Interleukin 11: Difference between revisions

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'''Interleukin 11''' (IL-11) is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''IL11'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid1386338"/>
'''Interleukin 11''' (IL-11) is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''IL11'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid1386338"/>


IL-11 is a multifunctional [[cytokine]] first isolated in 1990 from [[bone marrow]]-derived stromal cells.  It is a key regulator of multiple events in [[hematopoiesis]], most notably the stimulation of [[megakaryocyte]] maturation.<ref name="pmid2145578">{{cite journal |vauthors=Paul SR, Bennett F, Calvetti JA, Kelleher K, Wood CR, O'Hara RM, Leary AC, Sibley B, Clark SC, Williams DA | title = Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding interleukin 11, a stromal cell-derived lymphopoietic and hematopoietic cytokine | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 87 | issue = 19 | pages = 7512–6 | year = 1990 | pmid = 2145578 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.87.19.7512 | pmc = 54777 }}</ref> It is also known under the names '''adipogenesis inhibitory factor''' ('''AGIF''')<ref name="pmid1828438">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kawashima I, Ohsumi J, Mita-Honjo K, Shimoda-Takano K, Ishikawa H, Sakakibara S, Miyadai K, Takiguchi Y | title = Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding adipogenesis inhibitory factor and identity with interleukin-11 | journal = FEBS Lett. | volume = 283 | issue = 2 | pages = 199–202 | year = 1991 | pmid = 1828438 | doi = 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80587-S }}</ref> and [[oprelvekin]].
IL-11 is a [[cytokine]] and first isolated in 1990 from [[bone marrow]]-derived fibrocyte-like stromal cells.  It was initially thought to be important for [[hematopoiesis]], notably for [[megakaryocyte]] maturation,<ref name="pmid2145578">{{cite journal | vauthors = Paul SR, Bennett F, Calvetti JA, Kelleher K, Wood CR, O'Hara RM, Leary AC, Sibley B, Clark SC, Williams DA | title = Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding interleukin 11, a stromal cell-derived lymphopoietic and hematopoietic cytokine | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 87 | issue = 19 | pages = 7512–6 | date = October 1990 | pmid = 2145578 | pmc = 54777 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.87.19.7512 }}</ref> but subsequently shown to be redundant for platelets, and for other blood cell types, in both mice and humans.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nandurkar HH, Robb L, Tarlinton D, Barnett L, Köntgen F, Begley CG | title = Adult mice with targeted mutation of the interleukin-11 receptor (IL11Ra) display normal hematopoiesis | journal = Blood | volume = 90 | issue = 6 | pages = 2148–59 | date = September 1997 | pmid = 9310465 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brischoux-Boucher E, Trimouille A, Baujat G, Goldenberg A, Schaefer E, Guichard B, Hannequin P, Paternoster G, Baer S, Cabrol C, Weber E, Godfrin G, Lenoir M, Lacombe D, Collet C, Van Maldergem L | title = IL11RA-related Crouzon-like autosomal recessive craniosynostosis in 10 new patients: Resemblances and differences | journal = Clinical Genetics | volume = 94 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 373–380 | date = October 2018 | pmid = 29926465 | doi = 10.1111/cge.13409 }}</ref> It is also known under the names '''adipogenesis inhibitory factor''' ('''AGIF''')<ref name="pmid1828438">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kawashima I, Ohsumi J, Mita-Honjo K, Shimoda-Takano K, Ishikawa H, Sakakibara S, Miyadai K, Takiguchi Y | title = Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding adipogenesis inhibitory factor and identity with interleukin-11 | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 283 | issue = 2 | pages = 199–202 | date = June 1991 | pmid = 1828438 | doi = 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80587-S }}</ref> and was developed as a recombinant protein (rhIL-11) as the drug substance [[oprelvekin]].


The human IL-11 [[gene]], consisting of 5 [[exon]]s and 4 [[intron]]s, is located on [[chromosome 19]],<ref name="pmid1386338">{{cite journal |vauthors=McKinley D, Wu Q, Yang-Feng T, Yang YC | title = Genomic sequence and chromosomal location of human interleukin-11 gene (IL11) | journal = Genomics | volume = 13 | issue = 3 | pages = 814–9 | year = 1992 | pmid = 1386338 | doi = 10.1016/0888-7543(92)90158-O }}</ref> and encodes a 23 kDa protein.  IL-11 is a member of the [[interleukin-6|IL-6]]-type cytokine family, distinguished based on their use of the common co-receptor [[glycoprotein 130|gp130]].  Signal specificity is provided by the IL-11Rα subunit.
The human IL-11 [[gene]], consisting of 5 [[exon]]s and 4 [[intron]]s, is located on [[chromosome 19]],<ref name="pmid1386338">{{cite journal | vauthors = McKinley D, Wu Q, Yang-Feng T, Yang YC | title = Genomic sequence and chromosomal location of human interleukin-11 gene (IL11) | journal = Genomics | volume = 13 | issue = 3 | pages = 814–9 | date = July 1992 | pmid = 1386338 | doi = 10.1016/0888-7543(92)90158-O }}</ref> and encodes a 23 kDa protein.  IL-11 is a member of the [[interleukin-6|IL-6]]-type cytokine family, distinguished based on their use of the common co-receptor [[glycoprotein 130|gp130]].  Signal specificity is provided by the IL-11Rα subunit which is expressed at high levels in fibroblasts and other stromal cells but not immune cells, unlike IL6 receptors that are expressed at highest levels in immune cells and lowly expressed in stromal cells.<ref name="Schafer_2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schafer S, Viswanathan S, Widjaja AA, Lim WW, Moreno-Moral A, DeLaughter DM, Ng B, Patone G, Chow K, Khin E, Tan J, Chothani SP, Ye L, Rackham OJ, Ko NS, Sahib NE, Pua CJ, Zhen NT, Xie C, Wang M, Maatz H, Lim S, Saar K, Blachut S, Petretto E, Schmidt S, Putoczki T, Guimarães-Camboa N, Wakimoto H, van Heesch S, Sigmundsson K, Lim SL, Soon JL, Chao VT, Chua YL, Tan TE, Evans SM, Loh YJ, Jamal MH, Ong KK, Chua KC, Ong BH, Chakaramakkil MJ, Seidman JG, Seidman CE, Hubner N, Sin KY, Cook SA | display-authors = 6 | title = IL-11 is a crucial determinant of cardiovascular fibrosis | journal = Nature | volume = 552 | issue = 7683 | pages = 110–115 | date = December 2017 | pmid = 29160304 | pmc = 5807082 | doi = 10.1038/nature24676 | hdl = 10044/1/54929 }}</ref>


== Downstream signalling ==
== Downstream signalling ==


Signal transduction is initiated upon binding of IL-11 to IL-11Ralpha and gp130, facilitating the homodimerization of gp130 molecules.  This permits gp130-associated [[Janus kinase]]s (JAK) to become activated and phosphorylate intracellular tyrosine residues on gp130.<ref name="pmid12773095">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heinrich PC, Behrmann I, Haan S, Hermanns HM, Müller-Newen G, Schaper F | title = Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation | journal = Biochem. J. | volume = 374 | issue = Pt 1 | pages = 1–20 |date=August 2003 | pmid = 12773095 | pmc = 1223585 | doi = 10.1042/BJ20030407 | url =  }}</ref>
Signal transduction is initiated upon binding of IL-11 to IL-11Ralpha and gp130, facilitating the formation of higher order structures involving dimers of gp130:Il-11:Il11RA complexes.  In some instances, in epithelial-derived cells and cancer cell lines, this permits gp130-associated [[Janus kinase]]s (JAK) activation and downstream STAT-mediated transcriptional activities.<ref name="pmid12773095">{{cite journal | vauthors = Heinrich PC, Behrmann I, Haan S, Hermanns HM, Müller-Newen G, Schaper F | title = Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation | journal = The Biochemical Journal | volume = 374 | issue = Pt 1 | pages = 1–20 | date = August 2003 | pmid = 12773095 | pmc = 1223585 | doi = 10.1042/BJ20030407 }}</ref> In other instances, in stromal cells, IL-11 activates non-canonical MAPK/ERK-dependent signalling to initiate the post-transcriptional upregulation of specific subsets of transcripts in the absence of an effect on transcription.<ref name="Schafer_2017" /> In fibroblasts, IL-11 drives an ERK-dependent autocrine loop of fibrogenic protein synthesis that is at a nexus of fibrotic signalling and required for the pro-fibrotic activity of [[TGF beta 1|TGFB1]], [[Platelet-derived growth factor|PDGF]], [[Endothelin|endothelin1]], [[angiotensin]] and many other pro-fibrotic factors.<ref name="Schafer_2017" />  


== Function ==
== Function ==


IL-11 has been demonstrated to improve [[platelet]] recovery after chemotherapy-induced [[thrombocytopenia]], induce [[acute phase protein]]s, modulate antigen-antibody responses, participate in the regulation of bone cell [[cell growth|proliferation]] and [[cell differentiation|differentiation]] IL-11 causes bone-resorption. It stimulates the growth of certain [[lymphocyte]]s and, in the murine model, stimulates an increase in the cortical thickness and strength of long bones. In addition to having [[lymphopoietic]]/[[hematopoietic]] and [[osteotrophic]] properties, it has functions in many other tissues, including the brain, gut, testis and bone.<ref name="pmid15940362">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sims NA, Jenkins BJ, Nakamura A, Quinn JM, Li R, Gillespie MT, Ernst M, Robb L, Martin TJ | title =Interleukin-11 receptor signaling is required for normal bone remodeling. | journal = Journal of Bone and Mineral Research | volume = 20 | issue = 7 | pages = 1093–102 |date=July 2005 | pmid = 15940362 | doi = 10.1359/JBMR.050209 }}</ref>
IL-11 through its binding to its transmembrane IL-11Rα receptor and resultant activation of downstream signaling pathways has been thought to regulate [[adipogenesis]], [[osteoclast|osteoclastogenesis]], [[neurogenesis]] and [[platelet|platelet maturation]].<ref name="Xu_2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Xu DH, Zhu Z, Wakefield MR, Xiao H, Bai Q, Fang Y | title = The role of IL-11 in immunity and cancer | journal = Cancer Letters | volume = 373 | issue = 2 | pages = 156–63 | date = April 2016 | pmid = 26826523 | doi = 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.01.004 }}</ref>  More recently it has been discovered that over expression of IL-11 is associated with a variety of cancers and may provide a link between inflammation and cancer.<ref name="Xu_2016" />


As a signaling molecule, interleukin 11 has a variety of functions associated with its receptor interleukin 11 receptor alpha; such  functions include [[placentation]] and to some extent of [[decidualization]].<ref name="Paiva_2007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Paiva P, Salamonsen LA, Manuelpillai U, Walker C, Tapia A, Wallace EM, Dimitriadis E | title = Interleukin-11 promotes migration, but not proliferation, of human trophoblast cells, implying a role in placentation | journal = Endocrinology | volume = 148 | issue = 11 | pages = 5566–72 |date=November 2007 | pmid = 17702845 | doi = 10.1210/en.2007-0517 }}</ref> IL11 has been expressed to have a role during implantation of the blastocyst in the endometrium of the uterus; as the blastocyst is imbedded within the endometrium, the extravillous [[trophoblast]]s will invade the maternal spiral arteries for stability and the transfer of essential life-sustaining elements via the maternal and fetal circulatory systems. This process is highly regulated due to detrimental consequences that can arise from aberrations of the placentation process: poor infiltration of the trophoblasts may result in [[preeclampsia]] while severely invasive trophoblasts may resolve in [[placenta accreta]], increta or percreta; all defects which most likely would result in the early demise of the embryo and/or negative effects upon the mother.<ref name="Paiva_2007"/> IL11 has been shown to be present in the decidua and chorionic villi to regulate the extent in which the placenta implants itself; regulations to ensure the well-being of the mother but also the normal growth and survival of the fetus.  A murine knockout model has been produced for this particular gene, with initial studies involving IL11 role in bone pathologies but have since progressed to fertility research; further research utilizes endometrial and gestational tissue from humans.<ref name="Paiva_2007"/><ref name="pmid11994383">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen HF, Lin CY, Chao KH, Wu MY, Yang YS, Ho HN | title = Defective production of interleukin-11 by decidua and chorionic villi in human anembryonic pregnancy | journal = J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. | volume = 87 | issue = 5 | pages = 2320–8 |date=May 2002 | pmid = 11994383 | doi = 10.1210/jc.87.5.2320 }}</ref>
IL-11 has been demonstrated to improve [[platelet]] recovery after chemotherapy-induced [[thrombocytopenia]], induce [[acute phase protein]]s, modulate antigen-antibody responses, participate in the regulation of bone cell [[cell growth|proliferation]] and [[cell differentiation|differentiation]] IL-11 causes bone-resorption. It stimulates the growth of certain [[lymphocyte]]s and, in the murine model, stimulates an increase in the cortical thickness and strength of long bones. In addition to having [[lymphopoietic]]/[[hematopoietic]] and [[osteotrophic]] properties, it has functions in many other tissues, including the brain, gut, testis and bone.<ref name="pmid15940362">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sims NA, Jenkins BJ, Nakamura A, Quinn JM, Li R, Gillespie MT, Ernst M, Robb L, Martin TJ | title = Interleukin-11 receptor signaling is required for normal bone remodeling | journal = Journal of Bone and Mineral Research | volume = 20 | issue = 7 | pages = 1093–102 | date = July 2005 | pmid = 15940362 | doi = 10.1359/JBMR.050209 }}</ref>
 
As a signaling molecule, interleukin 11 has a variety of functions associated with its receptor interleukin 11 receptor alpha; such  functions include [[placentation]] and to some extent of [[decidualization]].<ref name="Paiva_2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Paiva P, Salamonsen LA, Manuelpillai U, Walker C, Tapia A, Wallace EM, Dimitriadis E | title = Interleukin-11 promotes migration, but not proliferation, of human trophoblast cells, implying a role in placentation | journal = Endocrinology | volume = 148 | issue = 11 | pages = 5566–72 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 17702845 | doi = 10.1210/en.2007-0517 }}</ref> IL11 has been expressed to have a role during implantation of the blastocyst in the endometrium of the uterus; as the blastocyst is imbedded within the endometrium, the extravillous [[trophoblast]]s will invade the maternal spiral arteries for stability and the transfer of essential life-sustaining elements via the maternal and fetal circulatory systems. This process is highly regulated due to detrimental consequences that can arise from aberrations of the placentation process: poor infiltration of the trophoblasts may result in [[preeclampsia]] while severely invasive trophoblasts may resolve in [[placenta accreta]], increta or percreta; all defects which most likely would result in the early demise of the embryo and/or negative effects upon the mother.<ref name="Paiva_2007"/> IL11 has been shown to be present in the decidua and chorionic villi to regulate the extent in which the placenta implants itself; regulations to ensure the well-being of the mother but also the normal growth and survival of the fetus.  A murine knockout model has been produced for this particular gene, with initial studies involving IL11 role in bone pathologies but have since progressed to fertility research; further research utilizes endometrial and gestational tissue from humans.<ref name="Paiva_2007"/><ref name="pmid11994383">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chen HF, Lin CY, Chao KH, Wu MY, Yang YS, Ho HN | title = Defective production of interleukin-11 by decidua and chorionic villi in human anembryonic pregnancy | journal = The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 87 | issue = 5 | pages = 2320–8 | date = May 2002 | pmid = 11994383 | doi = 10.1210/jc.87.5.2320 }}</ref>


==Medical use==
==Medical use==
Interleukin 11 is manufactured using [[recombinant DNA]] technology and is marketed as a [[Biologic medical product|protein therapeutic]] called [[oprelvekin]], for the prevention of severe thrombocytopenia in cancer patients.<ref>[http://www.rxlist.com/neumega-drug.htm Neumega]</ref>
Interleukin 11 is manufactured using [[recombinant DNA]] technology and is marketed as a [[Biologic medical product|protein therapeutic]] called [[oprelvekin]], for the prevention of severe thrombocytopenia in cancer patients.<ref name="pmid11890354">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sitaraman SV, Gewirtz AT | title = Oprelvekin. Genetics Institute | journal = Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs | volume = 2 | issue = 10 | pages = 1395–400 | date = October 2001 | pmid = 11890354 | doi = | url = }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Oprelvekin Injection | url = https://www.rxlist.com/neumega-drug.htm#description | work = RxList }}</ref>
 
== As a therapeutic target ==
 
As IL-11 over expression is associated with a number of cancers, inhibition of its signaling pathway may have utility in treating cancer.<ref name="pmid25917632">{{cite journal | vauthors = Putoczki TL, Ernst M | title = IL-11 signaling as a therapeutic target for cancer | journal = Immunotherapy | volume = 7 | issue = 4 | pages = 441–53 | date = 2015 | pmid = 25917632 | doi = 10.2217/imt.15.17 }}</ref>


==Research==
Transforming growth factor β1 ([[TGFβ1]]) through up-regulation of IL-11, stimulates [[collagen]] production and is important in [[wound healing]]. However dysregulation of TGFβ1 and downstream IL-11 is associated with [[fibrosis|fibrotic diseases]] hence inhibition of Il-11 may have utility in treating fibrosis.<ref name="Schafer_2017" /> Furthermore, this cytokine has been found to promote recruitment immune suppressive [[cancer-associated fibroblast]]s to tumors and facilitates [[cancer-associated_fibroblast#Chemoresistance|chemoresistance]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tao L, Huang G, Wang R, Pan Y, He Z, Chu X, Song H, Chen L | title = Cancer-associated fibroblasts treated with cisplatin facilitates chemoresistance of lung adenocarcinoma through IL-11/IL-11R/STAT3 signaling pathway | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 6 | pages = 38408 | date = December 2016 | pmid = 27922075 | pmc = 5138853 | doi = 10.1038/srep38408 }}</ref>
Many IL-11 functions associated with cell growth and differentiation suggest a role for this cytokine in cancer. A number of studies reported IL-11 as a possible cancer progression marker suggesting that therapeutic targeting of IL-11 or [[IL11RA]] in humans may be beneficial, however as of 2017 clinically relevant IL-11 signalling antagonists were still under development.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Korneev|first1=KV|last2=Atretkhany|first2=KN|last3=Drutskaya|first3=MS|last4=Grivennikov|first4=SI|last5=Kuprash|first5=DV|last6=Nedospasov|first6=SA|title=TLR-signaling and proinflammatory cytokines as drivers of tumorigenesis.|journal=Cytokine|date=January 2017|volume=89|pages=127–135|doi=10.1016/j.cyto.2016.01.021|pmid=26854213|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043466616300229}}</ref>


==See also==
== See also ==
*[[Thrombopoietic agent]]
*[[Thrombopoietic agent]]


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== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|2}}
{{Refbegin|2}}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Yang YC, Yin T |title=Interleukin-11 and its receptor. |journal=BioFactors |volume=4 |issue= 1 |pages= 15–21 |year= 1993 |pmid= 1292471 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Yang YC, Yin T | title = Interleukin-11 and its receptor | journal = BioFactors | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 15–21 | date = December 1992 | pmid = 1292471 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Bhatia M, Davenport V, Cairo MS |title=The role of interleukin-11 to prevent chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia in patients with solid tumors, lymphoma, acute myeloid leukemia and bone marrow failure syndromes. |journal=Leuk. Lymphoma |volume=48 |issue= 1 |pages= 9–15 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17325843 |doi= 10.1080/10428190600909115 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bhatia M, Davenport V, Cairo MS | title = The role of interleukin-11 to prevent chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia in patients with solid tumors, lymphoma, acute myeloid leukemia and bone marrow failure syndromes | journal = Leukemia & Lymphoma | volume = 48 | issue = 1 | pages = 9–15 | date = January 2007 | pmid = 17325843 | doi = 10.1080/10428190600909115 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=McKinley D, Wu Q, Yang-Feng T, Yang YC |title=Genomic sequence and chromosomal location of human interleukin-11 gene (IL11). |journal=Genomics |volume=13 |issue= 3 |pages= 814–9 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1386338 |doi=10.1016/0888-7543(92)90158-O }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = McKinley D, Wu Q, Yang-Feng T, Yang YC | title = Genomic sequence and chromosomal location of human interleukin-11 gene (IL11) | journal = Genomics | volume = 13 | issue = 3 | pages = 814–9 | date = July 1992 | pmid = 1386338 | doi = 10.1016/0888-7543(92)90158-O }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Kawashima I, Ohsumi J, Mita-Honjo K, etal |title=Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding adipogenesis inhibitory factor and identity with interleukin-11. |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=283 |issue= 2 |pages= 199–202 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1828438 |doi=10.1016/0014-5793(91)80587-S }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Kawashima I, Ohsumi J, Mita-Honjo K, Shimoda-Takano K, Ishikawa H, Sakakibara S, Miyadai K, Takiguchi Y | title = Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding adipogenesis inhibitory factor and identity with interleukin-11 | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 283 | issue = 2 | pages = 199–202 | date = June 1991 | pmid = 1828438 | doi = 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80587-S }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Paul SR, Bennett F, Calvetti JA, etal |title=Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding interleukin 11, a stromal cell-derived lymphopoietic and hematopoietic cytokine. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=87 |issue= 19 |pages= 7512–6 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2145578 |doi=10.1073/pnas.87.19.7512 | pmc=54777  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Paul SR, Bennett F, Calvetti JA, Kelleher K, Wood CR, O'Hara RM, Leary AC, Sibley B, Clark SC, Williams DA | title = Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding interleukin 11, a stromal cell-derived lymphopoietic and hematopoietic cytokine | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 87 | issue = 19 | pages = 7512–6 | date = October 1990 | pmid = 2145578 | pmc = 54777 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.87.19.7512 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang XY, Fuhrer DK, Marshall MS, Yang YC |title=Interleukin-11 induces complex formation of Grb2, Fyn, and JAK2 in 3T3L1 cells. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=270 |issue= 47 |pages= 27999–8002 |year= 1996 |pmid= 7499280 |doi=10.1074/jbc.270.47.27999 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Wang XY, Fuhrer DK, Marshall MS, Yang YC | title = Interleukin-11 induces complex formation of Grb2, Fyn, and JAK2 in 3T3L1 cells | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 270 | issue = 47 | pages = 27999–8002 | date = November 1995 | pmid = 7499280 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.270.47.27999 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Chérel M, Sorel M, Lebeau B, etal |title=Molecular cloning of two isoforms of a receptor for the human hematopoietic cytokine interleukin-11. |journal=Blood |volume=86 |issue= 7 |pages= 2534–40 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7670098 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Chérel M, Sorel M, Lebeau B, Dubois S, Moreau JF, Bataille R, Minvielle S, Jacques Y | title = Molecular cloning of two isoforms of a receptor for the human hematopoietic cytokine interleukin-11 | journal = Blood | volume = 86 | issue = 7 | pages = 2534–40 | date = October 1995 | pmid = 7670098 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Yamaguchi M, Miki N, Ono M, etal |title=Inhibition of growth hormone-releasing factor production in mouse placenta by cytokines using gp130 as a signal transducer. |journal=Endocrinology |volume=136 |issue= 3 |pages= 1072–8 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7867561 |doi=10.1210/en.136.3.1072 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Yamaguchi M, Miki N, Ono M, Ohtsuka C, Demura H, Kurachi H, Inoue M, Endo H, Taga T, Kishimoto T | title = Inhibition of growth hormone-releasing factor production in mouse placenta by cytokines using gp130 as a signal transducer | journal = Endocrinology | volume = 136 | issue = 3 | pages = 1072–8 | date = March 1995 | pmid = 7867561 | doi = 10.1210/en.136.3.1072 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Mehler MF, Rozental R, Dougherty M, etal |title=Cytokine regulation of neuronal differentiation of hippocampal progenitor cells. |journal=Nature |volume=362 |issue= 6415 |pages= 62–5 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8383296 |doi= 10.1038/362062a0 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Mehler MF, Rozental R, Dougherty M, Spray DC, Kessler JA | title = Cytokine regulation of neuronal differentiation of hippocampal progenitor cells | journal = Nature | volume = 362 | issue = 6415 | pages = 62–5 | date = March 1993 | pmid = 8383296 | doi = 10.1038/362062a0 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Morris JC, Neben S, Bennett F, etal |title=Molecular cloning and characterization of murine interleukin-11. |journal=Exp. Hematol. |volume=24 |issue= 12 |pages= 1369–76 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8913282 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Morris JC, Neben S, Bennett F, Finnerty H, Long A, Beier DR, Kovacic S, McCoy JM, DiBlasio-Smith E, La Vallie ER, Caruso A, Calvetti J, Morris G, Weich N, Paul SR, Crosier PS, Turner KJ, Wood CR | title = Molecular cloning and characterization of murine interleukin-11 | journal = Experimental Hematology | volume = 24 | issue = 12 | pages = 1369–76 | date = October 1996 | pmid = 8913282 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Neddermann P, Graziani R, Ciliberto G, Paonessa G |title=Functional expression of soluble human interleukin-11 (IL-11) receptor alpha and stoichiometry of in vitro IL-11 receptor complexes with gp130. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=271 |issue= 48 |pages= 30986–91 |year= 1997 |pmid= 8940087 |doi=10.1074/jbc.271.48.30986 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Neddermann P, Graziani R, Ciliberto G, Paonessa G | title = Functional expression of soluble human interleukin-11 (IL-11) receptor alpha and stoichiometry of in vitro IL-11 receptor complexes with gp130 | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 271 | issue = 48 | pages = 30986–91 | date = November 1996 | pmid = 8940087 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.271.48.30986 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Barton VA, Hudson KR, Heath JK |title=Identification of three distinct receptor binding sites of murine interleukin-11. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=274 |issue= 9 |pages= 5755–61 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10026196 |doi=10.1074/jbc.274.9.5755 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Barton VA, Hudson KR, Heath JK | title = Identification of three distinct receptor binding sites of murine interleukin-11 | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 274 | issue = 9 | pages = 5755–61 | date = February 1999 | pmid = 10026196 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.274.9.5755 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Tacken I, Dahmen H, Boisteau O, etal |title=Definition of receptor binding sites on human interleukin-11 by molecular modeling-guided mutagenesis. |journal=Eur. J. Biochem. |volume=265 |issue= 2 |pages= 645–55 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10504396 |doi=10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00755.x }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Tacken I, Dahmen H, Boisteau O, Minvielle S, Jacques Y, Grötzinger J, Küster A, Horsten U, Blanc C, Montero-Julian FA, Heinrich PC, Müller-Newen G | title = Definition of receptor binding sites on human interleukin-11 by molecular modeling-guided mutagenesis | journal = European Journal of Biochemistry | volume = 265 | issue = 2 | pages = 645–55 | date = October 1999 | pmid = 10504396 | doi = 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00755.x }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Mahboubi K, Biedermann BC, Carroll JM, Pober JS |title=IL-11 activates human endothelial cells to resist immune-mediated injury. |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=164 |issue= 7 |pages= 3837–46 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10725745 |doi= 10.4049/jimmunol.164.7.3837}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Mahboubi K, Biedermann BC, Carroll JM, Pober JS | title = IL-11 activates human endothelial cells to resist immune-mediated injury | journal = Journal of Immunology | volume = 164 | issue = 7 | pages = 3837–46 | date = April 2000 | pmid = 10725745 | doi = 10.4049/jimmunol.164.7.3837 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Barton VA, Hall MA, Hudson KR, Heath JK |title=Interleukin-11 signals through the formation of a hexameric receptor complex. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=275 |issue= 46 |pages= 36197–203 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10948192 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M004648200 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Barton VA, Hall MA, Hudson KR, Heath JK | title = Interleukin-11 signals through the formation of a hexameric receptor complex | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 275 | issue = 46 | pages = 36197–203 | date = November 2000 | pmid = 10948192 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M004648200 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Curti A, Tafuri A, Ricciardi MR, etal |title=Interleukin-11 induces proliferation of human T-cells and its activity is associated with downregulation of p27(kip1). |journal=Haematologica |volume=87 |issue= 4 |pages= 373–80 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11940481 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Curti A, Tafuri A, Ricciardi MR, Tazzari P, Petrucci MT, Fogli M, Ratta M, Lapalombella R, Ferri E, Tura S, Baccarani M, Lemoli RM | title = Interleukin-11 induces proliferation of human T-cells and its activity is associated with downregulation of p27(kip1) | journal = Haematologica | volume = 87 | issue = 4 | pages = 373–80 | date = April 2002 | pmid = 11940481 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Van der Meeren A, Mouthon MA, Gaugler MH, etal |title=Administration of recombinant human IL11 after supralethal radiation exposure promotes survival in mice: interactive effect with thrombopoietin |journal=Radiat. Res. |volume=157 |issue= 6 |pages= 642–9 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12005542 |doi=10.1667/0033-7587(2002)157[0642:AORHIA]2.0.CO;2 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Van der Meeren A, Mouthon MA, Gaugler MH, Vandamme M, Gourmelon P | title = Administration of recombinant human IL11 after supralethal radiation exposure promotes survival in mice: interactive effect with thrombopoietin | journal = Radiation Research | volume = 157 | issue = 6 | pages = 642–9 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 12005542 | doi = 10.1667/0033-7587(2002)157[0642:AORHIA]2.0.CO;2 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=McCloy MP, Roberts IA, Howarth LJ, etal |title=Interleukin-11 levels in healthy and thrombocytopenic neonates |journal=Pediatr. Res. |volume=51 |issue= 6 |pages= 756–60 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12032273 |doi= 10.1203/00006450-200206000-00016}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = McCloy MP, Roberts IA, Howarth LJ, Watts TL, Murray NA | title = Interleukin-11 levels in healthy and thrombocytopenic neonates | journal = Pediatric Research | volume = 51 | issue = 6 | pages = 756–60 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 12032273 | doi = 10.1203/00006450-200206000-00016 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Bartz H, Büning-Pfaue F, Türkel O, Schauer U |title=Respiratory syncytial virus induces prostaglandin E2, IL-10 and IL-11 generation in antigen presenting cells |journal=Clin. Exp. Immunol. |volume=129 |issue= 3 |pages= 438–45 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12197884 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.01927.x | pmc=1906469  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bartz H, Büning-Pfaue F, Türkel O, Schauer U | title = Respiratory syncytial virus induces prostaglandin E2, IL-10 and IL-11 generation in antigen presenting cells | journal = Clinical and Experimental Immunology | volume = 129 | issue = 3 | pages = 438–45 | date = September 2002 | pmid = 12197884 | pmc = 1906469 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.01927.x }}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


Latest revision as of 17:08, 2 November 2018

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Interleukin 11 (IL-11) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL11 gene.[1]

IL-11 is a cytokine and first isolated in 1990 from bone marrow-derived fibrocyte-like stromal cells. It was initially thought to be important for hematopoiesis, notably for megakaryocyte maturation,[2] but subsequently shown to be redundant for platelets, and for other blood cell types, in both mice and humans.[3][4] It is also known under the names adipogenesis inhibitory factor (AGIF)[5] and was developed as a recombinant protein (rhIL-11) as the drug substance oprelvekin.

The human IL-11 gene, consisting of 5 exons and 4 introns, is located on chromosome 19,[1] and encodes a 23 kDa protein. IL-11 is a member of the IL-6-type cytokine family, distinguished based on their use of the common co-receptor gp130. Signal specificity is provided by the IL-11Rα subunit which is expressed at high levels in fibroblasts and other stromal cells but not immune cells, unlike IL6 receptors that are expressed at highest levels in immune cells and lowly expressed in stromal cells.[6]

Downstream signalling

Signal transduction is initiated upon binding of IL-11 to IL-11Ralpha and gp130, facilitating the formation of higher order structures involving dimers of gp130:Il-11:Il11RA complexes. In some instances, in epithelial-derived cells and cancer cell lines, this permits gp130-associated Janus kinases (JAK) activation and downstream STAT-mediated transcriptional activities.[7] In other instances, in stromal cells, IL-11 activates non-canonical MAPK/ERK-dependent signalling to initiate the post-transcriptional upregulation of specific subsets of transcripts in the absence of an effect on transcription.[6] In fibroblasts, IL-11 drives an ERK-dependent autocrine loop of fibrogenic protein synthesis that is at a nexus of fibrotic signalling and required for the pro-fibrotic activity of TGFB1, PDGF, endothelin1, angiotensin and many other pro-fibrotic factors.[6]

Function

IL-11 through its binding to its transmembrane IL-11Rα receptor and resultant activation of downstream signaling pathways has been thought to regulate adipogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, neurogenesis and platelet maturation.[8] More recently it has been discovered that over expression of IL-11 is associated with a variety of cancers and may provide a link between inflammation and cancer.[8]

IL-11 has been demonstrated to improve platelet recovery after chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia, induce acute phase proteins, modulate antigen-antibody responses, participate in the regulation of bone cell proliferation and differentiation IL-11 causes bone-resorption. It stimulates the growth of certain lymphocytes and, in the murine model, stimulates an increase in the cortical thickness and strength of long bones. In addition to having lymphopoietic/hematopoietic and osteotrophic properties, it has functions in many other tissues, including the brain, gut, testis and bone.[9]

As a signaling molecule, interleukin 11 has a variety of functions associated with its receptor interleukin 11 receptor alpha; such functions include placentation and to some extent of decidualization.[10] IL11 has been expressed to have a role during implantation of the blastocyst in the endometrium of the uterus; as the blastocyst is imbedded within the endometrium, the extravillous trophoblasts will invade the maternal spiral arteries for stability and the transfer of essential life-sustaining elements via the maternal and fetal circulatory systems. This process is highly regulated due to detrimental consequences that can arise from aberrations of the placentation process: poor infiltration of the trophoblasts may result in preeclampsia while severely invasive trophoblasts may resolve in placenta accreta, increta or percreta; all defects which most likely would result in the early demise of the embryo and/or negative effects upon the mother.[10] IL11 has been shown to be present in the decidua and chorionic villi to regulate the extent in which the placenta implants itself; regulations to ensure the well-being of the mother but also the normal growth and survival of the fetus. A murine knockout model has been produced for this particular gene, with initial studies involving IL11 role in bone pathologies but have since progressed to fertility research; further research utilizes endometrial and gestational tissue from humans.[10][11]

Medical use

Interleukin 11 is manufactured using recombinant DNA technology and is marketed as a protein therapeutic called oprelvekin, for the prevention of severe thrombocytopenia in cancer patients.[12][13]

As a therapeutic target

As IL-11 over expression is associated with a number of cancers, inhibition of its signaling pathway may have utility in treating cancer.[14]

Transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) through up-regulation of IL-11, stimulates collagen production and is important in wound healing. However dysregulation of TGFβ1 and downstream IL-11 is associated with fibrotic diseases hence inhibition of Il-11 may have utility in treating fibrosis.[6] Furthermore, this cytokine has been found to promote recruitment immune suppressive cancer-associated fibroblasts to tumors and facilitates chemoresistance.[15]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 McKinley D, Wu Q, Yang-Feng T, Yang YC (July 1992). "Genomic sequence and chromosomal location of human interleukin-11 gene (IL11)". Genomics. 13 (3): 814–9. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(92)90158-O. PMID 1386338.
  2. ↑ Paul SR, Bennett F, Calvetti JA, Kelleher K, Wood CR, O'Hara RM, Leary AC, Sibley B, Clark SC, Williams DA (October 1990). "Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding interleukin 11, a stromal cell-derived lymphopoietic and hematopoietic cytokine". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (19): 7512–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.19.7512. PMC 54777. PMID 2145578.
  3. ↑ Nandurkar HH, Robb L, Tarlinton D, Barnett L, Köntgen F, Begley CG (September 1997). "Adult mice with targeted mutation of the interleukin-11 receptor (IL11Ra) display normal hematopoiesis". Blood. 90 (6): 2148–59. PMID 9310465.
  4. ↑ Brischoux-Boucher E, Trimouille A, Baujat G, Goldenberg A, Schaefer E, Guichard B, Hannequin P, Paternoster G, Baer S, Cabrol C, Weber E, Godfrin G, Lenoir M, Lacombe D, Collet C, Van Maldergem L (October 2018). "IL11RA-related Crouzon-like autosomal recessive craniosynostosis in 10 new patients: Resemblances and differences". Clinical Genetics. 94 (3–4): 373–380. doi:10.1111/cge.13409. PMID 29926465.
  5. ↑ Kawashima I, Ohsumi J, Mita-Honjo K, Shimoda-Takano K, Ishikawa H, Sakakibara S, Miyadai K, Takiguchi Y (June 1991). "Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding adipogenesis inhibitory factor and identity with interleukin-11". FEBS Letters. 283 (2): 199–202. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(91)80587-S. PMID 1828438.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Schafer S, Viswanathan S, Widjaja AA, Lim WW, Moreno-Moral A, DeLaughter DM, et al. (December 2017). "IL-11 is a crucial determinant of cardiovascular fibrosis". Nature. 552 (7683): 110–115. doi:10.1038/nature24676. hdl:10044/1/54929. PMC 5807082. PMID 29160304.
  7. ↑ Heinrich PC, Behrmann I, Haan S, Hermanns HM, Müller-Newen G, Schaper F (August 2003). "Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation". The Biochemical Journal. 374 (Pt 1): 1–20. doi:10.1042/BJ20030407. PMC 1223585. PMID 12773095.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Xu DH, Zhu Z, Wakefield MR, Xiao H, Bai Q, Fang Y (April 2016). "The role of IL-11 in immunity and cancer". Cancer Letters. 373 (2): 156–63. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2016.01.004. PMID 26826523.
  9. ↑ Sims NA, Jenkins BJ, Nakamura A, Quinn JM, Li R, Gillespie MT, Ernst M, Robb L, Martin TJ (July 2005). "Interleukin-11 receptor signaling is required for normal bone remodeling". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 20 (7): 1093–102. doi:10.1359/JBMR.050209. PMID 15940362.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Paiva P, Salamonsen LA, Manuelpillai U, Walker C, Tapia A, Wallace EM, Dimitriadis E (November 2007). "Interleukin-11 promotes migration, but not proliferation, of human trophoblast cells, implying a role in placentation". Endocrinology. 148 (11): 5566–72. doi:10.1210/en.2007-0517. PMID 17702845.
  11. ↑ Chen HF, Lin CY, Chao KH, Wu MY, Yang YS, Ho HN (May 2002). "Defective production of interleukin-11 by decidua and chorionic villi in human anembryonic pregnancy". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 87 (5): 2320–8. doi:10.1210/jc.87.5.2320. PMID 11994383.
  12. ↑ Sitaraman SV, Gewirtz AT (October 2001). "Oprelvekin. Genetics Institute". Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs. 2 (10): 1395–400. PMID 11890354.
  13. ↑ "Oprelvekin Injection". RxList.
  14. ↑ Putoczki TL, Ernst M (2015). "IL-11 signaling as a therapeutic target for cancer". Immunotherapy. 7 (4): 441–53. doi:10.2217/imt.15.17. PMID 25917632.
  15. ↑ Tao L, Huang G, Wang R, Pan Y, He Z, Chu X, Song H, Chen L (December 2016). "Cancer-associated fibroblasts treated with cisplatin facilitates chemoresistance of lung adenocarcinoma through IL-11/IL-11R/STAT3 signaling pathway". Scientific Reports. 6: 38408. doi:10.1038/srep38408. PMC 5138853. PMID 27922075.

Further reading

  • Yang YC, Yin T (December 1992). "Interleukin-11 and its receptor". BioFactors. 4 (1): 15–21. PMID 1292471.
  • Bhatia M, Davenport V, Cairo MS (January 2007). "The role of interleukin-11 to prevent chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia in patients with solid tumors, lymphoma, acute myeloid leukemia and bone marrow failure syndromes". Leukemia & Lymphoma. 48 (1): 9–15. doi:10.1080/10428190600909115. PMID 17325843.
  • McKinley D, Wu Q, Yang-Feng T, Yang YC (July 1992). "Genomic sequence and chromosomal location of human interleukin-11 gene (IL11)". Genomics. 13 (3): 814–9. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(92)90158-O. PMID 1386338.
  • Kawashima I, Ohsumi J, Mita-Honjo K, Shimoda-Takano K, Ishikawa H, Sakakibara S, Miyadai K, Takiguchi Y (June 1991). "Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding adipogenesis inhibitory factor and identity with interleukin-11". FEBS Letters. 283 (2): 199–202. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(91)80587-S. PMID 1828438.
  • Paul SR, Bennett F, Calvetti JA, Kelleher K, Wood CR, O'Hara RM, Leary AC, Sibley B, Clark SC, Williams DA (October 1990). "Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding interleukin 11, a stromal cell-derived lymphopoietic and hematopoietic cytokine". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (19): 7512–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.19.7512. PMC 54777. PMID 2145578.
  • Wang XY, Fuhrer DK, Marshall MS, Yang YC (November 1995). "Interleukin-11 induces complex formation of Grb2, Fyn, and JAK2 in 3T3L1 cells". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (47): 27999–8002. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.47.27999. PMID 7499280.
  • Chérel M, Sorel M, Lebeau B, Dubois S, Moreau JF, Bataille R, Minvielle S, Jacques Y (October 1995). "Molecular cloning of two isoforms of a receptor for the human hematopoietic cytokine interleukin-11". Blood. 86 (7): 2534–40. PMID 7670098.
  • Yamaguchi M, Miki N, Ono M, Ohtsuka C, Demura H, Kurachi H, Inoue M, Endo H, Taga T, Kishimoto T (March 1995). "Inhibition of growth hormone-releasing factor production in mouse placenta by cytokines using gp130 as a signal transducer". Endocrinology. 136 (3): 1072–8. doi:10.1210/en.136.3.1072. PMID 7867561.
  • Mehler MF, Rozental R, Dougherty M, Spray DC, Kessler JA (March 1993). "Cytokine regulation of neuronal differentiation of hippocampal progenitor cells". Nature. 362 (6415): 62–5. doi:10.1038/362062a0. PMID 8383296.
  • Morris JC, Neben S, Bennett F, Finnerty H, Long A, Beier DR, Kovacic S, McCoy JM, DiBlasio-Smith E, La Vallie ER, Caruso A, Calvetti J, Morris G, Weich N, Paul SR, Crosier PS, Turner KJ, Wood CR (October 1996). "Molecular cloning and characterization of murine interleukin-11". Experimental Hematology. 24 (12): 1369–76. PMID 8913282.
  • Neddermann P, Graziani R, Ciliberto G, Paonessa G (November 1996). "Functional expression of soluble human interleukin-11 (IL-11) receptor alpha and stoichiometry of in vitro IL-11 receptor complexes with gp130". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (48): 30986–91. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.48.30986. PMID 8940087.
  • Barton VA, Hudson KR, Heath JK (February 1999). "Identification of three distinct receptor binding sites of murine interleukin-11". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (9): 5755–61. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.9.5755. PMID 10026196.
  • Tacken I, Dahmen H, Boisteau O, Minvielle S, Jacques Y, Grötzinger J, Küster A, Horsten U, Blanc C, Montero-Julian FA, Heinrich PC, Müller-Newen G (October 1999). "Definition of receptor binding sites on human interleukin-11 by molecular modeling-guided mutagenesis". European Journal of Biochemistry. 265 (2): 645–55. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00755.x. PMID 10504396.
  • Mahboubi K, Biedermann BC, Carroll JM, Pober JS (April 2000). "IL-11 activates human endothelial cells to resist immune-mediated injury". Journal of Immunology. 164 (7): 3837–46. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.164.7.3837. PMID 10725745.
  • Barton VA, Hall MA, Hudson KR, Heath JK (November 2000). "Interleukin-11 signals through the formation of a hexameric receptor complex". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (46): 36197–203. doi:10.1074/jbc.M004648200. PMID 10948192.
  • Curti A, Tafuri A, Ricciardi MR, Tazzari P, Petrucci MT, Fogli M, Ratta M, Lapalombella R, Ferri E, Tura S, Baccarani M, Lemoli RM (April 2002). "Interleukin-11 induces proliferation of human T-cells and its activity is associated with downregulation of p27(kip1)". Haematologica. 87 (4): 373–80. PMID 11940481.
  • Van der Meeren A, Mouthon MA, Gaugler MH, Vandamme M, Gourmelon P (June 2002). "Administration of recombinant human IL11 after supralethal radiation exposure promotes survival in mice: interactive effect with thrombopoietin". Radiation Research. 157 (6): 642–9. doi:10.1667/0033-7587(2002)157[0642:AORHIA]2.0.CO;2. PMID 12005542.
  • McCloy MP, Roberts IA, Howarth LJ, Watts TL, Murray NA (June 2002). "Interleukin-11 levels in healthy and thrombocytopenic neonates". Pediatric Research. 51 (6): 756–60. doi:10.1203/00006450-200206000-00016. PMID 12032273.
  • Bartz H, Büning-Pfaue F, Türkel O, Schauer U (September 2002). "Respiratory syncytial virus induces prostaglandin E2, IL-10 and IL-11 generation in antigen presenting cells". Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 129 (3): 438–45. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.01927.x. PMC 1906469. PMID 12197884.
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