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{{SK}} LOC: non responsive; unresponsive; non-responsive; non-responsiveness; unresponsiveness; lack of responsiveness
{{SK}} LOC: non responsive; unresponsive; non-responsive; non-responsiveness; unresponsiveness; lack of responsiveness; lack of response; reduced alertness; disturbance of consciousness; decreased level of consciousness; decreased LOC; decreased consciousness; partial loss of consciousness; loss of consciousness; lack of consciousness


==Overview==
==Overview==
'''Unconsciousness''', more appropriately referred to as loss of [[consciousness]] or lack of consciousness, is a dramatic alteration of mental state that involves complete or near-complete lack of responsiveness to people and other environmental stimuli.
'''Unconsciousness''' is a dramatic alteration of mental state that involves complete or near-complete lack of responsiveness to people and other environmental stimuli.  A transient LOC followed by rapid recovery is referred to as [[syncope]].


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Common Causes===
*[[Alcohol]]
*[[Alcohol]]
*[[Brownout (medical)|Brownout]] or greyout, a partial loss of consciousness
*[[Brownout (medical)|Brownout]] or [[greyout]], a [[partial loss of consciousness]]
*[[Cardiac arrest]]
*[[Cardiac arrest]]
*[[Coma]]
*[[Coma]]
Line 16: Line 18:
*[[Hypnotic drugs]]
*[[Hypnotic drugs]]
*[[Sedatives]]
*[[Sedatives]]
*[[Shallow water blackout]]
*[[Stroke]]
*[[Stroke]]
*[[Syncope]]
*[[Syncope]]
*[[Traumatic brain injury]]
*[[Traumatic brain injury]]
*[[Viral meningitis]]


==Differentiating Loss of Consciousness from other Disorders==
===Causes by Organ System===
*Loss of consciousness should ''not'' be confused with the notion of the psychoanalytic [[Unconscious mind|unconscious]] or cognitive processes (e.g., implicit cognition) that take place outside of awareness.
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Cardiac arrest]], [[Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula]], [[Shock]], [[Syncope]], [[Ventricular fibrillation]], [[Fat embolism]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[1,1-Dichloroethene]], [[1,4-Dioxane]], [[2,4-Dinitrotoluene]], [[2-Methyl-4-Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid]], [[Acetone]], [[Acetophenone]], [[Acute varnish makers' and painters' Naptha]], [[Allyl alcohol]], [[Allyl chloride]], [[Allyl trichloride]], [[Aluminum phosphide]], [[Amidithion]], [[Amiton]], [[Aniline]], [[Antifreeze]], [[Athyl-Gusathion]], [[Azinophos-methyl]], [[Azinfos-ethyl]], [[Azinphosmetile]], [[Azothoate]], [[Benoxafos]], [[Bromophos]], [[Cadusafos]], [[Cannabinoids]], [[Carbon monoxide]], [[Carbon tetrachloride]], [[Carbophenothion]], [[Chlorfenvinphos]], [[Chlorobenzene]], [[Chloropyrifos]], [[Chlorpyrifos methyl]], [[Claviceps purpurea]], [[Cone shell ]], [[Cyanides]], [[Cyanthoate]], [[Cyclohexanone]], [[Demeton]], [[Demeton-methyl]], [[Demeton-O]], [[Demeton-O-methyl]], [[Demeton-S-methyl]], [[Demeton-S-methylsulphon]], [[Dialifos]], [[Diazinon]], [[Dichlorvos]], [[Dicrotophos]], [[Diethylene glycol]], [[Dimethoate]], [[Dimethyl phthalate]], [[Dioxathion]], [[Disulfoton]], [[Earthball]], [[Endosulfan]], [[Endothion]], [[Ethinamate]], [[Ethion]], [[Ethoate-methyl]], [[Ethoprophos]], [[Ethyl mercaptan]], [[Ethylbenzene]], [[Ethyl-guthion]], [[Etrimfos]], [[Fenchlorphos]], [[Fenitrothion]], [[Fensulfothion]], [[Fenthion]], [[Fonophos]], [[Formothion]], [[Guthion-ethyl]], [[Heptenophos]], [[High melting explosive ]], [[Insect allergy]], [[Iodofenphos]], [[Jet Fuel-4]], [[Jet Fuel-8]], [[Malathion]], [[Mecarbam]], [[Methacrifos]], [[Methamidophos]], [[Methane]], [[Methidathion]], [[Methiocarb]], [[Methomyl]], [[Methyl ethyl ketone]], [[Methyl mercaptan]], [[Methyl parathion]], [[Methyl tert-butyl ether]], [[Methylene Chloride]], [[Metiltriazotion]], [[Mevinphos]], [[Monocrotophos]], [[N,N-Dimethyl-P-Toluidine]], [[Naphthalene]], [[Nitroethane]], [[Nitromethane]], [[Nitrophenol]], [[Nitrophenol Urea]], [[Omethoate]], [[Oxydeprofos]], [[Oxydisulfoton]], [[Parathion]], [[Parathion Methyl]], [[Pentaborane]], [[Pentachlorophenol]], [[Phenkapton]], [[Phorate]], [[Phosalone]], [[Phosdrin]], [[Phosmet]], [[Phosphamidon]], [[Phosphine]], [[Phoxim]], [[Pine oil]], [[Pirimiphos-methyl]], [[Primiphos methyl]], [[Profenofos]], [[Propylene glycol dinitrate]], [[Prothidathion]], [[Prothoate]], [[Pyridine]], [[Pyrimitate]], [[Quinalphos]], [[Quintiofos]], [[RDX]], [[Selenium]], [[Sodium azide]], [[Sodium hypochlorite]], [[Sophamide]], [[Stoddard solvent]], [[Sulfotep]], [[Terbufos]], [[Tetrachloroethylene]], [[Tetraethyl Pyrophosphate]], [[Tetrahydrocannabinol]], [[Tetrahydrofuran]], [[Thiometon]], [[Tolclofos methyl]], [[Toluene]], [[Triazophos]], [[Triazotion]], [[Trichlorfon]], [[Trichloroethane]], [[Triclofos]], [[Trifenfos]], [[Vamidothion]], [[Vinyl Choride]], [[Water hemlock poisoning]], [[Xylene]], [[Zinc Phosphide]], [[Iron compounds]], [[Organophosphorous compounds]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Atropine]], [[Baclofen]], [[Buprenorphine]], [[Buspirone]], [[Chlophedianol]], [[Chloral hydrate]], [[Chlorpheniramine]], [[Chlorpromazine]], [[Cinnarizine]], [[Clomipramine]], [[Clonazepam]], [[Clotiapine]], [[Cocaine]], [[Codeine]], [[Cyclobenzaprine]], [[Cycloserine]], [[Dantrolene]], [[Demerol ]], [[Demethyldiazepam]], [[Deserpidine]], [[Desipramine]], [[Diamorphine]], [[Diazepam]], [[Dichloralphenazone]], [[Diphenhydramine]], [[Diphenidol]], [[Dothiepin]], [[Doxepin ]], [[Efavirenz]], [[Eszopiclone]], [[Ethchlorvynol]], [[ferumoxytol]], [[Flurazepam ]], [[Fluridrazepam]], [[Gabapentin]], [[Gamma hydroxybutyrate]], [[Ganaxolone]], [[General anaesthesia]], [[Glutethimide]], [[Haloperidol]], [[Hydrazine]], [[Hydroxyzine]], [[Imipramine]], [[Inhalational anaesthetics]], [[Iron compounds]], [[Levetiracetam]], [[Levomepromazine]], [[Lidocaine]], [[Local anaesthetia]], [[Lofexidine]], [[Lorazepam]], [[Medazepam]], [[Melatonin]], [[Mephenoxalone]], [[Meprobamate]], [[Methadone]], [[Methaqualone]], [[Methyldopa]], [[Methyprylon]], [[Metoclopramide]], [[Mianserin]], [[Midazolam]], [[Mirtazapine]], [[Morphine]], [[Nabilone]], [[Nitrazepam]], [[Nitrous oxide]], [[Nortriptyline]], [[Novacaine]], [[Olanzapine]], [[Oprelvekin]], [[Oxazepam]], [[Penicillin]], [[Perazine]], [[Phencyclidine]], [[Phenelzine]], [[Phenobarbital]], [[Pipothiazine]], [[Pizotifen]], [[Pramipexole]], [[Prazepam]], [[Pregabalin]], [[Primidone]], [[Prochlorperazine]], [[Propiomazine]], [[Propofol]], [[Protriptyline]], [[Quetiapine]], [[Ramelteon]], [[Reserpine]], [[Ritalin]], [[Sulfa antibiotics]], [[Temazepam]], [[Thiopentone]], [[Tizanidine]], [[Topiramate]], [[Tricyclic antidepressants]], [[Trifluperidol]], [[Trimipramine]], [[Ultram ]], [[Vigabatrin]], [[Zaleplon]], [[Ziconotide]], [[Zolpidem]], [[Zopiclone]], [[Amitriptyline]], [[Amoxapine]], [[Antipsychotic agents]], [[Barbiturates]], [[Benzodiazepines]], [[Bromazepam]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Diabetic ketoacidosis]], [[Hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic coma]], [[Hypothyroidism]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Heat stroke]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hepatic failure]], [[Variceal Bleeding ]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hereditary fructose-1-phosphate aldolase deficiency]], [[Fumarase deficiency]], [[Long chain hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[Mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase deficiency]], [[Unverricht-Lundborg disease]], [[Progressive myoclonus epilepsy]], [[Carbamoylphosphate synthetase 1 deficiency ]], [[Carnitine deficiency ]], [[Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anemia]], [[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ureterosigmoidostomy]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Malaria]], [[Viral meningitis]], [[Rabies]], [[Sleeping sickness ]], [[Intracranial abscess]], [[Meningoencephalitis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis]], [[Alcohol withdrawal syndrome]], [[Anencephaly]], [[Brain death]], [[Cataplexy]], [[Epidural haemorrhage]], [[Fits]], [[Focal seizures]], [[Intracranial abscess]], [[Intracranial granuloma]], [[Intracranial haemorrhage]], [[Meningoencephalitis]], [[Partial seizure]], [[Pituitary apoplexy]], [[Progressive myoclonus epilepsy]], [[Raised intracranial pressure]], [[Secondarily generalized seizure]], [[Subarachnoid haemorrhage]], [[Subdural haemorrhage]], [[Syncope]], [[Unverricht-Lundborg disease]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Arginosuccinic aciduria]], [[Carbamoylphosphate synthetase 1 deficiency ]], [[Carnitine deficiency ]], [[Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency]], [[Hypermagnesaemia]], [[Hypoglycemia]], [[Thiamine deficiency]], [[Diabetic ketoacidosis]], [[Hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic coma]], [[Hereditary fructose-1-phosphate aldolase deficiency]], [[Fumarase deficiency]], [[Long chain hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[Mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase deficiency]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amitriptyline]], [[Amoxapine]], [[Antipsychotic agents]], [[Barbiturates]], [[Benzodiazepines]], [[Bromazepam]], [[Bupivacaine]], [[Tetrahydrocannabinol]], [[Buprenorphine]], [[Buspirone]], [[Chlophedianol]], [[Chloral hydrate]], [[Chlorpheniramine]], [[Chlorpromazine]], [[Cinnarizine]], [[Clomipramine]], [[Clonazepam]], [[Clotiapine]], [[Cocaine]], [[Codeine]], [[Cyclobenzaprine]], [[Cycloserine]], [[Dantrolene]], [[Demerol ]], [[Demethyldiazepam]], [[Deserpidine]], ,[[Desipramine]] ,[[Diamorphine]] ,[[Diazepam]] ,[[Dichloralphenazone]], [[Diphenhydramine]], [[Diphenidol]], [[Dothiepin]], [[Doxepin ]], [[Efavirenz]], [[Eszopiclone]], [[Ethchlorvynol]] ,[[Flurazepam ]], [[Fluridrazepam]], [[Gabapentin]], [[Gamma hydroxybutyrate]], [[Ganaxolone]], [[General anaesthesia]], [[Glutethimide]], [[Haloperidol]], [[Hydrazine]], [[Hydroxyzine]], [[Imipramine]], [[Inhalational anaesthetics]], [[Iron compounds]], [[Levetiracetam]], [[Levomepromazine]], [[Lidocaine]], [[Local anaesthetia]], [[Lofexidine]], [[Lorazepam]], [[Medazepam]], [[Melatonin]], [[Mephenoxalone]], [[Meprobamate]], [[Methadone]], [[Methaqualone]], [[Methyldopa]], [[Methyprylon]], [[Metoclopramide]], [[Mianserin]], [[Midazolam]], [[Mirtazapine]], [[Morphine]], [[Nabilone]], [[Nitrazepam]], [[Nitrous oxide]], [[Nortriptyline]], [[Novacaine]], [[Olanzapine]], [[Oxazepam]], [[Penicillin]], [[Perazine]], [[Phencyclidine]], [[Phenelzine]], [[Phenobarbital]], [[Pipothiazine]], [[Pizotifen]], [[Pramipexole]], [[Prazepam]], [[Pregabalin]], [[Primidone]], [[Prochlorperazine]], [[Propiomazine]], [[Propofol]], [[Protriptyline]], [[Quetiapine]], [[Ramelteon]], [[Reserpine]], [[Ritalin]], [[Sulfa antibiotics]], [[Temazepam]], [[Thiopentone]], [[Tizanidine]], [[Topiramate]], [[Tricyclic antidepressants]], [[Trifluperidol]], [[Trimipramine]], [[Ultram ]], [[Vigabatrin]], [[Zaleplon]], [[Ziconotide]], [[Zolpidem]], [[Zopiclone]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Airway obstruction]], [[Anoxia]], [[Asphyxiation]], [[Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic renal failure]], [[Acute renal failure]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute spinal cord injury]], [[Concussion]], [[Electric shock]], [[Fat embolism]], [[Firearm Injury]], [[Mild Traumatic Brain Injury]], [[Near-drowning]], [[Skull fracture]], [[Epidural haemorrhage]], [[Subdural haemorrhage]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute altitude sickness]], [[Decompression sickness]], [[Hyperbaric sickness]], [[Hypothermia]], [[Narcolepsy]], [[Heat stroke]], [[Alcohol withdrawal syndrome]]
|-
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===


{{MultiCol}}
*[[1,1-Dichloroethene]]
*[[1,4-Dioxane]]
*[[2,4-Dinitrotoluene]]
*[[2-Methyl-4-Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid]]
*[[Acetone]]
*[[Acetophenone]]
*[[Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis]]
*[[Acute spinal cord injury]]
*[[Acute varnish makers' and painters' Naptha]]
*[[Airway obstruction]]
*[[Alcohol withdrawal syndrome]]
*[[Allyl alcohol]]
*[[Allyl chloride]]
*[[Allyl trichloride]]
*[[Acute altitude sickness]]
*[[Aluminum phosphide]]
*[[Amidithion]]
*[[Amiton]]
*[[Amitriptyline]]
*[[Amoxapine]]
*[[Anemia]]
*[[Anencephaly]]
*[[Aniline]]
*[[Anoxia]]
*[[Antifreeze]]
*[[Antipsychotic agents]]
*[[Arginosuccinic aciduria]]
*[[Asphyxiation]]
*[[Athyl-Gusathion]]
*[[Atropine]]
*[[Azinophos-methyl]]
*[[Azinfos-ethyl]]
*[[Azinphosmetile]]
*[[Azothoate]]
*[[Baclofen]]
*[[Barbiturates]]
*[[Benoxafos]]
*[[Benzodiazepines]]
*[[Brain death]]
*[[Bromazepam]]
*[[Bromophos]]
*[[Bupivacaine]]
*[[Buprenorphine]]
*[[Buspirone]]
*[[Cadusafos]]
*[[Cannabinoids]]
*[[Carbamoylphosphate synthetase 1 deficiency ]]
*[[Carbon monoxide]]
*[[Carbon tetrachloride]]
*[[Carbophenothion]]
*[[Cardiac arrest]]
*[[Carnitine deficiency ]]
*[[Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency]]
*[[Cataplexy]]
*[[Chlophedianol]]
*[[Chloral hydrate]]
*[[Chlorfenvinphos]]
*[[Chlorobenzene]]
*[[Chloropyrifos]]
*[[Chlorpheniramine]]
*[[Chlorpromazine]]
*[[Chlorpyrifos methyl]]
*[[Chronic renal failure]]
*[[Cinnarizine]]
*[[Claviceps purpurea]]
*[[Clomipramine]]
*[[Clonazepam]]
*[[Clotiapine]]
*[[Cocaine]]
*[[Codeine]]
*[[Concussion]]
*[[Cone shell ]]
*[[Cyanides]]
*[[Cyanthoate]]
*[[Cyclobenzaprine]]
*[[Cyclohexanone]]
*[[Cycloserine]]
*[[Dantrolene]]
*[[Decompression sickness]]
*[[Demerol ]]
*[[Demethyldiazepam]]
*[[Demeton]]
*[[Demeton-methyl]]
*[[Demeton-O]]
*[[Demeton-O-methyl]]
*[[Demeton-S-methyl]]
*[[Demeton-S-methylsulphon]]
*[[Deserpidine]]
*[[Desipramine]]
*[[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]
*[[Dialifos]]
*[[Diamorphine]]
*[[Diazepam]]
*[[Diazinon]]
*[[Dichloralphenazone]]
*[[Dichlorvos]]
*[[Dicrotophos]]
*[[Diethylene glycol]]
*[[Dimethoate]]
*[[Dimethyl phthalate]]
*[[Dioxathion]]
*[[Diphenhydramine]]
*[[Diphenidol]]
*[[Disulfoton]]
*[[Dothiepin]]
*[[Doxepin ]]
*[[Earthball]]
*[[Efavirenz]]
*[[Electric shock]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Endosulfan]]
*[[Endothion]]
*[[Epidural haemorrhage]]
*[[Eszopiclone]]
*[[Ethchlorvynol]]
*[[Ethinamate]]
*[[Ethion]]
*[[Ethoate-methyl]]
*[[Ethoprophos]]
*[[Ethyl mercaptan]]
*[[Ethylbenzene]]
*[[Ethyl-guthion]]
*[[Etrimfos]]
*[[Fat embolism]]
*[[Fenchlorphos]]
*[[Fenitrothion]]
*[[Fensulfothion]]
*[[Fenthion]]
*[[Ferumoxytol]]
*[[Firearm Injury]]
*[[Fits]]
*[[Flurazepam ]]
*[[Fluridrazepam]]
*[[Focal seizures]]
*[[Fonophos]]
*[[Formothion]]
*[[Hereditary fructose-1-phosphate aldolase deficiency]]
*[[Fumarase deficiency]]
*[[Gabapentin]]
*[[Gamma hydroxybutyrate]]
*[[Ganaxolone]]
*[[General anaesthesia]]
*[[Glutethimide]]
*[[Guthion-ethyl]]
*[[Haloperidol]]
*[[Heat stroke]]
*[[Hepatic failure]]
*[[Heptenophos]]
*[[High melting explosive ]]
*[[Hydrazine]]
*[[Hydroxyzine]]
*[[Hyperbaric sickness]]
*[[Hypermagnesaemia]]
*[[Hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic coma]]
*[[Hypoglycemia]]
*[[Hypothermia]]
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Imipramine]]
*[[Inhalational anaesthetics]]
*[[Insect allergy]]
*[[Intracranial abscess]]
*[[Intracranial granuloma]]
*[[Intracranial haemorrhage]]
*[[Iodofenphos]]
*[[Iron compounds]]
*[[Jet Fuel-4]]
*[[Jet Fuel-8]]
*[[Levetiracetam]]
*[[Levomepromazine]]
*[[Lidocaine]]
*[[Local anaesthetia]]
*[[Lofexidine]]
*[[Long chain hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency]]
*[[Lorazepam]]
*[[Malaria]]
*[[Malathion]]
*[[Mecarbam]]
*[[Medazepam]]
*[[Melatonin]]
*[[Meningoencephalitis]]
*[[Mephenoxalone]]
*[[Meprobamate]]
*[[Methacrifos]]
*[[Methadone]]
*[[Methamidophos]]
*[[Methane]]
*[[Methaqualone]]
*[[Methidathion]]
*[[Methiocarb]]
*[[Methomyl]]
*[[Methyl ethyl ketone]]
*[[Methyl mercaptan]]
*[[Methyl parathion]]
*[[Methyl tert-butyl ether]]
*[[Methyldopa]]
*[[Methylene Chloride]]
*[[Methyprylon]]
*[[Metiltriazotion]]
*[[Metoclopramide]]
*[[Mevinphos]]
*[[Mianserin]]
*[[Midazolam]]
*[[Mild Traumatic Brain Injury]]
*[[Mirtazapine]]
*[[Mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase deficiency]]
*[[Monocrotophos]]
*[[Morphine]]
*[[N,N-Dimethyl-P-Toluidine]]
*[[Nabilone]]
*[[Naphthalene]]
*[[Narcolepsy]]
*[[Near-drowning]]
*[[Nitrazepam]]
*[[Nitroethane]]
*[[Nitromethane]]
*[[Nitrophenol]]
*[[Nitrophenol Urea]]
*[[Nitrous oxide]]
*[[Nortriptyline]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Novacaine]]
*[[Olanzapine]]
*[[Omethoate]]
*[[Oprelvekin]]
*[[Oxazepam]]
*[[Oxydeprofos]]
*[[Oxydisulfoton]]
*[[Parathion]]
*[[Parathion Methyl]]
*[[Partial seizure]]
*[[Penicillin]]
*[[Pentaborane]]
*[[Pentachlorophenol]]
*[[Perazine]]
*[[Phencyclidine]]
*[[Phenelzine]]
*[[Phenkapton]]
*[[Phenobarbital]]
*[[Phorate]]
*[[Phosalone]]
*[[Phosdrin]]
*[[Phosmet]]
*[[Phosphamidon]]
*[[Phosphine]]
*[[Phoxim]]
*[[Pine oil]]
*[[Pipothiazine]]
*[[Pirimiphos-methyl]]
*[[Pituitary apoplexy]]
*[[Pizotifen]]
*[[Pramipexole]]
*[[Prazepam]]
*[[Pregabalin]]
*[[Primidone]]
*[[Primiphos methyl]]
*[[Prochlorperazine]]
*[[Profenofos]]
*[[Progressive myoclonus epilepsy]]
*[[Propiomazine]]
*[[Propofol]]
*[[Propylene glycol dinitrate]]
*[[Prothidathion]]
*[[Prothoate]]
*[[Protriptyline]]
*[[Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula]]
*[[Pyridine]]
*[[Pyrimitate]]
*[[Quetiapine]]
*[[Quinalphos]]
*[[Quintiofos]]
*[[Rabies]]
*[[Raised intracranial pressure]]
*[[Ramelteon]]
*[[RDX]]
*[[Acute renal failure]]
*[[Reserpine]]
*[[Ritalin]]
*[[Secondarily generalized seizure]]
*[[Selenium]]
*[[Shock]]
*[[Skull fracture]]
*[[Sleeping sickness ]]
*[[Sodium azide]]
*[[Sodium hypochlorite]]
*[[Sophamide]]
*[[Stoddard solvent]]
*[[Subarachnoid haemorrhage]]
*[[Subdural haemorrhage]]
*[[Sulfa antibiotics]]
*[[Sulfotep]]
*[[Syncope]]
*[[Temazepam]]
*[[Terbufos]]
*[[Tetrachloroethylene]]
*[[Tetraethyl Pyrophosphate]]
*[[Tetrahydrocannabinol]]
*[[Tetrahydrofuran]]
*[[Thiamine deficiency]]
*[[Thiometon]]
*[[Thiopentone]]
*[[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
*[[Tizanidine]]
*[[Tolclofos methyl]]
*[[Toluene]]
*[[Topiramate]]
*[[Triazophos]]
*[[Triazotion]]
*[[Trichlorfon]]
*[[Trichloroethane]]
*[[Triclofos]]
*[[Tricyclic antidepressants]]
*[[Trifenfos]]
*[[Trifluperidol]]
*[[Trimipramine]]
*[[Ultram ]]
*[[Unverricht-Lundborg disease]]
*[[Ureterosigmoidostomy]]
*[[Vamidothion]]
*[[Variceal Bleeding ]]
*[[Ventricular fibrillation]]
*[[Vigabatrin]]
*[[Vinyl Choride]]
*[[Water hemlock poisoning]]
*[[Xylene]]
*[[Zaleplon]]
*[[Ziconotide]]
*[[Zinc Phosphide]]
*[[Zolpidem]]
*[[Zopiclone]]
{{EndMultiCol}}


==Law and medicine==
==Differentiating Loss of Consciousness from other Diseases==
{{tone|section|date=June 2007}}
*Loss of consciousness should ''not'' be confused with the notion of the psychoanalytic [[Unconscious mind|unconscious]] or cognitive processes (e.g., implicit cognition) that take place outside of [[awareness]]. Loss of consciousness must '''not''' be confused with [[altered states of consciousness]], such as [[delirium]] (when the person is [[confused]] and only partially responsive to the environment), normal [[sleep]], [[hypnosis]], and other altered states in which the person responds to stimuli.
In [[jurisprudence]], unconsciousness may entitle the [[criminal defendant]] to the [[defense (legal)|defense]] of [[automatism (law)|automatism]], an [[excuse|excusing condition]] which allows a defendant to argue that they should not be held [[crime|criminally]] [[liability|liable]] for what would otherwise have been [[action (philosophy)|action]]s or [[omission (criminal)|omissions]] which broke the [[law]]. Courts are called upon to consider whether "falling asleep" (especially while [[driving]] or during any other safety-critical activity) can be an acceptable defense because natural sleep rarely overcomes an ordinary person without warning; however incidents related to [[epileptic seizure]]s, [[neurology|neurological]] dysfunctions and [[sleepwalking]] may be considered acceptable excusing conditions because the loss of control may not be foreseeable. For a detailed discussion, see [[automatism (case law)]].
 
On the other hand, someone who is less than fully conscious cannot give [[consent]] to anything. This is relevant in the case of [[sexual behavior]] (not allowed with such a person), and also in the case of a patient giving [[informed consent]] with regard to starting or stopping a treatment, and [[euthanasia]].
 
In many countries, First Responders, EMT, or Paramedics must legally obtain consent from a conscious casualty during an emergency before they can assume patient care. If consent is denied, the EMS provider can legally do nothing. In the situation where the casualty is unconscious, in most cases, the EMS provider can assume patient care under the legal assumption of implied consent.


==References==
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Latest revision as of 17:25, 8 May 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Synonyms and keywords: LOC: non responsive; unresponsive; non-responsive; non-responsiveness; unresponsiveness; lack of responsiveness; lack of response; reduced alertness; disturbance of consciousness; decreased level of consciousness; decreased LOC; decreased consciousness; partial loss of consciousness; loss of consciousness; lack of consciousness

Overview

Unconsciousness is a dramatic alteration of mental state that involves complete or near-complete lack of responsiveness to people and other environmental stimuli. A transient LOC followed by rapid recovery is referred to as syncope.

Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Cardiac arrest, Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula, Shock, Syncope, Ventricular fibrillation, Fat embolism
Chemical / poisoning 1,1-Dichloroethene, 1,4-Dioxane, 2,4-Dinitrotoluene, 2-Methyl-4-Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid, Acetone, Acetophenone, Acute varnish makers' and painters' Naptha, Allyl alcohol, Allyl chloride, Allyl trichloride, Aluminum phosphide, Amidithion, Amiton, Aniline, Antifreeze, Athyl-Gusathion, Azinophos-methyl, Azinfos-ethyl, Azinphosmetile, Azothoate, Benoxafos, Bromophos, Cadusafos, Cannabinoids, Carbon monoxide, Carbon tetrachloride, Carbophenothion, Chlorfenvinphos, Chlorobenzene, Chloropyrifos, Chlorpyrifos methyl, Claviceps purpurea, Cone shell , Cyanides, Cyanthoate, Cyclohexanone, Demeton, Demeton-methyl, Demeton-O, Demeton-O-methyl, Demeton-S-methyl, Demeton-S-methylsulphon, Dialifos, Diazinon, Dichlorvos, Dicrotophos, Diethylene glycol, Dimethoate, Dimethyl phthalate, Dioxathion, Disulfoton, Earthball, Endosulfan, Endothion, Ethinamate, Ethion, Ethoate-methyl, Ethoprophos, Ethyl mercaptan, Ethylbenzene, Ethyl-guthion, Etrimfos, Fenchlorphos, Fenitrothion, Fensulfothion, Fenthion, Fonophos, Formothion, Guthion-ethyl, Heptenophos, High melting explosive , Insect allergy, Iodofenphos, Jet Fuel-4, Jet Fuel-8, Malathion, Mecarbam, Methacrifos, Methamidophos, Methane, Methidathion, Methiocarb, Methomyl, Methyl ethyl ketone, Methyl mercaptan, Methyl parathion, Methyl tert-butyl ether, Methylene Chloride, Metiltriazotion, Mevinphos, Monocrotophos, N,N-Dimethyl-P-Toluidine, Naphthalene, Nitroethane, Nitromethane, Nitrophenol, Nitrophenol Urea, Omethoate, Oxydeprofos, Oxydisulfoton, Parathion, Parathion Methyl, Pentaborane, Pentachlorophenol, Phenkapton, Phorate, Phosalone, Phosdrin, Phosmet, Phosphamidon, Phosphine, Phoxim, Pine oil, Pirimiphos-methyl, Primiphos methyl, Profenofos, Propylene glycol dinitrate, Prothidathion, Prothoate, Pyridine, Pyrimitate, Quinalphos, Quintiofos, RDX, Selenium, Sodium azide, Sodium hypochlorite, Sophamide, Stoddard solvent, Sulfotep, Terbufos, Tetrachloroethylene, Tetraethyl Pyrophosphate, Tetrahydrocannabinol, Tetrahydrofuran, Thiometon, Tolclofos methyl, Toluene, Triazophos, Triazotion, Trichlorfon, Trichloroethane, Triclofos, Trifenfos, Vamidothion, Vinyl Choride, Water hemlock poisoning, Xylene, Zinc Phosphide, Iron compounds, Organophosphorous compounds
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Atropine, Baclofen, Buprenorphine, Buspirone, Chlophedianol, Chloral hydrate, Chlorpheniramine, Chlorpromazine, Cinnarizine, Clomipramine, Clonazepam, Clotiapine, Cocaine, Codeine, Cyclobenzaprine, Cycloserine, Dantrolene, Demerol , Demethyldiazepam, Deserpidine, Desipramine, Diamorphine, Diazepam, Dichloralphenazone, Diphenhydramine, Diphenidol, Dothiepin, Doxepin , Efavirenz, Eszopiclone, Ethchlorvynol, ferumoxytol, Flurazepam , Fluridrazepam, Gabapentin, Gamma hydroxybutyrate, Ganaxolone, General anaesthesia, Glutethimide, Haloperidol, Hydrazine, Hydroxyzine, Imipramine, Inhalational anaesthetics, Iron compounds, Levetiracetam, Levomepromazine, Lidocaine, Local anaesthetia, Lofexidine, Lorazepam, Medazepam, Melatonin, Mephenoxalone, Meprobamate, Methadone, Methaqualone, Methyldopa, Methyprylon, Metoclopramide, Mianserin, Midazolam, Mirtazapine, Morphine, Nabilone, Nitrazepam, Nitrous oxide, Nortriptyline, Novacaine, Olanzapine, Oprelvekin, Oxazepam, Penicillin, Perazine, Phencyclidine, Phenelzine, Phenobarbital, Pipothiazine, Pizotifen, Pramipexole, Prazepam, Pregabalin, Primidone, Prochlorperazine, Propiomazine, Propofol, Protriptyline, Quetiapine, Ramelteon, Reserpine, Ritalin, Sulfa antibiotics, Temazepam, Thiopentone, Tizanidine, Topiramate, Tricyclic antidepressants, Trifluperidol, Trimipramine, Ultram , Vigabatrin, Zaleplon, Ziconotide, Zolpidem, Zopiclone, Amitriptyline, Amoxapine, Antipsychotic agents, Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines, Bromazepam
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Diabetic ketoacidosis, Hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic coma, Hypothyroidism
Environmental Heat stroke
Gastroenterologic Hepatic failure, Variceal Bleeding
Genetic Hereditary fructose-1-phosphate aldolase deficiency, Fumarase deficiency, Long chain hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, Mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase deficiency, Unverricht-Lundborg disease, Progressive myoclonus epilepsy, Carbamoylphosphate synthetase 1 deficiency , Carnitine deficiency , Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency
Hematologic Anemia, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Iatrogenic Ureterosigmoidostomy
Infectious Disease Malaria, Viral meningitis, Rabies, Sleeping sickness , Intracranial abscess, Meningoencephalitis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho No underlying causes
Neurologic Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis, Alcohol withdrawal syndrome, Anencephaly, Brain death, Cataplexy, Epidural haemorrhage, Fits, Focal seizures, Intracranial abscess, Intracranial granuloma, Intracranial haemorrhage, Meningoencephalitis, Partial seizure, Pituitary apoplexy, Progressive myoclonus epilepsy, Raised intracranial pressure, Secondarily generalized seizure, Subarachnoid haemorrhage, Subdural haemorrhage, Syncope, Unverricht-Lundborg disease
Nutritional / Metabolic Arginosuccinic aciduria, Carbamoylphosphate synthetase 1 deficiency , Carnitine deficiency , Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency, Hypermagnesaemia, Hypoglycemia, Thiamine deficiency, Diabetic ketoacidosis, Hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic coma, Hereditary fructose-1-phosphate aldolase deficiency, Fumarase deficiency, Long chain hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, Mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity Amitriptyline, Amoxapine, Antipsychotic agents, Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines, Bromazepam, Bupivacaine, Tetrahydrocannabinol, Buprenorphine, Buspirone, Chlophedianol, Chloral hydrate, Chlorpheniramine, Chlorpromazine, Cinnarizine, Clomipramine, Clonazepam, Clotiapine, Cocaine, Codeine, Cyclobenzaprine, Cycloserine, Dantrolene, Demerol , Demethyldiazepam, Deserpidine, ,Desipramine ,Diamorphine ,Diazepam ,Dichloralphenazone, Diphenhydramine, Diphenidol, Dothiepin, Doxepin , Efavirenz, Eszopiclone, Ethchlorvynol ,Flurazepam , Fluridrazepam, Gabapentin, Gamma hydroxybutyrate, Ganaxolone, General anaesthesia, Glutethimide, Haloperidol, Hydrazine, Hydroxyzine, Imipramine, Inhalational anaesthetics, Iron compounds, Levetiracetam, Levomepromazine, Lidocaine, Local anaesthetia, Lofexidine, Lorazepam, Medazepam, Melatonin, Mephenoxalone, Meprobamate, Methadone, Methaqualone, Methyldopa, Methyprylon, Metoclopramide, Mianserin, Midazolam, Mirtazapine, Morphine, Nabilone, Nitrazepam, Nitrous oxide, Nortriptyline, Novacaine, Olanzapine, Oxazepam, Penicillin, Perazine, Phencyclidine, Phenelzine, Phenobarbital, Pipothiazine, Pizotifen, Pramipexole, Prazepam, Pregabalin, Primidone, Prochlorperazine, Propiomazine, Propofol, Protriptyline, Quetiapine, Ramelteon, Reserpine, Ritalin, Sulfa antibiotics, Temazepam, Thiopentone, Tizanidine, Topiramate, Tricyclic antidepressants, Trifluperidol, Trimipramine, Ultram , Vigabatrin, Zaleplon, Ziconotide, Zolpidem, Zopiclone
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Airway obstruction, Anoxia, Asphyxiation, Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula
Renal / Electrolyte Chronic renal failure, Acute renal failure
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Acute spinal cord injury, Concussion, Electric shock, Fat embolism, Firearm Injury, Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, Near-drowning, Skull fracture, Epidural haemorrhage, Subdural haemorrhage
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Acute altitude sickness, Decompression sickness, Hyperbaric sickness, Hypothermia, Narcolepsy, Heat stroke, Alcohol withdrawal syndrome

Causes in Alphabetical Order


Differentiating Loss of Consciousness from other Diseases

  • Loss of consciousness should not be confused with the notion of the psychoanalytic unconscious or cognitive processes (e.g., implicit cognition) that take place outside of awareness. Loss of consciousness must not be confused with altered states of consciousness, such as delirium (when the person is confused and only partially responsive to the environment), normal sleep, hypnosis, and other altered states in which the person responds to stimuli.

References

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