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{{MultiCol}}
{{MultiCol}}
* 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine poisoning
* [[1,1-Dimethylhydrazine poisoning]]
* 1,2-Dichloromethane
* [[1,2-Dichloromethane]]
* 2-Methyl-4-Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid poisoning
* [[2-Methyl-4-Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid poisoning]]
* 2-methylbutyryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency
* [[2-methylbutyryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency]]
* 3 alpha methylcrotonyl-Coa carboxylase 1 deficiency
* [[3 alpha methylcrotonyl-Coa carboxylase 1 deficiency]]
* 3 alpha methylcrotonyl-coa carboxylase 2 deficiency
* [[3 alpha methylcrotonyl-coa carboxylase 2 deficiency]]
* 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency
* [[3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency]]
* Acetaminophen
* [[Acetaminophen]]
* Acetone
* [[Acetone]]
* Acetylene poisoning
* [[Acetylene poisoning]]
* Acetylsalicylic acid
* [[Acetylsalicylic acid]]
* Acid-Base Imbalance
* [[Acid-Base Imbalance]]
* Ackee Fruit Food poisoning
* [[Ackee Fruit Food poisoning]]
* Acrolein poisoning
* [[Acrolein poisoning]]
* ACTH resistance
* [[ACTH resistance]]
* Acute Chemical poisoning -- Varnish makers' and painters' Naptha
* [[Acute Chemical poisoning -- Varnish makers' and painters' Naptha]]
* Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
* [[Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis]]
* Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis
* [[Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis]]
* Acute xylene poisoning
* [[Acute xylene poisoning]]
* ADANE
* [[ADANE]]
* Addison's Disease
* [[Addison's Disease]]
* African Sleeping sickness
* [[African Sleeping sickness]]
* Aftershave poisoning
* [[Aftershave poisoning]]
* Alcohol intoxication
* [[Alcohol intoxication]]
* Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
* [[Alcohol withdrawal syndrome]]
* Aldrin poisoning
* [[Aldrin poisoning]]
* Alicyclic hydrocarbons poisoning
* [[Alicyclic hydrocarbons poisoning]]
* Allethrin poisoning
* [[Allethrin poisoning]]
* Acute altitude sickness
* [[Acute altitude sickness]]
* Alzheimer's disease
* [[Alzheimer's disease]]
* Amanita polypyramis poisoning
* [[Amanita polypyramis poisoning]]
* Amidithion poisoning
* [[Amidithion poisoning]]
* Aminoglycosides
* [[Aminoglycosides]]
* Aminosalicylic acid
* [[Aminosalicylic acid]]
* Amiton poisoning
* [[Amiton poisoning]]
* Amitriptyline
* [[Amitriptyline]]
* Amlodipine
* [[Amlodipine]]
* Ammonium Bifluoride
* [[Ammonium Bifluoride]]
* Ammonium Sulfamate  poisoning
* [[Ammonium Sulfamate  poisoning]]
* Amphotericin B
* [[Amphotericin B]]
* Amyl Alcohol
* [[Amyl Alcohol]]
* Amyloidosis
* [[Amyloidosis]]
* Anaphylaxis
* [[Anaphylaxis]]
* Anchovy (clupeotoxin) poisoning
* [[Anchovy (clupeotoxin) poisoning]]
* Aniline poisoning
* [[Aniline poisoning]]
* Anoxemia
* [Anoxemia]]
* Anticholinergic syndrome
* [[Anticholinergic syndrome]]
* Antifreeze poisoning
* [[Antifreeze poisoning]]
* Antiphospholipid Syndrome
* [[Antiphospholipid Syndrome]]
* Antipsychotic drugs
* [[Antipsychotic drugs]]
* Apallic syndrome
* [[Apallic syndrome]]
* Apricot seed poisoning
* [[Apricot seed poisoning]]
* Arbovirosis
* [[Arbovirosis]]
* Arginosuccinic aciduria
* [[Arginosuccinic aciduria]]
* Aristolochic acid
* [[Aristolochic acid]]
* Arsenic
* [[Arsenic]]
* Asphyxia
* [[Asphyxia]]
* Aspirin
* [[Aspirin]]
* Atropine
* [[Atropine]]
* Azinfos-methyl poisoning
* [[Azinfos-methyl poisoning]]
* Azinphos-ethyl poisoning
* [[Azinphos-ethyl poisoning]]
* Azinphosmetile poisoning
* [[Azinphosmetile poisoning]]
* Azothoate poisoning
* [[Azothoate poisoning]]
* Bacitracin
* [[Bacitracin]]
* Baclofen
* [[Baclofen]]
* Barbiturates
* [[Barbiturates]]
* Basedow's coma
* [[Basedow's coma]]
* Benoxafos  poisoning
* [[Benoxafos  poisoning]]
* Bentazon poisoning
* [[Bentazon poisoning]]
* Benzene toxicity
* [[Benzene toxicity]]
* Benzodiazepine
* [[Benzodiazepine]]
* Beta ketothiolase deficiency
* [[Beta ketothiolase deficiency]]
* Bing-Neel syndrome
* [[Bing-Neel syndrome]]
* Biotinidase deficiency
* [[Biotinidase deficiency]]
* Bird cherry seed poisoning
* [[Bird cherry seed poisoning]]
* Bismuth
* [[Bismuth]]
* Bitter almond seed poisoning
* [[Bitter almond seed poisoning]]
* Black henbane poisoning
* [[Black henbane poisoning]]
* Black jetbead poisoning
* [[Black jetbead poisoning]]
* Blue-ringed octopus poisoning
* [[Blue-ringed octopus poisoning]]
* Boric Acid
* [[Boric Acid]]
* Box Jellyfish poisoning
* [[Box Jellyfish poisoning]]
* Brain abscess
* [[Brain abscess]]
* Brain cancer
* [[Brain cancer]]
* Brain compression
* [[Brain compression]]
* Brain cyst
* [[Brain cyst]]
* Brain death
* [[Brain death]]
* Bristowe's syndrome
* [[Bristowe's syndrome]]
* Bromazepam
* [[Bromazepam]]
* Bromide toxicity
* [[Bromide toxicity]]
* Bromoform poisoning
* [[Bromoform poisoning]]
* Brown Recluse spider poisoning
* [[Brown Recluse spider poisoning]]
* Brown-Symmers disease
* [[Brown-Symmers disease]]
* Bupivacaine
* [[Bupivacaine]]
* Buprenorphine
* [[Buprenorphine]]
* Buspirone
* [[Buspirone]]
* Butyl Alcohol poisoning
* [[Butyl Alcohol poisoning]]
* Cadmium
* [[Cadmium]]
* Camphor
* [[Camphor]]
* Cannabinoids
* [[Cannabinoids]]
* Carbamate insecticide poisoning
* [[Carbamate insecticide poisoning]]
* Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase 1 deficiency
* [[Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase 1 deficiency]]
* Carbaryl
* [[Carbaryl]]
* Carbinoxamine
* [[Carbinoxamine]]
* Carbon monoxide poisoning
* [[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
* Carbon Tetrachloride
* [[Carbon Tetrachloride]]
* Carbophenothion
* [[Carbophenothion]]
* Carcinomatosis meningitis
* [[Carcinomatosis meningitis]]
* Cardiac arrest
* [[Cardiac arrest]]
* Carnitine deficiency (systemic)
* [[Carnitine deficiency (systemic)]]
* Carnitine transporter deficiency
* [[Carnitine transporter deficiency]]
* Cataplexy
* [[Cataplexy]]
* Catatonia
* [[Catatonia]]
* Celandine poisoning
* [[Celandine poisoning]]
* Cephaloridine
* [[Cephaloridine]]
* Cerebellar abscess
* [[Cerebellar abscess]]
* Cerebral abscess
* [[Cerebral abscess]]
* Cerebral hemorrhage
* [[Cerebral hemorrhage]]
* Cerebral metastases
* [[Cerebral metastases]]
* Chagas disease
* [[Chagas disease]]
* Cherry laurel seed poisoning
* [[Cherry laurel seed poisoning]]
* Cherry seed poisoning
* [[Cherry seed poisoning]]
* Chlophedianol toxicity
* [[Chlophedianol toxicity]]
* Chloral hydrate poisoning
* [[Chloral hydrate poisoning]]
* Chlorate salts poisoning
* [[Chlorate salts poisoning]]
* Chlorfenvinphos poisoning
* [[Chlorfenvinphos poisoning]]
* Chloroform
* [[Chloroform]]
* Chloromethane poisoning
* [[Chloromethane poisoning]]
* Chloropyrifos poisoning
* [[Chloropyrifos poisoning]]
* Chlorpheniramine
* [[Chlorpheniramine]]
* Chlorpromazine
* [[Chlorpromazine]]
* Chlortetracycline
* [[Chlortetracycline]]
* Chokecherry seed poisoning
* [[Chokecherry seed poisoning]]
* Christmas Cherry poisoning
* [[Christmas Cherry poisoning]]
* Chromium
* [[Chromium]]
* Chromium poisoning
* [[Chromium poisoning]]
* Chronic kidney disease
* [[Chronic kidney disease]]
* Cinnarizine
* [[Cinnarizine]]
* Cisplatin
* [[Cisplatin]]
* Citrullinemia I
* [[Citrullinemia I]]
* Citrullinemia II
* [[Citrullinemia II]]
* Clonazepam
* [[Clonazepam]]
* Clonidine
* [[Clonidine]]
* Clotiapine
* [[Clotiapine]]
* Clupeotoxism
* [[Clupeotoxism]]
* Cobra poisoning
* [[Cobra poisoning]]
* Cocaine
* [[Cocaine]]
* Codeine
* [[Codeine]]
* Colchicine
* [[Colchicine]]
* Comly syndrome
* [[Comly syndrome]]
* Common poppy poisoning
* [[Common poppy poisoning]]
* Concussion
* [[Concussion]]
* Cone shell poisoning
* [[Cone shell poisoning]]
* Congenital  Hyperinsulinism
* [[Congenital  Hyperinsulinism]]
* Contrast agents
* [[Contrast agents]]
* Copper toxicity
* [[Copper toxicity]]
* Coumaphos poisoning
* [[Coumaphos poisoning]]
* Cresols poisoning
* [[Cresols poisoning]]
* Cresylic acid poisoning
* [[Cresylic acid poisoning]]
* Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
* [[Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease]]
* Cryptococcal Meningitis
* [[Cryptococcal Meningitis]]
* Cyanide poisoning
* [[Cyanide poisoning]]
* Tricyclic antidepressant
* [[Tricyclic antidepressant]]
* Cyclobenzaprine
* [[Cyclobenzaprine]]
* Cyclophosphamide
* [[Cyclophosphamide]]
* Cycloserine
* [[Cycloserine]]
* Cyclosporin
* [[Cyclosporin]]
* Dantrolene
* [[Dantrolene]]
* Daphne poisoning
* [[Daphne poisoning]]
* Darvocet
* [[Darvocet]]
* Ddx:Hyperthermia|Hyperthermia
* [[Ddx:Hyperthermia|Hyperthermia
* Ddx:Hypocalcemia|Hypocalcemia
* [[Ddx:Hypocalcemia|Hypocalcemia]]
* Ddx:Hypoglycemia|Hypoglycemia
* [[Ddx:Hypoglycemia|Hypoglycemia]]
* Ddx:Hypokalemia|Hypokalemia
* [[Ddx:Hypokalemia|Hypokalemia]]
* Ddx:Hyponatremia|Hyponatremia
* [[Ddx:Hyponatremia|Hyponatremia]]
* Death Angel poisoning
* [[Death Angel poisoning]]
* Death Camas poisoning
* [[Death Camas poisoning]]
* Degreasing solvents
* [[Degreasing solvents]]
* Dehydration
* [[Dehydration]]
* Demethyldiazepam
* [[Demethyldiazepam]]
* Demeton-O-methyl poisoning
* [[Demeton-O-methyl poisoning]]
* Demeton-S-methyl poisoning
* [[Demeton-S-methyl poisoning]]
* Deserpidine
* [[Deserpidine]]
* Desipramine
* [[Desipramine]]
* Devil's trumpet poisoning
* [[Devil's trumpet poisoning]]
* Diabetes Insipidus
* [[Diabetes Insipidus]]
* Diabetic coma
* [[Diabetic coma]]
* Diabetic ketoacidosis
* [[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]
* Dialifos poisoning
* [[Dialifos poisoning]]
* Diamorphine
* [[Diamorphine]]
* Diazepam
* [[Diazepam]]
* Diazinon
* [[Diazinon]]
* Dichloralphenazone poisoning
* [[Dichloralphenazone poisoning]]
* Dichloroacetylene
* [[Dichloroacetylene]]
* Dichloronaphthoquinone poisoning
* [[Dichloronaphthoquinone poisoning]]
* Dichlorvos poisoning
* [[Dichlorvos poisoning]]
* Dicrotophos poisoning
* [[Dicrotophos poisoning]]
{{ColBreak}}
{{ColBreak}}
* Dieldrin poisoning
* [[Dieldrin poisoning]]
* Diethylene glycol
* [[Diethylene glycol]]
* Diethylene Glycol poisoning
* [[Diethylene Glycol poisoning]]
* Dilaudid
* [[Dilaudid]]
* Dimethoate poisoning
* [[Dimethoate poisoning]]
* Dimethyl Phthalate poisoning
* [[Dimethyl Phthalate poisoning]]
* Dinitrocresol poisoning
* [[Dinitrocresol poisoning]]
* Dinitrophenol poisoning
* [[Dinitrophenol poisoning]]
* Di-n-Octyl phathalate poisoning
* [[Di-n-Octyl phathalate poisoning]]
* Dioxathion poisoning
* [[Dioxathion poisoning]]
* Diphenhydramine
* [[Diphenhydramine]]
* Diphenidol
* [[Diphenidol]]
* Disulfiram
* [[Disulfiram]]
* Disulfoton poisoning
* [[Disulfoton poisoning]]
* Dothiepin
* [[Dothiepin]]
* Eclampsia
* [[Eclampsia]]
* Efavirenz
* [[Efavirenz]]
* Ehrlichiosis
* [[Ehrlichiosis]]
* Electrocution
* [[Electrocution]]
* Encephalitis
* [[Encephalitis]]
* Encephalomyelitis
* [[Encephalomyelitis]]
* End Stage Liver Failure
* [[End Stage Liver Failure]]
* Endocarditis
* [[Endocarditis]]
* Endothion poisoning
* [[Endothion poisoning]]
* End-stage renal disease
* [[End-stage renal disease]]
* English Ivy poisoning
* [[English Ivy poisoning]]
* English Laurel poisoning
* [[English Laurel poisoning]]
* Epidemic typhus
* [[Epidemic typhus]]
* Epidural haemorrhage
* [[Epidural haemorrhage]]
* Epilepsy
* [[Epilepsy]]
* Eszopiclone poisoning
* [[Eszopiclone poisoning]]
* Ethchlorvynol poisoning
* [[Ethchlorvynol poisoning]]
* Ether poisoning
* [[Ether poisoning]]
* Ethinamate poisoning
* [[Ethinamate poisoning]]
* Ethion poisoning
* [[Ethion poisoning]]
* Ethoate-methyl poisoning
* [[Ethoate-methyl poisoning]]
* Ethoprophos poisoning
* [[Ethoprophos poisoning]]
* Ethylene glycol ethers
* [[Ethylene glycol ethers]]
* Ethylene Glycol poisoning
* [[Ethylene Glycol poisoning]]
* Ethyl-guthion poisoning
* [[Ethyl-guthion poisoning]]
* Etrimfos poisoning
* [[Etrimfos poisoning]]
* Eucalyptus Oil poisoning
* [[Eucalyptus Oil poisoning]]
* Fat embolism
* [[Fat embolism]]
* Fatal familial insomnia
* [[Fatal familial insomnia]]
* Felodipine
* [[Felodipine]]
* Fenchlorphos poisoning
* [[Fenchlorphos poisoning]]
* Fenitrothion
* [[Fenitrothion]]
* Fensulfothion
* [[Fensulfothion]]
* Fentanyl
* [[Fentanyl]]
* Fenthion poisoning
* [[Fenthion poisoning]]
* Fire cherry poisoning
* [[Fire cherry poisoning]]
* Flavoprotein deficiency
* [[Flavoprotein deficiency]]
* Flurazepam
* [[Flurazepam]]
* Flunitrazepam
* [[Flunitrazepam]]
* Fonophos poisoning
* [[Fonophos poisoning]]
* Formaldehyde poisoning
* [[Formaldehyde poisoning]]
* Formothion poisoning
* [[Formothion poisoning]]
* Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase deficiency, hereditary
* [[Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase deficiency, hereditary]]
* Fructose-1-phosphate aldolase deficiency, hereditary
* [[Fructose-1-phosphate aldolase deficiency, hereditary]]
* Fumarase deficiency
* [[Fumarase deficiency]]
* Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor
* [[Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor]]
* Funnel Web spider poisoning
* [[Funnel Web spider poisoning]]
* Gabapentin
* [[Gabapentin]]
* Ganaxolone
* [[Ganaxolone]]
* Gasoline
* [[Gasoline]]
* General anaesthesia
* [[General anaesthesia]]
* Germanium
* [[Germanium]]
* Glue solvent vapors
* [[Glue solvent vapors]]
* Glutethimide
* [[Glutethimide]]
* Glycine synthase deficiency
* [[Glycine synthase deficiency]]
* Graft-versus-host disease
* [[Graft-versus-host disease]]
* Hair Bleach
* [[Hair Bleach]]
* Hair Dye
* [[Hair Dye]]
* Hairdressing sprays
* [[Hairdressing sprays]]
* Haloperidol
* [[Haloperidol]]
* Hashimoto's encephalitis
* [[Hashimoto's encephalitis]]
* Head trauma
* [[Head trauma]]
* Heart attack
* [[Heart attack]]
* Heart failure
* [[Heart failure]]
* Heat stroke
* [[Heat stroke]]
* Heavy metals
* [[Heavy metals]]
* Hemiplegic migraine, familial type 1
* [[Hemiplegic migraine, familial type 1]]
* Hemolytic uremic syndrome
* [[Hemolytic uremic syndrome]]
* Hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome
* [[Hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome]]
* Hendra Virus
* [[Hendra Virus]]
* Hepatic encephalopathy syndrome
* [[Hepatic encephalopathy syndrome]]
* Hepatitis
* [[Hepatitis]]
* Heptenophos poisoning
* [[Heptenophos poisoning]]
* Herbicide
* [[Herbicide]]
* Heroin
* [[Heroin]]
* Herpes simplex encephalitis
* [[Herpes simplex encephalitis]]
* Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene
* [[Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene]]
* Hexachlorobutadiene poisoning
* [[Hexachlorobutadiene poisoning]]
* HHV-6 encephalitis
* [[HHV-6 encephalitis]]
* High altitude cerebral edema
* [[High altitude cerebral edema]]
* HIV/AIDS
* [[HIV/AIDS]]
* HMG-CoA lyase deficiency
* [[HMG-CoA lyase deficiency]]
* Holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency
* [[Holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency]]
* Hyacinth bean poisoning
* [[Hyacinth bean poisoning]]
* Hydrocarbons
* [[Hydrocarbons]]
* Hydrocephalus
* [[Hydrocephalus]]
* Hydroxyzine
* [[Hydroxyzine]]
* Hyperbaric sickness
* [[Hyperbaric sickness]]
* Juvenile form hyperglycerolemia
* [[Juvenile form hyperglycerolemia]]
* Hyperinsulinism due to glucokinase deficiency
* [[Hyperinsulinism due to glucokinase deficiency]]
* Hyperinsulinism due to glutamodehydrogenase deficiency
* [[Hyperinsulinism due to glutamodehydrogenase deficiency]]
* Hypermagnesaemia
* [[Hypermagnesaemia]]
* Hypernatremia
* [[Hypernatremia]]
* Hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria syndrome
* [[Hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria syndrome]]
* Hyperosmolality
* [[Hyperosmolality]]
* Hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic coma
* [[Hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic coma]]
* Hyperparathyroidism
* [[Hyperparathyroidism]]
* Hyperphosphatemia
* [[Hyperphosphatemia]]
* Hypoglycemia
* [[Hypoglycemia]]
* Hypomagnesemia
* [[Hypomagnesemia]]
* Hyponatremia
* [[Hyponatremia]]
* Hypoosmolality
* [[Hypoosmolality]]
* Hypophosphatemia
* [[Hypophosphatemia]]
* Hypothermia
* [[Hypothermia]]
* Hypothyroidism
* [[Hypothyroidism]]
* Hypoxic encepahalopathy
* [[Hypoxic encepahalopathy]]
* Hysteria
* [[Hysteria]]
* Ibuprofen
* [[Ibuprofen]]
* Imazapyr poisoning
* [[Imazapyr poisoning]]
* Inborn amino acid metabolism disorder
* [[Inborn amino acid metabolism disorder]]
* Inborn urea cycle disorder
* [[Inborn urea cycle disorder]]
* Inhalational anaesthetics
* [[Inhalational anaesthetics]]
* Insulinoma
* [[Insulinoma]]
* Intracerebral hematoma
* [[Intracerebral hematoma]]
* Iodofenphos poisoning
* [[Iodofenphos poisoning]]
* Isoniazid
* [[Isoniazid]]
* Isovaleric Acidemia
* [[Isovaleric Acidemia]]
* Isradipine
* [[Isradipine]]
* Jamaican vomiting sickness
* [[Jamaican vomiting sickness]]
* Japanese encephalitis
* [[Japanese encephalitis]]
* Japanese pagoda tree poisoning
* [[Japanese pagoda tree poisoning]]
* Jessamine poisoning
* [[Jessamine poisoning]]
* Jimsonweed poisoning
* [[Jimsonweed poisoning]]
* Katayama fever
* [[Katayama fever]]
* Kyasanur-Forrest disease
* [[Kyasanur-Forrest disease]]
* Lantana poisoning
* [[Lantana poisoning]]
* Late onset Argininosuccinase lyase deficiency
* [[Late onset Argininosuccinase lyase deficiency]]
* Lead poisoning
* [[Lead poisoning]]
* Lead
* [[Leucinosis]]
* Leucinosis
* [[Levetiracetam]]
* Levetiracetam
* [[Levomepromazine]]
* Levomepromazine
* [[Lidocaine]]
* Lidocaine
* [[Lithium]]
* Lithium
* [[Lobelia poisoning]]
* Lobelia poisoning
* [[Lofexidine]]
* Lofexidine
* [[Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency]]
* Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency
* [[Loquat poisoning]]
* Loquat poisoning
* [[Lorazepam]]
* Lorazepam
* [[Lung disease]]
* Lung disease
* [[Lupine poisoning]]
* Lupine poisoning
* [[Lyssavirus]]
* Lyssavirus
* [[Malaria]]
* Malaria
* [[Malathion]]
* Malathion
* [[Malignant Buotonneuse fever]]
* Malignant Buotonneuse fever
* [[Malignant hypertension]]
* Malignant hypertension
* [[Maple syrup urine disease]]
* Maple syrup urine disease
* [[Marchiafava-Bignami disease]]
* Marchiafava-Bignami disease
* [[Mayapple poisoning]]
* Mayapple poisoning
* [[Mecarbam]]
* Mecarbam
* [[Medazepam]]
* Medazepam
* [[Medium-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency]]
* Medium-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency
* [[Melioidosis]]
* Melioidosis
* [[Meningitis]]
* Meningitis
* [[Meningoencephalitis]]
* Meningoencephalitis
* [[Mephenoxalone]]
* Mephenoxalone
* [[Mepiridine]]
* Mepiridine
* [[Meprobamate]]
* Meprobamate
* [[Mercury]]
* Mercury
* [[Metaldehyde]]
* Metaldehyde
* [[Metastatic insulinoma]]
* Metastatic insulinoma
* [[Methacrifos]]
* Methacrifos
* [[Methadone]]
* Methadone
* [[Methamidophos]]
* Methamidophos
* [[Methamphetamine]]
* Methamphetamine
* [[Methanol]]
* Methanol
* [[Methaqualone]]
* Methaqualone
* [[Methemoglobin-producing agents]]
* Methemoglobin-producing agents
* [[Methicillin]]
* Methicillin
* [[Methidathion]]
* Methidathion
* [[Methiocarb]]
* Methiocarb
* [[Methyl Bromide]]
* Methyl Bromide
* [[Methyldopa]]
* Methyldopa
* [[Methylmalonic  acidemia]]
* Methylmalonic  acidemia
* [[Methylmalonicaciduria with homocystinuria, cobalamin F]]
* Methylmalonicaciduria with homocystinuria, cobalamin F
* [[Methylmalonicaciduria, vitamin B12 unresponsive]]
* Methylmalonicaciduria, vitamin B12 unresponsive
* [[Methyprylon]]
* Methyprylon
* [[Metoclopramide]]
* Metoclopramide
* [[Mexican tea poisoning]]
* Mexican tea poisoning
* [[Mianserin]]
* Mianserin
* [[Midazolam]]
* Midazolam
{{ColBreak}}
{{ColBreak}}
* Mirtazapine
* [[Mirtazapine]]
* Mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase deficiency
* [[Mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase deficiency]]
* Mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency
* [[Mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency]]
* Morphine
* [[Morphine]]
* Mountain sickness
* [[Mountain sickness]]
* Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
* [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]]
* Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2
* [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2]]
* Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 3
* [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 3]]
* Nabilone
* [[Nabilone]]
* N-acetyl glutamate synthetase deficiency
* [[N-acetyl glutamate synthetase deficiency]]
* Naked brimcap poisoning
* [[Naked brimcap poisoning]]
* Narcolepsy
* [[Narcolepsy]]
* Near-drowning
* [[Near-drowning]]
* Neomycin
* [[Neomycin]]
* Neonatal Argininosuccinase lyase deficiency
* [[Neonatal Argininosuccinase lyase deficiency]]
* Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
* [[Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome]]
* Nimodipine
* [[Nimodipine]]
* Nitrates
* [[Nitrates]]
* Nitrazepam
* [[Nitrazepam]]
* Nitroglycerin
* [[Nitroglycerin]]
* Nitrous oxide
* [[Nitrous oxide]]
* Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
* [[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]]
* Nortriptyline
* [[Nortriptyline]]
* Oculoleptomeningeal Amyloidosis
* [[Oculoleptomeningeal Amyloidosis]]
* Olanzapine
* [[Olanzapine]]
* Omethoate poisoning
* [[Omethoate poisoning]]
* Opioid
* [[Opioid]]
* Organophosphate insecticide poisoning
* [[Organophosphate insecticide poisoning]]
* Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) Deficiency
* [[Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) Deficiency]]
* Oxazepam
* [[Oxazepam]]
* Oxycontin
* [[Oxycontin]]
* Oxydeprofos poisoning
* [[Oxydeprofos poisoning]]
* Oxydisulfoton poisoning
* [[Oxydisulfoton poisoning]]
* Oxytetracycline
* [[Oxytetracycline]]
* Paint thinners
* [[Paint thinners]]
* Paints
* [[Paints]]
* Paraquat ochratoxin A
* [[Paraquat ochratoxin A]]
* Parathion poisoning
* [[Parathion poisoning]]
* Pentachlorophenol poisoning
* [[Pentachlorophenol poisoning]]
* Perazine
* [[Perazine]]
* Perchloroethylene
* [[Perchloroethylene]]
* Percocet
* [[Percocet]]
* Periodic hyperlysinemia
* [[Periodic hyperlysinemia]]
* Persistent vegetative state
* [[Persistent vegetative state]]
* Pesticide solvents
* [[Pesticide solvents]]
* Phencyclidine
* [[Phencyclidine]]
* Phenelzine
* [[Phenelzine]]
* Phenobarbital
* [[Phenobarbital]]
* Phenothiazine poisoning
* [[Phenothiazine poisoning]]
* Pheochromocytoma crisis
* [[Pheochromocytoma crisis]]
* Phorate poisoning
* [[Phorate poisoning]]
* Phosalone poisoning
* [[Phosalone poisoning]]
* Phosdrin poisoning
* [[Phosdrin poisoning]]
* Phosmet poisoning
* [[Phosmet poisoning]]
* Phosphamidon poisoning
* [[Phosphamidon poisoning]]
* Phoxim poisoning
* [[Phoxim poisoning]]
* Phthalthrin poisoning
* [[Phthalthrin poisoning]]
* Pipothiazine
* [[Pipothiazine]]
* Pirimiphos-methyl
* [[Pirimiphos-methyl]]
* Pituitary apoplexy
* [[Pituitary apoplexy]]
* Pizotifen
* [[Pizotifen]]
* Platinum
* [[Platinum]]
* Poison hemlock poisoning
* [[Poison hemlock poisoning]]
* Polyethylene Glycol -- Low Molecular Weight
* [[Polyethylene Glycol -- Low Molecular Weight]]
* Polymyxin
* [[Polymyxin]]
* Porphyria
* [[Porphyria]]
* Postoperative haemorrhage
* Postoperative [[hemorrhage]]
* Postoperative septicaemia
* Postoperative [[septicemia]]
* Pramipexole
* [[Pramipexole]]
* Prazepam
* [[Prazepam]]
* Pregabalin
* [[Pregabalin]]
* Pregnancy toxemia /hypertension
* [[Pregnancy toxemia]]
* Primidone
* [[Primidone]]
* Primiphos methyl
* [[Primiphos methyl]]
* Prochlorperazine
* [[Prochlorperazine]]
* Profenofos
* [[Profenofos]]
* Progressive familial intrahepatic Cholestasis 2
* [[Progressive familial intrahepatic Cholestasis 2]]
* progressive familial intrahepatic Cholestasis 3
* [[progressive familial intrahepatic Cholestasis 3]]
* Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
* [[Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy]]
* Propanol
* [[Propanol]]
* Propiomazine
* [[Propiomazine]]
* Propofol
* [[Propofol]]
* Propoxur
* [[Propoxur]]
* Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors
* [[Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors]]
* Prothidathion poisoning
* [[Prothidathion poisoning]]
* Prothoate poisoning
* [[Prothoate poisoning]]
* Pulmonary embolism
* [[Pulmonary embolism]]
* Pyrimidifen poisoning
* [[Pyrimidifen poisoning]]
* Pyrimitate poisoning
* [[Pyrimitate poisoning]]
* Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency, Group B
* [[Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency, Group B]]
* Quetiapine
* [[Quetiapine]]
* Quinalphos poisoning
* [[Quinalphos poisoning]]
* Quinidine
* [[Quinidine]]
* Quintiofos poisoning
* [[Quintiofos poisoning]]
* Rabies
* [[Rabies]]
* Raised intracranial pressure
* [[Raised intracranial pressure]]
* Ramelteon poisoning
* [[Ramelteon poisoning]]
* Reserpine
* [[Reserpine]]
* Respiratory acidosis
* [[Respiratory acidosis]]
* Respiratory failure
* [[Respiratory failure]]
* Reye's syndrome
* [[Reye's syndrome]]
* Rheumatic Fever
* [[Rheumatic Fever]]
* Rifampin
* [[Rifampin]]
* Rift Valley Fever
* [[Rift Valley Fever]]
* Rocky Mountain spotted fever
* [[Rocky Mountain spotted fever]]
* Sardine poisoning (clupeotoxin)
* [[Sardine poisoning (clupeotoxin)]]
* Selenious Acid
* [[Selenious Acid]]
* Self-induced water intoxication and schizophrenic disorders syndrome
* [[Self-induced water intoxication and schizophrenic disorders syndrome]]
* Septicemia
* [[Septicemia]]
* Serotoninergic syndrome
* [[Serotoninergic syndrome]]
* Shaken Baby Syndrome
* [[Shaken Baby Syndrome]]
* Shock
* [[Shock]]
* Silicon compounds
* [[Silicon compounds]]
* Silver
* [[Silver]]
* Simian B virus infection
* [[Simian B virus infection]]
* Skull fracture
* [[Skull fracture]]
* Sleeping sickness (East African)
* [[Sleeping sickness (East African)]]
* Sleeping sickness (West African)
* [[Sleeping sickness (West African)]]
* Slickhead poisoning (clupeotoxin)
* [[Slickhead poisoning (clupeotoxin)]]
* Sodium Monofluoroacetate
* [[Sodium Monofluoroacetate]]
* Solvents
* [[Solvents]]
* Sophamide
* [[Sophamide]]
* Spinal cord injury, acute
* [[Spinal cord injury, acute]]
* Streptococcal Group B invasive disease
* [[Streptococcal Group B invasive disease]]
* Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome
* [[Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome]]
* Stroke
* [[Stroke]]
* Styrene
* [[Styrene]]
* Subarachnoid hemorrhage
* [[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
* Subdural haemorrhage
* [[Subdural haemorrhage]]
* Suffocation
* [[Suffocation]]
* Sulfotep poisoning
* [[Sulfotep poisoning]]
* Sulphonamides
* [[Sulphonamides]]
* Systemic monochloroacetate poisoning
* [[Systemic monochloroacetate poisoning]]
* Tapioca poisoning
* [[Tapioca poisoning]]
* Temazepam
* [[Temazepam]]
* Terbufos poisoning
* [[Terbufos poisoning]]
* Tetraethyl Pyrophosphate poisoning
* [[Tetraethyl Pyrophosphate poisoning]]
* Tetrahydrocannabinol
* [[Tetrahydrocannabinol]]
* Tetramethrin poisoning
* [[Tetramethrin poisoning]]
* Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine poisoning
* [[Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine poisoning]]
* Thallium Sulfate
* [[Thallium Sulfate]]
* Thallium
* [[Thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency]]
* Thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency
* [[Thiometon]]
* Thiometon
* [[Thiopentone]]
* Thiopentone
* [[Thornapple poisoning]]
* Thornapple poisoning
* [[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
* Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
* [[Thyroid gland failure]]
* Thyroid gland failure
* [[Tizanidine]]
* Tizanidine
* [[Togaviridae disease]]
* Togaviridae disease
* [[Tolclofos methyl poisoning]]
* Tolclofos methyl poisoning
* [[Tolterodine]]
* Tolterodine
* [[Toluene]]
* Toluene
* [[Topiramate]]
* Topiramate
* [[Toxoplasmosis]]
* Toxoplasmosis
* [[Tramadol]]
* Tramadol
* [[Traumatic Brain Injury]]
* Traumatic Brain Injury
* [[Triazolam]]
* Triazolam
* [[Triazophos poisoning]]
* Triazophos poisoning
* [[Triazotion poisoning]]
* Triazotion poisoning
* [[Trichloroethane]]
* Trichloroethane
* [[Trichloroethylene]]
* Trichloroethylene
* [[Triclofos]]
* Triclofos
* [[Tricyclic antidepressants]]
* Tricyclic antidepressants
* [[Triethylene Glycol]]
* Triethylene Glycol
* [[Trifenfos]]
* Trifenfos
* [[Trifluperidol]]
* Trifluperidol
* [[Trimethropin]]
* Trimethropin
* [[Typhoid fever]]
* Typhoid fever
* [[Uranium]]
* Uranium
* [[Urea Cycle Disorder]]
* Urea Cycle Disorder
* [[Uremia]]
* Uremia
* [[Ureterosigmoidostomy]]
* Ureterosigmoidostomy
* [[Vancomycin resistant enterococcal bacteremia]]
* Vancomycin resistant enterococcal bacteremia
* [[Vanishing white matter leukodystrophy]]
* Vanishing white matter leukodystrophy
* [[Venezuelan equine encephalitis]]
* Venezuelan equine encephalitis
* [[Snakebite]]
* Snakebite
* [[Spider bites]]
* Spider bites
* [[Ventricular fibrillation]]
* Ventricular fibrillation
* [[Very low blood pressure]]
* Very low blood pressure
* [[Vicodin]]
* Vicodin
* [[Vigabatrin]]
* Vigabatrin
* [[Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers]]
* Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
* [[Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome]]
* Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
* [[Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome]]
* Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
* [[West nile encephalitis]]
* West nile encephalitis
* [[Western equine encephalitis]]
* Western equine encephalitis
* [[Western/Eastern/California encephalitis]]
* Western/Eastern/California encephalitis
* [[Westphal-Leyden ataxia]]
* Westphal-Leyden ataxia
* [[White snakeroot poisoning]]
* White snakeroot poisoning
* [[Wild cherry seed poisoning]]
* Wild cherry seed poisoning
* [[Wild Lima bean poisoning]]
* Wild Lima bean poisoning
* [[Xanax overdose]]
* Xanax overdose
* [[X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy]] -- Addison disease
* X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy -- Addison disease only
* [[Yellow fever]]
* Yellow fever
* [[Zaleplon]]
* Zaleplon
* [[Ziconotide]]
* Ziconotide
* [[Zolpidem]]
* Zolpidem
* [[Zopiclone]]
* Zopiclone
{{EndMultiCol}}
{{EndMultiCol}}



Revision as of 19:47, 5 July 2012

For patient information click here

Coma
ICD-10 R40.2
ICD-9 780.01

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

In medicine, a coma (from the Greek Template:Polytonic koma, meaning deep sleep) is a profound state of unconsciousness. A comatose patient cannot be awakened, fails to respond normally to pain or light, does not have sleep-wake cycles, and does not take voluntary actions. Coma may result from a variety of conditions, including intoxication, metabolic abnormalities, central nervous system diseases, acute neurologic injuries such as stroke, and hypoxia. It may also be deliberately induced by pharmaceutical agents in order to preserve higher brain function following another form of brain trauma, or to save the patient from extreme pain during healing of injuries or diseases. A coma may also result from immense head trauma caused by something like a car accident or a series of very severe concussions. The underlying cause of the coma is bilateral damage to the Reticular formation of the midbrain, which is important in regulating sleep [1].

Differential Diagnosis of Causes of Coma

(Most common causes)


By organ system

Cardiovascular Heart attack, Heart failure, Malignant hypertension, Shock, Ventricular fibrillation, Very low blood pressure, Cardiac dysrhythmias, Endocarditis, Rheumatic Fever
Chemical / poisoning 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine poisoning, 2-Methyl-4-Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid poisoning , Acetone poisoning, Acetylene poisoning , Ackee Fruit Food poisoning , Acrolein poisoning, Acute Chemical poisoning -- Varnish makers' and painters' Naptha, Acute xylene poisoning, Aftershave poisoning, Alcohol intoxication, Aldrin poisoning, Alicyclic hydrocarbons poisoning, Allethrin poisoning, Amanita polypyramis poisoning, Amidithion poisoning, Amiton poisoning, Ammonium Bifluoride, Ammonium Sulfamate poisoning, Anchovy (clupeotoxin) poisoning , Aniline poisoning, Antifreeze poisoning, Apricot seed poisoning, Azinfos-methyl poisoning, Azinphos-ethyl poisoning, Azinphosmetile poisoning, Azothoate poisoning, Benoxafos poisoning, Bentazon poisoning, Benzene toxicity, Beta ketothiolase deficiency, Bird cherry seed poisoning, Bitter almond seed poisoning, Black henbane poisoning, Black jetbead poisoning, Blue-ringed octopus poisoning, Boric Acid, Box Jellyfish poisoning, Bromide toxicity, Bromoform poisoning, Brown Recluse spider poisoning, Butyl Alcohol poisoning, Camphor, Cannabinoids, Carbamate insecticide poisoning, Carbaryl, Carbinoxamine, Carbon monoxide poisoning, Carbon Tetrachloride, Carbophenothion, Celandine poisoning, Cherry laurel seed poisoning, Cherry seed poisoning, Chlophedianol toxicity, Chloral hydrate poisoning, Chlorate salts poisoning, Chlorfenvinphos poisoning, Chloromethane poisoning, Chloropyrifos poisoning, Chlorpyrifos poisoning, Chokecherry seed poisoning, Christmas Cherry poisoning, Chromium poisoning, Clupeotoxism, Cobra poisoning, Cocaine, Common poppy poisoning, Cone shell poisoning, Copper toxicity, Coumaphos poisoning, Cresols poisoning, Cresylic acid poisoning, Cyanide poisoning, Daphne poisoning, Darvocet overdose, Death Angel poisoning, Death Camas poisoning, Demethyldiazepam toxicity, Demeton-O-methyl poisoning, Demeton-S-methyl poisoning, Demeton-S-methylsulphon poisoning, Devil's trumpet poisoning, Dialifos poisoning, Diazinon poisoning, Dichloralphenazone poisoning, Dichloronaphthoquinone poisoning, Dichlorvos poisoning, Dicrotophos poisoning, Dieldrin poisoning, Diethylene Glycol poisoning, Dilaudid overdose, Dimethoate poisoning, Dimethyl Phthalate poisoning, Dinitrocresol poisoning, Dinitrophenol poisoning, Di-n-Octyl phathalate poisoning, Dioxathion poisoning, Disulfoton poisoning, Endothion poisoning, English Ivy poisoning, English Laurel poisoning, Ethchlorvynol poisoning, Ethion poisoning, Ethoate-methyl poisoning, Ethoprophos poisoning, Ethylene Glycol poisoning, Ethyl-guthion poisoning, Etrimfos poisoning, Eucalyptus Oil poisoning, Fenchlorphos poisoning, Fenitrothion, Fensulfothion, Fentanyl toxicity, Fenthion poisoning, Fire cherry poisoning, Fonophos poisoning, Formaldehyde poisoning, Formothion poisoning, Funnel Web spider poisoning, Hair Bleach, Hair Dye, Heptenophos poisoning, Hexachlorobutadiene poisoning, Hyacinth bean poisoning, Imazapyr poisoning, Iodofenphos poisoning, Japanese pagoda tree poisoning, Jessamine poisoning, Jimsonweed poisoning, 1,2-Dichloromethane, Amyl Alcohol, Aristolochic acid, Arsenic, Cadmium, Carbon Tetrachloride, Chromium, Copper, Degreasing solvents, Dichloroacetylene, Diethylene glycol, Ethylene glycol ethers, Gasoline, Germanium, Glue solvent vapors, Heavy metals, Herbicide, Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene, Hydrocarbons, Lead, Mercury, Methanol, Methemoglobin-producing agents, Paint thinners, Paints, Paraquat ochratoxin A, Perchloroethylene, Platinum, Silicon compounds, Silver, Solvents, Styrene, Thallium, Toluene, Trichloroethane, Trichloroethylene, Uranium, Lantana poisoning, Lead poisoning, Lobelia poisoning, Loquat poisoning, Lupine poisoning, Magnesium Overdose, Mayapple poisoning, Mecarbam, Mephenoxalone, Metaldehyde, Methacrifos, Methamidophos, Methaqualone, Methidathion, Methyl Bromide, Methyprylon, Mexican tea poisoning, Nabilone, Naked brimcap poisoning, Omethoate poisoning, Organophosphate insecticide poisoning, Oxydeprofos poisoning, Oxydisulfoton poisoning, Parathion poisoning, Pentachlorophenol poisoning, Phorate poisoning, Phosalone poisoning, Phosdrin poisoning, Phosmet poisoning, Phosphamidon poisoning, Phoxim poisoning, Phthalthrin poisoning, Pirimiphos-methyl, Poison hemlock poisoning, Polyethylene Glycol -- Low Molecular Weight, Primiphos methyl, Profenofos, Propoxur, Prothidathion poisoning, Prothoate poisoning, Pyrimidifen poisoning, Pyrimitate poisoning, Quinalphos poisoning, Quintiofos poisoning, Ramelteon poisoning, Sardine poisoning (clupeotoxin), Selenious Acid, Slickhead poisoning (clupeotoxin), Sodium Monofluoroacetate, Sophamide, Sulfotep poisoning, Systemic monochloroacetate poisoning, Tapioca poisoning, Terbufos poisoning, Tetraethyl Pyrophosphate poisoning, Tetrahydrocannabinol, Tetramethrin poisoning, Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine poisoning, Thallium Sulfate, Thiometon, Thornapple poisoning, Tolclofos methyl poisoning, Toluene, Triazophos poisoning, Triazotion poisoning, Trichloroethane, Triclofos, Triethylene Glycol, Trifenfos, White snakeroot poisoning, Wild cherry seed poisoning, Wild Lima bean poisoning
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine ACTH resistance, Addison's Disease, Diabetic coma, Diabetic ketoacidosis, Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor, Hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic coma, Hyperparathyroidism, Hypoglycemia, Hypothyroidism, Insulinoma, Metastatic insulinoma, Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 3, Thyroid gland failure, X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy -- Addison disease only, Pituitary apoplexy, Congenital Hyperinsulinism, Hyperinsulinism due to glucokinase deficiency, Hyperinsulinism due to glutamodehydrogenase deficiency, Pheochromocytoma crisis
Environmental Altitude sickness, Comly syndrome, Dehydration, Heat stroke, Hyperbaric sickness, Hypothermia, Mountain sickness, Near-drowning, Suffocation, High altitude cerebral edema
Gastroenterologic End Stage Liver Failure, Hepatitis, Progressive familial intrahepatic Cholestasis 2, progressive familial intrahepatic Cholestasis 3, Hepatic encephalopathy
Genetic 2-methylbutyryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency, 3 alpha methylcrotonyl-Coa carboxylase 1 deficiency, 3 alpha methylcrotonyl-coa carboxylase 2 deficiency, 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency, Arginosuccinic aciduria, Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase 1 deficiency, Carnitine deficiency (systemic), Carnitine transporter deficiency, Citrullinemia I, Citrullinemia II, Congenital Hyperinsulinism, Flavoprotein deficiency, Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase deficiency, hereditary, Fructose-1-phosphate aldolase deficiency, hereditary, Fumarase deficiency, Glycine synthase deficiency, HMG-CoA lyase deficiency, Holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency, Hyperinsulinism due to glucokinase deficiency, Hyperinsulinism due to glutamodehydrogenase deficiency, Isovaleric Acidemia, Late onset Argininosuccinase lyase deficiency, Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency, Medium-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency, Neonatal Argininosuccinase lyase deficiency, Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) Deficiency, Fatal familial insomnia, Inborn urea cycle disorder, Methylmalonic Acidemia, Methylmalonicaciduria with homocystinuria, cobalamin F, Mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase deficiency, N-acetyl glutamate synthetase deficiency
Hematologic Antiphospholipid Syndrome, Hemolytic uremic syndrome, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Bacterial:

Ehrlichiosis, Epidemic typhus, Melioidosis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Septicemia, Streptococcal Group B invasive disease, Typhoid fever, Vancomycin resistant enterococcal bacteremia, Brain abscess, Cerebellar abscess, Cerebral abscess, Intracranial abscess / granuloma, Meningitis, Postoperative septicaemia

Virus:

Herpes simplex encephalitis, Meningitis, Arbovirosis, Hendra Virus, HIV/AIDS, Kyasanur-Forrest disease, Lyssavirus, Rabies, Rift Valley Fever, Simian B virus infection, Togaviridae disease, Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, West nile encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis, Yellow fever, HHV-6 encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Western/Eastern/California encephalitis

Fungus:

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Parasites:

Chagas disease, Katayama fever, Malaria, Sleeping sickness (East African), Sleeping sickness (West African), Toxoplasmosis

Musculoskeletal / Ortho No underlying causes
Neurologic Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis, ADANE, African Sleeping sickness, Alzheimer's disease, Basedow's coma, Bing-Neel syndrome, Brain abscess, Brain cancer, Brain compression, Brain cyst, Brain death, Bristowe's syndrome, Brown-Symmers disease, Cataplexy, Cerebellar abscess, Cerebral abscess, Cerebral hemorrhage, Cerebral metastases, Concussion, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, Cryptococcal Meningitis, Encephalitis, Encephalomyelitis, Epidural haemorrhage, Epilepsy, Fatal familial insomnia, Hashimoto's encephalitis, Familial type 1 hemiplegic migraine, Hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome, Hepatic encephalopathy, HHV-6 encephalitis, High altitude cerebral edema, , Hypoxic encephalopathy, Intracerebral hematoma, Jamaican vomiting sickness, Japanese encephalitis, Marchiafava-Bignami disease, Meningoencephalitis, Narcolepsy, Persistent vegetative state, Pituitary apoplexy, Raised intracranial pressure, Acute Spinal cord injury, Stroke, Subarachnoid hemorrhage, Subdural haemorrhage, Traumatic Brain Injury, Vanishing white matter leukodystrophy, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Western/Eastern/California encephalitis, Westphal-Leyden ataxia, Chagas disease, Herpes simplex encephalitis, Carcinomatosis meningitis, Catatonia, Hydrocephalus
Nutritional / Metabolic Biotinidase deficiency, Hyperglycerolemia-juvenile form, Hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria syndrome, Inborn amino acid metabolism disorder, Inborn Urea cycle disorder, Leucinosis, Maple syrup urine disease, Methylmalonic Acidemia, Methylmalonicaciduria with homocystinuria, cobalamin F, Vitamin B12 unresponsive methylmalonicaciduria, Mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase deficiency, Mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency, N-acetyl glutamate synthetase deficiency, Periodic hyperlysinemia, Porphyria, Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency, Group B, Thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency, Urea Cycle Disorder, Uremia, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, 2-methylbutyryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency, 3 alpha methylcrotonyl-Coa carboxylase 1 deficiency, 3 alpha methylcrotonyl-coa carboxylase 2 deficiency, 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency, Arginosuccinic aciduria, Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase 1 deficiency, Carnitine deficiency (systemic), Carnitine transporter deficiency, Citrullinemia I, Citrullinemia II, Flavoprotein deficiency, Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase deficiency, hereditary, Fructose-1-phosphate aldolase deficiency, hereditary, Fumarase deficiency, Glycine synthase deficiency, HMG-CoA lyase deficiency, Holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency, Isovaleric Acidemia, Late onset Argininosuccinase lyase deficiency, Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency, Medium-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency, Neonatal Argininosuccinase lyase deficiency, Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) Deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic Eclampsia, Pregnancy toxemia
Oncologic Brain cancer, Cerebral metastases, Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor, Insulinoma, Metastatic insulinoma
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity Acetylsalicylic Acid, Amitriptyline, Amlodipine, Antipsychotic drugs, Lorazepam overdose, Atropine, Baclofen, Barbiturates, Benzodiazepine, Bromazepam, Bupivacaine, Buprenorphine, Buspirone, Chlorpheniramine, Chlorpromazine, Cinnarizine, Clonazepam, Clonidine, Clotiapine, Codeine, Colchicine, Tricyclic antidepressant, Cyclobenzaprine, Cycloserine, Dantrolene, Meperidine (patient information), Deserpidine, Desipramine, Diamorphine, Diazepam, Diphenhydramine, Diphenidol, Disulfiram, Dothiepin, Efavirenz, Eszopiclone, Ether, Ethinamate, Felodipine, Flurazepam, Flunitrazepam, Gabapentin, Ganaxolone, General anaesthesia, Glutethimide, Haloperidol, Heroin, Hydroxyzine, Inhalational anaesthetics, Isoniazid, Isradipine, Acetaminophen, Aminoglycosides, Aminosalicylic acid, Amphotericin B, Aspirin, Bacitracin, Bismuth, Cefaloridine, Chloroform, Chlortetracycline, Cisplatin, Contrast agents, Cyclophosphamide, Cyclosporin, Ibuprofen, Lithium, Methicillin, Neomycin, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Oxytetracycline, Polymyxin, Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, Rifampin, Sulphonamides, Trimethoprim, Levetiracetam, Levomepromazine, Lidocaine, Lofexidine, Lorazepam, Malathion, Medazepam, Meprobamate, Methadone, Methamphetamine, Methyldopa, Metoclopramide, Mianserin, Midazolam, Mirtazapine, Morphine, Nimodipine, Nitrates, Nitrazepam, Nitroglycerin, Nitrous oxide, Nortriptyline, Olanzapine, Opioid, Oxazepam, Oxycontin, Perazine, Percocet, Phencyclidine, Phenelzine, Phenobarbital, Phenothiazine, Pipothiazine, Pizotifen, Pramipexole, Prazepam, Pregabalin, Primidone, Prochlorperazine, Propanol, Propiomazine, Propofol, Quetiapine, Quinidine, Reserpine, Temazepam, Thiopentone, Tizanidine, Tolterodine, Topiramate, Tramadol, Triazolam, Trifluperidol, Vicodin, Vigabatrin, Xanax
Psychiatric Hysteria
Pulmonary Anoxemia, Asphyxia, Lung disease, Pulmonary embolism, Respiratory acidosis, Respiratory failure
Renal / Electrolyte Acid-Base Imbalance, Chronic kidney disease, End-stage renal disease, Hyperthermia, Hypocalcemia, Hypoglycemia, Hypokalemia, Hypomagnesemia, Hypoosmolality, Hypercalcemia, Hyperkalemia, Hypermagnesemia, Hypernatremia, Hyperosmolality, Hyperphosphatemia, Hypophosphatemia
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Anaphylaxis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Head trauma, Skull fracture
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Alcohol withdrawal syndrome, Amyloidosis, Anticholinergic syndrome, Electrocution, Fat embolism, Graft-versus-host disease, Malignant Buotonneuse fever, Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome, Oculoleptomeningeal Amyloidosis,postoperative Hemorrhage, Postoperative septicaemia, Reye's syndrome, Self-induced water intoxication and schizophrenic disorders syndrome, Serotoninergic syndrome, Shaken Baby Syndrome, Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, Ureterosigmoidostomy, Venomous snake bites, Venomous spider bites

In alphabetical order


Severity

The severity of coma impairment is categorized into several levels. Patients may or may not progress through these levels. In the first level, the brain responsiveness lessens, normal reflexes are lost, the patient no longer responds to pain and cannot hear.

Contrary to popular belief, a patient in a coma does not always lie still and quiet. They may move, talk, and perform other functions that may sometimes appear to be conscious acts but are not.[2]

Two scales of measurement often used in TBI diagnosis to determine the level of coma are the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and the Ranchos Los Amigos Scale (RLAS). The GCS is a simple 3 to 15-point scale (3 being the worst and 15 being that of a normal person) used by medical professionals to assess severity of neurologic trauma, and establish a prognosis. The RLAS is a more complex scale that has eight separate levels, and is often used in the first few weeks or months of coma while the patient is under closer observation, and when shifts between levels are more frequent.

Outcome

Outcomes range from recovery to death. Comas generally last a few days to a few weeks. They rarely last more than 2 to 5 weeks but some have lasted as long as several years. After this time, some patients gradually come out of the coma, some progress to a vegetative state, and others die. Some patients who have entered a vegetative state go on to regain a degree of awareness. Others remain in a vegetative state for years or even decades (the longest recorded period being 37 years). [3]

The outcome for coma and vegetative state depends on the cause, location, severity and extent of neurological damage. A deeper coma alone does not necessarily mean a slimmer chance of recovery, because some people in deep coma recover well while others in a so-called milder coma sometimes fail to improve.

People may emerge from a coma with a combination of physical, intellectual and psychological difficulties that need special attention. Recovery usually occurs gradually — patients acquire more and more ability to respond. Some patients never progress beyond very basic responses, but many recover full awareness. Regaining consciousness is not instant: in the first days, patients are only awake for a few minutes, and duration of time awake gradually increases.

Predicted chances of recovery are variable owing to different techniques used to measure the extent of neurological damage. All the predictions are based on statistical rates with some level of chance for recovery present: a person with a low chance of recovery may still awaken. Time is the best general predictor of a chance of recovery: after 4 months of coma caused by brain damage, the chance of partial recovery is less than 15%, and the chance of full recovery is very low. [4][5]

The most common cause of death for a person in a vegetative state is secondary infection such as pneumonia which can occur in patients who lie still for extended periods.

Occasionally people come out of coma after long periods of time. After 19 years in a minimally conscious state, Terry Wallis spontaneously began speaking and regained awareness of his surroundings. [6]

A brain-damaged man, trapped in a coma-like state for six years, was brought back to consciousness in 2003 by doctors who planted electrodes deep inside his brain. The method, called deep-brain electrical stimulation (DBS) successfully roused communication, complex movement and eating ability in the 38-year-old American man who suffered a traumatic brain injury. His injuries left him in a minimally conscious state (MCS), a condition akin to a coma but characterized by occasional, but brief, evidence of environmental and self-awareness that coma patients lack. [7]

See also

References

  1. The Human Brain: an introduction to its functional anatomy 5th ed by J Nolte chpt 11 pp262-290
  2. BBC NEWS | Europe | Pole wakes up from 19-year coma
  3. According to the Guinness Book of Records, the longest period spent in coma was by Elaine Esposito. She did not wake up after being anaesthetized for an appendectomy on August 6, 1941, at age 6. She died on November 25 1978 at age 43 years 357 days, having been in a coma for 37 years 111 days.
  4. Clinical predictors and neuropsychological outcome...[Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2004] - PubMed Result
  5. brain injury .com | Coma traumatic brain injury - Brain Injury Coma
  6. Mother stunned by coma victim's unexpected words - smh.com.au
  7. "Electrodes stir man from six-year coma-like state". Cosmos Magazine. 02 August 2007. Check date values in: |date= (help)

Additional Resources

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