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{{For|carbon tetrachloride, with formula CCl4|Carbon tetrachloride}}
{{For|carbon tetrachloride, with formula CCl4|Carbon tetrachloride}}
{{Infobox_gene}}
{{Infobox_gene}}
'''Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4''', also known as '''CCL4''', is a [[protein]] which in humans is encoded by the ''CCL4'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid1972563">{{cite journal | vauthors = Irving SG, Zipfel PF, Balke J, McBride OW, Morton CC, Burd PR, Siebenlist U, Kelly K | title = Two inflammatory mediator cytokine genes are closely linked and variably amplified on chromosome 17q | journal = Nucleic Acids Res. | volume = 18 | issue = 11 | pages = 3261–70 |date=June 1990 | pmid = 1972563 | pmc = 330932 | doi = 10.1093/nar/18.11.3261 | url =  }}</ref>
'''Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4''', also known as '''CCL4''', is a [[protein]] which in humans is encoded by the ''CCL4'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid1972563">{{cite journal | vauthors = Irving SG, Zipfel PF, Balke J, McBride OW, Morton CC, Burd PR, Siebenlist U, Kelly K | title = Two inflammatory mediator cytokine genes are closely linked and variably amplified on chromosome 17q | journal = Nucleic Acids Research | volume = 18 | issue = 11 | pages = 3261–70 | date = June 1990 | pmid = 1972563 | pmc = 330932 | doi = 10.1093/nar/18.11.3261 }}</ref>


== Function ==
== Function ==


CCL4, also known as [[Macrophage inflammatory protein]]-1β (MIP-1β) is a [[Chemokine#CC chemokines|CC chemokine]] with specificity for [[CCR5]] receptors. It is a [[chemoattractant]] for [[natural killer cells]], [[monocyte]]s and a variety of other immune cells.<ref name="pmid11702067">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bystry RS, Aluvihare V, Welch KA, Kallikourdis M, Betz AG | title = B cells and professional APCs recruit regulatory T cells via CCL4 | journal = Nat. Immunol. | volume = 2 | issue = 12 | pages = 1126–32 |date=December 2001 | pmid = 11702067 | doi = 10.1038/ni735 | url =  }}</ref>
CCL4, also known as [[Macrophage inflammatory protein]]-1β (MIP-1β) is a [[Chemokine#CC chemokines|CC chemokine]] with specificity for [[CCR5]] receptors. It is a [[chemoattractant]] for [[natural killer cells]], [[monocyte]]s and a variety of other immune cells.<ref name="pmid11702067">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bystry RS, Aluvihare V, Welch KA, Kallikourdis M, Betz AG | title = B cells and professional APCs recruit regulatory T cells via CCL4 | journal = Nature Immunology | volume = 2 | issue = 12 | pages = 1126–32 | date = December 2001 | pmid = 11702067 | doi = 10.1038/ni735 }}</ref>


CCL4 is a major HIV-suppressive factor produced by CD8+ T cells.<ref name="pmid8525373">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cocchi F, DeVico AL, Garzino-Demo A, Arya SK, Gallo RC, Lusso P | title = Identification of RANTES, MIP-1 alpha, and MIP-1 beta as the major HIV-suppressive factors produced by CD8+ T cells | journal = Science | volume = 270 | issue = 5243 | pages = 1811–5 |date=December 1995 | pmid = 8525373 | doi = 10.1126/science.270.5243.1811| url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8525373 }}</ref>
CCL4 is a major HIV-suppressive factor produced by CD8+ T cells.<ref name="pmid8525373">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cocchi F, DeVico AL, Garzino-Demo A, Arya SK, Gallo RC, Lusso P | title = Identification of RANTES, MIP-1 alpha, and MIP-1 beta as the major HIV-suppressive factors produced by CD8+ T cells | journal = Science | volume = 270 | issue = 5243 | pages = 1811–5 | date = December 1995 | pmid = 8525373 | doi = 10.1126/science.270.5243.1811 | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8525373 }}</ref>


[[Perforin]]-low memory CD8+ T cells that normally synthesize MIP-1-beta.<ref name="pmid11470920">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kamin-Lewis R, Abdelwahab SF, Trang C, Baker A, DeVico AL, Gallo RC, Lewis GK | title = Perforin-low memory CD8+ cells are the predominant T cells in normal humans that synthesize the β-chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-1β | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 98 | issue = 16 | pages = 9283–8 |date=July 2001 | pmid = 11470920 | pmc = 55412 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.161298998 | url =  }}</ref>
[[Perforin]]-low memory CD8+ T cells that normally synthesize MIP-1-beta.<ref name="pmid11470920">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kamin-Lewis R, Abdelwahab SF, Trang C, Baker A, DeVico AL, Gallo RC, Lewis GK | title = Perforin-low memory CD8+ cells are the predominant T cells in normal humans that synthesize the beta -chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 98 | issue = 16 | pages = 9283–8 | date = July 2001 | pmid = 11470920 | pmc = 55412 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.161298998 }}</ref>


==Interactions==
CCL4 is produced by: monocytes, B cells, T cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells.<ref name = "Morrison_1974">{{cite journal | vauthors = Morrison MD, Lundquist PG | title = Labyrinthine morphology and temperature in cryosurgery (guinea pig) | journal = Acta Oto-Laryngologica | volume = 77 | issue = 4 | pages = 261–73 | date = April 1974 | pmc = 4364832 }}</ref>
CCL4 has been shown to [[Protein-protein interaction|interact]] with [[CCL3]].<ref name=pmid11278300>{{cite journal |last=Guan |first=E |author2=Wang J|author3=Norcross M A |date=Apr 2001 |title=Identification of human macrophage inflammatory proteins 1alpha and 1beta as a native secreted heterodimer |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=276 |issue=15 |pages=12404–9 |publisher= |location = United States| issn = 0021-9258| pmid = 11278300 |doi = 10.1074/jbc.M006327200 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote = }}</ref>


==See also==
Concentration of this chemokine has been shown to be inversely related with MicroRNA-125b. Concentration of CCL4 within the body increases with age, which may cause chronic inflammation and liver damage.<ref name = "Morrison_1974" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Morimoto T, Takagi H, Kondo T | title = Canine pancreatic allotransplantation with duodenum (pancreaticoduodenal transplantation) using cyclosporin A | journal = Nagoya Journal of Medical Science | volume = 47 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 57–66 | date = January 1985 | pmc = 3887178 }}</ref>
 
== Interactions ==
 
CCL4 has been shown to [[Protein-protein interaction|interact]] with [[CCL3]].<ref name=pmid11278300>{{cite journal | vauthors = Guan E, Wang J, Norcross MA | title = Identification of human macrophage inflammatory proteins 1alpha and 1beta as a native secreted heterodimer | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 276 | issue = 15 | pages = 12404–9 | date = April 2001 | pmid = 11278300 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M006327200 }}</ref>
 
CCL4 binds to G protein-Coupled Receptors [[CCR5]] and [[CCR8]].<ref name = "Morrison_1974" />
 
== See also ==
* [[Macrophage inflammatory protein]]
* [[Macrophage inflammatory protein]]


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
{{clear}}
{{clear}}


==External links==
== Further reading ==
* {{UCSC gene info|CCL4}}
 
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Menten P, Wuyts A, Van Damme J | title = Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 | journal = Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews | volume = 13 | issue = 6 | pages = 455–81 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12401480 | doi = 10.1016/S1359-6101(02)00045-X }}
| citations =
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Muthumani K, Desai BM, Hwang DS, Choo AY, Laddy DJ, Thieu KP, Rao RG, Weiner DB | title = HIV-1 Vpr and anti-inflammatory activity | journal = DNA and Cell Biology | volume = 23 | issue = 4 | pages = 239–47 | date = April 2004 | pmid = 15142381 | doi = 10.1089/104454904773819824 }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors=Menten P, Wuyts A, Van Damme J |title=Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 |journal=Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. |volume=13 |issue= 6 |pages= 455–81 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12401480 |doi=10.1016/S1359-6101(02)00045-X }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Conti L, Fantuzzi L, Del Cornò M, Belardelli F, Gessani S | title = Immunomodulatory effects of the HIV-1 gp120 protein on antigen presenting cells: implications for AIDS pathogenesis | journal = Immunobiology | volume = 209 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 99–115 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15481145 | doi = 10.1016/j.imbio.2004.02.008 }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors=Muthumani K, Desai BM, Hwang DS |title=HIV-1 Vpr and anti-inflammatory activity |journal=DNA Cell Biol. |volume=23 |issue= 4 |pages= 239–47 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15142381 |doi= 10.1089/104454904773819824 |display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Joseph AM, Kumar M, Mitra D | title = Nef: "necessary and enforcing factor" in HIV infection | journal = Current HIV Research | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 87–94 | date = January 2005 | pmid = 15638726 | doi = 10.2174/1570162052773013 }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors=Conti L, Fantuzzi L, Del Cornò M |title=Immunomodulatory effects of the HIV-1 gp120 protein on antigen presenting cells: implications for AIDS pathogenesis |journal=Immunobiology |volume=209 |issue= 1–2 |pages= 99–115 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15481145 |doi=10.1016/j.imbio.2004.02.008 |display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Zhao RY, Elder RT | title = Viral infections and cell cycle G2/M regulation | journal = Cell Research | volume = 15 | issue = 3 | pages = 143–9 | date = March 2005 | pmid = 15780175 | doi = 10.1038/sj.cr.7290279 }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors=Joseph AM, Kumar M, Mitra D |title=Nef: "necessary and enforcing factor" in HIV infection |journal=Curr. HIV Res. |volume=3 |issue= 1 |pages= 87–94 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15638726 |doi=10.2174/1570162052773013 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Zhao RY, Bukrinsky M, Elder RT | title = HIV-1 viral protein R (Vpr) & host cellular responses | journal = The Indian Journal of Medical Research | volume = 121 | issue = 4 | pages = 270–86 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15817944 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors=Zhao RY, Elder RT |title=Viral infections and cell cycle G2/M regulation |journal=Cell Res. |volume=15 |issue= 3 |pages= 143–9 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15780175 |doi= 10.1038/sj.cr.7290279 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Li L, Li HS, Pauza CD, Bukrinsky M, Zhao RY | title = Roles of HIV-1 auxiliary proteins in viral pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions | journal = Cell Research | volume = 15 | issue = 11–12 | pages = 923–34 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16354571 | doi = 10.1038/sj.cr.7290370 }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors=Zhao RY, Bukrinsky M, Elder RT |title=HIV-1 viral protein R (Vpr) & host cellular responses |journal=Indian J. Med. Res. |volume=121 |issue= 4 |pages= 270–86 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15817944 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = King JE, Eugenin EA, Buckner CM, Berman JW | title = HIV tat and neurotoxicity | journal = Microbes and Infection | volume = 8 | issue = 5 | pages = 1347–57 | date = April 2006 | pmid = 16697675 | doi = 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.11.014 }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors=Li L, Li HS, Pauza CD |title=Roles of HIV-1 auxiliary proteins in viral pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions |journal=Cell Res. |volume=15 |issue= 11–12 |pages= 923–34 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16354571 |doi= 10.1038/sj.cr.7290370 |display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Napolitano M, Modi WS, Cevario SJ, Gnarra JR, Seuanez HN, Leonard WJ | title = The gene encoding the Act-2 cytokine. Genomic structure, HTLV-I/Tax responsiveness of 5' upstream sequences, and chromosomal localization | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 266 | issue = 26 | pages = 17531–6 | date = September 1991 | pmid = 1894635 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors=King JE, Eugenin EA, Buckner CM, Berman JW |title=HIV tat and neurotoxicity |journal=Microbes Infect. |volume=8 |issue= 5 |pages= 1347–57 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16697675 |doi= 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.11.014 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Irving SG, Zipfel PF, Balke J, McBride OW, Morton CC, Burd PR, Siebenlist U, Kelly K | title = Two inflammatory mediator cytokine genes are closely linked and variably amplified on chromosome 17q | journal = Nucleic Acids Research | volume = 18 | issue = 11 | pages = 3261–70 | date = June 1990 | pmid = 1972563 | pmc = 330932 | doi = 10.1093/nar/18.11.3261 }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors=Napolitano M, Modi WS, Cevario SJ |title=The gene encoding the Act-2 cytokine. Genomic structure, HTLV-I/Tax responsiveness of 5' upstream sequences, and chromosomal localization |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=266 |issue= 26 |pages= 17531–6 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1894635 |doi=  |display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Baixeras E, Roman-Roman S, Jitsukawa S, Genevee C, Mechiche S, Viegas-Pequignot E, Hercend T, Triebel F | title = Cloning and expression of a lymphocyte activation gene (LAG-1) | journal = Molecular Immunology | volume = 27 | issue = 11 | pages = 1091–102 | date = November 1990 | pmid = 2247088 | doi = 10.1016/0161-5890(90)90097-J }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors=Irving SG, Zipfel PF, Balke J |title=Two inflammatory mediator cytokine genes are closely linked and variably amplified on chromosome 17q |journal=Nucleic Acids Res. |volume=18 |issue= 11 |pages= 3261–70 |year= 1990 |pmid= 1972563 |doi=10.1093/nar/18.11.3261 | pmc=330932  |display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Lipes MA, Napolitano M, Jeang KT, Chang NT, Leonard WJ | title = Identification, cloning, and characterization of an immune activation gene | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 85 | issue = 24 | pages = 9704–8 | date = December 1988 | pmid = 2462251 | pmc = 282843 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.85.24.9704 }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors=Baixeras E, Roman-Roman S, Jitsukawa S |title=Cloning and expression of a lymphocyte activation gene (LAG-1) |journal=Mol. Immunol. |volume=27 |issue= 11 |pages= 1091–102 |year= 1991 |pmid= 2247088 |doi=10.1016/0161-5890(90)90097-J |display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Brown KD, Zurawski SM, Mosmann TR, Zurawski G | title = A family of small inducible proteins secreted by leukocytes are members of a new superfamily that includes leukocyte and fibroblast-derived inflammatory agents, growth factors, and indicators of various activation processes | journal = Journal of Immunology | volume = 142 | issue = 2 | pages = 679–87 | date = January 1989 | pmid = 2521353 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors=Lipes MA, Napolitano M, Jeang KT |title=Identification, cloning, and characterization of an immune activation gene |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=85 |issue= 24 |pages= 9704–8 |year= 1989 |pmid= 2462251 |doi=10.1073/pnas.85.24.9704 | pmc=282843  |display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Zipfel PF, Balke J, Irving SG, Kelly K, Siebenlist U | title = Mitogenic activation of human T cells induces two closely related genes which share structural similarities with a new family of secreted factors | journal = Journal of Immunology | volume = 142 | issue = 5 | pages = 1582–90 | date = March 1989 | pmid = 2521882 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors=Brown KD, Zurawski SM, Mosmann TR, Zurawski G |title=A family of small inducible proteins secreted by leukocytes are members of a new superfamily that includes leukocyte and fibroblast-derived inflammatory agents, growth factors, and indicators of various activation processes |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=142 |issue= 2 |pages= 679–87 |year= 1989 |pmid= 2521353 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Chang HC, Reinherz EL | title = Isolation and characterization of a cDNA encoding a putative cytokine which is induced by stimulation via the CD2 structure on human T lymphocytes | journal = European Journal of Immunology | volume = 19 | issue = 6 | pages = 1045–51 | date = June 1989 | pmid = 2568930 | doi = 10.1002/eji.1830190614 }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors=Zipfel PF, Balke J, Irving SG |title=Mitogenic activation of human T cells induces two closely related genes which share structural similarities with a new family of secreted factors |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=142 |issue= 5 |pages= 1582–90 |year= 1989 |pmid= 2521882 |doi=  |display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Miller MD, Hata S, De Waal Malefyt R, Krangel MS | title = A novel polypeptide secreted by activated human T lymphocytes | journal = Journal of Immunology | volume = 143 | issue = 9 | pages = 2907–16 | date = November 1989 | pmid = 2809212 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors=Chang HC, Reinherz EL |title=Isolation and characterization of a cDNA encoding a putative cytokine which is induced by stimulation via the CD2 structure on human T lymphocytes |journal=Eur. J. Immunol. |volume=19 |issue= 6 |pages= 1045–51 |year= 1989 |pmid= 2568930 |doi=10.1002/eji.1830190614 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Adams MD, Kerlavage AR, Fleischmann RD, Fuldner RA, Bult CJ, Lee NH, Kirkness EF, Weinstock KG, Gocayne JD, White O | title = Initial assessment of human gene diversity and expression patterns based upon 83 million nucleotides of cDNA sequence | journal = Nature | volume = 377 | issue = 6547 Suppl | pages = 3–174 | date = September 1995 | pmid = 7566098 | doi = <!-- none available --> | url = http://www.columbia.edu/itc/biology/pollack/w4065/client_edit/readings/nature377_3.pdf | format = PDF }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors=Miller MD, Hata S, De Waal Malefyt R, Krangel MS |title=A novel polypeptide secreted by activated human T lymphocytes |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=143 |issue= 9 |pages= 2907–16 |year= 1989 |pmid= 2809212 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Post TW, Bozic CR, Rothenberg ME, Luster AD, Gerard N, Gerard C | title = Molecular characterization of two murine eosinophil beta chemokine receptors | journal = Journal of Immunology | volume = 155 | issue = 11 | pages = 5299–305 | date = December 1995 | pmid = 7594543 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors=Adams MD, Kerlavage AR, Fleischmann RD |title=Initial assessment of human gene diversity and expression patterns based upon 83 million nucleotides of cDNA sequence |journal=Nature |volume=377 |issue= 6547 Suppl |pages= 3–174 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7566098 |doi=<!-- none available --> |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/biology/pollack/w4065/client_edit/readings/nature377_3.pdf | format=PDF   |display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Combadiere C, Ahuja SK, Murphy PM | title = Cloning and functional expression of a human eosinophil CC chemokine receptor | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 270 | issue = 28 | pages = 16491–4 | date = July 1995 | pmid = 7622448 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.270.28.16491 }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors=Post TW, Bozic CR, Rothenberg ME |title=Molecular characterization of two murine eosinophil beta chemokine receptors |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=155 |issue= 11 |pages= 5299–305 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7594543 |doi=  |display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Paolini JF, Willard D, Consler T, Luther M, Krangel MS | title = The chemokines IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and I-309 are monomers at physiologically relevant concentrations | journal = Journal of Immunology | volume = 153 | issue = 6 | pages = 2704–17 | date = September 1994 | pmid = 8077676 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors=Combadiere C, Ahuja SK, Murphy PM |title=Cloning and functional expression of a human eosinophil CC chemokine receptor |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=270 |issue= 28 |pages= 16491–4 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7622448 |doi=10.1074/jbc.270.28.16491 }}
*{{cite journal | vauthors=Paolini JF, Willard D, Consler T |title=The chemokines IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and I-309 are monomers at physiologically relevant concentrations |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=153 |issue= 6 |pages= 2704–17 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8077676 |doi=  |display-authors=etal}}
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}
== External links ==
* {{UCSC gene info|CCL4}}


{{PDB Gallery|geneid=6351}}
{{PDB Gallery|geneid=6351}}
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{{Chemokine receptor modulators}}
{{Chemokine receptor modulators}}


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Latest revision as of 11:17, 3 January 2019

For carbon tetrachloride, with formula CCl4, see Carbon tetrachloride.
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View/Edit Human

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4, also known as CCL4, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CCL4 gene.[1]

Function

CCL4, also known as Macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β) is a CC chemokine with specificity for CCR5 receptors. It is a chemoattractant for natural killer cells, monocytes and a variety of other immune cells.[2]

CCL4 is a major HIV-suppressive factor produced by CD8+ T cells.[3]

Perforin-low memory CD8+ T cells that normally synthesize MIP-1-beta.[4]

CCL4 is produced by: monocytes, B cells, T cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells.[5]

Concentration of this chemokine has been shown to be inversely related with MicroRNA-125b. Concentration of CCL4 within the body increases with age, which may cause chronic inflammation and liver damage.[5][6]

Interactions

CCL4 has been shown to interact with CCL3.[7]

CCL4 binds to G protein-Coupled Receptors CCR5 and CCR8.[5]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Irving SG, Zipfel PF, Balke J, McBride OW, Morton CC, Burd PR, Siebenlist U, Kelly K (June 1990). "Two inflammatory mediator cytokine genes are closely linked and variably amplified on chromosome 17q". Nucleic Acids Research. 18 (11): 3261–70. doi:10.1093/nar/18.11.3261. PMC 330932. PMID 1972563.
  2. ↑ Bystry RS, Aluvihare V, Welch KA, Kallikourdis M, Betz AG (December 2001). "B cells and professional APCs recruit regulatory T cells via CCL4". Nature Immunology. 2 (12): 1126–32. doi:10.1038/ni735. PMID 11702067.
  3. ↑ Cocchi F, DeVico AL, Garzino-Demo A, Arya SK, Gallo RC, Lusso P (December 1995). "Identification of RANTES, MIP-1 alpha, and MIP-1 beta as the major HIV-suppressive factors produced by CD8+ T cells". Science. 270 (5243): 1811–5. doi:10.1126/science.270.5243.1811. PMID 8525373.
  4. ↑ Kamin-Lewis R, Abdelwahab SF, Trang C, Baker A, DeVico AL, Gallo RC, Lewis GK (July 2001). "Perforin-low memory CD8+ cells are the predominant T cells in normal humans that synthesize the beta -chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (16): 9283–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.161298998. PMC 55412. PMID 11470920.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Morrison MD, Lundquist PG (April 1974). "Labyrinthine morphology and temperature in cryosurgery (guinea pig)". Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 77 (4): 261–73. PMC 4364832.
  6. ↑ Morimoto T, Takagi H, Kondo T (January 1985). "Canine pancreatic allotransplantation with duodenum (pancreaticoduodenal transplantation) using cyclosporin A". Nagoya Journal of Medical Science. 47 (1–2): 57–66. PMC 3887178.
  7. ↑ Guan E, Wang J, Norcross MA (April 2001). "Identification of human macrophage inflammatory proteins 1alpha and 1beta as a native secreted heterodimer". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (15): 12404–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M006327200. PMID 11278300.

Further reading

  • Menten P, Wuyts A, Van Damme J (December 2002). "Macrophage inflammatory protein-1". Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews. 13 (6): 455–81. doi:10.1016/S1359-6101(02)00045-X. PMID 12401480.
  • Muthumani K, Desai BM, Hwang DS, Choo AY, Laddy DJ, Thieu KP, Rao RG, Weiner DB (April 2004). "HIV-1 Vpr and anti-inflammatory activity". DNA and Cell Biology. 23 (4): 239–47. doi:10.1089/104454904773819824. PMID 15142381.
  • Conti L, Fantuzzi L, Del Cornò M, Belardelli F, Gessani S (2005). "Immunomodulatory effects of the HIV-1 gp120 protein on antigen presenting cells: implications for AIDS pathogenesis". Immunobiology. 209 (1–2): 99–115. doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2004.02.008. PMID 15481145.
  • Joseph AM, Kumar M, Mitra D (January 2005). "Nef: "necessary and enforcing factor" in HIV infection". Current HIV Research. 3 (1): 87–94. doi:10.2174/1570162052773013. PMID 15638726.
  • Zhao RY, Elder RT (March 2005). "Viral infections and cell cycle G2/M regulation". Cell Research. 15 (3): 143–9. doi:10.1038/sj.cr.7290279. PMID 15780175.
  • Zhao RY, Bukrinsky M, Elder RT (April 2005). "HIV-1 viral protein R (Vpr) & host cellular responses". The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 121 (4): 270–86. PMID 15817944.
  • Li L, Li HS, Pauza CD, Bukrinsky M, Zhao RY (2006). "Roles of HIV-1 auxiliary proteins in viral pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions". Cell Research. 15 (11–12): 923–34. doi:10.1038/sj.cr.7290370. PMID 16354571.
  • King JE, Eugenin EA, Buckner CM, Berman JW (April 2006). "HIV tat and neurotoxicity". Microbes and Infection. 8 (5): 1347–57. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2005.11.014. PMID 16697675.
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