PRKAG1: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
m (Robot: Automated text replacement (-{{reflist}} +{{reflist|2}}, -<references /> +{{reflist|2}}, -{{WikiDoc Cardiology Network Infobox}} +))
 
m (Bot: HTTP→HTTPS)
Line 1: Line 1:
<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
{{Infobox_gene}}
{{PBB_Controls
'''5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-1''' is an [[enzyme]] that in humans is encoded by the ''PRKAG1'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid8557660">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stapleton D, Mitchelhill KI, Gao G, Widmer J, Michell BJ, Teh T, House CM, Fernandez CS, Cox T, Witters LA, Kemp BE | title = Mammalian AMP-activated protein kinase subfamily | journal = J Biol Chem | volume = 271 | issue = 2 | pages = 611–4 |date=February 1996 | pmid = 8557660 | pmc =  | doi =10.1074/jbc.271.2.611 }}</ref><ref name="pmid8621499">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gao G, Fernandez CS, Stapleton D, Auster AS, Widmer J, Dyck JR, Kemp BE, Witters LA | title = Non-catalytic beta- and gamma-subunit isoforms of the 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase | journal = J Biol Chem | volume = 271 | issue = 15 | pages = 8675–81 |date=June 1996 | pmid = 8621499 | pmc =  | doi =10.1074/jbc.271.15.8675 }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: PRKAG1 protein kinase, AMP-activated, gamma 1 non-catalytic subunit| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=5571| accessdate = }}</ref>
| update_page = yes
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
}}
 
<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image = PBB_Protein_PRKAG1_image.jpg
| image_source = [[Protein_Data_Bank|PDB]] rendering based on 2uv4.
| PDB = {{PDB2|2uv4}}, {{PDB2|2uv5}}, {{PDB2|2uv6}}, {{PDB2|2uv7}}
| Name = Protein kinase, AMP-activated, gamma 1 non-catalytic subunit
| HGNCid = 9385
| Symbol = PRKAG1
| AltSymbols =; AMPKG; MGC8666
| OMIM = 602742
| ECnumber =
| Homologene = 20600
| MGIid = 108411
  | GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_PRKAG1_201805_at_tn.png
  | Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004691 |text = cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016301 |text = kinase activity}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005634 |text = nucleus}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006468 |text = protein amino acid phosphorylation}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006633 |text = fatty acid biosynthetic process}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007165 |text = signal transduction}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007283 |text = spermatogenesis}}
  | Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 5571
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000181929
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_002724
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_002733
    | Hs_GenLoc_db =   
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 12
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 47682325
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 47698859
    | Hs_Uniprot = P54619
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 19082
    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000067713
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_016781
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_058061
    | Mm_GenLoc_db = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 15
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 98641407
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 98653767
    | Mm_Uniprot = Q2VPC9
  }}
}}
'''Protein kinase, AMP-activated, gamma 1 non-catalytic subunit''', also known as '''PRKAG1''', is a human [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: PRKAG1 protein kinase, AMP-activated, gamma 1 non-catalytic subunit| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=5571| accessdate = }}</ref>


<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{PBB_Summary
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =  
| section_title =  
| summary_text = The protein encoded by this gene is a regulatory subunit of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK is a heterotrimer consisting of an alpha catalytic subunit, and non-catalytic beta and gamma subunits. AMPK is an important energy-sensing enzyme that monitors cellular energy status. In response to cellular metabolic stresses, AMPK is activated, and thus phosphorylates and inactivates acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and beta-hydroxy beta-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), key enzymes involved in regulating de novo biosynthesis of fatty acid and cholesterol. This subunit is one of the gamma regulatory subunits of AMPK. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been observed.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: PRKAG1 protein kinase, AMP-activated, gamma 1 non-catalytic subunit| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=5571| accessdate = }}</ref>
| summary_text = The protein encoded by this gene is a regulatory subunit of the [[AMP-activated protein kinase]] (AMPK). AMPK is a heterotrimer consisting of an alpha catalytic subunit, and non-catalytic beta and gamma subunits. AMPK is an important energy-sensing enzyme that monitors cellular energy status. In response to cellular metabolic stresses, AMPK is activated, and thus phosphorylates and inactivates acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and beta-hydroxy beta-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), key enzymes involved in regulating de novo biosynthesis of fatty acid and cholesterol. This subunit is one of the gamma regulatory subunits of AMPK. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been observed.<ref name="entrez"/>
}}
}}
==Interactions==
PRKAG1 has been shown to [[Protein-protein interaction|interact]] with [[PRKAB2]]<ref name=pmid10698692>{{cite journal |last=Cheung |first=P C |authorlink= |author2=Salt I P |author3=Davies S P |author4=Hardie D G |author5=Carling D  |date=March 2000  |title=Characterization of AMP-activated protein kinase gamma-subunit isoforms and their role in AMP binding |journal=Biochem. J. |volume=346 Pt 3 |issue= 3|pages=659–69 |publisher= |location = ENGLAND| issn = 0264-6021| pmid = 10698692 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote = |pmc=1220898 | doi=10.1042/0264-6021:3460659}}</ref> and [[PRKAB1]].<ref name=pmid10698692/>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}
 
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading  
{{PBB_Further_reading  
| citations =  
| citations =  
*{{cite journal | author=Hofmann B, Nishanian P, Baldwin RL, ''et al.'' |title=HIV inhibits the early steps of lymphocyte activation, including initiation of inositol phospholipid metabolism. |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=145 |issue= 11 |pages= 3699-705 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1978848 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Hofmann B, Nishanian P, Baldwin RL, etal |title=HIV inhibits the early steps of lymphocyte activation, including initiation of inositol phospholipid metabolism |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=145 |issue= 11 |pages= 3699–705 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1978848 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Beebe SJ, Oyen O, Sandberg M, ''et al.'' |title=Molecular cloning of a tissue-specific protein kinase (C gamma) from human testis--representing a third isoform for the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. |journal=Mol. Endocrinol. |volume=4 |issue= 3 |pages= 465-75 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2342480 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Beebe SJ, Oyen O, Sandberg M, etal |title=Molecular cloning of a tissue-specific protein kinase (C gamma) from human testis--representing a third isoform for the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase |journal=Mol. Endocrinol. |volume=4 |issue= 3 |pages= 465–75 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2342480 |doi=10.1210/mend-4-3-465 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Hofmann B, Nishanian P, Nguyen T, ''et al.'' |title=Human immunodeficiency virus proteins induce the inhibitory cAMP/protein kinase A pathway in normal lymphocytes. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=90 |issue= 14 |pages= 6676-80 |year= 1993 |pmid= 7688126 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Hofmann B, Nishanian P, Nguyen T, etal |title=Human immunodeficiency virus proteins induce the inhibitory cAMP/protein kinase A pathway in normal lymphocytes |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=90 |issue= 14 |pages= 6676–80 |year= 1993 |pmid= 7688126 |doi=10.1073/pnas.90.14.6676  | pmc=46995 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Hofmann B, Nishanian P, Fan J, ''et al.'' |title=HIV Gag p17 protein impairs proliferation of normal lymphocytes in vitro. |journal=AIDS |volume=8 |issue= 7 |pages= 1016-7 |year= 1994 |pmid= 7946090 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Hofmann B, Nishanian P, Fan J, etal |title=HIV Gag p17 protein impairs proliferation of normal lymphocytes in vitro |journal=AIDS |volume=8 |issue= 7 |pages= 1016–7 |year= 1994 |pmid= 7946090 |doi=10.1097/00002030-199407000-00025 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Stapleton D, Mitchelhill KI, Gao G, ''et al.'' |title=Mammalian AMP-activated protein kinase subfamily. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=271 |issue= 2 |pages= 611-4 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8557660 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Woods A, Cheung PC, Smith FC, etal |title=Characterization of AMP-activated protein kinase beta and gamma subunits. Assembly of the heterotrimeric complex in vitro |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=271 |issue= 17 |pages= 10282–90 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8626596 |doi=  10.1074/jbc.271.48.30517}}
*{{cite journal | author=Gao G, Fernandez CS, Stapleton D, ''et al.'' |title=Non-catalytic beta- and gamma-subunit isoforms of the 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=271 |issue= 15 |pages= 8675-81 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8621499 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Dyck JR, Gao G, Widmer J, etal |title=Regulation of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase activity by the noncatalytic beta and gamma subunits |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=271 |issue= 30 |pages= 17798–803 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8663446 |doi=10.1074/jbc.271.30.17798 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Woods A, Cheung PC, Smith FC, ''et al.'' |title=Characterization of AMP-activated protein kinase beta and gamma subunits. Assembly of the heterotrimeric complex in vitro. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=271 |issue= 17 |pages= 10282-90 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8626596 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB |title=Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery |journal=Genome Res. |volume=6 |issue= 9 |pages= 791–806 |year= 1997 |pmid= 8889548 |doi=10.1101/gr.6.9.791  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Dyck JR, Gao G, Widmer J, ''et al.'' |title=Regulation of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase activity by the noncatalytic beta and gamma subunits. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=271 |issue= 30 |pages= 17798-803 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8663446 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Swingler S, Gallay P, Camaur D, etal |title=The Nef protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 enhances serine phosphorylation of the viral matrix |journal=J. Virol. |volume=71 |issue= 6 |pages= 4372–7 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9151826 |doi= | pmc=191654 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB |title=Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery. |journal=Genome Res. |volume=6 |issue= 9 |pages= 791-806 |year= 1997 |pmid= 8889548 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Stapleton D, Woollatt E, Mitchelhill KI, etal |title=AMP-activated protein kinase isoenzyme family: subunit structure and chromosomal location |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=409 |issue= 3 |pages= 452–6 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9224708 |doi=10.1016/S0014-5793(97)00569-3  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Swingler S, Gallay P, Camaur D, ''et al.'' |title=The Nef protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 enhances serine phosphorylation of the viral matrix. |journal=J. Virol. |volume=71 |issue= 6 |pages= 4372-7 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9151826 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Chen P, Mayne M, Power C, Nath A |title=The Tat protein of HIV-1 induces tumor necrosis factor-alpha production. Implications for HIV-1-associated neurological diseases |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=272 |issue= 36 |pages= 22385–8 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9278385 |doi=10.1074/jbc.272.36.22385  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Stapleton D, Woollatt E, Mitchelhill KI, ''et al.'' |title=AMP-activated protein kinase isoenzyme family: subunit structure and chromosomal location. |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=409 |issue= 3 |pages= 452-6 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9224708 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Reinton N, Haugen TB, Orstavik S, etal |title=The gene encoding the C gamma catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase is a transcribed retroposon |journal=Genomics |volume=49 |issue= 2 |pages= 290–7 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9598317 |doi= 10.1006/geno.1998.5240 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Chen P, Mayne M, Power C, Nath A |title=The Tat protein of HIV-1 induces tumor necrosis factor-alpha production. Implications for HIV-1-associated neurological diseases. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=272 |issue= 36 |pages= 22385-8 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9278385 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Zidovetzki R, Wang JL, Chen P, etal |title=Human immunodeficiency virus Tat protein induces interleukin 6 mRNA expression in human brain endothelial cells via protein kinase C- and cAMP-dependent protein kinase pathways |journal=AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses |volume=14 |issue= 10 |pages= 825–33 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9671211 |doi=10.1089/aid.1998.14.825  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Reinton N, Haugen TB, Orstavik S, ''et al.'' |title=The gene encoding the C gamma catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase is a transcribed retroposon. |journal=Genomics |volume=49 |issue= 2 |pages= 290-7 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9598317 |doi= 10.1006/geno.1998.5240 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Mayne M, Bratanich AC, Chen P, etal |title=HIV-1 tat molecular diversity and induction of TNF-alpha: implications for HIV-induced neurological disease |journal=Neuroimmunomodulation |volume=5 |issue= 3–4 |pages= 184–92 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9730685 |doi=10.1159/000026336  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Zidovetzki R, Wang JL, Chen P, ''et al.'' |title=Human immunodeficiency virus Tat protein induces interleukin 6 mRNA expression in human brain endothelial cells via protein kinase C- and cAMP-dependent protein kinase pathways. |journal=AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses |volume=14 |issue= 10 |pages= 825-33 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9671211 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Cheung PC, Salt IP, Davies SP, etal |title=Characterization of AMP-activated protein kinase gamma-subunit isoforms and their role in AMP binding |journal=Biochem. J. |volume=346 Pt 3 |issue= 3|pages= 659–69 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10698692 |doi=10.1042/0264-6021:3460659  | pmc=1220898 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Mayne M, Bratanich AC, Chen P, ''et al.'' |title=HIV-1 tat molecular diversity and induction of TNF-alpha: implications for HIV-induced neurological disease. |journal=Neuroimmunomodulation |volume=5 |issue= 3-4 |pages= 184-92 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9730685 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Hamilton SR, Stapleton D, O'Donnell JB, etal |title=An activating mutation in the gamma1 subunit of the AMP-activated protein kinase |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=500 |issue= 3 |pages= 163–8 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11445078 |doi=10.1016/S0014-5793(01)02602-3  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Cheung PC, Salt IP, Davies SP, ''et al.'' |title=Characterization of AMP-activated protein kinase gamma-subunit isoforms and their role in AMP binding. |journal=Biochem. J. |volume=346 Pt 3 |issue= |pages= 659-69 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10698692 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, etal |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899–903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 | pmc=139241 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Hamilton SR, Stapleton D, O'Donnell JB, ''et al.'' |title=An activating mutation in the gamma1 subunit of the AMP-activated protein kinase. |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=500 |issue= 3 |pages= 163-8 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11445078 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, etal |title=Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=36 |issue= 1 |pages= 40–5 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14702039 |doi= 10.1038/ng1285 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, ''et al.'' |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899-903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Minokoshi Y, Alquier T, Furukawa N, etal |title=AMP-kinase regulates food intake by responding to hormonal and nutrient signals in the hypothalamus |journal=Nature |volume=428 |issue= 6982 |pages= 569–74 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15058305 |doi= 10.1038/nature02440 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, ''et al.'' |title=Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=36 |issue= 1 |pages= 40-5 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14702039 |doi= 10.1038/ng1285 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Minokoshi Y, Alquier T, Furukawa N, ''et al.'' |title=AMP-kinase regulates food intake by responding to hormonal and nutrient signals in the hypothalamus. |journal=Nature |volume=428 |issue= 6982 |pages= 569-74 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15058305 |doi= 10.1038/nature02440 }}
}}
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}
{{PDB Gallery|geneid=5571}}
{{Serine/threonine-specific protein kinases}}
{{Enzymes}}
{{Portal bar|Molecular and Cellular Biology|border=no}}
<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
{{PBB_Controls
| update_page = yes
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
}}
[[Category:EC 2.7.11]]


{{protein-stub}}
{{gene-12-stub}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Revision as of 18:41, 7 September 2017

VALUE_ERROR (nil)
Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez
Ensembl
UniProt
RefSeq (mRNA)

n/a

n/a

RefSeq (protein)

n/a

n/a

Location (UCSC)n/an/a
PubMed searchn/an/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKAG1 gene.[1][2][3]

The protein encoded by this gene is a regulatory subunit of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK is a heterotrimer consisting of an alpha catalytic subunit, and non-catalytic beta and gamma subunits. AMPK is an important energy-sensing enzyme that monitors cellular energy status. In response to cellular metabolic stresses, AMPK is activated, and thus phosphorylates and inactivates acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and beta-hydroxy beta-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), key enzymes involved in regulating de novo biosynthesis of fatty acid and cholesterol. This subunit is one of the gamma regulatory subunits of AMPK. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been observed.[3]

Interactions

PRKAG1 has been shown to interact with PRKAB2[4] and PRKAB1.[4]

References

  1. Stapleton D, Mitchelhill KI, Gao G, Widmer J, Michell BJ, Teh T, House CM, Fernandez CS, Cox T, Witters LA, Kemp BE (February 1996). "Mammalian AMP-activated protein kinase subfamily". J Biol Chem. 271 (2): 611–4. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.2.611. PMID 8557660.
  2. Gao G, Fernandez CS, Stapleton D, Auster AS, Widmer J, Dyck JR, Kemp BE, Witters LA (June 1996). "Non-catalytic beta- and gamma-subunit isoforms of the 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase". J Biol Chem. 271 (15): 8675–81. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.15.8675. PMID 8621499.
  3. 3.0 3.1 "Entrez Gene: PRKAG1 protein kinase, AMP-activated, gamma 1 non-catalytic subunit".
  4. 4.0 4.1 Cheung, P C; Salt I P; Davies S P; Hardie D G; Carling D (March 2000). "Characterization of AMP-activated protein kinase gamma-subunit isoforms and their role in AMP binding". Biochem. J. ENGLAND. 346 Pt 3 (3): 659–69. doi:10.1042/0264-6021:3460659. ISSN 0264-6021. PMC 1220898. PMID 10698692.

Further reading