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====<big>Physiological menopause</big>==== | ====<big>Physiological menopause</big>==== | ||
* | *[[Menopause]] happens normally as [[women]] age, and the main cause of the [[menopause]] is the natural shortage of the primordial follicles ([[oocytes]]) that stored in the [[ovaries]] and the decrease of the response of [[ovaries]] to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93gonadal_axis#:~:text=The%20anterior%20portion%20of%20the,gonads%20produce%20estrogen%20and%20testosterone. anterior pituitary gonads hormones] that include [[Follicle Stimulating Hormone]] (FSH) and [[Luteinizing Hormone]](LH). | ||
*These [[hormones]] stimulate the [[ovaries]] to produce [[estrogen]] and [[progesterone]] [[hormones]] in a cyclic method under the control of the [[hypothalamus]] that produces the [https://www.yourhormones.info/hormones/gonadotrophin-releasing-hormone/ gonadotropin-releasing hormones] which stimulate [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93gonadal_axis#:~:text=The%20anterior%20portion%20of%20the,gonads%20produce%20estrogen%20and%20testosterone. anterior pituitary gonads hormone] secretion and [[Inhibin|inhibin-B]] that plays role in the [[feedback mechanism]]. | |||
* The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93gonadal_axis#:~:text=The%20anterior%20portion%20of%20the,gonads%20produce%20estrogen%20and%20testosterone. anterior pituitary gonads hormones] is decreased during the [[menopause]] transition result from decreased [[ovarian]] [[feedback]] of [[inhibin]] and are manifested primarily as elevations in [[follicle-stimulating hormone]] ([[FSH]]). | |||
====<big>Pathological menopause</big>==== | ====<big>Pathological menopause</big>==== | ||
[[Premature menopause]]/early [[menopause]] | [[Premature menopause]]/early [[menopause]] is induced by several [[pathological]] [[diseases]] include: | ||
*[[Pathological]] [[disease]] in ovaries include [[premature ovarian failure]] termed as [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762081/ Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI)].(POI) is the loss of [[ovarian]] function lead to [[amenorrhea]] because of [[ovarian failure]] to respond for [https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/endocrine-glands/#:~:text=Endocrine%20system%3A%20gonads%20and%20their,prepare%20the%20body%20for%20childbirth. gonads hormone] ( [[FSH]], [[LH]]) and deficiency production of [[estrogen]] and [[progesterone]] hormone. | *[[Pathological]] [[disease]] in ovaries include [[premature ovarian failure]] termed as [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762081/ Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI)].(POI) is the loss of [[ovarian]] function lead to [[amenorrhea]] because of [[ovarian failure]] to respond for [https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/endocrine-glands/#:~:text=Endocrine%20system%3A%20gonads%20and%20their,prepare%20the%20body%20for%20childbirth. gonads hormone] ( [[FSH]], [[LH]]) and deficiency production of [[estrogen]] and [[progesterone]] hormone. | ||
*[[ | *[[Pathological]] [[disease]] in other [[organs]] such as [[Adrenal insufficiency]], type1 [[Diabetes mellitus]], [[Autoimmune thyroid diseases|Autoimmune thyroid disease]], [[Fanconi anemia|Fanconi’s anemia]], [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]] due to [[17α-hydroxylase|17''α''-hydroxylase]] deficiency. | ||
==<big>Genetic</big>== | ==<big>Genetic</big>== | ||
*[[Genes]] involved in the [[pathological]] [[menopause]] include: | |||
*[[Fragile X syndrome]] is a [[genetic disorder]] characterized by reduction of [[ovarian]] function, women that have [[Fragile X syndrome|Fragile X Syndrome]] go through early [[menopause]] an average 5 years early than other [[women]]. | *[[Fragile X syndrome]] is a [[genetic disorder]] characterized by reduction of [[ovarian]] function, women that have [[Fragile X syndrome|Fragile X Syndrome]] go through early [[menopause]] an average 5 years early than other [[women]]. | ||
*[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/turner-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20360782#:~:text=Overview,to%20develop%20and%20heart%20defects. Turner’s syndrome]: | *[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/turner-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20360782#:~:text=Overview,to%20develop%20and%20heart%20defects. Turner’s syndrome]: [[women]] born with missing [[X chromosome]] can go through [[menopause]] early, due to their [[ovaries]] do not form normally at [[birth]]. | ||
== <big>Associated Conditions</big> == | |||
The most important [[Conditions]] associated with [[Menopause]] include: | The most important [[Conditions]] associated with [[Menopause]] include: | ||
*[[Cardiovascular disease]]: | * [[Cardiovascular disease]]: during [[menopause]], [[estrogen]] deficiency causes [[vasoconstriction]] of the [[Blood vessel|vessel wall]]. [[menopause]] is linked to the increased risk of [[cardiovascular disease]]. | ||
*[[Osteoporosis]] is a [[disease]] of the [[bones]] that causes [[bones]] to become weak and break easily. During [[menopause]], [[estrogen]] deficiency increases [https://support.clearcorrect.com/hc/en-us/articles/203836908-Osteoclastic-and-Osteoblastic-Activity#:~:text=Osteoclastic%20activity%20refers%20to%20the,allowing%20the%20tooth%20to%20move. osteoclastic activity].<br /> | |||
==<big>Microscopic Pathology</big>== | ==<big>Microscopic Pathology</big>== | ||
On microscopic [[histopathological]] of [[menopause]]: | On microscopic [[histopathological]] of [[menopause]]: | ||
* | * The [[ovaries]]’s structure are change, the difference between the [[cortex]] and [[medulla]] is less evident. The [[cortex]] becomes thinner, it has fewer [[Follicle|follicles]]. And there are invaginations of the surface [[epithelium]] of the [[cortex]]. | ||
* | * The [[medulla]] develops [[fibrosis]] and [[scars]]. The [[medulla]] also undergoes the [[Hyaline|hyalinization]] of [[Vessel wall|vessel walls]]. | ||
* [[Fallopian tube|Tubes]] and [[Uterus]]: Both [[endometrial]] and [[Fallopian tube|tubal]] [[mucosa]] demonstrated a gradual decrease in the number of [[ciliated]] [[cells]] and the non ciliated [[cells]] of the [[uterus]]. | |||
* [[Vagina]]: The [[mucosa]] layer begins to [[atrophy]] due to decreased [[estrogen]] that causes this layer to become drier and thinner. | |||
Revision as of 02:47, 9 February 2021
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Menopause Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Menopause pathophysiology On the Web |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Menopause pathophysiology |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Rahmah Al-Edresi, M.D.[2]
Overview
Menopause is natural amenorrhea that is happened without any pathological causes, but premature menopause/early menopause caused by pathological diseases in ovaries include premature ovarian failure termed as Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), several medical condition such as Adrenal insufficiency, type1 diabetes mellitus, Autoimmune thyroid disease, Fragile X Syndrome, Fanconi’s anemia, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and Turner’s syndrome. The most important Conditions associated with Menopause are Cardiovascular disease and Osteoporosis. Under microscope the structures of the ovaries are change, The cortex becomes thinner and it has fewer follicles, the medulla develops stromal fibrosis and scars. The mucosa layer of the vagina begins to atrophy due to decreased estrogen.
Pathophysiology
Physiological menopause
- Menopause happens normally as women age, and the main cause of the menopause is the natural shortage of the primordial follicles (oocytes) that stored in the ovaries and the decrease of the response of ovaries to anterior pituitary gonads hormones that include Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone(LH).
- These hormones stimulate the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone hormones in a cyclic method under the control of the hypothalamus that produces the gonadotropin-releasing hormones which stimulate anterior pituitary gonads hormone secretion and inhibin-B that plays role in the feedback mechanism.
- The anterior pituitary gonads hormones is decreased during the menopause transition result from decreased ovarian feedback of inhibin and are manifested primarily as elevations in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
Pathological menopause
Premature menopause/early menopause is induced by several pathological diseases include:
- Pathological disease in ovaries include premature ovarian failure termed as Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI).(POI) is the loss of ovarian function lead to amenorrhea because of ovarian failure to respond for gonads hormone ( FSH, LH) and deficiency production of estrogen and progesterone hormone.
- Pathological disease in other organs such as Adrenal insufficiency, type1 Diabetes mellitus, Autoimmune thyroid disease, Fanconi’s anemia, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17α-hydroxylase deficiency.
Genetic
- Genes involved in the pathological menopause include:
- Fragile X syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by reduction of ovarian function, women that have Fragile X Syndrome go through early menopause an average 5 years early than other women.
- Turner’s syndrome: women born with missing X chromosome can go through menopause early, due to their ovaries do not form normally at birth.
Associated Conditions
The most important Conditions associated with Menopause include:
- Cardiovascular disease: during menopause, estrogen deficiency causes vasoconstriction of the vessel wall. menopause is linked to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
- Osteoporosis is a disease of the bones that causes bones to become weak and break easily. During menopause, estrogen deficiency increases osteoclastic activity.
Microscopic Pathology
On microscopic histopathological of menopause:
- The ovaries’s structure are change, the difference between the cortex and medulla is less evident. The cortex becomes thinner, it has fewer follicles. And there are invaginations of the surface epithelium of the cortex.
- The medulla develops fibrosis and scars. The medulla also undergoes the hyalinization of vessel walls.
- Tubes and Uterus: Both endometrial and tubal mucosa demonstrated a gradual decrease in the number of ciliated cells and the non ciliated cells of the uterus.
- Vagina: The mucosa layer begins to atrophy due to decreased estrogen that causes this layer to become drier and thinner.
References