=Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHLH) |journal=Pathology |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=92–5 |date=February 1997 |pmid=9094188 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


*[[Familial histiocytic reticulosis]]<ref>[http://www.histio.org/site/c.kiKTL4PQLvF/b.1810505/k.F16D/Disease_Information.htmDisease information] at the Histiocytosis Association of America</ref>
*[[Familial histiocytic reticulosis]]<ref>[http://www.histio.org/site/c.kiKTL4PQLvF/b.1810505/k.F16D/Disease_Information.htmDisease information] at the Histiocytosis Association of America</ref>
Line 239: Line 271:
*[[Fungal blastomycosis]]
*[[Fungal blastomycosis]]


*[[Gamma heavy chain disease]]<ref name="pmid22301495">{{cite journal |author=Bieliauskas S, Tubbs RR, Bacon CM, ''et al.''|title=Gamma heavy-chain disease: defining the spectrum of associated lymphoproliferative disorders through analysis of 13 cases|journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=534–43 |year=2012 |month=April |pmid=22301495|doi=10.1097/PAS.0b013e318240590a |url=}}</ref>
*[[Gamma heavy chain disease]]<ref name="pmid22301495">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bieliauskas S, Tubbs RR, Bacon CM, Eshoa C, Foucar K, Gibson SE, Kroft SH, Sohani AR, Swerdlow SH, Cook JR |title=Gamma heavy-chain disease: defining the spectrum of associated lymphoproliferative disorders through analysis of 13 cases |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=534–43 |date=April 2012 |pmid=22301495 |pmc=3715127 |doi=10.1097/PAS.0b013e318240590a |url=}}</ref>


*[[German Measles]]
*[[German Measles]]
Line 247: Line 279:
*[[Granuloma inguinale]]
*[[Granuloma inguinale]]


*[[Griscelli disease]]<ref name="pmid22223973">{{cite journal |author=Reddy RR, Babu BM, Venkateshwaramma B, Hymavathi Ch|title=Silvery hair syndrome in two cousins: Chediak-Higashi syndrome vs Griscelli syndrome, with rare associations |journal=Int J Trichology |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=107–11 |year=2011 |month=July |pmid=22223973 |pmc=3250006 |doi=10.4103/0974-7753.90825|url=}}</ref>
*[[Griscelli disease]]<ref name="pmid22223973">{{cite journal |vauthors=Reddy RR, Babu BM, Venkateshwaramma B, Hymavathi Ch |title=Silvery hair syndrome in two cousins: Chediak-Higashi syndrome vs Griscelli syndrome, with rare associations |journal=Int J Trichology |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=107–11 |date=July 2011 |pmid=22223973 |pmc=3250006 |doi=10.4103/0974-7753.90825 |url=}}</ref>


*[[Hairy cell leukaemia]]
*[[Hairy cell leukaemia]]
Line 253: Line 285:
{{ColBreak}}
{{ColBreak}}


*[[Hemangiopericytoma]]<ref name="pmid21345688">{{cite journal |author=Vilendecic M, Grahovac G, Lambasa S, Jelec V, Topic I |title=Unrecognized hemangiopericytoma of posterior cervical region with intracranial extension |journal=J Craniomaxillofac Surg |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=e51–3 |year=2012 |month=February |pmid=21345688 |doi=10.1016/j.jcms.2011.01.019 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Hemangiopericytoma]]<ref name="pmid21345688">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vilendecic M, Grahovac G, Lambasa S, Jelec V, Topic I |title=Unrecognized hemangiopericytoma of posterior cervical region with intracranial extension |journal=J Craniomaxillofac Surg |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=e51–3 |date=February 2012 |pmid=21345688 |doi=10.1016/j.jcms.2011.01.019 |url=}}</ref>


*Hemoblastosis<ref name="pmid18494289">{{cite journal |author=Pospelova TI, Koptev VD, Volkova II, Loseva MI, Ageeva TA, Soldatova GS |title=[The stage of portal blood flow in patients with hemoblastosis combined with chronic hepatitis] |language=Russian |journal=Klin Med (Mosk) |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=55–8 |year=2008 |pmid=18494289 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Hemoblastosis<ref name="pmid18494289">{{cite journal |author=Pospelova TI, Koptev VD, Volkova II, Loseva MI, Ageeva TA, Soldatova GS |title=[The stage of portal blood flow in patients with hemoblastosis combined with chronic hepatitis] |language=Russian |journal=Klin Med (Mosk) |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=55–8 |year=2008 |pmid=18494289 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
Line 265: Line 297:
*[[Herpes simplex]]
*[[Herpes simplex]]


*[[Histiocytosis X]]<ref name="pmid22835048">{{cite journal |author=Edelbroek JR, Vermeer MH, Jansen PM, ''et al.'' |title=Langerhans cell histiocytosis first presenting in the skin in adults: frequent association with a second hematological malignancy |journal=Br J Dermatol |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2012 |month=July |pmid=22835048 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11169.x |url=}}</ref>
*[[Histiocytosis X]]<ref name="pmid22835048">{{cite journal |vauthors=Edelbroek JR, Vermeer MH, Jansen PM, Stoof TJ, van der Linden MM, Horváth B, van Baarlen J, Willemze R |title=Langerhans cell histiocytosis first presenting in the skin in adults: frequent association with a second haematological malignancy |journal=Br. J. Dermatol. |volume=167 |issue=6 |pages=1287–94 |date=December 2012 |pmid=22835048 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11169.x |url=}}</ref>


*[[Histoplasmosis]]
*[[Histoplasmosis]]
Line 307: Line 339:
*[[Lymphatic filariasis]]
*[[Lymphatic filariasis]]


*[[Lymphogranuloma venereum]]<ref name="pmid22783058">{{cite journal |author=Gallegos M, Bradly D, Jakate S, Keshavarzian A |title=Lymphogranuloma venereum proctosigmoiditis is a mimicker of inflammatory bowel disease |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=18 |issue=25 |pages=3317–21 |year=2012 |month=July |pmid=22783058 |pmc=3391771 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v18.i25.3317 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Lymphogranuloma venereum]]<ref name="pmid22783058">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gallegos M, Bradly D, Jakate S, Keshavarzian A |title=Lymphogranuloma venereum proctosigmoiditis is a mimicker of inflammatory bowel disease |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=18 |issue=25 |pages=3317–21 |date=July 2012 |pmid=22783058 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v18.i25.3317 |url=}}</ref>


*[[Lymphoma]]
*[[Lymphoma]]


*[[Macroglobulinemia]]<ref name="pmid22773606">{{cite journal |author=Braggio E, Philipsborn C, Novak A, Hodge L, Ansell S, Fonseca R |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia |journal=Haematologica |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2012 |month=July |pmid=22773606 |doi=10.3324/haematol.2012.068478 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Macroglobulinemia]]<ref name="pmid22773606">{{cite journal |vauthors=Braggio E, Philipsborn C, Novak A, Hodge L, Ansell S, Fonseca R |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia |journal=Haematologica |volume=97 |issue=9 |pages=1281–90 |date=September 2012 |pmid=22773606 |pmc=3436227 |doi=10.3324/haematol.2012.068478 |url=}}</ref>


*[[Malignant lymphoma]]
*[[Malignant lymphoma]]
Line 333: Line 365:
*[[Mumps]]
*[[Mumps]]


*[[Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare]]<ref name="pmid22833551">{{cite journal |author=Do PC, Nussbaum E, Moua J, Chin T, Randhawa I |title=Clinical significance of respiratory isolates for Mycobacterium abscessus complex from pediatric patients |journal=Pediatr Pulmonol |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2012 |month=July |pmid=22833551 |doi=10.1002/ppul.22638 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare]]<ref name="pmid22833551">{{cite journal |vauthors=Do PC, Nussbaum E, Moua J, Chin T, Randhawa I |title=Clinical significance of respiratory isolates for Mycobacterium abscessus complex from pediatric patients |journal=Pediatr. Pulmonol. |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=470–80 |date=May 2013 |pmid=22833551 |doi=10.1002/ppul.22638 |url=}}</ref>


*[[Mycobacterium chelonae]]
*[[Mycobacterium chelonae]]
Line 405: Line 437:
*[[Siccardi syndrome]]
*[[Siccardi syndrome]]


*[[Sinus histiocytosis]]<ref name="pmid11835335">{{cite journal |author=Pulsoni A, Anghel G, Falcucci P, ''et al.'' |title=Treatment of sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai-Dorfman disease): report of a case and literature review |journal=Am. J. Hematol. |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=67–71 |year=2002 |month=January |pmid=11835335 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Sinus histiocytosis]]<ref name="pmid11835335">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pulsoni A, Anghel G, Falcucci P, Matera R, Pescarmona E, Ribersani M, Villivà N, Mandelli F |title=Treatment of sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai-Dorfman disease): report of a case and literature review |journal=Am. J. Hematol. |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=67–71 |date=January 2002 |pmid=11835335 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
*[[SLE]]
*[[SLE]]


Line 435: Line 466:
*[[Systemic mastocytosis]]
*[[Systemic mastocytosis]]


*[[Tang Hsi Ryu syndrome]]<ref name="pmid6663309">{{cite journal |author=Tang LM, Hsi MS, Ryu SJ, Minauchi Y |title=Syndrome of polyneuropathy, skin hyperpigmentation, oedema and hepatosplenomegaly |journal=J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. |volume=46 |issue=12 |pages=1108–14 |year=1983 |month=December |pmid=6663309 |pmc=491776 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Tang Hsi Ryu syndrome]]<ref name="pmid6663309">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tang LM, Hsi MS, Ryu SJ, Minauchi Y |title=Syndrome of polyneuropathy, skin hyperpigmentation, oedema and hepatosplenomegaly |journal=J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry |volume=46 |issue=12 |pages=1108–14 |date=December 1983 |pmid=6663309 |pmc=491776 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


*[[Three-day fever]]<ref name="pmid20304745">{{cite journal |author=Ongrádi J, Kövesdi V, Medveczky GP |title=[Human herpesvirus 6] |language=Hungarian |journal=Orv Hetil |volume=151 |issue=13 |pages=523–32 |year=2010 |month=March |pmid=20304745 |doi=10.1556/OH.2010.28848 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Three-day fever]]<ref name="pmid20304745">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ongrádi J, Kövesdi V, Medveczky GP |title=[Human herpesvirus 6] |language=Hungarian |journal=Orv Hetil |volume=151 |issue=13 |pages=523–32 |date=March 2010 |pmid=20304745 |doi=10.1556/OH.2010.28848 |url=}}</ref>


*[[Tiagabine]]
*[[Tiagabine]]
Line 480: Line 511:


===Bihilar Lymphadenopathy===
===Bihilar Lymphadenopathy===
The causes can divide into the four commonest:
*[[Tuberculosis]]
*[[Sarcoidosis]]
*[[Lymphoma]]
*Other malignancies


Less common causes include:
*The common causes can divide into the following:
*[[Churg-Strauss syndrome]]
**[[Tuberculosis]]
*[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus]]
**[[Sarcoidosis]]
*[[Extrinsic allergic alveolitis]]
**[[Lymphoma]]
*[[Pneumoconiosis]]
**Other malignancies
 
*Less common causes include:
**[[Churg-Strauss syndrome]]
**[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus]]
**[[Extrinsic allergic alveolitis]]
**[[Pneumoconiosis]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:primary care]]
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
 
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Dermatology]]
[[Category:Dermatology]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Hematology]]
[[Category:Hematology]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Physical examination]]
[[Category:Physical examination]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 05:14, 9 December 2021

Lymphadenopathy Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Amandeep Singh M.D.[2]Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [3]Delband Yekta Moazami, M.D.[4] Ogechukwu Hannah Nnabude, MD

Overview

The most common causes of lymphadenopathy include infections, cancers, and connective tissue disorders. The enlargement of the lymph nodes may be of infectious, bacterial, malignant, protozoan origin and may also be caused by live vaccines. Viral infections such as Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus cause infectious mononucleosis. Yersinia pestis causes swelling of the lymph node so large that it can be seen under the skin, which causes the bubonic plague. These lymph nodes can become necrotic and are called buboes. Cat-scratch disease, cutaneous anthrax, and tuberculous lymphadenitis are other bacterial infections. African sleeping sickness, Chagas' disease, and toxoplasmosis are protozoal infections. Neoplastic causes of lymphadenopathy are primary and secondary. Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma give lymphadenopathy in all or a few lymph nodes. Secondary: metastasis, Virchow's Node, neuroblastoma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Autoimmune causes include systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis may have generalized lymphadenopathy.

Causes

Common Causes

Common causes of lymphadenopathy may include:

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Apo a-i deficiency
Chemical/Poisoning Anthrax, Black widow spider venom, Zinc
Dental Lip cancer
Dermatologic Aphthous stomatitis, Asymmetric periflexural exanthem , Dermatomyositis, Erysipelas, Erythroderma, Gingivostomatitis, Infantile papular acrodermatitis, Leprosy, Mastitis, Measles, Melanoma, Mumps, Sarcoidosis, Spotted fevers, Yaws
Drug Side Effect Allopurinol, Atenolol, Bcg vaccine, Captopril, Carbamazepine, Cephalosporins, Certolizumab pegol, Hydralazine, Infliximab, Oxaprozin, Penicillin, Penicillium marneffei, Phenytoin, Pinta, Pneumococcal vaccine 13-valent  , Primidone, Pyrimethamine, Quinidine, Sulfonamides, Sulindac, Tiagabine, Typhoid vaccination
Ear Nose Throat Aphthous stomatitis, Kikuchi's disease, Lymphangioma, Lymphangitis, Lymphatic filariasis, Lymphoma, Malignant lymphoma, Mesenteric adenitis, Sinus histiocytosis, Streptococcal pharyngitis, Vincent's angina
Endocrine Castleman's disease, Chediak-higashi syndrome, Hyperthyroidism
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Brucellosis, Colorectal cancer, Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, Stomach cancer, Whipple's disease
Genetic Chediak-higashi syndrome, Churg-strauss syndrome, Faisalabad histiocytosis, Familial alphalipoprotein deficiency, Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, Familial histiocytic reticulosis, Griscelli disease, Lipogranulomatosis, Rosai-dorfman disease, Siccardi syndrome, Sphingomyelinase deficiency, Wt limb blood syndrome, X-linked agammaglobulinaemia, X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome
Hematologic Acute lymphatic leukemia, Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Acute lymphocytic leukemia, Addison's disease, Adult t cell leukemia, Apo a-i deficiency, Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type 1, Caspase-8 deficiency, Chancroid, Chronic lymphatic leukemia, Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Churg-strauss syndrome, Cutaneous t cell lymphoma, Familial alphalipoprotein deficiency, Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, Familial histiocytic reticulosis, Hairy cell leukaemia, Hemoblastosis, Histiocytosis x, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hyperimmunoglobulinemia d , Kawasaki disease, Large granular lymphocyte leukemia, Lassa fever, Leukemia, Macroglobulinemia, Myeloproliferative disorder, Non-hodgkin's lymphoma, Plasma cell leukemia, Primary autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, Pseudolymphoma, Septicaemia, Siccardi syndrome, Sinus histiocytosis, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, Yersinia pestis
Iatrogenic Bcg vaccine, Pneumococcal vaccine 13-valent  , Radiotherapy, Typhoid vaccination
Infectious Disease Bacteria:

Anthrax, Borrelia burgdorferi, Boutonneuse fever, Brucellosis, Cat scratch disease, Congenital tuberculosis, Erysipelas, Granuloma inguinale, Lepromatous leprosy, Listeriosis, Lymphogranuloma venereum,Mastitis, Moraxella catarrhalis, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, Mycobacterium chelonei, Pinta,Plague, Rat-bite fever, Rickettsiae, Scrub typhus, Sennetsu fever, Septicaemia, Spotted fevers,Streptococcal tonsillitis, Syphilis, Three-day fever, Tuberculosis, Tularemia, Typhus fever, Vincent's angina, Yaws, Yersinia pestis

Virus:

AIDS, Cowpox, Coxsackie virus, Cytomegalovirus infection, Dengue, German Measles/Rubella, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Herpes simplex, Infectious mononucleosis, Influenza, Lassa fever, Measles, Mumps,Smallpox, Varicella, Western equine encephalitis

Fungal:

Coccidioidomycosis, Blastomycosis, Histoplasmosis, Sporotrichosis

Parasitic:

African Sleeping sickness, Chagas' disease, Congenital Toxoplasmosis, Filaria, Lymphatic filariasis,Onchocerciasis, Opisthorchiasis, Paracoccidioidomycosis, Rhabditida Infections, Toxoplasmosis,Trypanosomiasis, Visceral leishmaniasis /Kala-azar, Wuchereria bancrofti

Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic Dermatomyositis, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Rheumatoid arthritis
Neurologic African sleeping sickness, Western equine encephalitis
Nutritional/Metabolic Lipogranulomatosis
Obstetric/Gynecologic Breast cancer, Lymphogranuloma venereum
Oncologic Acute lymphatic leukemia, Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Acute lymphocytic leukemia, Addison's disease, Adult t cell leukemia, Breast cancer, Chronic lymphatic leukemia, Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Colorectal cancer, Cutaneous t cell lymphoma, Cystic hygroma, Epstein-barr virus, Gamma heavy chain disease, Granuloma inguinale, Hemangiopericytoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Inflammatory pseudotumor, Kikuchi's disease, Leukemia, Lip cancer, Lymphangioma, Lymphoma, Malignant lymphoma, Melanoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, Myeloproliferative disorder, Non-hodgkin's lymphoma, Pancoast tumor, Plasma cell leukemia, Primary autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, Pseudolymphoma, Reticuloendotheliosis, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Secondary deposits from a local malignancy, Stomach cancer, Systemic mastocytosis, Waldenström macroglobulinemia
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Congenital tuberculosis, Extrinsic allergic alveolitis, Histoplasmosis, Pancoast tumor, Pneumoconiosis, Tuberculosis
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Amyloidosis, Extrinsic allergic alveolitis, Hemangiopericytoma, Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic reticulosis, Juvenile chronic arthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Rheumatoid disease, Still's disease, Systemic lupus erythematosus
Sexual Aids, Bejel, Chancroid, Herpes simplex, Herpes virus 2, Hiv-1 disease, Human immunodeficiency virus, Secondary syphilis, Sexually transmitted diseases, Syphilis
Trauma Snake bite , Spider bite
Urologic Granuloma inguinale
Miscellaneous Tang hsi ryu syndrome
  • Common causes of lymphadenopathy, include:[3][4]
  • Infections (acute suppurative)
  • Reactive

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Various causes in alphabetical order:[5][6]


Bihilar Lymphadenopathy

References

  1. ↑ Chris Jennings (1993). "Understanding and Preventing AIDS: A Book for Everyone".
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Status and anamnesis, Anders Albinsson. Page 12
  3. ↑ Mohseni S, Shojaiefard A, Khorgami Z, Alinejad S, Ghorbani A, Ghafouri A (2014). "Peripheral lymphadenopathy: approach and diagnostic tools". Iran J Med Sci. 39 (2 Suppl): 158–70. PMC 3993046. PMID 24753638.
  4. ↑ Lymph node enlargment. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph_node Accessed on May 9, 2016
  5. ↑ Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016
  6. ↑ Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X
  7. ↑ Blum JA, Neumayr AL, Hatz CF (June 2012). "Human African trypanosomiasis in endemic populations and travellers". Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 31 (6): 905–13. doi:10.1007/s10096-011-1403-y. PMID 21901632.
  8. ↑ Beukes CA, Thiart J (November 2012). "The incidence of human herpes virus-8 expression in lymph node biopsies from human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients". Histopathology. 61 (5): 942–4. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2012.04291.x. PMID 22716315.
  9. ↑ Mitsuhashi K, Shiseki M, Ishiyama M, Kondo T, Kazama H, Yasunami T, Okamura T, Yoshinaga K, Mori N, Teramura M, Masuda A, Motoji T (July 2011). "[Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma with marked polyclonal plasmacytosis in peripheral blood and bone marrow mimicking plasma cell leukemia]". Rinsho Ketsueki (in Japanese). 52 (7): 563–9. PMID 21821991.
  10. ↑ Simonelli S, Gianazza E, Mombelli G, Bondioli A, Ferraro G, Penco S, Sirtori CR, Franceschini G, Calabresi L (January 2012). "Severe high-density lipoprotein deficiency associated with autoantibodies against lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase in non-Hodgkin lymphoma". Arch. Intern. Med. 172 (2): 179–81. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.661. PMID 22271127.
  11. ↑ Simesen de Bielke MG, Yancoski J, Rocco C, Pérez LE, Cantisano C, Pérez N, Oleastro M, Danielian S (December 2012). "A missense mutation in the extracellular domain of Fas: the most common change in Argentinean patients with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome represents a founder effect". J. Clin. Immunol. 32 (6): 1197–203. doi:10.1007/s10875-012-9731-y. PMID 22752343.
  12. ↑ Schleenvoigt BT, Keller P, Stallmach A, Pletz MW (April 2012). "[African tick bite fever--rickettsiosis after holiday in South Africa]". Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. (in German). 137 (17): 891–3. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1304902. PMID 22511280.
  13. ↑ Roushan MR, Amiri MJ (April 2013). "Update on childhood brucellosis". Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov. 8 (1): 42–6. PMID 22812616.
  14. ↑ Dispenzieri A, Armitage JO, Loe MJ, Geyer SM, Allred J, Camoriano JK, Menke DM, Weisenburger DD, Ristow K, Dogan A, Habermann TM (November 2012). "The clinical spectrum of Castleman's disease". Am. J. Hematol. 87 (11): 997–1002. doi:10.1002/ajh.23291. PMC 3900496. PMID 22791417.
  15. ↑ Chondrogiannis K, Vezakis A, Derpapas M, Melemeni A, Fragulidis G (2012). "Seronegative cat-scratch disease diagnosed by PCR detection of Bartonella henselae DNA in lymph node samples". Braz J Infect Dis. 16 (1): 96–9. PMID 22358366.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Reddy RR, Babu BM, Venkateshwaramma B, Hymavathi C (July 2011). "Silvery hair syndrome in two cousins: Chediak-Higashi syndrome vs Griscelli syndrome, with rare associations". Int J Trichology. 3 (2): 107–11. doi:10.4103/0974-7753.90825. PMC 3250006. PMID 22223973. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
  17. ↑ Fantinato GT, Cestari Sda C, Afonso JP, Sousa LS, Enokihara MM (2011). "Do you know this syndrome? Chediak-Higashi syndrome". An Bras Dermatol. 86 (5): 1029. PMID 22147054.
  18. ↑ Warnatz K, Voll RE (2012). "Pathogenesis of autoimmunity in common variable immunodeficiency". Front Immunol. 3: 210. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00210. PMC 3399211. PMID 22826712.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Goyal T, Varshney A (May 2012). "A rare presentation of erythrodermic mycosis fungoides". Cutis. 89 (5): 229–32, 236. PMID 22768436.
  20. ↑ Caballes RL, Caballes-Ponce MG, Kim DU (February 1997). "Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHLH)". Pathology. 29 (1): 92–5. PMID 9094188.
  21. ↑ information at the Histiocytosis Association of America
  22. ↑ Bieliauskas S, Tubbs RR, Bacon CM, Eshoa C, Foucar K, Gibson SE, Kroft SH, Sohani AR, Swerdlow SH, Cook JR (April 2012). "Gamma heavy-chain disease: defining the spectrum of associated lymphoproliferative disorders through analysis of 13 cases". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 36 (4): 534–43. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e318240590a. PMC 3715127. PMID 22301495.
  23. ↑ Vilendecic M, Grahovac G, Lambasa S, Jelec V, Topic I (February 2012). "Unrecognized hemangiopericytoma of posterior cervical region with intracranial extension". J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 40 (2): e51–3. doi:10.1016/j.jcms.2011.01.019. PMID 21345688.
  24. ↑ Pospelova TI, Koptev VD, Volkova II, Loseva MI, Ageeva TA, Soldatova GS (2008). "[The stage of portal blood flow in patients with hemoblastosis combined with chronic hepatitis]". Klin Med (Mosk) (in Russian). 86 (4): 55–8. PMID 18494289.
  25. ↑ Edelbroek JR, Vermeer MH, Jansen PM, Stoof TJ, van der Linden MM, Horváth B, van Baarlen J, Willemze R (December 2012). "Langerhans cell histiocytosis first presenting in the skin in adults: frequent association with a second haematological malignancy". Br. J. Dermatol. 167 (6): 1287–94. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11169.x. PMID 22835048.
  26. ↑ Bennett L. Listeria monocytogenes. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2009:chap 207
  27. ↑ Gallegos M, Bradly D, Jakate S, Keshavarzian A (July 2012). "Lymphogranuloma venereum proctosigmoiditis is a mimicker of inflammatory bowel disease". World J. Gastroenterol. 18 (25): 3317–21. doi:10.3748/wjg.v18.i25.3317. PMID 22783058.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Braggio E, Philipsborn C, Novak A, Hodge L, Ansell S, Fonseca R (September 2012). "Molecular pathogenesis of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia". Haematologica. 97 (9): 1281–90. doi:10.3324/haematol.2012.068478. PMC 3436227. PMID 22773606.
  29. ↑ Do PC, Nussbaum E, Moua J, Chin T, Randhawa I (May 2013). "Clinical significance of respiratory isolates for Mycobacterium abscessus complex from pediatric patients". Pediatr. Pulmonol. 48 (5): 470–80. doi:10.1002/ppul.22638. PMID 22833551.
  30. ↑ Pulsoni A, Anghel G, Falcucci P, Matera R, Pescarmona E, Ribersani M, Villivà N, Mandelli F (January 2002). "Treatment of sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai-Dorfman disease): report of a case and literature review". Am. J. Hematol. 69 (1): 67–71. PMID 11835335.
  31. ↑ NP-C Guidelines Working Group, Wraith JE, Baumgartner MR, Bembi B, Covanis A, Levade T, Mengel E, et al. Recommendations on the diagnosis and management of Niemann-Pick disease type C. Mol Genet Metab. 2009;98:152-165
  32. ↑ Tang LM, Hsi MS, Ryu SJ, Minauchi Y (December 1983). "Syndrome of polyneuropathy, skin hyperpigmentation, oedema and hepatosplenomegaly". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 46 (12): 1108–14. PMC 491776. PMID 6663309.
  33. ↑ Ongrádi J, Kövesdi V, Medveczky GP (March 2010). "[Human herpesvirus 6]". Orv Hetil (in Hungarian). 151 (13): 523–32. doi:10.1556/OH.2010.28848. PMID 20304745.

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