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==Overview==
Small bowel obstruction causes include post-adbominal surgery [[Adhesion (medicine)|adhesions]], [[foreign bodies]] and [[intussusception]]. Large bowel obstruction causes include [[Neoplasm|neoplasms]], [[Hernia|hernias]] and [[constipation]]. Miscellaneous causes include, [[Ileus|paralytic ileus]] and [[Down syndrome]]. Causes by organ system include, [[ovarian cancer]], bowel [[strangulation]] and [[ascariasis]]. Mechanical obstruction can be caused by [[pregnancy]], [[Hirschsprung's disease]] and [[Crohn's disease]]. Non-mechanical obstruction may be caused by [[ovarian torsion]], [[pancreatitis]] and [[lead poisoning]]. Drug induced bowel obstruction can occur by intake of [[lanthanum carbonate]], [[methscopolamine bromide]], and [[teduglutide]].
 
==Causes==
===Causes by Localization===
====Small bowel obstruction====
Causes of [[small bowel]] obstruction include:<ref name="pmid26526435">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gore RM, Silvers RI, Thakrar KH, Wenzke DR, Mehta UK, Newmark GM, Berlin JW |title=Bowel Obstruction |journal=Radiol. Clin. North Am. |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=1225–40 |year=2015 |pmid=26526435 |doi=10.1016/j.rcl.2015.06.008 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Adhesion (medicine)|Adhesions]]
**From previous [[abdominal surgery]]
* [[Carcinoid]] tumor
**Rare, preferred location is the [[ileum]]
* [[Crohn's disease]]
**Causes [[adhesions]] or [[inflammatory]] [[strictures]]
* [[Foreign body|Foreign bodies]]
**Including [[gallstone]]s in [[gallstone ileus]] and swallowed objects
* [[Hernia]]
**Especially hernias containing bowel
* [[Intestinal atresia]]
* [[Intussusception (medical disorder)|Intussusception]]
**Specifically in children
* [[Ischaemia|Ischaemic]] strictures
* [[Neoplasia|Neoplasms]]
**Including both [[benign]] and [[malignant]] neoplasms
*[[Volvulus]]
 
====Large bowel obstruction====
Causes of [[large bowel]] obstruction include:<ref name="pmid26526435">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gore RM, Silvers RI, Thakrar KH, Wenzke DR, Mehta UK, Newmark GM, Berlin JW |title=Bowel Obstruction |journal=Radiol. Clin. North Am. |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=1225–40 |year=2015 |pmid=26526435 |doi=10.1016/j.rcl.2015.06.008 |url=}}</ref>
* [[neoplasia|Neoplasm]]s
* [[Hernia]]s
* [[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
* [[Volvulus]]
**Specifically [[sigmoid]], caecal, and [[colonic volvulus]]
* [[Constipation|Faecal impaction]]
* [[Intestinal atresia|Colon atresia]]
*[[Benign]] [[stricture]]<nowiki/>s
**Such as those that occur with [[Diverticulosis|diverticular disease]]
 
====Outlet obstruction====
*Functional outlet obstruction
**[[Sphincter ani internus muscle|Internal anal sphincter]] spasm
**Short-segment [[Hirschsprung's disease]]
**[[Chagas disease]]
**Hereditary internal sphincter [[myopathy]]
*Spasm of the striated pelvic floor muscles
**[[Anismus]]
**[[Multiple sclerosis]]
**[[Spinal cord lesions]]
*Mechanical outlet obstruction
**[[Intussusception]]
**[[Enterocele]]
**[[Rectocele]]
**[[Rectal prolapse]]
*Impaired rectal sensitivity
**[[Megarectum]]
**Rectal hyposensitivity
 
===Causes by organ system===
*Miscellaneous syndromes<ref name="pmid3296252">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mucha P |title=Small intestinal obstruction |journal=Surg. Clin. North Am. |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=597–620 |year=1987 |pmid=3296252 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11036136">{{cite journal |vauthors=Miller G, Boman J, Shrier I, Gordon PH |title=Etiology of small bowel obstruction |journal=Am. J. Surg. |volume=180 |issue=1 |pages=33–6 |year=2000 |pmid=11036136 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** [[Ileus|Paralytic ileus]]
**[[Intestinal pseudoobstruction|Pseudo-obstruction]] ([[Ogilvie's syndrome]])
*[[Chromosomal]] abnormalities
**[[Down syndrome]]
*[[Autosomal dominant]] conditions
**[[Neurofibromatosis]] type 1
*Malignant neoplastic conditions
**[[Carcinoid tumours]]   
**[[Carcinoid syndrome]]
**[[Colorectal cancer]]
**[[Ovarian cancer]]
**[[Pseudomyxoma peritonei]]
**[[Small bowel lymphoma]]
**[[Stomach cancer]]
*Trauma, mechanical and physical conditions:
**Bowel [[strangulation]]
**Femoral [[hernia]]
**[[Ileus]]
**Inguinal [[hernia]]
**Intestinal stricture
**Intestinal [[volvulus]]
**[[Intussusception]]
**Large bowel [[obstruction]]
**[[Obturator]] [[hernia]]
**[[Peritoneal]] [[adhesions]]
**Small bowel obstruction
*Infectious disorders
**[[Ascariasis]]
**Intra-abdominal [[sepsis]]
**[[Pneumonia]]
*Drug Induced
**[[Panitumumab]]
**[[Pergolide]]
 
===Causes by mechanism===
====Mechanical bowel obstruction====
*[[Adenomatous polyps]]<ref name="pmid17230614">{{cite journal |vauthors=Markogiannakis H, Messaris E, Dardamanis D, Pararas N, Tzertzemelis D, Giannopoulos P, Larentzakis A, Lagoudianakis E, Manouras A, Bramis I |title=Acute mechanical bowel obstruction: clinical presentation, etiology, management and outcome |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=432–7 |year=2007 |pmid=17230614 |pmc=4065900 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22351916">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kozol R |title=Mechanical bowel obstruction: a tale of 2 eras |journal=Arch Surg |volume=147 |issue=2 |pages=180 |year=2012 |pmid=22351916 |doi=10.1001/archsurg.2011.1415 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Adhesion (medicine)|Adhesions]]
*[[Adhesion (medicine)|Adhesive bands]]
*Annular [[pancreas]]
*[[Ascariasis]]
*[[Atresia]]
*[[Gallstone disease|Biliary calculus]]
*Bowel duplication
*[[Carcinomatosis]]
*[[Colon Cancer]]
*Congenital [[megacolon]]
*[[Crohn's Disease]]
*Cysts
*Diverticular stricture
*[[Diverticulitis]]
*[[Endometriosis]]
*[[Foreign body]]
*[[Gallstone]] [[ileus]]
*[[Hematoma]] of the bowel wall
*[[Hernia]]
*[[Hirschsprung's disease|Hirschprung's disease]]
*[[Iatrogenic]]
*[[Imperforate anus]]
*[[Incarcerated hernia]]
*Intrabdominal [[abscess]]
*[[Intussusception]]
*[[Ischemia]]
*[[Intestinal malrotation|Malrotation]]
*[[Meckel's Diverticulum]]
*[[Megacolon]]
*Multiple polyposis syndromes
*[[Neoplasm]]
*[[Ovarian Cancer]]
*[[Pneumatosis intestinalis]]
*[[Iatrogenic]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[Radiation]] induced stenosis
*[[Sarcoma]]
*[[Scleroderma]]
*Surgical anastomosis
*Therapy with dietary fiber
*[[Trauma]]
*[[Tuberculosis]]
*[[Ulcerative colitis]]
*[[Volvulus]]
 
====Non-mechanical bowel obstruction====
*Acid-base imbalance
*Acute [[pancreatitis]]
*[[Apoplexy]]
*[[Brain tumor]]
*[[Cancer]]
*[[Cholecystolithiasis]]
*[[Connective tissue disease]]
*Diabetic [[coma]]
*[[Empyema]]
*[[Hyperparathyroidism]]
*[[Hypokalemia]]
*[[Lead poisoning]]
*[[Lymphoma]]
*[[Mechanical ventilation]]
*[[Mesenteric infarction]]
*[[Meropenem]]
*[[Osteomyelitis]] of the spine
*[[Ovarian torsion]]
*[[Pancreatitis]]
*Penetrating wounds
*[[Perinephric abscess]]
*Peritoneal [[carcinomatosis]]
*[[Peritonitis]]
*[[Pneumonia]]
*[[Porphyria]]
*[[Iatrogenic]]
*[[Psoas]] [[abscess]]
*[[Pyelonephritis]]
*[[Renal colic]]
*[[Retroperitoneal hematoma]]
*Spinal cord [[inflammation]]
*Spinal cord injury
*Spinal cord trauma
*Systemic [[infection]]
*[[Testicular torsion]]
*Ulcer perforation
*[[Uremia]]
*Uro[[sepsis]]
*Vitamin deficiency
 
====Pseudo-bowel obstruction====
*[[Aerophagia]]
*Functional bowel disease
 
===Drug induced===
*[[Lanthanum carbonate]]
*[[Methscopolamine bromide]]
*[[Teduglutide]]
*[[Morphine]]
*[[Narcotic|Narcotics]]
*[[Anticholinergic|Anticholinergics]]
*[[H1 antihistamine|Antihistamines]]
*[[Catecholamines]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


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Latest revision as of 16:49, 26 February 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hadeel Maksoud M.D.[2]

Overview

Small bowel obstruction causes include post-adbominal surgery adhesions, foreign bodies and intussusception. Large bowel obstruction causes include neoplasms, hernias and constipation. Miscellaneous causes include, paralytic ileus and Down syndrome. Causes by organ system include, ovarian cancer, bowel strangulation and ascariasis. Mechanical obstruction can be caused by pregnancy, Hirschsprung's disease and Crohn's disease. Non-mechanical obstruction may be caused by ovarian torsion, pancreatitis and lead poisoning. Drug induced bowel obstruction can occur by intake of lanthanum carbonate, methscopolamine bromide, and teduglutide.

Causes

Causes by Localization

Small bowel obstruction

Causes of small bowel obstruction include:[1]

Large bowel obstruction

Causes of large bowel obstruction include:[1]

Outlet obstruction

Causes by organ system

Causes by mechanism

Mechanical bowel obstruction

Non-mechanical bowel obstruction

Pseudo-bowel obstruction

Drug induced

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gore RM, Silvers RI, Thakrar KH, Wenzke DR, Mehta UK, Newmark GM, Berlin JW (2015). "Bowel Obstruction". Radiol. Clin. North Am. 53 (6): 1225–40. doi:10.1016/j.rcl.2015.06.008. PMID 26526435.
  2. ↑ Mucha P (1987). "Small intestinal obstruction". Surg. Clin. North Am. 67 (3): 597–620. PMID 3296252.
  3. ↑ Miller G, Boman J, Shrier I, Gordon PH (2000). "Etiology of small bowel obstruction". Am. J. Surg. 180 (1): 33–6. PMID 11036136.
  4. ↑ Markogiannakis H, Messaris E, Dardamanis D, Pararas N, Tzertzemelis D, Giannopoulos P, Larentzakis A, Lagoudianakis E, Manouras A, Bramis I (2007). "Acute mechanical bowel obstruction: clinical presentation, etiology, management and outcome". World J. Gastroenterol. 13 (3): 432–7. PMC 4065900. PMID 17230614.
  5. ↑ Kozol R (2012). "Mechanical bowel obstruction: a tale of 2 eras". Arch Surg. 147 (2): 180. doi:10.1001/archsurg.2011.1415. PMID 22351916.

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