Kidney stone differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Kidney stone}}
[[Image:Home_logo1.png|right|250px|link=https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Kidney_stone]]
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{HK}} {{ADS}}  
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{HK}} {{ADS}}  


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| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Edema of the [[prostate gland]] with diffuse enlargement
* Edema of the [[prostate gland]] with diffuse enlargement
|-
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Prostatic cancer]]
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Prostatic cancer]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Family history]] of [[Prostate cancer|prostate cance]]<nowiki/>r (1st degree relatives)
* [[Family history]] of [[Prostate cancer|prostate cancer]]
* [[Germline mutation]] of [[HOXB13]] (G84E variant)
* [[Germline mutation]] of [[HOXB13]]
* Black ethnicity
* Black ethnicity
* Age > 50 years
* Age > 50 years
Line 428: Line 428:
* Enlarged [[prostate]]
* Enlarged [[prostate]]
* Firm and hard
* Firm and hard
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Hematuria]]
* [[Hematuria]]
* Positive [[prostate specific antigen]] (PSA)
* Positive [[prostate specific antigen]]
* High levels of [[TMPRSS2]]:ERG and [[PCA3]]
* High levels of [[TMPRSS2]]:ERG and [[PCA3]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
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| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Age 12 − 16 years
* Age 12 − 16 years
* Previous history of [[testicular torsion]]
* [[Family history]] of [[testicular torsion]]
* [[Family history]] of [[testicular torsion]]
* [[Prematurity]]
* [[Prematurity]]
* [[Undescended testes]]
* [[Undescended testes]]
* [[Low birth weight]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Sudden onset unilateral [[testicular pain]]
* Sudden onset unilateral [[testicular pain]]
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* Absent [[cremasteric reflex]]
* Absent [[cremasteric reflex]]
* [[Testicle]] may be swollen, tender, and high−riding, with an abnormal transverse lie.
* [[Testicle]] may be swollen, tender, and high−riding, with an abnormal transverse lie.
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Doppler ultrasound]] > [[Computed tomography|CT scan]] for diagnosis (abscence of [[blood]] flow in the affected [[Testicle|testis]])
* [[Doppler ultrasound]] > [[Computed tomography|CT scan]] for diagnosis (absence of [[blood]] flow in the affected [[Testicle|testis]])
|-
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Orchitis]]
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Orchitis]]
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* Unprotected sexual intercourse
* Unprotected sexual intercourse
* [[Mumps]], [[Coxsackie virus|coxsackie]] virus infection
* [[Mumps]], [[Coxsackie virus|coxsackie]] virus infection
* Concurrent [[epididymitis]]
* [[Congenital disorder|Congenital abnornmalities]]
* [[Congenital disorder|Congenital abnornmalities]]
* [[Prostatitis]]
* [[Prostatic hypertrophy]] or [[calculi]]
* [[Prostatic hypertrophy]] or [[calculi]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
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* [[Leukocytosis]]
* [[Leukocytosis]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Ultrasound]] > [[Computed tomography|CT scan]] for diagnosis ([[Testicular masses]] or swollen [[testicles]] with hypoechoic and hypervascular areas)
* [[Ultrasound]] > [[Computed tomography|CT scan]] for diagnosis ([[Scrotal mass|testicular masses]] or swollen [[testicles]] with hypoechoic and hypervascular areas)
|-
|-
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Category
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Category
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* Female gender
* Female gender
* [[Obesity]]
* [[Obesity]]
* [[Pregnancy]] (increased [[progesterone]] promotes biliary stasis)
* [[Pregnancy]]  
* Rapid [[weight loss]]
* Rapid [[weight loss]]
* [[Oral contraceptive|Oral contraceptive use]]
* Increasing age
* [[Total parenteral nutrition]]
* [[Total parenteral nutrition]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
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* [[Bilirubin]] (pigment) stones
* [[Bilirubin]] (pigment) stones
* [[Cholesterol]] stones
* [[Cholesterol]] stones
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Might be abnormal
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Might be abnormal
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* [[Gallbladder]] distention
* [[Gallbladder]] distention
* Wall thickening
* Wall thickening
* Mucosal hyperenhancement,
* Pericholecystic fat stranding or fluid
* Pericholecystic fat stranding or fluid
* [[Gallstones]]
* [[Gallstones]]
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! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Appendicitis]]
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Appendicitis]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Male gender
* [[Adolescent|Adolescents]]
* [[Adolescent|Adolescents]]
* Diet low in fiber and high in refined [[carbohydrates]]
* Diet low in fiber and high in refined [[carbohydrates]]
* History of [[appendicitis]] in first degree relatives
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Pain]] in umblical area
* [[Pain]] in umblical area
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* Leukocytosis
* Leukocytosis
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | Abnormal (if [[Perforation of inflamed diverticulum|perforation]])
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | Abnormal (if [[Perforation of inflamed diverticulum|perforation]])
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Larger than 6 mm in diameter,
* [[Vermiform appendix|Appendiceal]] wall thickening
* [[Vermiform appendix|Appendiceal]] wall thickening
* Wall enhancement after contrast media infusion
* [[Inflammatory]] fat stranding
* [[Phlegmon]]
* [[Phlegmon]]
* Free fluid
* Free air bubbles
* [[Abscess]]
* [[Abscess]]
* [[Adenopathy]]
* [[Adenopathy]]
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* [[Leukocytosis]]
* [[Leukocytosis]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | Abnormal (if [[Perforation of inflamed diverticulum|perforation]])
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | Abnormal (if [[Perforation of inflamed diverticulum|perforation]])
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Colon|Colonic]] wall thickening (wall thickness is greater than 3 mm on the short axis of the lumen)
* [[Colon|Colonic]] wall thickening
* Pericolic fat stranding
* Pericolic fat stranding
|-
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Abdominal aortic aneurysm]]
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Abdominal aortic aneurysm]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Cigarette smoking]]
* [[Hypertension]]
* [[Hypertension]]
* [[Cigarette smoking]]
* [[Pulsatile Flow|Pulsatile]] [[abdominal mass]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Epigastric pain]]
* [[Epigastric pain]]
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| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Positive abdominal tenderness (if rupture)
* Positive abdominal tenderness (if rupture)
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Pulsatile Flow|Pulsatile]] [[abdominal mass]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Ultrasound more sensitive than CT scan
* CT scan accurately predict the aneurysmal size
* CT scan may accurately predict the aneurysmal size
* Helical CT has faster scanning time (30 to 60 seconds) and the ability to obtain all images in one breath hold
|-
|-
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Disease
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Disease
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! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Portal vein thrombosis]]
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Portal vein thrombosis]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Mutated JAK2 V617F
* Coagulopathies
* [[Antiphospholipid syndrome|Anti−phospholipid syndrome]]
* [[Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]]
* [[Homocysteinuria]]
* [[Factor V Leiden]]
* [[Prothrombin G20210A mutation|Prothrombin mutation G20210A]]
* [[Protein C deficiency|Protein C]] or [[Protein S deficiency|S deficiency]]
* [[Oral contraceptive|Oral contraceptive use]]
* [[Oral contraceptive|Oral contraceptive use]]
* [[Cirrhosis]]
* [[Cirrhosis]]
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| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Positive abdominal tenderness (if [[bowel]] [[ischemia]] or [[infarction]]−secondary to extension of [[thrombus]] to [[superior mesenteric vein]])
* Positive abdominal tenderness (if [[bowel]] [[ischemia]] or [[infarction]])
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
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* [[Thrombocytopenia]]
* [[Thrombocytopenia]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Might be abnormal
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Might be abnormal
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Abnormal (if [[bowel]] [[infarction]], [[perforation]])
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Abnormal (if [[bowel]] [[infarction]], [[perforation]])
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* On non−contrast CT:
* Hyperdense thrombus on non−contrast CT
** Hyperdense thrombus
* Non−enhancing defect of bland thrombus on contrast CT
* On contrast CT
** Non−enhancing defect of bland thrombus
** Tumor thrombus exhibits enhancement
|-
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Duodenal ulcer]]
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Duodenal ulcer]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Pain relieved by intake of food
* [[Helicobacter pylori infection]]
* [[Helicobacter pylori infection]]
* [[Tobacco smoking]]
* [[Tobacco smoking]]
* [[NSAID|NSAID use]]
* [[NSAID|NSAID use]]
* [[Alcohol|EtOH use]]
* [[Alcohol|EtOH use]]
* Older age
* Female gender
* [[Family history]] of [[Duodenal ulcer|duodenal ulcers]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Epigastric pain]]
* [[Epigastric pain]] which relieved by intake of food
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
Line 764: Line 735:
* [[Anemia]]
* [[Anemia]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
Line 774: Line 745:
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Ischemic colitis]]
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Ischemic colitis]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Age > 60 years
* Advanced age
* [[Hemodialysis]]
* [[Hemodialysis]]
* [[Hypertension]]
* [[Hypertension]]
* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
* [[Diabetes mellitus]]
* [[Diabetes mellitus]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
Line 797: Line 767:
* [[Anemia]] (if [[Gastrointestinal perforation|perforation]] and [[bleeding]])
* [[Anemia]] (if [[Gastrointestinal perforation|perforation]] and [[bleeding]])
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Abnormal (if bowel perforation)
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Abnormal (if bowel [[perforation]])
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Bowel]] wall thickening
* [[Bowel]] wall thickening
* Thumbprinting
* Thumbprinting
* Pericolonic stranding with or without ascites.
* [[Halo sign|Double halo]] or target sign 
* [[Halo sign|Double halo]] or target sign 
* [[Submucosal]] [[edema]] or [[hemorrhage]]
* [[Submucosal]] [[edema]] or [[hemorrhage]]
Line 836: Line 805:
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Urology]]
[[Category:Urology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]

Latest revision as of 22:27, 29 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Syed Hassan A. Kazmi BSc, MD [2] Amandeep Singh M.D.[3]

Overview

Nephrolithiasis should be differentiated from other conditions presenting with acute flank or upper abdominal pain, hematuria, nausea and vomiting.

Differentiating Nephrolithiasis from other Diseases

Nephrolithiasis should be differentiated from other conditions presenting with acute flank or upper abdominal pain, hematuria, nausea and vomiting. The differentials include the following:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]

Category Disease Risk factors Symptoms Signs Paraclinical studies
Pain N/V Anorexia Constipation Urinary symptoms Fever HR BP Tenderness Abdominopelvic exam Rectal exam CBC Urinalysis BUN Cr Urine Beta−hCG LFT Serum amylase & lipase CT
Renal Pathology Nephrolithiasis + ± + Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl
  • Radiolucent stone
Pyelonephritis + ± + +
  • Positive renal punch sign
  • Costovertebral angle tenderness
Nl Nl Nl Might be + Nl Nl
  • Decreased contrast uptake
  • Foci from abscess pockets
Renal infarct + + Nl Nl Nl to ↑ Nl Nl Nl
  • Decreased contrast uptake
Renal papillary necrosis + + ± Nl Nl Nl Nl to ↑ Nl Nl Nl
Renal cell carcinoma + + ±
  • Flank mass
Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl
Urethral stricture + Nl Nl Nl Nl to ↑ Nl Nl Nl Nl
Category Disease Risk factors Pain N/V Anorexia Constipation Urinary symptoms Fever HR BP Tenderness Abdominopelvic exam Rectal exam CBC Urinalysis BUN Cr Urine Beta−hCG LFT Serum amylase & lipase CT
Gynecological pathology Pelvic inflammatory disease
  • Right/left upper quadrant
+ + + + Nl Nl Nl Might be + Nl Nl
Ovarian torsion NA
  • Acute unilateral poorly localized lower abdominal sharp colicky pain aggravated by walking
+ + Nl Nl Nl Nl
  • Twisted and distended ovarian pedicle
  • Enlarged ovary (>4.0 cm)
Ectopic pregnancy + + + + ↓ (if ruptured)
  • Positive abdominal tenderness (if ruptured)
Nl
  • Low platelet distribution width (decreased platelet activation)
  • Monocytosis
+ Might be abnormal Nl NA
Category Disease Risk factors Pain N/V Anorexia Constipation Urinary symptoms Fever HR BP Tenderness Abdominopelvic exam Rectal exam CBC Urinalysis BUN Cr Urine Beta−hCG LFT Serum amylase & lipase CT
Prostate pathology Prostatitis + + + Nl Nl Nl Nl
Prostatic cancer + + Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl
Testicular pathology Testicular torsion + ± ± + Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl
Orchitis + ± + + Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl
Category Disease Risk factors Pain N/V Anorexia Constipation Urinary symptoms Fever HR BP Tenderness Abdominopelvic exam Rectal exam CBC Urinalysis BUN Cr Urine Beta−hCG LFT Serum amylase & lipase CT
Abdominal pathology Cholecystitis + + + + Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl Might be abnormal Might be abnormal
Appendicitis + + ± + + Nl + Nl Nl
  • Leukocytosis
Nl Nl Nl Abnormal (if perforation)
Diverticulitis + + + + + Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl Abnormal (if perforation)
  • Colonic wall thickening
  • Pericolic fat stranding
Abdominal aortic aneurysm + Nl
  • Positive abdominal tenderness (if rupture)
Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl
  • CT scan accurately predict the aneurysmal size
Disease Risk factors Pain N/V Anorexia Constipation Urinary symptoms Fever HR BP Tenderness Abdominopelvic exam Rectal exam CBC Urinalysis BUN Cr Urine Beta−hCG LFT Serum amylase & lipase CT
Portal vein thrombosis + + + + Nl Nl Nl Might be abnormal Abnormal (if bowel infarction, perforation)
  • Hyperdense thrombus on non−contrast CT
  • Non−enhancing defect of bland thrombus on contrast CT
Duodenal ulcer + + + Nl Nl Nl Nl Abnormal (if bowel perforation)
Ischemic colitis + + + + + ↑ or ↓ (if necrosis or sepsis)
  • Positive abdominal tenderness (if transmural necrosis)
Nl Nl to ↑ Nl Nl Abnormal (if bowel perforation)
Category Disease Risk factors Pain N/V Anorexia Constipation Urinary symptoms Fever HR BP Tenderness Abdominopelvic exam Rectal exam CBC Urinalysis BUN Cr Urine Beta−hCG LFT Serum amylase & lipase CT

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