Menopause pathophysiology

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Rahmah Al-Edresi, M.D.[2]

Overview

Menopause is natural amenorrhea that is happened without any pathological causes, but premature menopause/early menopause is induced by pathological diseases in ovaries and other organs such as premature ovarian failure (Primary ovarian insufficiency, POI), Adrenal insufficiency, type1 diabetes mellitus, Autoimmune thyroid disease, Fanconi’s anemia, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and Turner’s syndrome. Cardiovascular disease and Osteoporosis are most important Conditions associated with Menopause. Women who had genetic disorders ( Fragile X syndrome, Turner’s syndrome) more pronable to early menopause. On microscopic histopathological analysis of, the cortex becomes thinner and it has fewer follicles, the medulla develops fibrosis and scars. The mucosa layer of the vagina begins to atrophy.

Pathophysiology

Physiological menopause

Pathological menopause

Premature menopause/early menopause is induced by several pathological diseases include:


Genetic

Genes involved in the pathological menopause include:

Associated Conditions

The most important Conditions associated with Menopause include:

Microscopic Pathology

On microscopic histopathological analysis of menopause include:





References

  1. Nelson LM (2009). "Clinical practice. Primary ovarian insufficiency". N Engl J Med. 360 (6): 606–14. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0808697. PMC 2762081. PMID 19196677.
  2. Santoro N (2003). "Mechanisms of premature ovarian failure". Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 64 (2): 87–92. PMID 12773939.
  3. Lobo RA, Davis SR, De Villiers TJ, Gompel A, Henderson VW, Hodis HN; et al. (2014). "Prevention of diseases after menopause". Climacteric. 17 (5): 540–56. doi:10.3109/13697137.2014.933411. PMID 24969415.
  4. Zerbinati N, Serati M, Origoni M, Candiani M, Iannitti T, Salvatore S; et al. (2015). "Microscopic and ultrastructural modifications of postmenopausal atrophic vaginal mucosa after fractional carbon dioxide laser treatment". Lasers Med Sci. 30 (1): 429–36. doi:10.1007/s10103-014-1677-2. PMID 25410301.
  5. Makabe S, Motta PM, Naguro T, Vizza E, Perrone G, Zichella L (1998). "Microanatomy of the female reproductive organs in postmenopause by scanning electron microscopy". Climacteric. 1 (1): 63–71. doi:10.3109/13697139809080683. PMID 11907929.


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