Congestive heart failure physical examination: Difference between revisions

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{{Congestive heart failure}}
{{Congestive heart failure}}
{{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}} {{LG}}
{{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}} {{LG}} {{EdzelCo}}


== Overview==
== Overview==
Physical examination is of utmost important in the suspicion, diagnosis and follow up of heart failure. Focus should be targeted mainly on the evaluation of the fluid status, blood pressure and weight changes.
[[Physical examination]] is of utmost importance in the suspicion, diagnosis, and follow-up of [[heart failure]]. The focus should be targeted mainly on the evaluation of the [[fluid]] status, [[blood pressure]], and [[weight]] changes.


==Physical Examination==
==[[Physical Examination]]==
===General===
===General===
* The patient's weight should be recorded to ascertain how far they are from their "dry" weight.
* The [[patient]]'s [[weight]] should be recorded to ascertain how far they are from their "dry" [[weight]].
* [[Tachycardia]]
* [[Tachycardia]]
* [[Tachypnea]] (an increased rate of breathing) and an increased work of breathing
* [[Tachypnea]] (an increased rate of breathing) and an increased [[work of breathing]].
* Narrow [[pulse pressure]] (systolic blood pressure minus diastolic blood pressure is < 25 mm Hg)
* Narrow [[pulse pressure]] ([[systolic blood pressure]] minus [[diastolic blood pressure]] is < 25 mm Hg).
===Appearance===
===Appearance===
* The patient is often sitting upright and had labored breathing during an acute episode.
* The [[patient]] is often sitting upright and had labored [[breathing]] during an acute episode.
===Skin===
===[[Skin]]===
* The skin is [[cool and clammy]] consistent with hypoperfusion or [[cardiogenic shock]]
* The [[skin]] is [[cool and clammy]] consistent with [[hypoperfusion]] or [[cardiogenic shock]].
* [[Cyanosis]] is observed if severe [[hypoxemia]] is present
* [[Cyanosis]] is observed if severe [[hypoxemia]] is present.
* [[Anasarca]]
* [[Anasarca]]
===Neck===
===[[Neck]]===
* [[Jugular vein distention]]  
* [[Jugular vein distention]]  
* [[Central venous pressure]] > 16 cm H<sub>2</sub>O
* [[Central venous pressure]] > 16 cm H<sub>2</sub>O


===Lungs===
===[[Lungs]]===
* [[Pleural effusion]] with dullness to percussion at the bases
* [[Pleural effusion]] with [[dullness]] to [[percussion]] at the [[bases]].
* [[Rales]]
* [[Rales]]
===Abdomen===
===[[Abdomen]]===
* [[Hepatojugular reflux]]
* [[Hepatojugular reflux]]
* [[Hepatomegaly]]
* [[Hepatomegaly]]
* [[Ascites]]
* [[Ascites]]


===Heart===
===[[Heart]]===
* [[Third heart sound]] ([[S3]]) and a [[gallop rhythm]]
* [[Third heart sound]] ([[S3]]) and a [[gallop rhythm]].
* A displaced [[point of maximum impulse]] ([[PMI]]) consistent with an enlarged left ventrile
* A displaced [[point of maximum impulse]] ([[PMI]]) consistent with an enlarged [[left ventricle]].
* If the right ventricular pressure is increased, a [[parasternal heave]] may be present, signifying the compensatory increase in contraction strength.
* If the right ventricular pressure is increased, a [[parasternal heave]] may be present, signifying the compensatory increase in [[contraction]] strength.
* A functional [[holosystolic murmur]] of [[mitral regurgitation]] may be heard if the heart dilates excessively
* A functional [[holosystolic murmur]] of [[mitral regurgitation]] may be heard if the heart dilates excessively.
* Underlying [[valvular heart disease]] causes of congestive heart failure such as [[aortic stenosis]],
* Underlying [[valvular heart disease]] causes of [[congestive heart failure]] such as [[aortic stenosis]].
[[aortic regurgitation]] and [[mitral regurgitation]] may be auscultated.
[[aortic regurgitation]] and [[mitral regurgitation]] may be auscultated.


===Extremities===
===[[Extremities]]===
* [[ankle edema|Bilateral ankle edema]]  
* [[ankle edema|Bilateral ankle edema]]  
===Neurologic===
===[[Neurologic]]===
* [[Confusion]] and altered mentation
* [[Confusion]] and [[altered mentation]].


Signs that represent left sided failure include [[cool clammy skin]], [[cyanosis]], [[rales]], a [[gallop rhythm]], and a [[laterally displaced PMI]].  Signs that represent right sided failure include an elevated [[JVP]], [[pedal edema]], [[ascites]], [[hepatomegaly]], a [[parasternal heave]] and [[hepatojugular reflux]].  Commonly signs of both left and right sided failure are present.
[[Signs]] that represent [[left-sided heart failure]] include [[cool clammy skin]], [[cyanosis]], [[rales]], a [[gallop rhythm]], and a [[laterally displaced PMI]].  [[Signs]] that represent [[right sided heart failure]] include an elevated [[JVP]], [[pedal edema]], [[ascites]], [[hepatomegaly]], a [[parasternal heave]] and [[hepatojugular reflux]].  Common [[signs]] of both left and right sided [[heart failure]] are present.


==2009 ACC/AHA Focused Update and 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="Hunt"> Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW, Antman EM, Smith SC Jr, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Jacobs AK, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; American College of Chest Physicians; International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation; Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2005 Sep 20; 112(12): e154-235. Epub 2005 Sep 13. PMID 16160202</ref><ref name="pmid19324967">Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2009) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19324967 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.] ''Circulation'' 119 (14):1977-2016. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/19324967 19324967]</ref>==
== 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Heart Failure Guideline (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid35363500">{{cite journal| author=Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM | display-authors=etal| title=2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. | journal=Circulation | year= 2022 | volume= 145 | issue= 18 | pages= e876-e894 | pmid=35363500 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000001062 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=35363500  }} </ref> ==


===Initial Clinical Assessment of Patients Presenting With Heart Failure (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="Hunt"> Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW, Antman EM, Smith SC Jr, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Jacobs AK, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; American College of Chest Physicians; International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation; Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2005 Sep 20; 112(12): e154-235. Epub 2005 Sep 13. PMID 16160202</ref><ref name="pmid19324967">Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2009) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19324967 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.] ''Circulation'' 119 (14):1977-2016. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/19324967 19324967]</ref>===
====[[Clinical Assessment]]: [[History]] and [[Physical Examination]] (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid35363500">{{cite journal| author=Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM | display-authors=etal| title=2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. | journal=Circulation | year= 2022 | volume= 145 | issue= 18 | pages= e876-e894 | pmid=35363500 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000001062 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=35363500  }} </ref> ====


{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
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| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
|colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' In [[patients]] with [[HF]], [[vital sign]]s and evidence of [[clinical]] [[congestion]] should be assessed at each encounter to guide overall [[management]], including adjustment of [[diuretics]] and other [[medications]].<ref name="pmid23293303">{{cite journal| author=Ambrosy AP, Pang PS, Khan S, Konstam MA, Fonarow GC, Traver B | display-authors=etal| title=Clinical course and predictive value of congestion during hospitalization in patients admitted for worsening signs and symptoms of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: findings from the EVEREST trial. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2013 | volume= 34 | issue= 11 | pages= 835-43 | pmid=23293303 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehs444 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23293303  }} </ref><ref name="pmid31510768">{{cite journal| author=Selvaraj S, Claggett B, Pozzi A, McMurray JJV, Jhund PS, Packer M | display-authors=etal| title=Prognostic Implications of Congestion on Physical Examination Among Contemporary Patients With Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction: PARADIGM-HF. | journal=Circulation | year= 2019 | volume= 140 | issue= 17 | pages= 1369-1379 | pmid=31510768 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.039920 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31510768  }} </ref><ref name="pmid31220936">{{cite journal| author=Selvaraj S, Claggett B, Shah SJ, Anand IS, Rouleau JL, Desai AS | display-authors=etal| title=Utility of the Cardiovascular Physical Examination and Impact of Spironolactone in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. | journal=Circ Heart Fail | year= 2019 | volume= 12 | issue= 7 | pages= e006125 | pmid=31220936 | doi=10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.119.006125 | pmc=6686863 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31220936  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24622114">{{cite journal| author=Caldentey G, Khairy P, Roy D, Leduc H, Talajic M, Racine N | display-authors=etal| title=Prognostic value of the physical examination in patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation: insights from the AF-CHF trial (atrial fibrillation and chronic heart failure). | journal=JACC Heart Fail | year= 2014 | volume= 2 | issue= 1 | pages= 15-23 | pmid=24622114 | doi=10.1016/j.jchf.2013.10.004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24622114  }} </ref><ref name="pmid31051151">{{cite journal| author=Simonavičius J, Sanders van-Wijk S, Rickenbacher P, Maeder MT, Pfister O, Kaufmann BA | display-authors=etal| title=Prognostic Significance of Longitudinal Clinical Congestion Pattern in Chronic Heart Failure: Insights From TIME-CHF Trial. | journal=Am J Med | year= 2019 | volume= 132 | issue= 9 | pages= e679-e692 | pmid=31051151 | doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.04.010 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31051151  }} </ref><ref name="pmid30172362">{{cite journal| author=Fudim M, Parikh KS, Dunning A, DeVore AD, Mentz RJ, Schulte PJ | display-authors=etal| title=Relation of Volume Overload to Clinical Outcomes in Acute Heart Failure (From ASCEND-HF). | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 2018 | volume= 122 | issue= 9 | pages= 1506-1512 | pmid=30172362 | doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.07.023 | pmc=6924269 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30172362  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B-NR]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
 
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' In [[patients]] with [[symptomatic]] [[HF]], [[clinical factors]] indicating the presence of [[advanced HF]] should be sought via the [[history and physical examination]]. <ref name="pmid12672310">{{cite journal| author=Anker SD, Negassa A, Coats AJ, Afzal R, Poole-Wilson PA, Cohn JN | display-authors=etal| title=Prognostic importance of weight loss in chronic heart failure and the effect of treatment with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: an observational study. | journal=Lancet | year= 2003 | volume= 361 | issue= 9363 | pages= 1077-83 | pmid=12672310 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12892-9 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12672310  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16765130">{{cite journal| author=Eshaghian S, Horwich TB, Fonarow GC| title=Relation of loop diuretic dose to mortality in advanced heart failure. | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 2006 | volume= 97 | issue= 12 | pages= 1759-64 | pmid=16765130 | doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.12.072 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16765130  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19808355">{{cite journal| author=Gorodeski EZ, Chu EC, Reese JR, Shishehbor MH, Hsich E, Starling RC| title=Prognosis on chronic dobutamine or milrinone infusions for stage D heart failure. | journal=Circ Heart Fail | year= 2009 | volume= 2 | issue= 4 | pages= 320-4 | pmid=19808355 | doi=10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.108.839076 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19808355  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12798577">{{cite journal| author=Kittleson M, Hurwitz S, Shah MR, Nohria A, Lewis E, Givertz M | display-authors=etal| title=Development of circulatory-renal limitations to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors identifies patients with severe heart failure and early mortality. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2003 | volume= 41 | issue= 11 | pages= 2029-35 | pmid=12798577 | doi=10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00417-0 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12798577  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18768944">{{cite journal| author=Poole JE, Johnson GW, Hellkamp AS, Anderson J, Callans DJ, Raitt MH | display-authors=etal| title=Prognostic importance of defibrillator shocks in patients with heart failure. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2008 | volume= 359 | issue= 10 | pages= 1009-17 | pmid=18768944 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa071098 | pmc=2922510 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18768944  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17643574">{{cite journal| author=Setoguchi S, Stevenson LW, Schneeweiss S| title=Repeated hospitalizations predict mortality in the community population with heart failure. | journal=Am Heart J | year= 2007 | volume= 154 | issue= 2 | pages= 260-6 | pmid=17643574 | doi=10.1016/j.ahj.2007.01.041 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17643574  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B-NR]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>


|-
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' A thorough [[Congestive heart failure history and symptoms|history]] and physical examination should be obtained/performed in patients presenting with [[heart failure]] to identify cardiac and noncardiac disorders or behaviors that might cause or accelerate the development or progression of [[heart failure]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.''' In [[patients]] with [[cardiomyopathy]], a 3-generation [[family history]] should be obtained or updated when assessing the cause of the [[cardiomyopathy]] to identify possible [[inherited disease]]. <ref name="pmid32624524">{{cite journal| author=Marume K, Noguchi T, Tateishi E, Morita Y, Miura H, Nishimura K | display-authors=etal| title=Prognosis and Clinical Characteristics of Dilated Cardiomyopathy With Family History via Pedigree Analysis. | journal=Circ J | year= 2020 | volume= 84 | issue= 8 | pages= 1284-1293 | pmid=32624524 | doi=10.1253/circj.CJ-19-1176 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32624524  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26925241">{{cite journal| author=Waddell-Smith KE, Donoghue T, Oates S, Graham A, Crawford J, Stiles MK | display-authors=etal| title=Inpatient detection of cardiac-inherited disease: the impact of improving family history taking. | journal=Open Heart | year= 2016 | volume= 3 | issue= 1 | pages= e000329 | pmid=26925241 | doi=10.1136/openhrt-2015-000329 | pmc=4762189 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26925241  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B-NR]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>


|-
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' In patients presenting with [[heart failure]], initial assessment should be made of the patient’s ability to perform routine and desired activities of daily living. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''4.''' In [[patients]] presenting with [[HF]], a thorough [[history and physical examination]] should direct [[diagnostic strategies]] to uncover specific causes that may warrant [[disease-specific management]]. <ref name="pmid28329248">{{cite journal| author=González-López E, Gagliardi C, Dominguez F, Quarta CC, de Haro-Del Moral FJ, Milandri A | display-authors=etal| title=Clinical characteristics of wild-type transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis: disproving myths. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2017 | volume= 38 | issue= 24 | pages= 1895-1904 | pmid=28329248 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehx043 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28329248  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26498944">{{cite journal| author=Lousada I, Comenzo RL, Landau H, Guthrie S, Merlini G| title=Light Chain Amyloidosis: Patient Experience Survey from the Amyloidosis Research Consortium. | journal=Adv Ther | year= 2015 | volume= 32 | issue= 10 | pages= 920-8 | pmid=26498944 | doi=10.1007/s12325-015-0250-0 | pmc=4635176 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26498944  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B-NR]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>


|-
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.''' Initial examination of patients presenting with [[heart failure]] should include assessment of the patient’s volume status, orthostatic [[blood pressure]] changes, measurement of weight and height, and calculation of [[body mass index]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''4.''' In [[patients]] presenting with [[HF]], a thorough [[history and physical examination]] should be obtained and performed to identify [[cardiac]] and [[noncardiac]] [[disorders]], [[lifestyle]] and [[behavioral]] factors, and [[social determinants of health]] that might cause or accelerate the development or progression of [[HF]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C-EO])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
 
|}
|}


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Latest revision as of 23:06, 22 June 2022



Resident
Survival
Guide
Congestive Heart Failure Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Systolic Dysfunction
Diastolic Dysfunction
HFpEF
HFrEF

Causes

Differentiating Congestive heart failure from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Clinical Assessment

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

Chest X Ray

Cardiac MRI

Echocardiography

Exercise Stress Test

Myocardial Viability Studies

Cardiac Catheterization

Other Imaging Studies

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring

Medical Therapy:

Summary
Acute Pharmacotherapy
Chronic Pharmacotherapy in HFpEF
Chronic Pharmacotherapy in HFrEF
Diuretics
ACE Inhibitors
Angiotensin receptor blockers
Aldosterone Antagonists
Beta Blockers
Ca Channel Blockers
Nitrates
Hydralazine
Positive Inotropics
Anticoagulants
Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitor
Antiarrhythmic Drugs
Nutritional Supplements
Hormonal Therapies
Drugs to Avoid
Drug Interactions
Treatment of underlying causes
Associated conditions

Exercise Training

Surgical Therapy:

Biventricular Pacing or Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT)
Implantation of Intracardiac Defibrillator
Ultrafiltration
Cardiac Surgery
Left Ventricular Assist Devices (LVADs)
Cardiac Transplantation

ACC/AHA Guideline Recommendations

Initial and Serial Evaluation of the HF Patient
Hospitalized Patient
Patients With a Prior MI
Sudden Cardiac Death Prevention
Surgical/Percutaneous/Transcather Interventional Treatments of HF
Patients at high risk for developing heart failure (Stage A)
Patients with cardiac structural abnormalities or remodeling who have not developed heart failure symptoms (Stage B)
Patients with current or prior symptoms of heart failure (Stage C)
Patients with refractory end-stage heart failure (Stage D)
Coordinating Care for Patients With Chronic HF
Quality Metrics/Performance Measures

Implementation of Practice Guidelines

Congestive heart failure end-of-life considerations

Specific Groups:

Special Populations
Patients who have concomitant disorders
Obstructive Sleep Apnea in the Patient with CHF
NSTEMI with Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock

Congestive heart failure physical examination On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Congestive heart failure physical examination

CDC on Congestive heart failure physical examination

Congestive heart failure physical examination in the news

Blogs on Congestive heart failure physical examination

Directions to Hospitals Treating Congestive heart failure physical examination

Risk calculators and risk factors for Congestive heart failure physical examination

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S. [2] Edzel Lorraine Co, DMD, MD[3]

Overview

Physical examination is of utmost importance in the suspicion, diagnosis, and follow-up of heart failure. The focus should be targeted mainly on the evaluation of the fluid status, blood pressure, and weight changes.

Physical Examination

General

Appearance

  • The patient is often sitting upright and had labored breathing during an acute episode.

Skin

Neck

Lungs

Abdomen

Heart

aortic regurgitation and mitral regurgitation may be auscultated.

Extremities

Neurologic

Signs that represent left-sided heart failure include cool clammy skin, cyanosis, rales, a gallop rhythm, and a laterally displaced PMI. Signs that represent right sided heart failure include an elevated JVP, pedal edema, ascites, hepatomegaly, a parasternal heave and hepatojugular reflux. Common signs of both left and right sided heart failure are present.

2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Heart Failure Guideline (DO NOT EDIT) [1]

Clinical Assessment: History and Physical Examination (DO NOT EDIT) [1]

Class I
"1. In patients with HF, vital signs and evidence of clinical congestion should be assessed at each encounter to guide overall management, including adjustment of diuretics and other medications.[2][3][4][5][6][7] (Level of Evidence: B-NR) "
"2. In patients with symptomatic HF, clinical factors indicating the presence of advanced HF should be sought via the history and physical examination. [8][9][10][11][12][13] (Level of Evidence: B-NR) "
"3. In patients with cardiomyopathy, a 3-generation family history should be obtained or updated when assessing the cause of the cardiomyopathy to identify possible inherited disease. [14][15] (Level of Evidence: B-NR) "
"4. In patients presenting with HF, a thorough history and physical examination should direct diagnostic strategies to uncover specific causes that may warrant disease-specific management. [16][17] (Level of Evidence: B-NR) "
"4. In patients presenting with HF, a thorough history and physical examination should be obtained and performed to identify cardiac and noncardiac disorders, lifestyle and behavioral factors, and social determinants of health that might cause or accelerate the development or progression of HF. ([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C-EO]) "

Serial Clinical Assessment of Patients Presenting With Heart Failure (DO NOT EDIT)[18][19]

Class I
"1. Assessment should be made at each visit of the ability of a patient with heart failure to perform routine and desired activities of daily living. (Level of Evidence: C) "
"2. Assessment should be made at each visit of the volume status and weight of a patient with heart failure. (Level of Evidence: C) "

Vote on and Suggest Revisions to the Current Guidelines

Sources

References

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  2. Ambrosy AP, Pang PS, Khan S, Konstam MA, Fonarow GC, Traver B; et al. (2013). "Clinical course and predictive value of congestion during hospitalization in patients admitted for worsening signs and symptoms of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: findings from the EVEREST trial". Eur Heart J. 34 (11): 835–43. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs444. PMID 23293303.
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  9. Eshaghian S, Horwich TB, Fonarow GC (2006). "Relation of loop diuretic dose to mortality in advanced heart failure". Am J Cardiol. 97 (12): 1759–64. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.12.072. PMID 16765130.
  10. Gorodeski EZ, Chu EC, Reese JR, Shishehbor MH, Hsich E, Starling RC (2009). "Prognosis on chronic dobutamine or milrinone infusions for stage D heart failure". Circ Heart Fail. 2 (4): 320–4. doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.108.839076. PMID 19808355.
  11. Kittleson M, Hurwitz S, Shah MR, Nohria A, Lewis E, Givertz M; et al. (2003). "Development of circulatory-renal limitations to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors identifies patients with severe heart failure and early mortality". J Am Coll Cardiol. 41 (11): 2029–35. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00417-0. PMID 12798577.
  12. Poole JE, Johnson GW, Hellkamp AS, Anderson J, Callans DJ, Raitt MH; et al. (2008). "Prognostic importance of defibrillator shocks in patients with heart failure". N Engl J Med. 359 (10): 1009–17. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa071098. PMC 2922510. PMID 18768944.
  13. Setoguchi S, Stevenson LW, Schneeweiss S (2007). "Repeated hospitalizations predict mortality in the community population with heart failure". Am Heart J. 154 (2): 260–6. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2007.01.041. PMID 17643574.
  14. Marume K, Noguchi T, Tateishi E, Morita Y, Miura H, Nishimura K; et al. (2020). "Prognosis and Clinical Characteristics of Dilated Cardiomyopathy With Family History via Pedigree Analysis". Circ J. 84 (8): 1284–1293. doi:10.1253/circj.CJ-19-1176. PMID 32624524 Check |pmid= value (help).
  15. Waddell-Smith KE, Donoghue T, Oates S, Graham A, Crawford J, Stiles MK; et al. (2016). "Inpatient detection of cardiac-inherited disease: the impact of improving family history taking". Open Heart. 3 (1): e000329. doi:10.1136/openhrt-2015-000329. PMC 4762189. PMID 26925241.
  16. González-López E, Gagliardi C, Dominguez F, Quarta CC, de Haro-Del Moral FJ, Milandri A; et al. (2017). "Clinical characteristics of wild-type transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis: disproving myths". Eur Heart J. 38 (24): 1895–1904. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx043. PMID 28329248.
  17. Lousada I, Comenzo RL, Landau H, Guthrie S, Merlini G (2015). "Light Chain Amyloidosis: Patient Experience Survey from the Amyloidosis Research Consortium". Adv Ther. 32 (10): 920–8. doi:10.1007/s12325-015-0250-0. PMC 4635176. PMID 26498944.
  18. 18.0 18.1 Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW, Antman EM, Smith SC Jr, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Jacobs AK, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; American College of Chest Physicians; International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation; Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2005 Sep 20; 112(12): e154-235. Epub 2005 Sep 13. PMID 16160202
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