Dyspnea differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Dyspnea}}
{{Dyspnea}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{EG}}


==Differential Diagnosis==
==Differential Diagnosis==
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* [[Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea]] - sudden, severe shortness of breath at night that awakens a person from sleep, often with coughing and wheezing.
* [[Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea]] - sudden, severe shortness of breath at night that awakens a person from sleep, often with coughing and wheezing.


== Shortness of breath/Dyspnea==
== Differentiating Shortness of Breath or Dyspnea from other Diseases==
{| class="wikitable"
* The underlying causes of dyspnea are classified as [[acute]] causes and [[chronic]] causes based on the disease course. Different causes of dyspnea include [[pulmonary]] ([[Upper airway|upper]] and [[Lower respiratory|lower airway]]), [[cardiovascular]], [[central nervous system]], [[toxic]] and [[metabolic]], and [[systemic]] diseases.
'''Diseases that cause shortness of breath have to be differentiated upon the following table'''<ref name="GagginJanuzzi20132">{{cite journal|last1=Gaggin|first1=Hanna K.|last2=Januzzi|first2=James L.|title=Biomarkers and diagnostics in heart failure|journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease|volume=1832|issue=12|year=2013|pages=2442–2450|issn=09254439|doi=10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.12.014}}</ref><ref name="pmid12481882">{{cite journal |vauthors=van Steijn JH, Sleijfer DT, van der Graaf WT, van der Sluis A, Nieboer P |title=How to diagnose cardiac tamponade |journal=Neth J Med |volume=60 |issue=8 |pages=334–8 |year=2002 |pmid=12481882 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="MartindaleNoble2013">{{cite journal|last1=Martindale|first1=Jennifer L.|last2=Noble|first2=Vicki E.|last3=Liteplo|first3=Andrew|title=Diagnosing pulmonary edema|journal=European Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=20|issue=5|year=2013|pages=356–360|issn=0969-9546|doi=10.1097/MEJ.0b013e32835c2b88}}</ref><ref name="pmid15489354">{{cite journal| author=Debiasi RL, Tyler KL| title=Molecular methods for diagnosis of viral encephalitis. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 2004 | volume= 17 | issue= 4 | pages= 903-25, table of contents | pmid=15489354 | doi=10.1128/CMR.17.4.903-925.2004 | pmc=523566 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15489354  }}</ref><ref name="pmid18710551">{{cite journal| author=Lane TR, Williamson WJ, Brostoff JM| title=Carbon monoxide poisoning in a patient with carbon dioxide retention: a therapeutic challenge. | journal=Cases J | year= 2008 | volume= 1 | issue= 1 | pages= 102 | pmid=18710551 | doi=10.1186/1757-1626-1-102 | pmc=2533003 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18710551  }}</ref><ref name="CantinBankier2009">{{cite journal|last1=Cantin|first1=Luce|last2=Bankier|first2=Alexander A.|last3=Eisenberg|first3=Ronald L.|title=Bronchiectasis|journal=American Journal of Roentgenology|volume=193|issue=3|year=2009|pages=W158–W171|issn=0361-803X|doi=10.2214/AJR.09.3053}}</ref><ref name="pmid2060395">{{cite journal |vauthors=Baughman RP, Shipley RT, Loudon RG, Lower EE |title=Crackles in interstitial lung disease. Comparison of sarcoidosis and fibrosing alveolitis |journal=Chest |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=96–101 |year=1991 |pmid=2060395 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23562737">{{cite journal |vauthors=Holbro A, Lehmann T, Girsberger S, Stern M, Gambazzi F, Lardinois D, Heim D, Passweg JR, Tichelli A, Bubendorf L, Savic S, Hostettler K, Grendelmeier P, Halter JP, Tamm M |title=Lung histology predicts outcome of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation |journal=Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=973–80 |year=2013 |pmid=23562737 |doi=10.1016/j.bbmt.2013.03.017 |url=}}</ref><ref name="ZieglerRovedder2009">{{cite journal|last1=Ziegler|first1=Bruna|last2=Rovedder|first2=Paula Maria Eidt|last3=Dalcin|first3=Paulo de Tarso Roth|last4=Menna-Barreto|first4=Sérgio Saldanha|title=Padrões ventilatórios na espirometria em pacientes adolescentes e adultos com fibrose cística|journal=Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia|volume=35|issue=9|year=2009|pages=854–859|issn=1806-3713|doi=10.1590/S1806-37132009000900006}}</ref><ref name="BalDas2014">{{cite journal|last1=Bal|first1=Amanjit|last2=Das|first2=Ashim|last3=Gupta|first3=Dheeraj|last4=Garg|first4=Mandeep|title=Goodpasture’s Syndrome and p-ANCA Associated Vasculitis in a Patient of Silicosiderosis: An Unusual Association|journal=Case Reports in Pulmonology|volume=2014|year=2014|pages=1–7|issn=2090-6846|doi=10.1155/2014/398238}}</ref><ref name="pmid23236323">{{cite journal| author=Jung HO| title=Pericardial effusion and pericardiocentesis: role of echocardiography. | journal=Korean Circ J | year= 2012 | volume= 42 | issue= 11 | pages= 725-34 | pmid=23236323 | doi=10.4070/kcj.2012.42.11.725 | pmc=3518705 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23236323  }}</ref><ref name="pmid28098068">{{cite journal| author=Berliner D, Schneider N, Welte T, Bauersachs J| title=The Differential Diagnosis of Dyspnea. | journal=Dtsch Arztebl Int | year= 2016 | volume= 113 | issue= 49 | pages= 834-845 | pmid=28098068 | doi=10.3238/arztebl.2016.0834 | pmc=5247680 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28098068  }} </ref>
 
<small>'''''Abbreviations:''''' '''ABG ('''[[arterial blood gas]]'''); ACE ('''[[Angiotensin-converting enzyme|angiotensin converting enzyme]]'''); BMI ('''[[body mass index]]'''); CBC ('''[[Complete blood counts|complete blood count]]'''); CSF ('''[[cerebrospinal fluid]]'''); CXR ('''[[chest X-ray]]'''); ECG ('''[[electrocardiogram]]'''); FEF ('''[[Spirometry|forced expiratory flow rate]]'''); FEV1 ('''[[forced expiratory volume]]'''); FVC ('''[[forced vital capacity]]'''); JVD ('''[[jugular vein distention]]''');''' '''MCV ('''[[mean corpuscular volume]]'''); Plt ('''[[platelet]]'''); RV ('''[[residual volume]]'''); SIADH ('''[[syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone]]'''); TSH ('''[[thyroid stimulating hormone]]'''); Vt ('''[[tidal volume]]''');''' '''WBC ('''[[White blood cells|white blood cell]]''');'''</small>
<small><small><small>
{|  
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" rowspan="3" |Organ system
! colspan="3" rowspan="3" |Organ system
! rowspan="3" |Diseases
! rowspan="3" |Diseases
! colspan="12" |Clinical manifestations
! colspan="11" |Clinical manifestations
! colspan="6" rowspan="2" |Diagnosis
! colspan="5" rowspan="2" |Diagnosis
! rowspan="3" |Other features
! rowspan="3" |Other features
|-
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
! colspan="6" |Symptoms
! colspan="6" |Symptoms
! colspan="6" |Physical exam
! colspan="5" |Physical exam
|-
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
!Loss of consciousness
!Loss of consciousness
!Agitation
!Agitation
Line 33: Line 39:
!JVD
!JVD
!Peripheral edema
!Peripheral edema
!Tenderness
!Auscultation
!Auscultation
!CBC
!CBC
!ESR
!ABG
!ABG
!Imaging
!Imaging
!PFT
!Spirometry
!Gold standard
!Gold standard
|-
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
! rowspan="32" |Acute Dyspnea
! rowspan="32" |Acute Dyspnea
! rowspan="17" |Respiratory system
! rowspan="17" |[[Respiratory system]]
! rowspan="7" |Head and Neck,
! rowspan="7" |[[Head]] and [[Neck]],
 
Upper [[airway]]
Upper airway
![[Angioedema]]
!Angioedema
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |++
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Generalized edema]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Anaphylaxis]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!Anaphylaxis
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Scattered [[wheezing]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Vital sign]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Type 1 hypersensitivity]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Aspiration]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!Aspiration
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Diminished [[breath sounds]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Atelectasis]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Bronchoscopy]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Choking]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Croup]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!Croup
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Stridor]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Steeple sign]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Barking cough]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Epiglottitis]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!Epiglottitis
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Stridor]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Thumbprint sign|Thumb sign]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Laryngoscopy]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Drooling]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Rhinosinusitis]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!Rhinosinusitis
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Sinus]] [[inflammation]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Headache]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Vocal cord paralysis|Vocal cord dysfunction]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Stridor]]
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!Vocal cord dysfunction
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FVC]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Laryngoscopy]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Choking]] sensation
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
! rowspan="10" |[[Chest]] and [[Pleurae|Pleura]],
!
Lower [[airway]]
!
![[Asthma attack]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]]
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[Eosinophil]]
! rowspan="10" |Chest and Pleura,
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory alkalosis]]
Lower airway
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!Asthma attack
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]] and
!
[[Spirometry]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Chest pain]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Bronchitis]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhonchi]] 
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!Bronchitis
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhonchi]] relieved by [[Dextromethorphan|cough]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Bronchospasm]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]]
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Allergic reaction]]
!Bronchospasm
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Bronchiolitis]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]] and [[Crackles]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Bronchovascular markings
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Clinical]] assessment
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory syncytial virus|Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
|-
![[COPD exacerbation resident survival guide|COPD exacerbation]]
!Bronchiolitis
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]], [[Rhonchi]], and [[Crackles]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]], ↑[[RBC]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory alkalosis]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Hyperexpansion
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Clinical]] assessment
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Chronic bronchitis|Acute '''exacerbations''' of chronic bronchitis (AECB)]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Lung carcinoma]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!COPD exacerbation
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]] and [[Crackles]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Mass lesion, [[hilar lymphadenopathy]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Bronchoscopy]] 
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone|SIADH]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Pneumonia]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!Lung carcinoma
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]], [[Rhonchi]], and [[Crackles]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]], [[neutrophilia]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Consolidation (medicine)|Lobar consolidation]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Chest X-ray]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[productive cough]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Pneumothorax]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!Pneumonia
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Diminished [[breath sounds]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Radiolucency without [[lung]] marking
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Computed tomography|Chest CT scan]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Tracheal deviation]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Pulmonary embolism]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!Pneumothorax
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory alkalosis]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Lung|Pulmonary]] [[CT angiography]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pleuritic chest pain]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Rib fractures]] ([[flail chest]])
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!Pulmonary embolism
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory acidosis]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Broken [[rib]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Chest X-ray]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pneumothorax]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
! colspan="2" rowspan="5" |[[Cardiovascular system]]
!
![[Acute myocardial ischemia]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!Rib fractures (flail chest)
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and T (cTnT)|Cardiac troponin I]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Nausea and vomiting]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Acute heart failure]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[S4|S]]3
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory alkalosis]]
! colspan="2" rowspan="5" |Cardiovascular system
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[Cardiothoracic ratio]]
!Acute myocardial ischemia
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[B-type natriuretic peptide|B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)]] and [[N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide|N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP)]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Excessive sweating]], [[high blood pressure]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Pericardial tamponade]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muffled heart sounds]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Water bottle appearance [[Cardiomegaly|enlarged heart]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Echocardiography]]
!Acute heart failure
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Fluid accumulation in [[pericardium]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Tachyarrhythmia]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |High [[pulse rate]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[ECG]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Palpitation]]
|-
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!Pericardial tamponade
![[Pulmonary edema]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Basal [[Crackles|crackle]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory alkalosis]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Bat wing pattern, air bronchograms
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Lung]] [[ultrasound]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Tachypnea]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |[[Central nervous system]]
|-
![[Stroke]]
!Tachyarrhythmia
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Intracranial hemorrhage|Intracranial infarct or hemorrhage]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Brain]] [[MRI]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Paralysis]] or [[Paresthesias|paresthesia]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Encephalitis]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!Pulmonary edema
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]], [[neutrophilia]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[CSF]] [[PCR]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Confusion]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Traumatic brain injury]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Central nervous system
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!Stroke
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory acidosis]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Intracerebral hemorrhage]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Ct scan|Brain CT scan]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Lucid interval]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |[[Toxic]]/[[Metabolic]]
!
![[Organophosphate poisoning]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!Encephalitis
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Blood test]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Salivation]], [[Lacrimation]],  [[Emesis]], [[Miosis]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Salicylate poisoning]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!Traumatic brain injury
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Metabolic acidosis]], [[Respiratory alkalosis]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Blood test]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Vomiting]], [[Tinnitus]], [[Confusion]], [[Hyperthermia]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Toxic/Metabolic
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]]
!Organophosphate poisoning
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Carboxyhemoglobin]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Carboxyhemoglobin|Carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO)]] level
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Headache]], [[Dizziness]], [[Weakness]], [[Vomiting]], [[Confusion]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Scattered [[wheeze]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Metabolic acidosis]]
!Salicylate poisoning
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Blood test]] ([[acidosis]], [[hyperglycemia]], [[ketonemia]])
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Vomiting]], [[Abdominal pain]], [[Weakness]], [[Confusion]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |[[Systemic]]
!
![[Panic attack]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!Carbon monoxide poisoning
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Clinical]] assessment
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anxiety|Severe anxiety]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Pregnancy]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]], [[RBC]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Human chorionic gonadotropin|βhCG]]
!Diabetic ketoacidosis
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Hyperemesis gravidarum|Hyperemesis]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Sepsis]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]], [[neutrophilia]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[SIRS|SIRS criteria]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Chills]], [[Confusion]]
|-
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Systemic
!Panic attack
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!Pregnancy
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!Sepsis
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
! colspan="3" rowspan="3" |Organ system
! colspan="3" rowspan="3" |Organ system
! rowspan="3" |Diseases
! rowspan="3" |Diseases
! colspan="12" |Clinical manifestations
! colspan="11" |Clinical manifestations
! colspan="6" rowspan="2" |Diagnosis
! colspan="5" rowspan="2" |Diagnosis
! rowspan="3" |Other features
! rowspan="3" |Other features
|-
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
! colspan="6" |Symptoms
! colspan="6" |Symptoms
! colspan="6" |Physical exam
! colspan="5" |Physical exam
|-
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
!Loss of consciousness
!Loss of consciousness
!Agitation
!Agitation
Line 744: Line 684:
!JVD
!JVD
!Peripheral edema
!Peripheral edema
!Tenderness
!Auscultation
!Auscultation
!CBC
!CBC
!ESR
!ABG
!ABG
!Imaging
!Imaging
!PFT
!Spirometry
!Gold standard
!Gold standard
|-
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
! rowspan="41" |Chronic Dyspnea
! rowspan="41" |Chronic Dyspnea
! rowspan="18" |Respiratory system
! rowspan="18" |[[Respiratory system]]
! rowspan="4" |Head and Neck,
! rowspan="4" |[[Head]] and [[Neck]],
 
Upper [[airway]]
![[Goiter]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Blood test]] ([[TSH]], [[T4]])
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Weight gain]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Laryngeal cancer|Laryngeal adenocarcinoma]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Stridor]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Retropharyngeal space|Retropharyngeal tissue]] thickness
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Laryngoscopy]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Choking]] sensation
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Vocal cord paralysis]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Stridor]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pharyngeal constrictor|Pharyngeal constrictor muscles]] thinning, [[uvular]] deviation
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Laryngoscopy]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Choking]] sensation
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
![[Tracheal stenosis]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Stridor]], [[Stertorous]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Soft tissue]] thickening internal to normal-appearing [[Trachea|tracheal cartilage]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Bronchoscopy]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory distress]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
! rowspan="14" |[[Chest]] and [[Pleura]],
Lower [[airway]]
![[Bronchial asthma]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[Eosinophil]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory alkalosis]], [[Metabolic acidosis]]
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pulmonary]] hyperinflation,


Upper airway
[[Bronchial]] wall thickening
!Goiter
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Spirometry]] before and after [[bronchodilator]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Paroxysmal [[respiratory distress]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Bronchiectasis]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhonchi]], [[Wheezing]], [[Crackles]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]], [[neutrophilia]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Bronchiectasis chest x ray|Tram-track opacities]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Computed tomography|High resolution computed tomography (HRCT)]]
!Laryngeal adenocarcinoma
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Productive cough|Chronic productive cough]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[COPD]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze|Expiratory wheeze]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[RBC]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory alkalosis]], [[Metabolic acidosis]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ Bronchovascular markings, [[Cardiomegaly]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]] and
!
[[Spirometry]]
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Heavy smoking]] history
!Vocal cord Paralysis
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Emphysema]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze|Expiratory wheeze]], Hyperinflation
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory alkalosis]], [[Metabolic acidosis]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Flattening of [[diaphragm]], vertical [[heart]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]] and
!
[[Spirometry]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Barrel chest]]
|-
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!Tracheal stenosis
![[Pulmonary hypertension]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Accentuated [[S2]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Hypoxia]] and [[acidosis]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Enlarged [[Pulmonary arteries|'''pulmonary''' arteries]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[Physiologic]] [[Residual volume|RV]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Cardiac catheterization]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Syncope]],
!
!
|-
! rowspan="14" |Chest and Pleura,


Lower airway
[[Ascites]], [[Pleural effusion]]
!Bronchial asthma
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Interstitial lung disease]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhonchi]], [[Wheezing]], [[Crackles]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Peripheral [[pulmonary]] infiltrative opacification
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Computed tomography|High resolution computed tomography (HRCT)]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pneumoconiosis]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
|-
![[Sarcoidosis]]
!Bronchiectasis
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Crackles]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Hilar lymphadenopathy|Hilar adenopathy]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Computed tomography|High resolution computed tomography (HRCT)]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Hypercalcemia]], high [[Angiotensin-converting enzyme|ACE]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Alveolitis]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!COPD
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Basal [[Crackles|crackle]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]], [[neutrophilia]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | Basal reticulonodular opacification  
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Computed tomography|High resolution computed tomography (HRCT)]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Dry cough]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Bronchiolitis obliterans]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!Emphysema
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze|Expiratory wheeze]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Hyperinflation,  Reticulonodular opacities
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Biopsy|Lung biopsy]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Complication of [[Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation|allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Cystic fibrosis]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!Pulmonary hypertension
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhonchi]], [[Wheezing]], [[Crackles]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Metabolic alkalosis]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Thick-walled [[bronchiectasis]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[Forced expiratory volume|FEF<sub>75%</sub>]]/[[FVC]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Sweat test]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Congenital absence of the vas deferens|Absent vas deferens]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Pleural effusion]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!Interstitial lung disease
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Egophony|Egophony ("E-to-A" change)]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Blunting of the [[Costophrenic angle|costophrenic]] and cardiophrenic angle
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pleural effusion causes|Light's criteria]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tactile fremitus]],  Asymmetrical [[chest expansion]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Pulmonary shunt|Pulmonary right-to-left shunt]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!Sarcoidosis
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Diminished [[breath sounds]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]], [[Respiratory acidosis]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
!
([[physiological]])
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[CT angiography|Pulmonary CT angiography]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Chronic [[hypoxemia]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Phrenic nerve paralysis|Phrenic nerve palsy]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!Alveolitis
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Unilateral or bilateral [[Diaphragmatic dysfunction|diaphragmatic flattening]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
!
([[anatomical]])
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[CXR]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Respiratory insufficiency]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Tuberculosis]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhonchi]], [[Wheezing]], [[Crackles]]
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
!Bronchiolitis obliterans
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Patchy [[Consolidation (medicine)|consolidation]] or poorly defined linear and nodular [[Opacity|opacities]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Restrictive Lung Disease|Restrictive]], [[Obstructive lung disease|obstructive]], or mixed
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Interferon-γ release assays|IFN-γ release assay (IGRA)]]
!
 
!
[[Acid fast|Acid-fast staining]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Night sweat]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
! colspan="2" rowspan="7" |[[Cardiovascular system]]
!
![[Constrictive pericarditis]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muffled heart sounds]]
!Cystic fibrosis
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Calcification|Calcifications]] 
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Computed tomography|Chest CT scan]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Syncope]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Restrictive cardiomyopathy]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!Pleural effusion
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Dilatation of the [[inferior vena cava]] and [[right atrium]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Right ventricular]] [[biopsy]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Weight gain]],
!
 
!
[[Nausea]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Valvular heart disease]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Cardiac murmur]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!Pulmonary right-to-left shunt
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Dilatation of [[Heart chamber|heart chambers]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Echocardiography]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Syncope]], [[Palpitation]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Bradyarrhythmia]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!Phrenic nerve palsy
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[ECG]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Syncope]], [[Palpitation]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Pericardial effusion]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muffled heart sounds]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Fluid density around the [[heart]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[M-mode echo: principles and classic findings|M-mode]] and [[Doppler echocardiography|2-dimensional Doppler echocardiography]]
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Hoarseness]], [[Palpitation]]
!Tuberculosis
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Coronary heart disease]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and T (cTnT)|Cardiac troponin I]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Nausea]], [[Lightheadedness]], [[Sweating]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
|-
![[Ventricular septal defect|Intracardiac shunt]]
! colspan="2" rowspan="7" |Cardiovascular system
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!Constrictive pericarditis
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Cardiac murmur|Cardiac continuous murmur]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Dilatation of [[Heart chamber|heart chambers]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Echocardiography]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Syncope]], [[Palpitation]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |[[Neuromuscular disease]]
!
![[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!Restrictive cardiomyopathy
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Revised El Escorial criteria (clinical)
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muscle weakness]], [[Dysphagia]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Polymyositis]]/[[dermatomyositis]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!Valvular heart disease
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muscle biopsy]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muscle weakness]], [[Dermatomyositis physical examination|Heliotrope]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Mitochondrial disease|Mitochondrial diseases]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!Bradyarrhythmia
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[WBC]], [[Platelet|Plt]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muscle biopsy]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Myalgia|Muscle pain]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[McArdle disease|Glycolytic enzyme defects (e.g., McArdle)]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!Pericardial effusion
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Muscle biopsy]] (ragged red fibers)
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Myoglobinuria]],
!
 
!
[[Muscle weakness]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Toxic]]/[[Metabolic]]
!
![[Metabolic acidosis]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!Coronary heart disease
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Metabolic acidosis]], [[Respiratory alkalosis]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Arterial blood gas|ABG]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Confusion]], [[Vomiting]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Renal failure]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!Intracardiac shunt
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[RBC]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Metabolic acidosis]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Creatinine|Cr]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Nausea]], [[Vomiting]], [[Oliguria]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
! colspan="2" rowspan="6" |[[Systemic]]
!
![[Anemia]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Neuromuscular disease
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[RBC]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Hemoglobin|HGB]], [[MCV]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Weakness]], [[Fatigue]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Anxiety]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!Polymyositis/dermatomyositis
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Psychological|Psychological interview]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Sweating]], [[Palpitation]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Ascites]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Peritoneal fluid accumulation
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
!Mitochondrial diseases
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Medical ultrasonography|Abdominal ultrasound]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Abdominal distention]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Depression]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Psychological|Psychological interview]]
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Depressed mood]], [[Fatigue]]
!Glycolytic enzyme defects (e.g., McArdle)
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Kyphoscoliosis]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheeze]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Deviated [[vertebral column]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
!
([[anatomical]])
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[X ray|Standing lateral spine radiograph]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Low back pain]]
|-
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Toxic/Metabolic
![[Obesity]]
!Metabolic acidosis
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
!
([[anatomical]])
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Body mass index|BMI]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Low [[stamina]],
!
[[Sweating]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |[[Autoimmune]]
!Renal failure
![[Churg-Strauss syndrome]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Scattered [[wheezing]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Areas of [[parenchymal]] opacification
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Biopsy]] 
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Fatigue]],[[Numbness]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Microscopic polyangiitis]]
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
! colspan="2" rowspan="6" |Systemic
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!Anemia
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Scattered [[wheezing]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑[[WBC]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Tidal volume|Vt]], ↑[[Residual volume|RV]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Histological]] confirmation
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Skin lesions]], [[Nerve damage]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+/-
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!Anxiety
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Wheezing]], [[Crackles]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[RBC]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓[[Oxygen|O2]], ↑[[CO2]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Cavitate [[nodules]], ground-glass opacity
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[FEV1]]/[[FVC]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Biopsy]] demonstrating a [[granulomatous]] [[vasculitis]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rhinosinusitis|Chronic rhinosinusitis]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
![[Goodpasture disease|Goodpasture's disease]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |+
!Ascites
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | Bilateral coarse [[crepitations]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓ [[RBC]], [[Hemoglobin|HGB]], [[Hematocrit|HCT]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | Like [[Pulmonary edema chest x ray|pulmonary edema]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Kidney]] [[biopsy]]
!
! style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Hematuria]],
!
[[Hemoptysis]]
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!Depression
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!Kyphoscoliosis
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!Obesity
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Autoimmune
!Churge-Strauss
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!Microscopic polyangiitis
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!Wegener's granulomatosis
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!Goodpasture's disease
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|}
|}
</small></small></small>


==References==
==References==
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{{WH}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
{{WS}}
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:primary care]]

Latest revision as of 21:31, 29 July 2020

Dyspnea Microchapters

Patient Information

Overview

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Dyspnea from other Diseases

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]

Differential Diagnosis

  • Air hunger - the sensation of an urgent need to breathe, sensation that you cannot take in a full breath
  • Tachypnea - breathing rapidly
  • Bradypnea - breathing slowly
  • Eupnea - normal unlabored breathing
  • Orthopnea - dyspnea that occurs with lying flat
  • Trepopnea - an abnormal awareness of one's own breathing that is seen in one lateral position but not in the other
  • Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - sudden, severe shortness of breath at night that awakens a person from sleep, often with coughing and wheezing.

 Differentiating Shortness of Breath or Dyspnea from other Diseases

Diseases that cause shortness of breath have to be differentiated upon the following table[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]

Abbreviations: ABG (arterial blood gas); ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme); BMI (body mass index); CBC (complete blood count); CSF (cerebrospinal fluid); CXR (chest X-ray); ECG (electrocardiogram); FEF (forced expiratory flow rate); FEV1 (forced expiratory volume); FVC (forced vital capacity); JVD (jugular vein distention); MCV (mean corpuscular volume); Plt (platelet); RV (residual volume); SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone); TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone); Vt (tidal volume); WBC (white blood cell);

Organ system Diseases Clinical manifestations Diagnosis Other features
Symptoms Physical exam
Loss of consciousness Agitation Weight loss Fever Chest pain Cough Cyanosis Clubbing JVD Peripheral edema Auscultation CBC ABG Imaging Spirometry Gold standard
Acute Dyspnea Respiratory system Head and Neck,

Upper airway

Angioedema - - - - - +/- - +/- - ++ Normal Normal O2, ↑CO2 Normal Vt, ↑RV Physical exam Generalized edema
Anaphylaxis + + - +/- - - +/- - - - Scattered wheezing Normal Normal Normal Vt, ↑RV Vital sign Type 1 hypersensitivity
Aspiration - + - - +/- + + - - - Diminished breath sounds Normal Normal Atelectasis Vt, ↑RV Bronchoscopy Choking
Croup - + - +/- - + + - - - Stridor WBC Normal Steeple sign Normal Physical exam Barking cough
Epiglottitis - + - + - + - - - - Stridor WBC Normal Thumb sign Normal Laryngoscopy Drooling
Rhinosinusitis - - - + - +/- - - - - Normal WBC Normal Sinus inflammation Normal Physical exam Headache
Vocal cord dysfunction - - - - - +/- - - - - Stridor Normal Normal Normal FVC Laryngoscopy Choking sensation
Chest and Pleura,

Lower airway

Asthma attack - + - - +/- + + - - - Wheeze Eosinophil Respiratory alkalosis Normal FEV1/FVC Physical exam and

Spirometry

Chest pain
Bronchitis - - - + + + - - - - Rhonchi  WBC Normal Normal Normal Physical exam Rhonchi relieved by cough
Bronchospasm +/- + - - + +/- + - - - Wheeze Normal O2, ↑CO2 Normal Vt, ↑RV Physical exam Allergic reaction
Bronchiolitis - - - + +/- + - - - - Wheeze and Crackles WBC Normal Bronchovascular markings Vt Clinical assessment Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
COPD exacerbation - + - + + + + - - - Wheeze, Rhonchi, and Crackles WBC, ↑RBC Respiratory alkalosis Hyperexpansion FEV1/FVC Clinical assessment Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB)
Lung carcinoma - - + - - + + + - - Wheeze and Crackles Normal Normal Mass lesion, hilar lymphadenopathy Vt, ↑RV Bronchoscopy  SIADH
Pneumonia - - - + + + - - - - Wheeze, Rhonchi, and Crackles WBC, neutrophilia Normal Lobar consolidation Normal Chest X-ray productive cough
Pneumothorax - - - - + - - - +/- - Diminished breath sounds Normal O2, ↑CO2 Radiolucency without lung marking Vt Chest CT scan Tracheal deviation
Pulmonary embolism - - - - + - - - - - Normal Normal Respiratory alkalosis Normal Normal Pulmonary CT angiography Pleuritic chest pain
Rib fractures (flail chest) - + - - + - - - - - Normal Normal Respiratory acidosis Broken rib Normal Chest X-ray Pneumothorax
Cardiovascular system Acute myocardial ischemia +/- + - +/- + - - - - - Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Cardiac troponin I Nausea and vomiting
Acute heart failure +/- + - - +/- + + - + + S3 Normal Respiratory alkalosis Cardiothoracic ratio Vt B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP) Excessive sweating, high blood pressure
Pericardial tamponade +/- - - - + - - - + - Muffled heart sounds Normal Normal Water bottle appearance enlarged heart Normal Echocardiography Fluid accumulation in pericardium
Tachyarrhythmia - + - - +/- - - - - - High pulse rate Normal Normal Normal Normal ECG Palpitation
Pulmonary edema +/- + - + + + + + + + Basal crackle Normal Respiratory alkalosis Bat wing pattern, air bronchograms Vt, ↑RV Lung ultrasound Tachypnea
Central nervous system Stroke + - - +/- - - - - - - Normal Normal Normal Intracranial infarct or hemorrhage Normal Brain MRI Paralysis or paresthesia
Encephalitis + + - + - - - - - - Normal WBC, neutrophilia Normal Normal Normal CSF PCR Confusion
Traumatic brain injury + +/- - - - - - - - - Normal Normal Respiratory acidosis Intracerebral hemorrhage Normal Brain CT scan Lucid interval
Toxic/Metabolic Organophosphate poisoning + - - + - - - - - - Wheeze Normal O2, ↑CO2 Normal Normal Blood test Salivation, Lacrimation, Emesis, Miosis
Salicylate poisoning + - - - - - + - - - Normal Normal Metabolic acidosis, Respiratory alkalosis Normal Normal Blood test Vomiting, Tinnitus, Confusion, Hyperthermia
Carbon monoxide poisoning + - - - + + + - - - Wheeze Carboxyhemoglobin O2, ↑CO2 Normal Vt, ↑RV Carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) level Headache, Dizziness, Weakness, Vomiting, Confusion
Diabetic ketoacidosis + +/- - - - - - - - - Scattered wheeze WBC Metabolic acidosis Normal Normal Blood test (acidosis, hyperglycemia, ketonemia) Vomiting, Abdominal pain, Weakness, Confusion
Systemic Panic attack +/- + - - - - - - - - Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Clinical assessment Severe anxiety
Pregnancy - - - - +/- - - - - + Normal WBC, RBC O2, ↑CO2 Normal Vt, ↑RV βhCG Hyperemesis
Sepsis +/- - - + - - - - - - Normal WBC, neutrophilia O2, ↑CO2 Normal Normal SIRS criteria Chills, Confusion
Organ system Diseases Clinical manifestations Diagnosis Other features
Symptoms Physical exam
Loss of consciousness Agitation Weight loss Fever Chest pain Cough Cyanosis Clubbing JVD Peripheral edema Auscultation CBC ABG Imaging Spirometry Gold standard
Chronic Dyspnea Respiratory system Head and Neck,

Upper airway

Goiter - - - - - - - - - + Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Blood test (TSH, T4) Weight gain
Laryngeal adenocarcinoma - - + - - +/- - - - - Stridor Normal O2, ↑CO2 Retropharyngeal tissue thickness Normal Laryngoscopy Choking sensation
Vocal cord paralysis - - - - - +/- - - - - Stridor Normal Normal Pharyngeal constrictor muscles thinning, uvular deviation Normal Laryngoscopy Choking sensation
Tracheal stenosis - - - - +/- +/- + + - - Stridor, Stertorous Normal O2, ↑CO2 Soft tissue thickening internal to normal-appearing tracheal cartilage Normal Bronchoscopy Respiratory distress
Chest and Pleura,

Lower airway

Bronchial asthma - + +/- - +/- + + + - - Wheeze Eosinophil Respiratory alkalosis, Metabolic acidosis Pulmonary hyperinflation,

Bronchial wall thickening

FEV1/FVC Spirometry before and after bronchodilator Paroxysmal respiratory distress
Bronchiectasis - - - + + + + + - - Rhonchi, Wheezing, Crackles WBC, neutrophilia O2, ↑CO2 Tram-track opacities FEV1/FVC High resolution computed tomography (HRCT) Chronic productive cough
COPD - - +/- - - + + + + +/- Expiratory wheeze RBC Respiratory alkalosis, Metabolic acidosis ↑ Bronchovascular markings, Cardiomegaly FEV1/FVC Physical exam and

Spirometry

Heavy smoking history
Emphysema - - - - - +/- + + - - Expiratory wheeze, Hyperinflation Normal Respiratory alkalosis, Metabolic acidosis Flattening of diaphragm, vertical heart FEV1/FVC Physical exam and

Spirometry

Barrel chest
Pulmonary hypertension - - - - +/- +/- +/- +/- + + Accentuated S2 Normal Hypoxia and acidosis Enlarged pulmonary arteries Physiologic RV Cardiac catheterization Syncope,

Ascites, Pleural effusion

Interstitial lung disease - - - - + + + + - - Rhonchi, Wheezing, Crackles Normal O2, ↑CO2 Peripheral pulmonary infiltrative opacification FEV1/FVC High resolution computed tomography (HRCT) Pneumoconiosis
Sarcoidosis - - +/- - +/- + + - - - Crackles Normal O2, ↑CO2 Hilar adenopathy FEV1/FVC High resolution computed tomography (HRCT) Hypercalcemia, high ACE
Alveolitis - - - + + + - - - - Basal crackle WBC, neutrophilia Normal  Basal reticulonodular opacification   FEV1/FVC High resolution computed tomography (HRCT) Dry cough
Bronchiolitis obliterans - - - + + + + + - - Expiratory wheeze WBC O2, ↑CO2 Hyperinflation, Reticulonodular opacities FEV1/FVC Lung biopsy Complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Cystic fibrosis - - + + - +/- + + - - Rhonchi, Wheezing, Crackles Normal Metabolic alkalosis Thick-walled bronchiectasis FEF75%/FVC Sweat test Absent vas deferens
Pleural effusion - +/- + - + - - - +/- +/- Egophony ("E-to-A" change) Normal Normal Blunting of the costophrenic and cardiophrenic angle Vt, ↑RV Light's criteria Tactile fremitus, Asymmetrical chest expansion
Pulmonary right-to-left shunt - - - - +/- + + + - - Diminished breath sounds Normal O2, ↑CO2, Respiratory acidosis Normal Vt, ↑RV

(physiological)

Pulmonary CT angiography Chronic hypoxemia
Phrenic nerve palsy - - - +/- +/- +/- - - - - Normal Normal Normal Unilateral or bilateral diaphragmatic flattening Vt, ↑RV

(anatomical)

CXR Respiratory insufficiency
Tuberculosis - - + + + + +/- - - - Rhonchi, Wheezing, Crackles WBC O2, ↑CO2 Patchy consolidation or poorly defined linear and nodular opacities Restrictive, obstructive, or mixed IFN-γ release assay (IGRA)

Acid-fast staining

Night sweat
Cardiovascular system Constrictive pericarditis - - - - + - - - + - Muffled heart sounds Normal Normal Calcifications  Normal Chest CT scan Syncope
Restrictive cardiomyopathy - - - - + - - - - +/- Normal Normal Normal Dilatation of the inferior vena cava and right atrium Normal Right ventricular biopsy Weight gain,

Nausea

Valvular heart disease - - - - + - - - - - Cardiac murmur Normal Normal Dilatation of heart chambers Normal Echocardiography Syncope, Palpitation
Bradyarrhythmia - - - - - - - - - - Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal ECG Syncope, Palpitation
Pericardial effusion - - - +/- + + - - + - Muffled heart sounds Normal Normal Fluid density around the heart Normal M-mode and 2-dimensional Doppler echocardiography Hoarseness, Palpitation
Coronary heart disease - +/- - - + - - - - - Normal Normal O2 Normal Normal Cardiac troponin I Nausea, Lightheadedness, Sweating
Intracardiac shunt - - - - +/- - + + - - Cardiac continuous murmur Normal O2 Dilatation of heart chambers Normal Echocardiography Syncope, Palpitation
Neuromuscular disease Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis +/- - +/- - - - - - - - Normal WBC Normal Normal Vt, ↑RV Revised El Escorial criteria (clinical) Muscle weakness, Dysphagia
Polymyositis/dermatomyositis - - +/- - + - - - - +/- Normal WBC Normal Normal Vt, ↑RV Muscle biopsy Muscle weakness, Heliotrope
Mitochondrial diseases - - +/- - - - - - - - Wheeze WBC, Plt Normal Normal Vt, ↑RV Muscle biopsy Muscle pain
Glycolytic enzyme defects (e.g., McArdle) +/- - - - - - - - - +/- Normal Normal Normal Normal Vt, ↑RV Muscle biopsy (ragged red fibers) Myoglobinuria,

Muscle weakness

Toxic/Metabolic Metabolic acidosis - - + - - - - - - - Normal Normal Metabolic acidosis, Respiratory alkalosis Normal Normal ABG Confusion, Vomiting
Renal failure - - + - - - - - - + Normal RBC Metabolic acidosis Normal Normal Cr Nausea, Vomiting, Oliguria
Systemic Anemia - - + - - - - - - - Normal RBC O2 Normal Normal HGB, MCV Weakness, Fatigue
Anxiety + + + - +/- +/- - - - - Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Psychological interview Sweating, Palpitation
Ascites - - - - - - - - - - Normal Normal Normal Peritoneal fluid accumulation Vt, ↑RV Abdominal ultrasound Abdominal distention
Depression - + + - - - - - - - Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Psychological interview Depressed mood, Fatigue
Kyphoscoliosis - - - - - - - - - - Wheeze Normal Normal Deviated vertebral column Vt, ↑RV

(anatomical)

Standing lateral spine radiograph Low back pain
Obesity - - - - - - - - - - Normal Normal O2 Normal Vt, ↑RV

(anatomical)

BMI Low stamina,

Sweating

Autoimmune Churg-Strauss syndrome - - - - - + - - - - Scattered wheezing Normal Normal Areas of parenchymal opacification Vt, ↑RV Biopsy  Fatigue,Numbness
Microscopic polyangiitis - - +/- + + - - - - +/- Scattered wheezing WBC O2, ↑CO2 Normal Vt, ↑RV Histological confirmation Skin lesions, Nerve damage
Wegener's granulomatosis - - +/- - - + - - - - Wheezing, Crackles RBC O2, ↑CO2 Cavitate nodules, ground-glass opacity FEV1/FVC Biopsy demonstrating a granulomatous vasculitis Chronic rhinosinusitis
Goodpasture's disease - - - - - + - - - -  Bilateral coarse crepitations RBC, HGB, HCT Normal  Like pulmonary edema Normal Kidney biopsy Hematuria,

Hemoptysis

References

  1. Gaggin, Hanna K.; Januzzi, James L. (2013). "Biomarkers and diagnostics in heart failure". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease. 1832 (12): 2442–2450. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.12.014. ISSN 0925-4439.
  2. van Steijn JH, Sleijfer DT, van der Graaf WT, van der Sluis A, Nieboer P (2002). "How to diagnose cardiac tamponade". Neth J Med. 60 (8): 334–8. PMID 12481882.
  3. Martindale, Jennifer L.; Noble, Vicki E.; Liteplo, Andrew (2013). "Diagnosing pulmonary edema". European Journal of Emergency Medicine. 20 (5): 356–360. doi:10.1097/MEJ.0b013e32835c2b88. ISSN 0969-9546.
  4. Debiasi RL, Tyler KL (2004). "Molecular methods for diagnosis of viral encephalitis". Clin Microbiol Rev. 17 (4): 903–25, table of contents. doi:10.1128/CMR.17.4.903-925.2004. PMC 523566. PMID 15489354.
  5. Lane TR, Williamson WJ, Brostoff JM (2008). "Carbon monoxide poisoning in a patient with carbon dioxide retention: a therapeutic challenge". Cases J. 1 (1): 102. doi:10.1186/1757-1626-1-102. PMC 2533003. PMID 18710551.
  6. Cantin, Luce; Bankier, Alexander A.; Eisenberg, Ronald L. (2009). "Bronchiectasis". American Journal of Roentgenology. 193 (3): W158–W171. doi:10.2214/AJR.09.3053. ISSN 0361-803X.
  7. Baughman RP, Shipley RT, Loudon RG, Lower EE (1991). "Crackles in interstitial lung disease. Comparison of sarcoidosis and fibrosing alveolitis". Chest. 100 (1): 96–101. PMID 2060395.
  8. Holbro A, Lehmann T, Girsberger S, Stern M, Gambazzi F, Lardinois D, Heim D, Passweg JR, Tichelli A, Bubendorf L, Savic S, Hostettler K, Grendelmeier P, Halter JP, Tamm M (2013). "Lung histology predicts outcome of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation". Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. 19 (6): 973–80. doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2013.03.017. PMID 23562737.
  9. Ziegler, Bruna; Rovedder, Paula Maria Eidt; Dalcin, Paulo de Tarso Roth; Menna-Barreto, Sérgio Saldanha (2009). "Padrões ventilatórios na espirometria em pacientes adolescentes e adultos com fibrose cística". Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia. 35 (9): 854–859. doi:10.1590/S1806-37132009000900006. ISSN 1806-3713.
  10. Bal, Amanjit; Das, Ashim; Gupta, Dheeraj; Garg, Mandeep (2014). "Goodpasture's Syndrome and p-ANCA Associated Vasculitis in a Patient of Silicosiderosis: An Unusual Association". Case Reports in Pulmonology. 2014: 1–7. doi:10.1155/2014/398238. ISSN 2090-6846.
  11. Jung HO (2012). "Pericardial effusion and pericardiocentesis: role of echocardiography". Korean Circ J. 42 (11): 725–34. doi:10.4070/kcj.2012.42.11.725. PMC 3518705. PMID 23236323.
  12. Berliner D, Schneider N, Welte T, Bauersachs J (2016). "The Differential Diagnosis of Dyspnea". Dtsch Arztebl Int. 113 (49): 834–845. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2016.0834. PMC 5247680. PMID 28098068.

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