Acute diarrhea differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 20:15, 29 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sadaf Sharfaei M.D.[2], Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [3]

Overview

The differentials of acute diarrhea include Ischemic colitis, Lactose intolerance, Tropical sprue, Pseudomembranous enterocolitis, Campylobacteriosis, Salmonellosis, Shigellosis, Escherichia coli enteritis, Yersinia enterocolitica, Vibrio cholera, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Rotavirus, Norovirus, Adenovirus, Entamoeba histolytica, medications, Short bowel syndrome, Organophosphate poisoning, Radiation enteritis and Opium withdrawal.

Differential Diagnosis of Acute Diarrhea from other diseases

To review the differential diagnosis of diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of traveler's diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of acute watery diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of acute bloody diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of acute fatty diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea and fever, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea and abdominal pain, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea and weight loss, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss, click here. The following table outlines the major differential diagnoses of acute diarrhea.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30]

Abbreviations: GI: Gastrointestinal, CBC: Complete blood count, WBC: White blood cell, RBC: Red blood cell, Plt: Platelet, Hgb: Hemoglobin, ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP: C–reactive protein, IgE: Immunoglobulin E, IgA: Immunoglobulin A, ETEC: Escherichia coli enteritis, EPEC: Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, EIEC: Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli, EHEC: Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, EAEC: Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli, Nl: Normal, ASCA: Anti saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies, ANCA: Anti–neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, CFTR: Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, SLC10A2: Solute carrier family 10 member 2, SeHCAT: Selenium homocholic acid taurine or tauroselcholic acid, IEL: Intraepithelial lymphocytes, MRCP: Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, ANA: Antinuclear antibodies, AMA: Anti-mitochondrial antibody, LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase, CPK: Creatine phosphokinase, PCR: Polymerase chain reaction, ELISA: Enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay, LT: Heat–labile enterotoxin, ST: Heat–stable enterotoxin, RT-PCR: Reverse–transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, CD4: Cluster of differentiation 4, HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus, RUQ: Right-upper quadrant, VIP: Vasoactive intestinal peptide, GI: Gastrointestinal, FAP: Familial adenomatous polyposis, HNPCC: Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, MTP: Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, Scl‑70: Anti–topoisomerase I, TSH: Thyroid-stimulating hormone, T4: Thyroxine, T3: Triiodothyronine, DTR: Deep tendon reflex, RNA: Ribonucleic acid

		Symptoms								GI signs
Cause		Clinical manifestation									Lab findings									Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss
		Duration		Diarrhea							Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings
		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty					WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings
Ischemic colitis		+	+	+	+	–	+	+	+	Hyperactive then absent bowel sounds Abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	–	↑	↓	↑	Elevated CRP Elevated ESR Elevated serum lactate Elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) Elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) Elevated amylase Hypoalbuminemia	IgA vasculitis	Hypercoagulability Nonocclusive colonic ischemia Embolic and thrombotic arterial occlusion Mesenteric vein thrombosis	Abdominal CT scan
Lactose intolerance		+	+	+	–	–	–	+	–	Abdominal tenderness Abdominal distention	–	–	–	↑	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Lactose tolerance test Genetic testing	Headache Vertigo Memory impairment Lethargy	Reduction of lactase enzyme activity or inability to produce persistent lactase Congenital lactase deficiency Secondary lactose malabsorption	Small bowel biopsy Lactose breath hydrogen test
Tropical sprue		+	+	+	–	+	+	+	+	Angular stomatitis Oral mucosal lesion	+	–	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	Nl	↓	Nl	Fat soluble vitamins deficiency Vitamin B12 deficiency Folate deficiency Hypokalemia	Myalgia Neuropathy Edema	Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Enterobacter cloacae	Diagnosis of exclusion
Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
Pseudomembranous enterocolitis		+	–	+	±	–	+	+	±	Generalized abdominal tenderness Abdominal distention Rebound abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay or C. difficile antigen	↑	↓	↓	Elevated serum creatinine Hypoalbuminemia Elevated lactic acid	Dehydration Acute kidney injury Bacteremia Reactive arthritis Necrotizing fasciitis	Clostridium difficile Recent antibiotics use Recent surgery	Stool exam Pseudomembranes on colonoscopy
Campylobacteriosis		+	–	+	+	–	+	+	–	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	Nl	Toxic megacolon Sepsis Arthritis Endocarditis Guillain–Barré syndrome	Campylobacter jejuni	Stool culture
Salmonellosis		+	+	+	+	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness Hepatosplenomegaly	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture Positive serologic testing	↑	Nl	↑	Hypokalemia Hypernatremia Hyponatremia Hypercalciuria Hypocitraturia	Post–infectious arthritis Obtundation Bacteremia Pericarditis Pyelonephritis Brain abscess	Salmonella	Stool culture
Shigellosis		+	–	+	+	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Hyperactive bowel sounds Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑/↓	↓	↓	Elevated CRP Elevated ESR Hyponatremia Hypoglycemia Azotemia	Headache Lethargy Seizures Delirium Post–infectious arthritis Myocarditis	Shigella	Stool culture
Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
Escherichia coli enteritis	ETEC (Traveler's diarrhea)	+	–	+	–	–	+	–	–	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	–	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	–	Enterotoxigenic escherichia coli Enterotoxins: Heat–labile enterotoxin (LT) Heat–stable enterotoxin (ST)	Stool culture
	EPEC	+	+	+	+	–	+	+	+	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	–	Enteropathogenic E. coli	DNA probe or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the EPEC adherence factor Stool culture
	EIEC	+	–	+	+	–	+	+	–	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	–	Enteroinvasive E. coli	DNA probe Stool culture
	EHEC	+	–	+	+	–	–	+	–	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	↓	↓	Azotemia	Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) Renal failure	Enterohemorrhagic E. coli Shiga toxins	Stool culture
	EAEC	+	+	+	+	–	–	+	–	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	↓	↓	–	Chronic infection in immunocompromised patients	Enteroaggregative E. coli	Stool culture
Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
Yersinia enterocolitica		+	–	+	+	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Hyperactive bowel sounds Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	Bacteremia Reactive arthritis Glomerulonephritis Endocarditis Erythema nodosum Abscess	Yersinia enterocolitica	Stool culture
Vibrio cholera		+	–	+	–	–	–	+	–		+	–	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	Azotemia	Severe dehydration Decreased skin turgor Oliguria Renal failure Muscle cramps Seizure Somnolence	Cholera toxin	Stool culture
Aeromonas		+	+	+	+	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Hyperactive bowel sounds Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	Wound infection Bacteremia Hemolytic uremic syndrome Meningitis Ocular infection Pneumonia Urinary tract infection Osteomyelitis Peritonitis Acute cholecystitis Opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients	Aeromonas virulence factors including endotoxins, hemolysins, enterotoxins, and adherence factors	Blood culture Wound culture
Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
Plesiomonas		+	–	+	+	–	+	+	–	Hyperactive bowel sounds Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	Opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients or hepatobiliary disease Bacteremia Cellulitis and skin abscesses Peritonitis Meningoencephalitis Ocular infection Pneumonia Prosthetic joint infection Septic abortion	Plesiomonas shigelloides	Blood culture
Mycobacterium avium complex		+	+	+	+	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Hepatosplenomegaly	+	+	–	Nl	–	↓	↓	Nl	Elevated liver enzymes	Opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients Pulmonary infection Adenopathy Night sweats	Mycobacterium avium complex	Blood culture
Food poisoning Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus cereus Clostridium perfringens		+	–	+	±	–	+	+	±	Abdominal distention	+	±	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	History of travel or ingestion of infected food	Enterotoxins	Stool culture
Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
Norovirus		+	–	+	–	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention	–	–	–	Nl	Positive stool reverse–transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR)	↓	Nl	Nl	–	Myalgia Headache Seizure Encephalopathy	Norovirus	Clinical diagnosis
Rotavirus		+	–	+	–	–	+	–	–	Hyperactive bowel sounds Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Elevated blood urea nitrogen Hyperchloremic acidosis Hypocalcemia	Necrotizing enterocolitis Intussusception Biliary atresia Central nervous system involvement	Rotavirus	Stool immune–based assays
Echovirus		+	–	+	–	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention	–	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	–	Liver failure Myocarditis	Echovirus	Clinical diagnosis
Adenovirus		+	–	+	–	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention	–	–	–	Nl	Viral antigen assay	Nl	Nl	Nl	–	Respiratory disease Follicular conjunctivitis Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis Hepatitis Urethritis Myocarditis Meningitis Bacteremia	Adenovirus	Clinical diagnosis
CMV colitis		+	+	–	+	–	±	+	–	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Viral antigen assay	↓	Nl	Nl	Decreased CD4 level Abnormal liver function test	Encephalitis Guillain–Barré syndrome Pneumonia Retinitis Pericarditis and myocarditis Atherosclerosis Venous thrombosis	Cytomegalovirus	Quantitative PCR tests
Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
Entamoeba histolytica		+	+	+	+	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	+	Nl	–	↑	Nl	Nl	–	Liver abscess Pleuropulmonary infection Cardiac infection Brain abscess Cutaneous infection	Entamoeba histolytica	Antigen testing Serology
Microsporidia		+	+	+	–	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness	–	–	+	Nl	Positive stool microscopy	Nl	Nl	Nl	Decreased CD4 count	Malabsorption Keratitis Seizure Myositis	Microsporidia	Antigen detection assays
Isospora		+	+	+	–	+	+	+	+	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	+	Nl	Positive stool microscopy Positive fecal fat	↑	Nl	Nl	Elevated eosinophils Hypokalemia Increased creatinine	Chronic illness in immunocompromised patients	Isospora	Detecting oocysts in the feces
VIPoma		+	+	+	–	+	–	+	+	Abdominal distention Abdominal RUQ tenderness Nausea Vomiting	–	–	–	↓	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Elevated VIP level Hypokalemia Hypochlorhydria or achlorhydria Low osmotic gap (<50 mOsm/kg)	Rash Facial flushing Dehydration Lethargy Muscle weakness	Primary secretory tumor	Blood VIP levels Followed by imaging
Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
Medications ACE inhibitors Digoxin Cephalosporins Statins Thiazide diuretics Triptans Lactulose Anti retroviral agents Chemotherapeutic agents Antifungals Magnesium		+	+	+	–	±	±	+	+	Abdominal distention Dehydration	–	–	–	↑/↓	–	↑	Nl	Nl	Elevated plasma level of drug	–	Inflammation Pseudomembranous colitis	Clinical evaluation after discontinuation of the drugs
Factitious diarrhea		+	+	+	–	–	–	+	+	Abdominal distention	–	–	–	↑/↓	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Hypokalemia Metabolic alkalosis Hypermagnesemia	Malabsorption Lethargy Generalized weakness Acute renal failure	Medications	Clinical evaluation after discontinuation of the drugs
Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
Organophosphate poisoning		+	+	+	–	–	–	+	–	Salivation Vomiting	–	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Reduced RBC acetylcholinesterase Plasma cholinesterase activity	Autonomic dysfunction Motor deficit Sensory deficit Bronchospasm Urination Miosis Bradycardia Lacrimation Sweating Cardiac arrhythmias Acute renal injury	Neurotoxins bind to acetylcholinesterase (AChE)	Clinical diagnosis
Opium withdrawal		+	+	+	–	–	–	+	–	Hyperactive bowel sounds	–	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Azotemia Hypokalemia Metabolic alkalosis	Dysphoria Restlessness Sweating Rhinorrhea Lacrimation Myalgia Arthralgia	Opium withdrawal	Clinical diagnosis following opium withdrawal
Short bowel syndrome		+	+	+	–	+	–	–	+	Abdominal distention Abdominal tenderness	–	–	–	Nl	Positive fecal fat	Nl	↓	↑	Hypoalbuminemia High level of acute phase reactant Abnormal liver function tests	Prior intestinal surgery Malabsorption Crohn's disease Malignancy Peripheral edema Muscle atrophy	Surgical bowel resection	Clinical diagnosis following bowel resection
Radiation enteritis		+	+	+	+	+	–	+	+	Abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive fecal fat	Nl	↓	Nl	Vitamin B12 deficiency Hypoalbuminemia	Prior history of malignancy and radiation therapy Malabsorption Telangiectasias	Radiation	Segmental bowel inflammation on endoscopy or colonoscopy

References

↑ Casburn-Jones, Anna C; Farthing, Michael Jg (2004). "Traveler's diarrhea". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 19 (6): 610–618. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2003.03287.x. ISSN 0815-9319.
↑ Kamat, Deepak; Mathur, Ambika (2006). "Prevention and Management of Travelers' Diarrhea". Disease-a-Month. 52 (7): 289–302. doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2006.08.003. ISSN 0011-5029.
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↑ Amil Dias J (2017). "Celiac Disease: What Do We Know in 2017?". GE Port J Gastroenterol. 24 (6): 275–278. doi:10.1159/000479881. PMID 29255768.
↑ Kotloff KL, Riddle MS, Platts-Mills JA, Pavlinac P, Zaidi A (2017). "Shigellosis". Lancet. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33296-8. PMID 29254859. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
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[Casburn-JonesFarthing2004-1] Casburn-Jones, Anna C; Farthing, Michael Jg (2004). "Traveler's diarrhea". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 19 (6): 610–618. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2003.03287.x. ISSN 0815-9319.

[KamatMathur2006-2] Kamat, Deepak; Mathur, Ambika (2006). "Prevention and Management of Travelers' Diarrhea". Disease-a-Month. 52 (7): 289–302. doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2006.08.003. ISSN 0011-5029.

[PfeifferDuPont2012-3] Pfeiffer, Margaret L.; DuPont, Herbert L.; Ochoa, Theresa J. (2012). "The patient presenting with acute dysentery – A systematic review". Journal of Infection. 64 (4): 374–386. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2012.01.006. ISSN 0163-4453.

[pmid24506120-4] Barr W, Smith A (2014). "Acute diarrhea". Am Fam Physician. 89 (3): 180–9. PMID 24506120.

[pmid29255768-5] Amil Dias J (2017). "Celiac Disease: What Do We Know in 2017?". GE Port J Gastroenterol. 24 (6): 275–278. doi:10.1159/000479881. PMID 29255768.

[pmid29254859-6] Kotloff KL, Riddle MS, Platts-Mills JA, Pavlinac P, Zaidi A (2017). "Shigellosis". Lancet. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33296-8. PMID 29254859. Vancouver style error: initials (help)

[Yamamoto-FurushoBosques-Padilla2017-7] Yamamoto-Furusho, J.K.; Bosques-Padilla, F.; de-Paula, J.; Galiano, M.T.; Ibañez, P.; Juliao, F.; Kotze, P.G.; Rocha, J.L.; Steinwurz, F.; Veitia, G.; Zaltman, C. (2017). "Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal: Primer Consenso Latinoamericano de la Pan American Crohn's and Colitis Organisation". Revista de Gastroenterología de México. 82 (1): 46–84. doi:10.1016/j.rgmx.2016.07.003. ISSN 0375-0906.

[BorbélyOsterwalder2017-8] Borbély, Yves M; Osterwalder, Alice; Kröll, Dino; Nett, Philipp C; Inglin, Roman A (2017). "Diarrhea after bariatric procedures: Diagnosis and therapy". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 23 (26): 4689. doi:10.3748/wjg.v23.i26.4689. ISSN 1007-9327.

[CrawfordRamani2017-9] Crawford, Sue E.; Ramani, Sasirekha; Tate, Jacqueline E.; Parashar, Umesh D.; Svensson, Lennart; Hagbom, Marie; Franco, Manuel A.; Greenberg, Harry B.; O'Ryan, Miguel; Kang, Gagandeep; Desselberger, Ulrich; Estes, Mary K. (2017). "Rotavirus infection". Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 3: 17083. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.83. ISSN 2056-676X.

[pmid11068510-10] Kist M (2000). "[Chronic diarrhea: value of microbiology in diagnosis]". Praxis (Bern 1994) (in German). 89 (39): 1559–65. PMID 11068510.

[pmid4014291-11] Guerrant RL, Shields DS, Thorson SM, Schorling JB, Gröschel DH (1985). "Evaluation and diagnosis of acute infectious diarrhea". Am. J. Med. 78 (6B): 91–8. PMID 4014291.

[pmid10575169-12] López-Vélez R, Turrientes MC, Garrón C, Montilla P, Navajas R, Fenoy S, del Aguila C (1999). "Microsporidiosis in travelers with diarrhea from the tropics". J Travel Med. 6 (4): 223–7. PMID 10575169.

[WahnschaffeIgnatius2009-13] Wahnschaffe, Ulrich; Ignatius, Ralf; Loddenkemper, Christoph; Liesenfeld, Oliver; Muehlen, Marion; Jelinek, Thomas; Burchard, Gerd Dieter; Weinke, Thomas; Harms, Gundel; Stein, Harald; Zeitz, Martin; Ullrich, Reiner; Schneider, Thomas (2009). "Diagnostic value of endoscopy for the diagnosis of giardiasis and other intestinal diseases in patients with persistent diarrhea from tropical or subtropical areas". Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 42 (3): 391–396. doi:10.1080/00365520600881193. ISSN 0036-5521.

[pmid27765536-14] Mena Bares LM, Carmona Asenjo E, García Sánchez MV, Moreno Ortega E, Maza Muret FR, Guiote Moreno MV, Santos Bueno AM, Iglesias Flores E, Benítez Cantero JM, Vallejo Casas JA (2017). "75SeHCAT scan in bile acid malabsorption in chronic diarrhoea". Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol. 36 (1): 37–47. doi:10.1016/j.remn.2016.08.005. PMID 27765536.

[pmid19365159-15] Gibson RJ, Stringer AM (2009). "Chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea". Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 3 (1): 31–5. doi:10.1097/SPC.0b013e32832531bb. PMID 19365159.

[pmid23384808-16] Abraham BP, Sellin JH (2012). "Drug-induced, factitious, & idiopathic diarrhoea". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 26 (5): 633–48. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2012.11.007. PMID 23384808.

[pmid25692805-17] Reintam Blaser A, Deane AM, Fruhwald S (2015). "Diarrhoea in the critically ill". Curr Opin Crit Care. 21 (2): 142–53. doi:10.1097/MCC.0000000000000188. PMID 25692805.

[pmid17373914-18] McMahan ZH, DuPont HL (2007). "Review article: the history of acute infectious diarrhoea management--from poorly focused empiricism to fluid therapy and modern pharmacotherapy". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 25 (7): 759–69. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03261.x. PMID 17373914.

[pmid23384801-19] Schiller LR (2012). "Definitions, pathophysiology, and evaluation of chronic diarrhoea". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 26 (5): 551–62. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2012.11.011. PMID 23384801.

[pmid3523719-20] Giannella RA (1986). "Chronic diarrhea in travelers: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations". Rev. Infect. Dis. 8 Suppl 2: S223–6. PMID 3523719.

[pmid16151544-21] Silverberg MS, Satsangi J, Ahmad T, Arnott ID, Bernstein CN, Brant SR; et al. (2005). "Toward an integrated clinical, molecular and serological classification of inflammatory bowel disease: report of a Working Party of the 2005 Montreal World Congress of Gastroenterology". Can J Gastroenterol. 19 Suppl A: 5A–36A. PMID 16151544.

[pmid12135027-22] Sauter GH, Moussavian AC, Meyer G, Steitz HO, Parhofer KG, Jüngst D (2002). "Bowel habits and bile acid malabsorption in the months after cholecystectomy". Am J Gastroenterol. 97 (7): 1732–5. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05779.x. PMID 12135027.

[pmid1702075-23] Maiuri L, Raia V, Potter J, Swallow D, Ho MW, Fiocca R; et al. (1991). "Mosaic pattern of lactase expression by villous enterocytes in human adult-type hypolactasia". Gastroenterology. 100 (2): 359–69. PMID 1702075.

[pmid14439871-24] RUBIN CE, BRANDBORG LL, PHELPS PC, TAYLOR HC (1960). "Studies of celiac disease. I. The apparent identical and specific nature of the duodenal and proximal jejunal lesion in celiac disease and idiopathic sprue". Gastroenterology. 38: 28–49. PMID 14439871.

[pmid8209928-25] Konvolinka CW (1994). "Acute diverticulitis under age forty". Am J Surg. 167 (6): 562–5. PMID 8209928.

[pmid16698746-26] Satsangi J, Silverberg MS, Vermeire S, Colombel JF (2006). "The Montreal classification of inflammatory bowel disease: controversies, consensus, and implications". Gut. 55 (6): 749–53. doi:10.1136/gut.2005.082909. PMC 1856208. PMID 16698746.

[pmid12700377-27] Haque R, Huston CD, Hughes M, Houpt E, Petri WA (2003). "Amebiasis". N Engl J Med. 348 (16): 1565–73. doi:10.1056/NEJMra022710. PMID 12700377.

[pmid8694025-28] Hertzler SR, Savaiano DA (1996). "Colonic adaptation to daily lactose feeding in lactose maldigesters reduces lactose intolerance". Am J Clin Nutr. 64 (2): 232–6. PMID 8694025.

[pmid9414969-29] Briet F, Pochart P, Marteau P, Flourie B, Arrigoni E, Rambaud JC (1997). "Improved clinical tolerance to chronic lactose ingestion in subjects with lactose intolerance: a placebo effect?". Gut. 41 (5): 632–5. PMC 1891556. PMID 9414969.

[pmid15391722-30] BLACK-SCHAFFER B (1949). "The tinctoral demonstration of a glycoprotein in Whipple's disease". Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 72 (1): 225–7. PMID 15391722.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
-{{Acute diarrhea}}
+[[Image:Home_logo1.png|right|250px|https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Acute_diarrhea_overview]]
-{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{SSH}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{SSH}}, {{SMP}}
+==Overview==
+The differentials of acute diarrhea include [[Ischemic colitis]], [[Lactose intolerance]], [[Tropical sprue]], [[Pseudomembranous enterocolitis]], [[Campylobacteriosis]], [[Salmonellosis]], [[Shigellosis]], [[Escherichia coli enteritis]], [[Yersinia enterocolitica]], [[Vibrio cholerae|Vibrio cholera]], [[Aeromonas]], [[Plesiomonas shigelloides|Plesiomonas]], [[Staphylococcus aureus]], [[Bacillus cereus]], [[Clostridium perfringens]], [[Rotavirus]], [[Norovirus]], [[Adenoviridae|Adenovirus]], [[Entamoeba histolytica]], [[Medication|medications]], [[Short bowel syndrome]], [[Organophosphate poisoning]], [[Radiation enteropathy|Radiation enteritis]] and [[Opium withdrawal]].
+==Differential Diagnosis of Acute Diarrhea from other diseases==
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of diarrhea, click [[Diarrhea#Differential Diagnosis of Diarrhea of other diseases|here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of traveler's diarrhea, click [[Traveler's diarrhea differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of acute watery diarrhea, click [[Acute watery diarrhea differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of acute bloody diarrhea, click [[Acute bloody diarrhea differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of acute fatty diarrhea, click [[Acute fatty diarrhea differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea and fever, click [[Acute diarrhea and fever differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea and abdominal pain, click [[Acute diarrhea and abdominal pain differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea and weight loss, click [[Acute diarrhea and weight loss differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain, click [[Acute diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-==Overview==
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss, click [[Acute diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
+'''The following table outlines the major differential diagnoses of acute diarrhea.'''<ref name="Casburn-JonesFarthing2004">{{cite journal|last1=Casburn-Jones|first1=Anna C|last2=Farthing|first2=Michael Jg|title=Traveler's diarrhea|journal=Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology|volume=19|issue=6|year=2004|pages=610–618|issn=0815-9319|doi=10.1111/j.1440-1746.2003.03287.x}}</ref><ref name="KamatMathur2006">{{cite journal|last1=Kamat|first1=Deepak|last2=Mathur|first2=Ambika|title=Prevention and Management of Travelers’ Diarrhea|journal=Disease-a-Month|volume=52|issue=7|year=2006|pages=289–302|issn=00115029|doi=10.1016/j.disamonth.2006.08.003}}</ref><ref name="PfeifferDuPont2012">{{cite journal|last1=Pfeiffer|first1=Margaret L.|last2=DuPont|first2=Herbert L.|last3=Ochoa|first3=Theresa J.|title=The patient presenting with acute dysentery – A systematic review|journal=Journal of Infection|volume=64|issue=4|year=2012|pages=374–386|issn=01634453|doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2012.01.006}}</ref><ref name="pmid24506120">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barr W, Smith A |title=Acute diarrhea |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=180–9 |year=2014 |pmid=24506120 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29255768">{{cite journal |vauthors=Amil Dias J |title=Celiac Disease: What Do We Know in 2017? |journal=GE Port J Gastroenterol |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=275–278 |year=2017 |pmid=29255768 |doi=10.1159/000479881 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29254859">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kotloff KL, Riddle MS, Platts-Mills JA, Pavlinac P, Zaidi AKM |title=Shigellosis |journal=Lancet |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2017 |pmid=29254859 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33296-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="Yamamoto-FurushoBosques-Padilla2017">{{cite journal|last1=Yamamoto-Furusho|first1=J.K.|last2=Bosques-Padilla|first2=F.|last3=de-Paula|first3=J.|last4=Galiano|first4=M.T.|last5=Ibañez|first5=P.|last6=Juliao|first6=F.|last7=Kotze|first7=P.G.|last8=Rocha|first8=J.L.|last9=Steinwurz|first9=F.|last10=Veitia|first10=G.|last11=Zaltman|first11=C.|title=Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal: Primer Consenso Latinoamericano de la Pan American Crohn's and Colitis Organisation|journal=Revista de Gastroenterología de México|volume=82|issue=1|year=2017|pages=46–84|issn=03750906|doi=10.1016/j.rgmx.2016.07.003}}</ref><ref name="BorbélyOsterwalder2017">{{cite journal|last1=Borbély|first1=Yves M|last2=Osterwalder|first2=Alice|last3=Kröll|first3=Dino|last4=Nett|first4=Philipp C|last5=Inglin|first5=Roman A|title=Diarrhea after bariatric procedures: Diagnosis and therapy|journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology|volume=23|issue=26|year=2017|pages=4689|issn=1007-9327|doi=10.3748/wjg.v23.i26.4689}}</ref><ref name="CrawfordRamani2017">{{cite journal|last1=Crawford|first1=Sue E.|last2=Ramani|first2=Sasirekha|last3=Tate|first3=Jacqueline E.|last4=Parashar|first4=Umesh D.|last5=Svensson|first5=Lennart|last6=Hagbom|first6=Marie|last7=Franco|first7=Manuel A.|last8=Greenberg|first8=Harry B.|last9=O'Ryan|first9=Miguel|last10=Kang|first10=Gagandeep|last11=Desselberger|first11=Ulrich|last12=Estes|first12=Mary K.|title=Rotavirus infection|journal=Nature Reviews Disease Primers|volume=3|year=2017|pages=17083|issn=2056-676X|doi=10.1038/nrdp.2017.83}}</ref><ref name="pmid11068510">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kist M |title=[Chronic diarrhea: value of microbiology in diagnosis] |language=German |journal=Praxis (Bern 1994) |volume=89 |issue=39 |pages=1559–65 |year=2000 |pmid=11068510 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4014291">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guerrant RL, Shields DS, Thorson SM, Schorling JB, Gröschel DH |title=Evaluation and diagnosis of acute infectious diarrhea |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=78 |issue=6B |pages=91–8 |year=1985 |pmid=4014291 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10575169">{{cite journal |vauthors=López-Vélez R, Turrientes MC, Garrón C, Montilla P, Navajas R, Fenoy S, del Aguila C |title=Microsporidiosis in travelers with diarrhea from the tropics |journal=J Travel Med |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=223–7 |year=1999 |pmid=10575169 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="WahnschaffeIgnatius2009">{{cite journal|last1=Wahnschaffe|first1=Ulrich|last2=Ignatius|first2=Ralf|last3=Loddenkemper|first3=Christoph|last4=Liesenfeld|first4=Oliver|last5=Muehlen|first5=Marion|last6=Jelinek|first6=Thomas|last7=Burchard|first7=Gerd Dieter|last8=Weinke|first8=Thomas|last9=Harms|first9=Gundel|last10=Stein|first10=Harald|last11=Zeitz|first11=Martin|last12=Ullrich|first12=Reiner|last13=Schneider|first13=Thomas|title=Diagnostic value of endoscopy for the diagnosis of giardiasis and other intestinal diseases in patients with persistent diarrhea from tropical or subtropical areas|journal=Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology|volume=42|issue=3|year=2009|pages=391–396|issn=0036-5521|doi=10.1080/00365520600881193}}</ref><ref name="pmid27765536">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mena Bares LM, Carmona Asenjo E, García Sánchez MV, Moreno Ortega E, Maza Muret FR, Guiote Moreno MV, Santos Bueno AM, Iglesias Flores E, Benítez Cantero JM, Vallejo Casas JA |title=75SeHCAT scan in bile acid malabsorption in chronic diarrhoea |journal=Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=37–47 |year=2017 |pmid=27765536 |doi=10.1016/j.remn.2016.08.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19365159">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gibson RJ, Stringer AM |title=Chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea |journal=Curr Opin Support Palliat Care |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=31–5 |year=2009 |pmid=19365159 |doi=10.1097/SPC.0b013e32832531bb |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23384808">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abraham BP, Sellin JH |title=Drug-induced, factitious, & idiopathic diarrhoea |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=633–48 |year=2012 |pmid=23384808 |doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2012.11.007 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25692805">{{cite journal |vauthors=Reintam Blaser A, Deane AM, Fruhwald S |title=Diarrhoea in the critically ill |journal=Curr Opin Crit Care |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=142–53 |year=2015 |pmid=25692805 |doi=10.1097/MCC.0000000000000188 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17373914">{{cite journal |vauthors=McMahan ZH, DuPont HL |title=Review article: the history of acute infectious diarrhoea management--from poorly focused empiricism to fluid therapy and modern pharmacotherapy |journal=Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. |volume=25 |issue=7 |pages=759–69 |year=2007 |pmid=17373914 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03261.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23384801">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schiller LR |title=Definitions, pathophysiology, and evaluation of chronic diarrhoea |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=551–62 |year=2012 |pmid=23384801 |doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2012.11.011 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3523719">{{cite journal |vauthors=Giannella RA |title=Chronic diarrhea in travelers: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations |journal=Rev. Infect. Dis. |volume=8 Suppl 2 |issue= |pages=S223–6 |year=1986 |pmid=3523719 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16151544">{{cite journal| author=Silverberg MS, Satsangi J, Ahmad T, Arnott ID, Bernstein CN, Brant SR et al.| title=Toward an integrated clinical, molecular and serological classification of inflammatory bowel disease: report of a Working Party of the 2005 Montreal World Congress of Gastroenterology. | journal=Can J Gastroenterol | year= 2005 | volume= 19 Suppl A | issue=  | pages= 5A-36A | pmid=16151544 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16151544  }}</ref><ref name="pmid12135027">{{cite journal| author=Sauter GH, Moussavian AC, Meyer G, Steitz HO, Parhofer KG, Jüngst D| title=Bowel habits and bile acid malabsorption in the months after cholecystectomy. | journal=Am J Gastroenterol | year= 2002 | volume= 97 | issue= 7 | pages= 1732-5 | pmid=12135027 | doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05779.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12135027  }}</ref><ref name="pmid1702075">{{cite journal| author=Maiuri L, Raia V, Potter J, Swallow D, Ho MW, Fiocca R et al.| title=Mosaic pattern of lactase expression by villous enterocytes in human adult-type hypolactasia. | journal=Gastroenterology | year= 1991 | volume= 100 | issue= 2 | pages= 359-69 | pmid=1702075 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1702075  }}</ref><ref name="pmid14439871">{{cite journal| author=RUBIN CE, BRANDBORG LL, PHELPS PC, TAYLOR HC| title=Studies of celiac disease. I. The apparent identical and specific nature of the duodenal and proximal jejunal lesion in celiac disease and idiopathic sprue. | journal=Gastroenterology | year= 1960 | volume= 38 | issue=  | pages= 28-49 | pmid=14439871 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14439871  }}</ref><ref name="pmid8209928">{{cite journal| author=Konvolinka CW| title=Acute diverticulitis under age forty. | journal=Am J Surg | year= 1994 | volume= 167 | issue= 6 | pages= 562-5 | pmid=8209928 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8209928  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16698746">{{cite journal| author=Satsangi J, Silverberg MS, Vermeire S, Colombel JF| title=The Montreal classification of inflammatory bowel disease: controversies, consensus, and implications. | journal=Gut | year= 2006 | volume= 55 | issue= 6 | pages= 749-53 | pmid=16698746 | doi=10.1136/gut.2005.082909 | pmc=1856208 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16698746  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12700377">{{cite journal| author=Haque R, Huston CD, Hughes M, Houpt E, Petri WA| title=Amebiasis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2003 | volume= 348 | issue= 16 | pages= 1565-73 | pmid=12700377 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra022710 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12700377  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8694025">{{cite journal| author=Hertzler SR, Savaiano DA| title=Colonic adaptation to daily lactose feeding in lactose maldigesters reduces lactose intolerance. | journal=Am J Clin Nutr | year= 1996 | volume= 64 | issue= 2 | pages= 232-6 | pmid=8694025 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8694025  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9414969">{{cite journal| author=Briet F, Pochart P, Marteau P, Flourie B, Arrigoni E, Rambaud JC| title=Improved clinical tolerance to chronic lactose ingestion in subjects with lactose intolerance: a placebo effect? | journal=Gut | year= 1997 | volume= 41 | issue= 5 | pages= 632-5 | pmid=9414969 | doi= | pmc=1891556 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9414969  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15391722">{{cite journal| author=BLACK-SCHAFFER B| title=The tinctoral demonstration of a glycoprotein in Whipple's disease. | journal=Proc Soc Exp Biol Med | year= 1949 | volume= 72 | issue= 1 | pages= 225-7 | pmid=15391722 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15391722  }} </ref>
-==Differentiating acute diarrhea from other Diseases==
-'''The following table outlines the major differential diagnoses of acute diarrhea.'''<ref name="Casburn-JonesFarthing2004">{{cite journal|last1=Casburn-Jones|first1=Anna C|last2=Farthing|first2=Michael Jg|title=Traveler's diarrhea|journal=Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology|volume=19|issue=6|year=2004|pages=610–618|issn=0815-9319|doi=10.1111/j.1440-1746.2003.03287.x}}</ref><ref name="KamatMathur2006">{{cite journal|last1=Kamat|first1=Deepak|last2=Mathur|first2=Ambika|title=Prevention and Management of Travelers’ Diarrhea|journal=Disease-a-Month|volume=52|issue=7|year=2006|pages=289–302|issn=00115029|doi=10.1016/j.disamonth.2006.08.003}}</ref><ref name="PfeifferDuPont2012">{{cite journal|last1=Pfeiffer|first1=Margaret L.|last2=DuPont|first2=Herbert L.|last3=Ochoa|first3=Theresa J.|title=The patient presenting with acute dysentery – A systematic review|journal=Journal of Infection|volume=64|issue=4|year=2012|pages=374–386|issn=01634453|doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2012.01.006}}</ref><ref name="pmid24506120">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barr W, Smith A |title=Acute diarrhea |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=180–9 |year=2014 |pmid=24506120 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29255768">{{cite journal |vauthors=Amil Dias J |title=Celiac Disease: What Do We Know in 2017? |journal=GE Port J Gastroenterol |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=275–278 |year=2017 |pmid=29255768 |doi=10.1159/000479881 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29254859">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kotloff KL, Riddle MS, Platts-Mills JA, Pavlinac P, Zaidi AKM |title=Shigellosis |journal=Lancet |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2017 |pmid=29254859 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33296-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="Yamamoto-FurushoBosques-Padilla2017">{{cite journal|last1=Yamamoto-Furusho|first1=J.K.|last2=Bosques-Padilla|first2=F.|last3=de-Paula|first3=J.|last4=Galiano|first4=M.T.|last5=Ibañez|first5=P.|last6=Juliao|first6=F.|last7=Kotze|first7=P.G.|last8=Rocha|first8=J.L.|last9=Steinwurz|first9=F.|last10=Veitia|first10=G.|last11=Zaltman|first11=C.|title=Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal: Primer Consenso Latinoamericano de la Pan American Crohn's and Colitis Organisation|journal=Revista de Gastroenterología de México|volume=82|issue=1|year=2017|pages=46–84|issn=03750906|doi=10.1016/j.rgmx.2016.07.003}}</ref><ref name="BorbélyOsterwalder2017">{{cite journal|last1=Borbély|first1=Yves M|last2=Osterwalder|first2=Alice|last3=Kröll|first3=Dino|last4=Nett|first4=Philipp C|last5=Inglin|first5=Roman A|title=Diarrhea after bariatric procedures: Diagnosis and therapy|journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology|volume=23|issue=26|year=2017|pages=4689|issn=1007-9327|doi=10.3748/wjg.v23.i26.4689}}</ref><ref name="CrawfordRamani2017">{{cite journal|last1=Crawford|first1=Sue E.|last2=Ramani|first2=Sasirekha|last3=Tate|first3=Jacqueline E.|last4=Parashar|first4=Umesh D.|last5=Svensson|first5=Lennart|last6=Hagbom|first6=Marie|last7=Franco|first7=Manuel A.|last8=Greenberg|first8=Harry B.|last9=O'Ryan|first9=Miguel|last10=Kang|first10=Gagandeep|last11=Desselberger|first11=Ulrich|last12=Estes|first12=Mary K.|title=Rotavirus infection|journal=Nature Reviews Disease Primers|volume=3|year=2017|pages=17083|issn=2056-676X|doi=10.1038/nrdp.2017.83}}</ref><ref name="pmid11068510">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kist M |title=[Chronic diarrhea: value of microbiology in diagnosis] |language=German |journal=Praxis (Bern 1994) |volume=89 |issue=39 |pages=1559–65 |year=2000 |pmid=11068510 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4014291">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guerrant RL, Shields DS, Thorson SM, Schorling JB, Gröschel DH |title=Evaluation and diagnosis of acute infectious diarrhea |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=78 |issue=6B |pages=91–8 |year=1985 |pmid=4014291 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10575169">{{cite journal |vauthors=López-Vélez R, Turrientes MC, Garrón C, Montilla P, Navajas R, Fenoy S, del Aguila C |title=Microsporidiosis in travelers with diarrhea from the tropics |journal=J Travel Med |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=223–7 |year=1999 |pmid=10575169 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="WahnschaffeIgnatius2009">{{cite journal|last1=Wahnschaffe|first1=Ulrich|last2=Ignatius|first2=Ralf|last3=Loddenkemper|first3=Christoph|last4=Liesenfeld|first4=Oliver|last5=Muehlen|first5=Marion|last6=Jelinek|first6=Thomas|last7=Burchard|first7=Gerd Dieter|last8=Weinke|first8=Thomas|last9=Harms|first9=Gundel|last10=Stein|first10=Harald|last11=Zeitz|first11=Martin|last12=Ullrich|first12=Reiner|last13=Schneider|first13=Thomas|title=Diagnostic value of endoscopy for the diagnosis of giardiasis and other intestinal diseases in patients with persistent diarrhea from tropical or subtropical areas|journal=Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology|volume=42|issue=3|year=2009|pages=391–396|issn=0036-5521|doi=10.1080/00365520600881193}}</ref><ref name="pmid27765536">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mena Bares LM, Carmona Asenjo E, García Sánchez MV, Moreno Ortega E, Maza Muret FR, Guiote Moreno MV, Santos Bueno AM, Iglesias Flores E, Benítez Cantero JM, Vallejo Casas JA |title=75SeHCAT scan in bile acid malabsorption in chronic diarrhoea |journal=Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=37–47 |year=2017 |pmid=27765536 |doi=10.1016/j.remn.2016.08.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19365159">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gibson RJ, Stringer AM |title=Chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea |journal=Curr Opin Support Palliat Care |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=31–5 |year=2009 |pmid=19365159 |doi=10.1097/SPC.0b013e32832531bb |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23384808">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abraham BP, Sellin JH |title=Drug-induced, factitious, & idiopathic diarrhoea |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=633–48 |year=2012 |pmid=23384808 |doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2012.11.007 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25692805">{{cite journal |vauthors=Reintam Blaser A, Deane AM, Fruhwald S |title=Diarrhoea in the critically ill |journal=Curr Opin Crit Care |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=142–53 |year=2015 |pmid=25692805 |doi=10.1097/MCC.0000000000000188 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17373914">{{cite journal |vauthors=McMahan ZH, DuPont HL |title=Review article: the history of acute infectious diarrhoea management--from poorly focused empiricism to fluid therapy and modern pharmacotherapy |journal=Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. |volume=25 |issue=7 |pages=759–69 |year=2007 |pmid=17373914 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03261.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23384801">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schiller LR |title=Definitions, pathophysiology, and evaluation of chronic diarrhoea |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=551–62 |year=2012 |pmid=23384801 |doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2012.11.011 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3523719">{{cite journal |vauthors=Giannella RA |title=Chronic diarrhea in travelers: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations |journal=Rev. Infect. Dis. |volume=8 Suppl 2 |issue= |pages=S223–6 |year=1986 |pmid=3523719 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 <span style="font-size:85%">'''Abbreviations:''' '''GI:''' [[Gastrointestinal tract|Gastrointestinal]], '''CBC''': [[Complete blood count]], '''WBC:''' [[White blood cells|White blood cell]], '''RBC''': [[Red blood cell]], '''Plt:''' [[Platelet]], '''Hgb:''' [[Hemoglobin]], '''ESR''': [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]], '''CRP''': [[C-reactive protein|C–reactive protein]], '''IgE:''' [[Immunoglobulin E]], '''IgA:''' [[Immunoglobulin A]], '''ETEC:''' [[Escherichia coli enteritis]], '''EPEC''': [[Escherichia coli|Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli]], '''EIEC''': [[Escherichia coli enteritis|Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli]], '''EHEC''': [[Escherichia coli|Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli]], '''EAEC''': [[Escherichia coli enteritis|Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli]], '''Nl''': Normal, '''ASCA''': [[Anti saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies]], '''ANCA''': [[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|Anti–neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody]], '''DNA''': [[DNA|Deoxyribonucleic acid]], '''CFTR''': [[Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator]], '''SLC10A2''': [[SLC10A2|Solute carrier family 10 member 2]], '''SeHCAT''': [[SeHCAT|Selenium homocholic acid taurine or tauroselcholic acid]], '''IEL''': Intraepithelial [[Lymphocyte|lymphocytes]], '''MRCP''': [[Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography]], '''ANA''': [[Antinuclear antibodies]], '''AMA''': [[Anti-mitochondrial antibody]], '''LDH''': [[Lactate dehydrogenase]], '''CPK''': [[Creatine phosphokinase]], '''PCR''': [[Polymerase chain reaction]], '''ELISA''': [[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|Enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay]], '''LT''': Heat–labile [[enterotoxin]], ST: Heat–stable [[enterotoxin]], '''RT-PCR''': Reverse–transcriptase [[polymerase chain reaction]], '''CD4:''' [[CD4|Cluster of differentiation 4]], '''HIV''': [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|Human immunodeficiency virus]], '''RUQ''': [[RUQ|Right-upper quadrant]], '''VIP''': [[Vasoactive intestinal peptide]], '''GI:''' [[Gastrointestinal tract|Gastrointestinal]], '''FAP''': [[Familial adenomatous polyposis]], '''HNPCC''': [[Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer]], '''MTP''': [[Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein]], '''Scl‑70''': Anti–[[Type I topoisomerase|topoisomerase I]], '''TSH''': [[Thyroid-stimulating hormone]], '''T4''': [[Thyroxine]], '''T3''': [[Triiodothyronine]], '''DTR''': [[Deep tendon reflex]], '''RNA''': [[RNA|Ribonucleic acid]]</span>
 {| class="wikitable" style="border: 0px; font-size: 100%; margin: 3px;" align="center"
-! colspan="2" rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Categories
 ! colspan="2" rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
 | colspan="9" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Clinical manifestation'''
@@ Line 27: / Line 44: @@
 ! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
 ! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-!
 |-
 ! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
@@ Line 47: / Line 63: @@
 ! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
 |-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="11" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gastrointestinal
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Ischemic colitis]]
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Crohns disease|Crohn's disease]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* Oral [[mucosal]] lesions
+*Hyperactive then absent [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
+*[[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Anti saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies]] (ASCA)
+*Elevated [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
-* [[Vitamin B12]] deficiency
+*Elevated [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR]]
-* Elevated [[erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR]]
+*Elevated serum [[Lactic acid|lactate]]
-* Elevated [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
+*Elevated [[lactate dehydrogenase]] ([[Lactate dehydrogenase|LDH]])
+*Elevated [[Creatine kinase|creatine phosphokinase]] ([[Creatine kinase|CPK]])
+*Elevated [[amylase]]
+*[[Hypoalbuminemia]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Uveitis]]
+*[[Henoch-Schönlein purpura|IgA vasculitis]]
-* [[Arthritis]]
-* [[Erythema nodosum]]
-* [[Pyoderma gangrenosum]]
-* [[Amyloidosis]]
-* Venous and arterial [[thromboembolism]]
-* [[Kidney stone|Renal stones]]
-* [[Bronchiectasis]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Abnormal immune response to self [[antigens]]
+*[[Thrombophilia|Hypercoagulability]]
+*Nonocclusive [[Ischemic colitis|colonic ischemia]]
+*[[Embolism|Embolic]] and [[Thrombosis|thrombotic]] arterial occlusion
+*[[Mesenteric vein thrombosis]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Colonoscopy]] with [[biopsy]]
+*Abdominal [[Computed tomography|CT scan]]
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Ulcerative colitis]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Lactose intolerance]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ±
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Blood]] on [[rectal examination]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|Anti–neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody]] ([[P-ANCA|P–ANCA]])
-* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
-* [[Hypokalemia]]
-* [[Hypomagnesemia]]
-* Elevated [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR]]
-* Elevated [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Skin rash]]
-* [[Iritis]]
-* [[Uveitis]]
-* Seronegative [[arthritis]]
-* [[Clubbing]]
-* [[Erythema nodosum]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Abnormal immune response to self [[antigens]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Colonoscopy]] with [[biopsy]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Celiac disease]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ±
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+* [[Abdominal tenderness ]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
 * [[Abdominal distention]]
-* Increased [[bowel]] sounds
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* Oral [[Mucous membrane|mucosal]] lesions
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
-* [[Ascites]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Fat droplets on [[sudan stain]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ↓
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[IgA]] endomysial [[antibody]]
+* Lactose tolerance test
-* Anti–tissue [[transglutaminase]] [[antibody]]
+* Genetic testing
-* [[Anti-gliadin antibodies|Anti–gliadin antibody]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Fat soluble vitamins]] deficiency
+* [[Headache]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Vertigo]]
-* [[Malabsorption]]
+* [[Memory impairment]]
-* [[Dementia]]
+* [[Lethargy]]
-* [[Dermatitis herpetiformis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Reduction of lactase enzyme activity or inability to produce persistent [[lactase]]
-* [[HLA-DQ2|HLA–DQ2]]
+* Congenital [[lactase deficiency]]
-* [[HLA-DQ8|HLA–DQ8]]
+* Secondary lactose malabsorption
-* Innate responses to wheat [[Protein|proteins]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Small bowel]] [[biopsy]]
-* [[IgA]] endomysial [[antibody]]
+* Lactose breath hydrogen test
-* Anti–tissue [[transglutaminase]] [[antibody]]
+|-
-|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Tropical sprue]]
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Cystic fibrosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
+* Angular [[stomatitis]]
-*[[Rectal prolapse]]
+* Oral mucosal lesion
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Fat droplets on [[sudan stain]]
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ↓
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Fat soluble vitamins]] deficiency
+* [[Vitamin B12 deficiency]]
+* [[Folate deficiency]]
+* [[Hypokalemia]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Positive [[DNA]] analysis for [[CFTR|cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator]] [[CFTR|(CFTR)]]
+*[[Myalgia]]
-* Nasal transepithelial potential difference
+*[[Neuropathy]]
-* [[Fat soluble vitamins]] deficiency
+*[[Edema]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Malabsorption]]
+* ''[[Escherichia coli]]''
-* Recurrent [[respiratory tract infection]]
+* ''[[Klebsiella pneumoniae]]''
-* [[Bronchiectasis]]
+* ''[[Enterobacter cloacae]]''
-* [[Diabetes mellitus]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Scoliosis]]
+* Diagnosis of exclusion
-* [[Infertility]]
+|-
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-* Mutations in the [[cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator]] ([[CFTR]]) protein
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-* Positive [[genetic testing]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-* Elevated [[Sweat chloride test|sweat chloride]] ≥60 mmol/L
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Chronic pancreatitis]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Pseudomembranous enterocolitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
+* Generalized [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+* [[Rebound tenderness|Rebound abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Fat droplets on [[sudan stain]]
+* [[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|Enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay]] ([[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|ELISA]])
-* Positive [[fecal elastase]] measurement
+* [[Polymerase chain reaction]] ([[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]) assay or ''[[Clostridium difficile infection|C. difficile]]'' antigen
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Slightly elevated [[amylase]] and [[lipase]]
+* Elevated [[Creatinine|serum creatinine]]
-* Abnormal pancreatic function test
+* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
-* [[Secretin]] stimulation test
+* Elevated [[lactic acid]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Malabsorption]]
+* [[Dehydration]]
-* [[Diabetes mellitus]]
+* [[Acute kidney injury]]
-* [[Pancreatic pseudocyst]]
+* [[Bacteremia]]
+* [[Reactive arthritis]]
+* [[Necrotizing fasciitis]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Toxin|Toxins]]
+* [[Clostridium difficile|''Clostridium difficile'']]
-* Recurrent [[acute pancreatitis]]
+* Recent [[antibiotics]] use
-* [[Genetics|Genetic]] predesposition
+* Recent [[surgery]]
-* [[Autoimmunity|Autoimmune]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography]] ([[Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography|MRCP]])
+* [[Stool examination|Stool exam]]
+* Pseudomembranes on [[colonoscopy]]
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Bile acid malabsorption]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" | [[Campylobacteriosis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Fat droplets on [[sudan stain]]
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Reduced [[cholesterol]] level
+*[[Toxic megacolon]]
+*[[Sepsis]]
+*[[Arthritis]]
+*[[Endocarditis]]
+*[[Guillain-Barré syndrome|Guillain–Barré syndrome]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Malabsorption]]
+*[[Campylobacter jejuni|''Campylobacter jejuni'']]
-*[[Hypotension]]
-*[[Tachycardia]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Genetic defects in ''[[SLC10A2]]''
+*[[Stool culture]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[SeHCAT]] test
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Microscopic colitis]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Salmonellosis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* Fecal [[incontinence]]
+*[[Abdominal distention]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+*[[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Hypokalemia]]
-* Elevated [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
-* Positive [[autoantibodies]] include:
-**RF
-**[[ANA]]
-**[[Anti-mitochondrial antibody|AMA]]
-**[[ANCA]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Arthritis]]
-* [[Uveitis]]
-* [[Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
-* Pleuro [[pericarditis]]
-* [[Hypothyroidism]]
-* [[Psoriasis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Mucosal]] [[immune responses]] to luminal factors in a genetically predisposed individual
-* Drug–induced
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Colonoscopy]] with [[mucosal]] [[biopsy]] with [[mononuclear]] infiltrates:
-** [[Collagenous colitis]] is characterized by a colonic subepithelial [[collagen]] band >10 micrometers in diameter
-** [[Lymphocytic]] [[colitis]] is characterized by ≥20 intraepithelial [[lymphocytes]] (IEL) per 100 surface epithelial cells
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Infective colitis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*Rebound [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
 *Positive [[stool culture]]
-*Positive fecal calprotectin
+*Positive serologic testing
-*Positive fecal [[lactoferrin]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
+*[[Hypokalemia]]
-*Elevated [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR]]
+*[[Hypernatremia]]
+*[[Hyponatremia]]
+* [[Hypercalciuria]]
+* [[Hypocitraturia]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Arthritis]]
+* [[Post-infectious arthritis|Post–infectious arthritis]]
-* [[Uveitis]]
+* [[Obtundation]]
+* [[Bacteremia]]
+* [[Pericarditis]]
+* [[Pyelonephritis]]
+*[[Brain abscess]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
 *[[Salmonella|''Salmonella'']]
-*[[Shigella|''Shigella'']]
-*[[Campylobacter|''Campylobacter'']]
-*''[[Escherichia coli|E. coli 0157:H7]]''
-*[[Clostridium difficile|''Clostridium difficile'']]
-*[[Entamoeba histolytica|''Entamoeba histolytica'']]
-*[[Adenoviridae|''Adenovirus'']]
-*[[Cytomegalovirus|''Cytomegalovirus'']]
-*[[Herpes simplex virus|''Herpes simplex virus'']]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
 *[[Stool culture]]
-*[[Blood culture]]
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Ischemic colitis]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Shigellosis]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*Hyperactive then absent [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
-*[[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
+* Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
+* Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑/↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
 *Elevated [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
 *Elevated [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR]]
-*Elevated serum [[Lactic acid|lactate]]
+*[[Hyponatremia]]
-*Elevated [[lactate dehydrogenase]] ([[Lactate dehydrogenase|LDH]])
+* [[Hypoglycemia]]
-*Elevated [[Creatine kinase|creatine phosphokinase]] ([[Creatine kinase|CPK]])
+* [[Azotemia]]
-*Elevated [[amylase]]
-*[[Hypoalbuminemia]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Henoch-Schönlein purpura|IgA vasculitis]]
+* [[Headache]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Lethargy]]
-*[[Thrombophilia|Hypercoagulability]]
+* [[Seizures]]
-*Nonocclusive [[Ischemic colitis|colonic ischemia]]
+* [[Delirium]]
-*[[Embolism|Embolic]] and [[Thrombosis|thrombotic]] arterial occlusion
+* [[Post-infectious arthritis|Post–infectious arthritis]]
-*[[Mesenteric vein thrombosis]]
+* [[Myocarditis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Shigella|''Shigella'']]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Abdominal [[Computed tomography|CT scan]]
+*[[Stool culture]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Lactose intolerance]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
+|-
+! rowspan="5" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Escherichia coli enteritis]]
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[ETEC|'''ETEC''']]
+([[Traveler's diarrhea]])
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Abdominal tenderness ]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Abdominal distention]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-* Lactose tolerance test
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-* Genetic testing
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Headache]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Vertigo]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Memory impairment]]
+*[[Escherichia coli|''Enterotoxigenic escherichia coli'']]
-* [[Lethargy]]
+*[[Enterotoxin|Enterotoxins]]:
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+**Heat–labile [[enterotoxin]] (LT)
-* Reduction of lactase enzyme activity or inability to produce persistent [[lactase]]
+**Heat–stable [[enterotoxin]] (ST)
-* Congenital [[lactase deficiency]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Secondary lactose malabsorption
+*[[Stool culture]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Small bowel]] [[biopsy]]
-* Lactose breath hydrogen test
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Irritable bowel syndrome]]
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[EPEC|'''EPEC''']]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Abdominal distention]]
-* Normal [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Anxiety]]
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
-*[[Palpitation]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*''[[Enteropathogenic E. coli]]''
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Unknown
+*[[Hybridization probe|DNA probe]] or [[polymerase chain reaction]] ([[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]) of the ''EPEC'' adherence factor
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Stool culture]]
-* Diagnosis of exclusion
 |-
-! rowspan="29" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Infection
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[EIEC|'''EIEC''']]
-! rowspan="18" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bacterial
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Whipple's disease]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
-* [[Ascites]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Positive [[fecal fat]]
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓/↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Hypoalbuminemia]]
+*[[Escherichia coli enteritis|''Enteroinvasive E. coli'']]
-*[[Fat soluble vitamins]] deficiency
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Malabsorption]]
+*[[Hybridization probe|DNA probe]]
-* [[Ocular motility disorders|Abnormal extraocular movement]]
+*[[Stool culture]]
-* [[Lymphadenopathy]]
-* [[Hyperpigmentation]]
-* [[Uveitis]]
-* [[Endocarditis]]
-* [[Encephalitis]]
-* [[Dementia]]
-* [[Pleural effusion]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Tropheryma whipplei|''Tropheryma whipplei'']]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Small intestine]] [[biopsy]] for [[Tropheryma whipplei]] testing
-* [[PCR]] testing
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Tropical sprue]]
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[EHEC|'''EHEC''']]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Angular [[stomatitis]]
-* Oral mucosal lesion
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
 *Positive [[stool culture]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Fat soluble vitamins]] deficiency
+* [[Azotemia]]
-* [[Vitamin B12 deficiency]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Folate deficiency]]
+*[[Hemolytic-uremic syndrome|Hemolytic uremic syndrome]] ([[Hemolytic-uremic syndrome|HUS]])
-* [[Hypokalemia]]
+*[[Renal insufficiency|Renal failure]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Myalgia]]
+*[[Enterohemorrhagic escherichica coli|''Enterohemorrhagic E. coli'']]
-*[[Neuropathy]]
+*[[Shiga toxin|Shiga toxins]]
-*[[Edema]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Stool culture]]
-* ''[[Escherichia coli]]''
-* ''[[Klebsiella pneumoniae]]''
-* ''[[Enterobacter cloacae]]''
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Diagnosis of exclusion
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome|Small bowel bacterial overgrowth]]
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[EAEC|'''EAEC''']]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
 *Positive [[stool culture]]
-*Positive [[fecal fat]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
+*Chronic infection in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
-* Abnormal [[Hydrogen Breath Test|hydrogen breath test]]
-* [[Lactic acidosis]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Malabsorption]]
+*[[Escherichia coli enteritis|''Enteroaggregative E. coli'']]
-* [[Rosacea]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Excess bacteria in the [[small intestine]]
+*[[Stool culture]]
-* Alterations in [[Intestine|intestinal]] [[anatomy]] or GI motility
+|-
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-* Diagnosis of exclusion
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+|-
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Pseudomembranous enterocolitis]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Yersinia enterocolitica]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* Generalized [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
 * [[Abdominal distention]]
-* [[Rebound tenderness|Rebound abdominal tenderness]]
+* Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
+* Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
@@ Line 593: / Line 578: @@
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|Enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay]] ([[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|ELISA]])
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
-* [[Polymerase chain reaction]] ([[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]) assay or ''[[Clostridium difficile infection|C. difficile]]'' antigen
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Bacteremia]]
+*[[Reactive arthritis]]
+*[[Glomerulonephritis]]
+*[[Endocarditis]]
+*[[Erythema nodosum]]
+*[[Abscess]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Elevated [[Creatinine|serum creatinine]]
+*[[Yersinia enterocolitica|''Yersinia enterocolitica'']]
-* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
-* Elevated [[lactic acid]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Dehydration]]
+*[[Stool culture]]
-* [[Acute kidney injury]]
-* [[Bacteremia]]
-* [[Reactive arthritis]]
-* [[Necrotizing fasciitis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Clostridium difficile|''Clostridium difficile'']]
-* Recent [[antibiotics]] use
-* Recent [[surgery]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Stool examination|Stool exam]]
-* Pseudomembranes on [[colonoscopy]]
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" | [[Campylobacteriosis]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Vibrio cholerae|Vibrio cholera]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
@@ Line 637: / Line 614: @@
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Toxic megacolon]]
+*[[Azotemia]]
-*[[Sepsis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Arthritis]]
+*Severe [[dehydration]]
-*[[Endocarditis]]
+*Decreased [[Turgor|skin turgor]]
-*[[Guillain-Barré syndrome|Guillain–Barré syndrome]]
+*[[Oliguria]]
+*[[Renal insufficiency|Renal failure]]
+*[[Cramp|Muscle cramps]]
+*[[Seizure]]
+*[[Somnolence]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Campylobacter jejuni|''Campylobacter jejuni'']]
+*[[Cholera toxin]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
 *[[Stool culture]]
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Salmonellosis]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Aeromonas]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
@@ Line 659: / Line 639: @@
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Abdominal distention]]
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
-*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+* Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
-*[[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
+* Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
@@ Line 668: / Line 648: @@
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
 *Positive [[stool culture]]
-*Positive serologic testing
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Wound [[infection]]
+*[[Bacteremia]]
+*[[Hemolytic-uremic syndrome|Hemolytic uremic syndrome]]
+*[[Meningitis]]
+*[[Ocular]] infection
+*[[Pneumonia]]
+*[[Urinary tract infection]]
+*[[Osteomyelitis]]
+*[[Peritonitis]]
+*[[Acute cholecystitis]]
+*[[Opportunistic infection|Opportunistic infections]] in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Hypokalemia]]
+*''[[Aeromonas]]'' virulence factors including [[Endotoxin|endotoxins]], [[Hemolysin|hemolysins]], [[Enterotoxin|enterotoxins]], and adherence factors
-*[[Hypernatremia]]
-*[[Hyponatremia]]
-* [[Hypercalciuria]]
-* [[Hypocitraturia]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Post-infectious arthritis|Post–infectious arthritis]]
+*[[Blood culture]]
-* [[Obtundation]]
+*Wound [[Culture collection|culture]]
-* [[Bacteremia]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-* [[Pericarditis]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-* [[Pyelonephritis]]
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-*[[Brain abscess]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-*[[Salmonella|''Salmonella'']]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-*[[Stool culture]]
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Shigellosis]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Plesiomonas shigelloides|Plesiomonas]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Abdominal distention]]
 * Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
 * Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
@@ Line 711: / Line 716: @@
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
 *Positive [[stool culture]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑/↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
+*[[Opportunistic infection|Opportunistic infections]] in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients or [[Hepato-biliary diseases|hepatobiliary disease]]
-*Elevated [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR]]
+*[[Bacteremia]]
-*[[Hyponatremia]]
+*[[Cellulitis]] and [[Skin and soft-tissue infections|skin abscesses]]
-* [[Hypoglycemia]]
+*[[Peritonitis]]
-* [[Azotemia]]
+*[[Meningoencephalitis]]
+*[[Ocular]] [[infection]]
+*[[Pneumonia]]
+*[[Prosthetic devices|Prosthetic]] joint [[infection]]
+*Septic [[Pregnancy termination complications|abortion]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Headache]]
+*[[Plesiomonas shigelloides|''Plesiomonas shigelloides'']]
-* [[Lethargy]]
-* [[Seizures]]
-* [[Delirium]]
-* [[Post-infectious arthritis|Post–infectious arthritis]]
-* [[Myocarditis]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Shigella|''Shigella'']]
+*[[Blood culture]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Stool culture]]
 |-
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Escherichia coli enteritis]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Mycobacterium avium complex]]
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[ETEC|'''ETEC''']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-([[Traveler's diarrhea]])
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+*[[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive [[stool culture]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Escherichia coli|''Enterotoxigenic escherichia coli'']]
+*Elevated [[Liver function tests|liver enzymes]]
-*[[Enterotoxin|Enterotoxins]]:
-**Heat–labile [[enterotoxin]] (LT)
-**Heat–stable [[enterotoxin]] (ST)
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Stool culture]]
+*[[Opportunistic infection]] in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
+*[[Pulmonary]] [[infection]]
+*[[Lymphadenopathy|Adenopathy]]
+*[[Sleep hyperhidrosis|Night sweats]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Mycobacterium avium complex|''Mycobacterium avium complex'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Blood culture]]
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[EPEC|'''EPEC''']]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Foodborne illness|Food poisoning]]
+* [[Staphylococcus aureus]]
+* [[Bacillus cereus]]
+* [[Clostridium perfringens]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
@@ Line 782: / Line 788: @@
 *Positive [[stool culture]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*''[[Enteropathogenic E. coli]]''
+*History of travel or ingestion of infected food
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Enterotoxin|Enterotoxins]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Hybridization probe|DNA probe]] or [[polymerase chain reaction]] ([[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]) of the ''EPEC'' adherence factor
 *[[Stool culture]]
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[EIEC|'''EIEC''']]
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+|-
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Norovirus]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive [[stool culture]]
+*Positive stool reverse–transcriptase [[polymerase chain reaction]] (RT–PCR)
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Escherichia coli enteritis|''Enteroinvasive E. coli'']]
+*[[Myalgia]]
+*[[Headache]]
+*[[Seizure]]
+*[[Encephalopathy]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Norovirus|''Norovirus'']]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Hybridization probe|DNA probe]]
+*Clinical diagnosis
-*[[Stool culture]]
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[EHEC|'''EHEC''']]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Rotavirus]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+* Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+* Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive [[stool culture]]
+*Elevated [[blood urea nitrogen]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+*[[Hyperchloremic acidosis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+*[[Hypocalcemia]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Azotemia]]
+*[[Necrotizing enterocolitis]]
+*[[Intussusception]]
+*[[Biliary atresia]]
+*[[Central nervous system]] involvement
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Hemolytic-uremic syndrome|Hemolytic uremic syndrome]] ([[Hemolytic-uremic syndrome|HUS]])
+*[[Rotavirus|''Rotavirus'']]
-*[[Renal insufficiency|Renal failure]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Enterohemorrhagic escherichica coli|''Enterohemorrhagic E. coli'']]
+*Stool immune–based assays
-*[[Shiga toxin|Shiga toxins]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Stool culture]]
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[EAEC|'''EAEC''']]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Echovirus]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-*Positive [[stool culture]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Chronic infection in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
+*[[Hepatic failure|Liver failure]]
+*[[Myocarditis]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Escherichia coli enteritis|''Enteroaggregative E. coli'']]
+*[[Echovirus|''Echovirus'']]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Stool culture]]
+*Clinical diagnosis
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Yersinia enterocolitica]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Adenoviridae|Adenovirus]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
@@ Line 889: / Line 929: @@
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Abdominal distention]]
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-* Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive [[stool culture]]
+*Viral antigen assay
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Respiratory disease]]
+*[[Hyperkeratosis|Follicular]] [[conjunctivitis]]
+*Epidemic [[keratoconjunctivitis]]
+*[[Hepatitis]]
+*[[Urethritis]]
+*[[Myocarditis]]
+*[[Meningitis]]
 *[[Bacteremia]]
-*[[Reactive arthritis]]
-*[[Glomerulonephritis]]
-*[[Endocarditis]]
-*[[Erythema nodosum]]
-*[[Abscess]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Yersinia enterocolitica|''Yersinia enterocolitica'']]
+*[[Adenoviridae|''Adenovirus'']]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Stool culture]]
+*Clinical diagnosis
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Vibrio cholerae|Vibrio cholera]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[CMV colitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive [[stool culture]]
+*Viral antigen assay
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Azotemia]]
+*Decreased [[CD4]] level
+*Abnormal [[Liver function tests|liver function test]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Severe [[dehydration]]
+*[[Encephalitis]]
-*Decreased [[Turgor|skin turgor]]
+*[[Guillain-Barré syndrome|Guillain–Barré syndrome]]
-*[[Oliguria]]
+*[[Pneumonia]]
-*[[Renal insufficiency|Renal failure]]
+*[[Retinitis]]
-*[[Cramp|Muscle cramps]]
+*[[Pericarditis]] and [[myocarditis]]
-*[[Seizure]]
+*[[Atherosclerosis]]
-*[[Somnolence]]
+*[[Venous thromboembolism|Venous thrombosis]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Cholera toxin]]
+*[[Cytomegalovirus|''Cytomegalovirus'']]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Stool culture]]
+*[[Quantitative polymerase chain reaction|Quantitative PCR]] tests
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Aeromonas]]
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+|-
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Entamoeba histolytica]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Abdominal distention]]
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-* Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-* Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-*Positive [[stool culture]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
@@ Line 972: / Line 1,040: @@
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Wound [[infection]]
+*[[Liver abscess]]
-*[[Bacteremia]]
+*Pleuropulmonary infection
-*[[Hemolytic-uremic syndrome|Hemolytic uremic syndrome]]
+*[[Cardiac]] [[infection]]
-*[[Meningitis]]
+*[[Brain abscess]]
-*[[Ocular]] infection
+*[[Skin and soft-tissue infections|Cutaneous infection]]
-*[[Pneumonia]]
-*[[Urinary tract infection]]
-*[[Osteomyelitis]]
-*[[Peritonitis]]
-*[[Acute cholecystitis]]
-*[[Opportunistic infection|Opportunistic infections]] in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*''[[Aeromonas]]'' virulence factors including [[Endotoxin|endotoxins]], [[Hemolysin|hemolysins]], [[Enterotoxin|enterotoxins]], and adherence factors
+*[[Entamoeba histolytica|''Entamoeba histolytica'']]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Blood culture]]
+*Antigen testing
-*Wound [[Culture collection|culture]]
+*Serology
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Plesiomonas shigelloides|Plesiomonas]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Microsporidia]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
@@ Line 999: / Line 1,061: @@
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-* Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive [[stool culture]]
+*Positive stool microscopy
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Opportunistic infection|Opportunistic infections]] in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients or [[Hepato-biliary diseases|hepatobiliary disease]]
+*Decreased [[CD4]] count
-*[[Bacteremia]]
-*[[Cellulitis]] and [[Skin and soft-tissue infections|skin abscesses]]
-*[[Peritonitis]]
-*[[Meningoencephalitis]]
-*[[Ocular]] [[infection]]
-*[[Pneumonia]]
-*[[Prosthetic devices|Prosthetic]] joint [[infection]]
-*Septic [[Pregnancy termination complications|abortion]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Plesiomonas shigelloides|''Plesiomonas shigelloides'']]
+*[[Malabsorption]]
+*[[Keratitis]]
+*[[Seizure]]
+*[[Myositis]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Blood culture]]
+*[[Microsporidia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Antigen detection assays
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Mycobacterium avium complex]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Isospora]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
 *[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-*[[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+*Positive stool microscopy
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+*Positive [[fecal fat]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated [[Liver function tests|liver enzymes]]
+*Elevated [[Eosinophil granulocyte|eosinophils]]
+*[[Hypokalemia]]
+*Increased [[creatinine]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Opportunistic infection]] in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
+*Chronic illness in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
-*[[Pulmonary]] [[infection]]
-*[[Lymphadenopathy|Adenopathy]]
-*[[Sleep hyperhidrosis|Night sweats]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Mycobacterium avium complex|''Mycobacterium avium complex'']]
+*[[Isospora|''Isospora'']]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Blood culture]]
+*Detecting oocysts in the feces
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Foodborne illness|Food poisoning]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[VIPoma]]
-* [[Staphylococcus aureus]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Bacillus cereus]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Clostridium perfringens]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
-*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+* Abdominal [[RUQ]] [[tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+* [[Nausea]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+* [[Vomiting]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive [[stool culture]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*History of travel or ingestion of infected food
+*Elevated [[VIP]] level
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Hypokalemia]]
-*[[Enterotoxin|Enterotoxins]]
+*[[Hypochlorhydria]] or [[achlorhydria]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Low osmotic gap (<50 mOsm/kg)
-*[[Stool culture]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-|-
+* [[Rash]]
-| rowspan="6" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Virus
+* [[Facial flushing]]
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Norovirus]]
+* [[Dehydration]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+* [[Lethargy]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+* [[Muscle weakness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+* Primary secretory tumor
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+* Blood [[VIP]] levels
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+* Followed by imaging
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+|-
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-*Positive stool reverse–transcriptase [[polymerase chain reaction]] (RT–PCR)
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
-*[[Myalgia]]
+|-
-*[[Headache]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-*[[Seizure]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-*[[Encephalopathy]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-*[[Norovirus|''Norovirus'']]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-*Clinical diagnosis
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Rotavirus]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |Medications
+* [[ACE inhibitor|ACE inhibitors]]
+* [[Digoxin]]
+* [[Cephalosporin|Cephalosporins]]
+* [[Statins]]
+* [[Thiazide|Thiazide diuretics]]
+* [[Triptans]]
+* [[Lactulose]]
+* [[HIV AIDS medical therapy|Anti retroviral agents]]
+* [[Chemotherapy|Chemotherapeutic agents]]
+* [[Antifungal drug|Antifungals]]
+* [[Magnesium]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*[[Abdominal distention]]
+*[[Dehydration]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
-* Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑/↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated [[blood urea nitrogen]]
+*Elevated plasma level of drug
-*[[Hyperchloremic acidosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-*[[Hypocalcemia]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Necrotizing enterocolitis]]
+*[[Inflammation]]
-*[[Intussusception]]
+*[[Pseudomembranous enterocolitis|Pseudomembranous colitis]]
-*[[Biliary atresia]]
-*[[Central nervous system]] involvement
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Rotavirus|''Rotavirus'']]
+*Clinical evaluation after discontinuation of the drugs
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Stool immune–based assays
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Echovirus]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |Factitious diarrhea
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Hepatic failure|Liver failure]]
-*[[Myocarditis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Echovirus|''Echovirus'']]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Clinical diagnosis
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Adenoviridae|Adenovirus]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+*[[Abdominal distention]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑/↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Viral antigen assay
+*[[Hypokalemia]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+*[[Metabolic alkalosis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+*[[Hypermagnesemia]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Respiratory disease]]
+*[[Malabsorption]]
-*[[Hyperkeratosis|Follicular]] [[conjunctivitis]]
+*[[Lethargy]]
-*Epidemic [[keratoconjunctivitis]]
+*[[Generalized weakness]]
-*[[Hepatitis]]
+*[[Acute kidney injury|Acute renal failure]]
-*[[Urethritis]]
-*[[Myocarditis]]
-*[[Meningitis]]
-*[[Bacteremia]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Adenoviridae|''Adenovirus'']]
+*[[Medication|Medications]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Clinical diagnosis
+*Clinical evaluation after discontinuation of the drugs
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[CMV colitis]]
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+|-
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Organophosphate poisoning]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Saliva|Salivation]]
-*Viral antigen assay
+*[[Nausea and vomiting|Vomiting]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Decreased [[CD4]] level
+*Reduced RBC acetylcholinesterase
-*Abnormal [[Liver function tests|liver function test]]
+*Plasma [[cholinesterase]] activity
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Encephalitis]]
+*[[Dysautonomia|Autonomic dysfunction]]
-*[[Guillain-Barré syndrome|Guillain–Barré syndrome]]
+*Motor deficit
-*[[Pneumonia]]
+*Sensory deficit
-*[[Retinitis]]
+*[[Bronchospasm]]
-*[[Pericarditis]] and [[myocarditis]]
+*[[Urination]]
-*[[Atherosclerosis]]
+*[[Miosis]]
-*[[Venous thromboembolism|Venous thrombosis]]
+*[[Bradycardia]]
+*[[Lacrimation]]
+*[[Sweating]]
+*[[Cardiac arrhythmia|Cardiac arrhythmias]]
+*[[Acute kidney injury|Acute renal injury]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Cytomegalovirus|''Cytomegalovirus'']]
+*[[Neurotoxin|Neurotoxins]] bind to [[ACHE|acetylcholinesterase]] (AChE)
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Quantitative polymerase chain reaction|Quantitative PCR]] tests
+*Clinical diagnosis
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Opium withdrawal]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+*Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
-*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Decreased [[CD4]] level
+*[[Azotemia]]
-*[[Electrolyte disturbance|Electrolyte imbalance]]
+*[[Hypokalemia]]
+*[[Metabolic alkalosis]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Lymphadenopathy]]
+*[[Dysphoria]]
-*Disseminated [[infection]]
+*[[Agitation (emotion)|Restlessness]]
+*[[Perspiration|Sweating]]
+*[[Rhinorrhea]]
+*[[Tears|Lacrimation]]
+*[[Myalgia]]
+*[[Arthralgia]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|''HIV'']]
+*[[Opium|Opium withdrawal]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*HIV virologic (viral load) test
+*Clinical diagnosis following [[opium withdrawal]]
-*Immunoassay
 |-
-! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Parasite
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Short bowel syndrome]]
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Entamoeba histolytica]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+* [[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+*Positive [[fecal fat]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ↑
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Liver abscess]]
+* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
-*Pleuropulmonary infection
+* High level of [[Acute phase protein|acute phase reactant]]
-*[[Cardiac]] [[infection]]
+* Abnormal [[liver function tests]]
-*[[Brain abscess]]
-*[[Skin and soft-tissue infections|Cutaneous infection]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Entamoeba histolytica|''Entamoeba histolytica'']]
+* Prior [[Intestine|intestinal]] surgery
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Malabsorption]]
-*Antigen testing
+* [[Crohn's disease]]
-*Serology
+* [[Cancer|Malignancy]]
+* Peripheral [[edema]]
+* [[Muscle atrophy]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Surgical [[bowel resection]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Clinical diagnosis following [[bowel resection]]
 |-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Giardia lamblia|Giardia]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Radiation enteropathy|Radiation enteritis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+* [[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
-*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[fecal fat]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Vitamin B12 deficiency
+*[[Hypoalbuminemia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Prior history of [[Cancer|malignancy]] and [[radiation therapy]]
 *[[Malabsorption]]
-*[[Urticaria]]
+*[[Telangiectasia|Telangiectasias]]
-*[[Depression]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*''[[Giardia lamblia]]''
+*[[Radiation therapy|Radiation]]
 | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Antigen detection assays
+*Segmental bowel [[inflammation]] on [[endoscopy]] or [[colonoscopy]]
-|-
+|- }
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Cryptosporidium]]
+|}
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+==References==
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+{{Reflist|2}}
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive stool microscopy
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated [[alkaline phosphatase]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Chronic, life–threatening illness in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Cryptosporidium|''Cryptosporidium'']]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Polymerase chain reaction
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Microsporidia]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive stool microscopy
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Decreased [[CD4]] count
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Malabsorption]]
-*[[Keratitis]]
-*[[Seizure]]
-*[[Myositis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Microsporidia]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Antigen detection assays
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Isospora]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive stool microscopy
-*Positive [[fecal fat]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated [[Eosinophil granulocyte|eosinophils]]
-*[[Hypokalemia]]
-*Increased [[creatinine]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Chronic illness in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Isospora|''Isospora'']]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Detecting oocysts in the feces
-|-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="6" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Tumors
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Carcinoid syndrome|Carcinoid tumor]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Abdominal distention]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated urinary [[5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid|5–hydroxyindoleacetic acid]] ([[5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid|5–HIAA]]) level
-*High [[chromogranin A]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Flushing|Facial flushing]]
-*[[Jaundice]]
-*[[Edema]]
-*[[Valvular heart disease]]
-*[[Congestive heart failure|Right–sided heart failure]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Well–differentiated [[Neuroendocrine tumors|neuroendocrine tumor]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Blood [[chromogranin A]]  level
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[VIPoma]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Abdominal distention]]
-* Abdominal [[RUQ]] [[tenderness]]
-* [[Nausea]]
-* [[Vomiting]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated [[VIP]] level
-*[[Hypokalemia]]
-*[[Hypochlorhydria]] or [[achlorhydria]]
-*Low osmotic gap (<50 mOsm/kg)
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Rash]]
-* [[Facial flushing]]
-* [[Dehydration]]
-* [[Lethargy]]
-* [[Muscle weakness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Primary secretory tumor
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Blood [[VIP]] levels
-* Followed by imaging
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome|Zollinger–Ellison syndrome]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-** [[Tenderness|Epigastric tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Positive [[secretin]] stimulation test
-* Elevated serum [[chromogranin A]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-** [[Jaundice]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Gastrin]] producing [[tumor]] mainly in [[duodenum]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Secretin]] stimulation test
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Neuroendocrine tumors|Somatostatinoma]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-** [[Tenderness|Epigastric tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated fasting plasma [[somatostatin]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-** [[Diabetes mellitus]]
-** [[Gallstone disease|Cholelithiasis]]
-** [[Jaundice]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Neuroendocrine tumors]] of D–cell origin
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Plasma [[somatostatin]] level
-*Followed by imaging
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Lymphoma]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-*[[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Paraproteinemia]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Malabsorption]]
-* [[Lactose intolerance]]
-* [[Ascites]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Primary [[tumor]] of GI tract
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Colonoscopy]] with [[biopsy]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Colorectal cancer]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Positive [[carcinoembryonic antigen]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Metastasis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[FAP|FAP gene]]
-*[[Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer|HNPCC gene]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-** [[Colonoscopy]] and [[biopsy]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Medication/Toxicity
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |Medications
-* [[ACE inhibitor|ACE inhibitors]]
-* [[Digoxin]]
-* [[Cephalosporin|Cephalosporins]]
-* [[Statins]]
-* [[Thiazide|Thiazide diuretics]]
-* [[Triptans]]
-* [[Lactulose]]
-* [[HIV AIDS medical therapy|Anti retroviral agents]]
-* [[Chemotherapy|Chemotherapeutic agents]]
-* [[Antifungal drug|Antifungals]]
-* [[Magnesium]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Abdominal distention]]
-*[[Dehydration]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑/↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated plasma level of drug
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Inflammation]]
-*[[Pseudomembranous enterocolitis|Pseudomembranous colitis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Clinical evaluation after discontinuation of the drugs
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |Factitious diarrhea
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Abdominal distention]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑/↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Hypokalemia]]
-*[[Metabolic alkalosis]]
-*[[Hypermagnesemia]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Malabsorption]]
-*[[Lethargy]]
-*[[Generalized weakness]]
-*[[Acute kidney injury|Acute renal failure]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Medication|Medications]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Clinical evaluation after discontinuation of the drugs
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Heavy metal ingestion]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Abdominal distention]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Elevated plasma heavy metal level
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Headache]]
-*[[Paresthesia|Numbness]]
-*[[Alopecia]]
-*[[Vertigo]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Heavy metal ingestion]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Plasma level of heavy metal
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Organophosphate poisoning]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Saliva|Salivation]]
-*[[Nausea and vomiting|Vomiting]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Reduced RBC acetylcholinesterase
-*Plasma [[cholinesterase]] activity
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Dysautonomia|Autonomic dysfunction]]
-*Motor deficit
-*Sensory deficit
-*[[Bronchospasm]]
-*[[Urination]]
-*[[Miosis]]
-*[[Bradycardia]]
-*[[Lacrimation]]
-*[[Sweating]]
-*[[Cardiac arrhythmia|Cardiac arrhythmias]]
-*[[Acute kidney injury|Acute renal injury]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Neurotoxin|Neurotoxins]] bind to [[ACHE|acetylcholinesterase]] (AChE)
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Clinical diagnosis
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Opium withdrawal]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Azotemia]]
-*[[Hypokalemia]]
-*[[Metabolic alkalosis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Dysphoria]]
-*[[Agitation (emotion)|Restlessness]]
-*[[Perspiration|Sweating]]
-*[[Rhinorrhea]]
-*[[Tears|Lacrimation]]
-*[[Myalgia]]
-*[[Arthralgia]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Opium|Opium withdrawal]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Clinical diagnosis following [[opium withdrawal]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Iatrogenic
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Short bowel syndrome]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-* [[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive [[fecal fat]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ↑
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
-* High level of [[Acute phase protein|acute phase reactant]]
-* Abnormal [[liver function tests]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Prior [[Intestine|intestinal]] surgery
-* [[Malabsorption]]
-* [[Crohn's disease]]
-* [[Cancer|Malignancy]]
-* Peripheral [[edema]]
-* [[Muscle atrophy]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Surgical [[bowel resection]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Clinical diagnosis following [[bowel resection]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Radiation enteropathy|Radiation enteritis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive [[fecal fat]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Vitamin B12 deficiency
-*[[Hypoalbuminemia]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Prior history of [[Cancer|malignancy]] and [[radiation therapy]]
-*[[Malabsorption]]
-*[[Telangiectasia|Telangiectasias]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Radiation therapy|Radiation]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Segmental bowel [[inflammation]] on [[endoscopy]] or [[colonoscopy]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Gastric dumping syndrome|Dumping syndrome]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*Hyperactive [[bowel sound]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Hypoglycemia]]
-* [[Hydrogen Breath Test|Hydrogen breath test]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Malnutrition]]
-*[[Fat soluble vitamins|Fat soluble vitamin]] deficiency
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Post operative complications|Postgastrectomy]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Clinical diagnosis following [[gastrectomy]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" rowspan="4" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Others
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Abetalipoproteinemia]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Abdominal distension]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Low [[triglyceride]]
-* Low total [[cholesterol]] levels
-* [[Acanthocytes]]
-* Low [[vitamin E]] levels
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Ataxia]]
-* [[Visual field defect]]
-* [[Dysarthria]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Autosomal recessive]] disorder caused by mutations encoding the [[microsomal triglyceride transfer protein]] (MTP)
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Clinical findings and low [[triglyceride]] and [[cholesterol]] level
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Hyperthyroidism]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive [[fecal fat]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Elevated [[T4]]
-* Elevated [[T3]]
-* Decreased [[TSH]]
-* High serum [[alkaline phosphatase]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Lump in the neck
-* Lid lag
-* [[Malabsorption]]
-* [[Sweating]]
-* [[Hyperpigmentation]]
-* [[Proptosis]]
-* [[Tremor]]
-* Increased [[Deep tendon reflex|DTR]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Graves' disease]]
-* [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]]
-* [[Toxic adenoma]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[TSH]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Diabetic neuropathy]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Fecal incontinence]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive [[fecal fat]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Hyperglycemia]]
-*[[Azotemia]]
-*[[Hypokalemia]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Malabsorption]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Unclear
-*Disordered [[motility]]
-*Increased [[Intestine|intestinal]] secretion
-*[[Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Clinical diagnosis in a patient with long lasting [[diabetes mellitus]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Scleroderma|Systemic sclerosis]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-*[[Abdominal pain|Epigastric tenderness]]
-*[[Fecal incontinence]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Positive [[fecal fat]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* Anti–[[Type I topoisomerase|topoisomerase I]] (Scl‑70) antibodies
-* [[Antinuclear antibodies]] ([[Antinuclear antibodies|ANA]])
-* [[Anti-centromere antibodies|Anti–centromere antibodies]]
-* Anti–[[RNA polymerase III]] antibody
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Malabsorption]]
-*[[Skin changes]]
-*[[Raynaud's phenomenon|Raynaud phenomenon]]
-*[[Pulmonary hypertension]]
-*[[Arthritis]]
-*[[Telangiectasia]]
-*[[Chronic renal failure]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*[[Autoimmunity|Autoimmune reaction]]
-| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-*Clinical diagnosis
-*Followed by serologic tests
-|- }
-|}
-==References==
+[[Category:Medicine]]
-{{Reflist|2}}
+[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
+[[Category:Up-To-Date]]

Acute diarrhea differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 20:15, 29 July 2020

Overview

Differential Diagnosis of Acute Diarrhea from other diseases

References

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