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==Overview==
The majority of cases of brain abscess are due to infections with either bacteria or fungi.  Common causes of brain abscess include ''[[Cryptococcus neoformans]]'', ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'', ''[[Toxoplasma gondii]]'', and ''[[Viridans streptococci]]''.


==Causes==
==Causes==
Brain abscesses commonly occur when bacteria or fungi infect part of the brain. The source of the infection, however, is often not found. The germs that cause a brain abscess usually reach the brain through the blood. Germs may also travel from a nearby infected area (such as an ear infection), can enter the body during an injury (from a gun or knife wound), or result from surgery. Though not as often, a heart infection can also be a cause of brain abscesses.<ref> Tunkel AR. Brain abscess. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds.Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases</ref><ref> Tunkel AR, Scheld WM. Brain abscess. In: Winn HR, ed.Youman's Neurological Surgery</ref>


Brain abscesses commonly occur when bacteria or fungi infect part of the brain. Swelling and irritation (inflammation) develop in response to this infection. Infected brain cells, white blood cells, live and dead bacteria, and fungi collect in an area of the brain. Tissue forms around this area and creates a mass.
===Common Causes===
*[[Cryptococcus neoformans]]
*[[Cysticercosis]]
*[[Staphylococcus aureus]]
*[[Toxoplasma gondii]]
*[[Viridans streptococci]]


While this immune response can protect the brain by isolating the infection, it can also do more harm than good. The brain swells. Because the skull cannot expand, the mass may put pressure on delicate brain tissue. Infected material can block the blood vessels of the brain.
===Causes by Organ System===


The germs that cause a brain abscess usually reach the brain through the blood. The source of the infection is often not found. However, the most common source is a lung infection. Less often, a heart infection is to blame. Germs may also travel from a nearby infected area (for example, an ear infection) or enter the body during an injury (such as a gun or knife wound) or surgery.
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Atrial septal defect]], [[bacterial endocarditis]], [[cyanotic congenital heart disease]], [[Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve]], [[endocarditis]], [[infective endocarditis]], [[prosthetic heart valve]], [[pulmonary arteriovenous malformation]], [[ventricular septal defect]]
|-
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dental braces]], [[dental extraction]], [[dental sepsis]], [[tooth infection]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia]], [[Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[steroid therapy|Chronic steroid use]], [[intravenous drug use]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cholesteatoma]], [[ear infection]], [[hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia]], [[mastoiditis]], [[Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome]], [[sinusitis]], [[otitis media|suppurative otitis media]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amebic dysentery]], [[cystic fibrosis]], [[intra-abdominal infection]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cystic fibrosis]], [[hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia]], [[Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Esophageal dilatation]], [[neurosurgery]], [[organ transplant]], [[ventriculoperitoneal shunt]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans]], [[actinomyces]], [[actinomycosis]], [[aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans]], [[amebic dysentery]], [[amoebiasis]], [[anaerobic bacteria]], [[aspergillosis]], [[aspergillus]], [[bacterial endocarditis]], [[bacterial meningitis]], [[bacteroides]], [[candida albicans]], [[Chagas disease]], [[cladosporium|cladosporium trichoides]], [[clostridium]], [[coccidioides immitis]], [[listeriosis|congenital listeriosis]], [[corynebacterium]], [[cryptococcus neoformans]], [[curvularia]], [[cysticercosis]], [[empyema]], [[endocarditis]], [[entamoeba histolytica]], [[enterobacter]], [[enterobacteriaceae]], [[enterococcus]], [[erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae]], [[escherichia coli]], [[fungi]], [[fusobacterium]], [[group B streptococcal infection]], [[haemophilus|haemophilus aphrophilus]], [[haemophilus]], [[HIV]], [[infective endocarditis]], [[intra-abdominal infection]], [[klebsiella pneumoniae]], [[klebsiella]], [[Lemierre's syndrome]], [[listeria]], [[listeriosis]], [[lung abscess]], [[mastoiditis]], [[mucorales]], [[mucormycosis]], [[mycobacterium tuberculosis]], [[mycoplasma hominis]], [[nocardia]], [[nocardiosis]], [[opportunistic infections]], [[orbital cellulitis]], [[paragonimus]], [[parasites]], [[peptococcus]], [[peptostreptococcus]], [[prevotella]], [[propionibacterium]], [[proteus]], [[pseudomonas]], [[pyomyositis]], [[rhodococcus equi]], [[salmonella]], [[scedosporium apiospermum]], [[schistosoma japonicum]], [[sinusitis]], [[staphylococcus aureus]], [[staphylococcus epidermidis]], [[streptococcus milleri]], [[streptococcus pneumoniae]], [[streptococcus]], [[otitis media|suppurative otitis media]], [[tooth infection]], [[toxoplasma]], [[upper respiratory tract infections]], [[urinary tract infection]], [[viridans streptococci]], [[wound|wound infections]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bacterial meningitis]], [[brain surgery]], [[brain tumor]], [[cholesterol granuloma]], [[foreign body aspiration]], [[hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia ]], [[AIDS dementia complex|neurological disorders related to AIDS]], [[neurosurgery]], [[Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome]], [[skull fracture]], [[traumatic brain injury]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Brain tumor]], [[cholesterol granuloma]], [[metastasis pathophysiology|hematogenous spread]], [[neoplasms]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Orbital cellulitis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[steroid therapy|Chronic steroid use]], [[drug abuse]], [[drug abuse|intravenous drug abuse]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bronchiectasis]], [[cystic fibrosis]], [[empyema]], [[foreign body aspiration]], [[lung abscess]], [[mycobacterium tuberculosis]], [[upper respiratory tract infections]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Urinary tract infection]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Immunodeficiency]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Head trauma]], [[penetrating head trauma]], [[brain damage|puncture wound to brain]], [[skull fracture]], [[traumatic brain injury]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Urinary tract infection]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alcoholism]], [[near drowning]], [[ventriculoperitoneal shunt]]
|-
|}


In children with heart disease or a birth defect, such as those with [[Tetralogy of Fallot (patient information)|tetralogy of fallot]], infections are more able to reach the brain from the intestines, teeth, or other body areas.
===Causes===
{{Columns-list|3|
*[[Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans]]
*[[Actinomyces]]
*[[Actinomycosis]]
*[[Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans]]
*[[Alcoholism]]
*[[Amebic dysentery]]
*[[Amoebiasis]]
*[[Anaerobic bacteria]]
*[[Aspergillosis]] <ref name="pmid22036518">{{cite journal| author=Saghrouni F, Ben Youssef Y, Gheith S, Bouabid Z, Ben Abdeljelil J, Khammari I et al.| title=Twenty-nine cases of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic patients. | journal=Med Mal Infect | year= 2011 | volume= 41 | issue= 12 | pages= 657-62 | pmid=22036518 | doi=10.1016/j.medmal.2011.09.011 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22036518  }} </ref>
*[[Aspergillus]]
*[[Atrial septal defect]]
*[[Bacterial endocarditis]]
*[[Bacterial meningitis]]
*[[Bacteroides]]
*[[Brain surgery]]
*[[Brain tumor]]
*[[Bronchiectasis]]
*[[Candida albicans]]
*[[Chagas disease]]
*[[Cholesteatoma]]
*[[Cholesterol granuloma]]
*[[steroid therapy|Chronic steroid use]]
*[[cladosporium|Cladosporium trichoides]]
*[[Clostridium]]
*[[Coccidioides immitis]]
*[[listeriosis|Congenital listeriosis]]
*[[Corynebacterium]]
*[[Cryptococcus neoformans]]
*[[Curvularia]]
*[[Cyanotic congenital heart disease]]
*[[Cystic fibrosis]]
*[[Cysticercosis]]
*[[Dental braces]]
*[[Dental extraction]] <ref name="pmid25130130">{{cite journal| author=Wu PC, Tu MS, Lin PH, Chen YS, Tsai HC| title=Prevotella brain abscesses and stroke following dental extraction in a young patient: a case report and review of the literature. | journal=Intern Med | year= 2014 | volume= 53 | issue= 16 | pages= 1881-7 | pmid=25130130 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25130130  }} </ref>
*[[Dental sepsis]] <ref name="pmid22524927">{{cite journal| author=Clifton TC, Kalamchi S| title=A case of odontogenic brain abscess arising from covert dental sepsis. | journal=Ann R Coll Surg Engl | year= 2012 | volume= 94 | issue= 1 | pages= e41-3 | pmid=22524927 | doi=10.1308/003588412X13171221499667 | pmc=PMC3954226 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22524927  }} </ref>
*[[Drug abuse]]
*[[Ear infection]]
*[[Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve]]
*[[Empyema]]
*[[Endocarditis]]
*[[Entamoeba histolytica]]
*[[Enterobacter]]
*[[Enterobacteriaceae]]
*[[Enterococcus]]
*[[Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae]]
*[[Escherichia coli]]
*[[Esophageal dilatation]]
*[[Foreign body aspiration]]
*[[Fungi]]
*[[Fusobacterium]]
*[[Group B streptococcal infection]]
*[[Haemophilus]]
*[[haemophilus|Haemophilus aphrophilus]]
*[[Head trauma]] <ref name="pmid23341403">{{cite journal| author=Sveinsson OA, Asgeirsson H, Olafsson IH| title=[Brain abscess - overview]. | journal=Laeknabladid | year= 2013 | volume= 99 | issue= 1 | pages= 25-31 | pmid=23341403 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23341403  }} </ref>
*[[metastasis pathophysiology|Hematogenous spread]] <ref name="pmid25360205">{{cite journal| author=Patel K, Clifford DB| title=Bacterial brain abscess. | journal=Neurohospitalist | year= 2014 | volume= 4 | issue= 4 | pages= 196-204 | pmid=25360205 | doi=10.1177/1941874414540684 | pmc=PMC4212419 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25360205  }} </ref>
*[[Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia]]
*[[HIV]]
*[[Immunodeficiency]]
*[[Infective endocarditis]]
*[[Intra-abdominal infection]]
*[[drug abuse|Intravenous drug abuse]]
*[[Intravenous drug use]]
*[[Klebsiella]]
*[[Klebsiella pneumoniae]]
*[[Lemierre's syndrome]]
*[[Listeria]]
*[[Listeriosis]]
*[[Lung abscess]]
*[[Mastoiditis]]
*[[Mucorales]]
*[[Mucormycosis]] <ref name="pmid20861715">{{cite journal| author=Cano P, Horseman MA, Surani S| title=Rhinocerebral mucormycosis complicated by bacterial brain abscess. | journal=Am J Med Sci | year= 2010 | volume= 340 | issue= 6 | pages= 507-10 | pmid=20861715 | doi=10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181f0aad1 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20861715  }} </ref>
*[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]
*[[Mycoplasma hominis]]
*[[Near drowning]]
*[[Neoplasms]]
*[[AIDS dementia complex|Neurological disorders related to AIDS]]
*[[Neurosurgery]] <ref name="pmid25360205">{{cite journal| author=Patel K, Clifford DB| title=Bacterial brain abscess. | journal=Neurohospitalist | year= 2014 | volume= 4 | issue= 4 | pages= 196-204 | pmid=25360205 | doi=10.1177/1941874414540684 | pmc=PMC4212419 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25360205  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23341403">{{cite journal| author=Sveinsson OA, Asgeirsson H, Olafsson IH| title=[Brain abscess - overview]. | journal=Laeknabladid | year= 2013 | volume= 99 | issue= 1 | pages= 25-31 | pmid=23341403 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23341403  }} </ref>
*[[Nocardia]]
*[[Nocardiosis]]
*[[Opportunistic infections]]
*[[Orbital cellulitis]]
*[[Organ transplant]]
*[[Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome]]
*[[Paragonimus]]
*[[Parasites]]
*[[Penetrating head trauma]]
*[[Peptococcus]]
*[[Peptostreptococcus]]
*[[Prevotella]] <ref name="pmid25130130">{{cite journal| author=Wu PC, Tu MS, Lin PH, Chen YS, Tsai HC| title=Prevotella brain abscesses and stroke following dental extraction in a young patient: a case report and review of the literature. | journal=Intern Med | year= 2014 | volume= 53 | issue= 16 | pages= 1881-7 | pmid=25130130 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25130130  }} </ref>
*[[Propionibacterium]]
*[[Prosthetic heart valve]]
*[[Proteus]]
*[[Pseudomonas]]
*[[Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation]]
*[[brain damage|Puncture wound to brain]]
*[[Pyomyositis]]
*[[Rhodococcus equi]]
*[[Salmonella]]
*[[Scedosporium apiospermum]] <ref name="pmid22559017">{{cite journal| author=Mays R, Gordon R, Wilson JM, LaPolla WJ, Sra KK, Madkan V et al.| title=Persistent erythematous plaque after minor trauma in an immunocompromised woman. | journal=Dermatol Online J | year= 2012 | volume= 18 | issue= 4 | pages= 2 | pmid=22559017 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22559017  }} </ref>
*[[Schistosoma japonicum]]
*[[Sinusitis]]
*[[Skull fracture]]
*[[Staphylococcus aureus]]
*[[Staphylococcus epidermidis]]
*[[Streptococcus]]
*[[Streptococcus milleri]]
*[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]
*[[otitis media|Suppurative otitis media]]
*[[Tooth infection]]
*[[Toxoplasma]]
*[[Traumatic brain injury]] <ref name="pmid25360205">{{cite journal| author=Patel K, Clifford DB| title=Bacterial brain abscess. | journal=Neurohospitalist | year= 2014 | volume= 4 | issue= 4 | pages= 196-204 | pmid=25360205 | doi=10.1177/1941874414540684 | pmc=PMC4212419 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25360205  }} </ref>
*[[Upper respiratory tract infections]]
*[[Urinary tract infection]]
*[[Ventricular septal defect]]
*[[Ventriculoperitoneal shunt]]
*[[Viridans streptococci]]
*[[wound|Wound infections]]
}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Neurosurgery]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Neurosurgery]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Needs causes]]
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Latest revision as of 20:40, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2]

Overview

The majority of cases of brain abscess are due to infections with either bacteria or fungi. Common causes of brain abscess include Cryptococcus neoformans, Staphylococcus aureus, Toxoplasma gondii, and Viridans streptococci.

Causes

Brain abscesses commonly occur when bacteria or fungi infect part of the brain. The source of the infection, however, is often not found. The germs that cause a brain abscess usually reach the brain through the blood. Germs may also travel from a nearby infected area (such as an ear infection), can enter the body during an injury (from a gun or knife wound), or result from surgery. Though not as often, a heart infection can also be a cause of brain abscesses.[1][2]

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Atrial septal defect, bacterial endocarditis, cyanotic congenital heart disease, Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve, endocarditis, infective endocarditis, prosthetic heart valve, pulmonary arteriovenous malformation, ventricular septal defect
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental Dental braces, dental extraction, dental sepsis, tooth infection
Dermatologic Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome
Drug Side Effect Chronic steroid use, intravenous drug use
Ear Nose Throat Cholesteatoma, ear infection, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, mastoiditis, Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, sinusitis, suppurative otitis media
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Amebic dysentery, cystic fibrosis, intra-abdominal infection
Genetic Cystic fibrosis, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic Esophageal dilatation, neurosurgery, organ transplant, ventriculoperitoneal shunt
Infectious Disease Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, actinomyces, actinomycosis, aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, amebic dysentery, amoebiasis, anaerobic bacteria, aspergillosis, aspergillus, bacterial endocarditis, bacterial meningitis, bacteroides, candida albicans, Chagas disease, cladosporium trichoides, clostridium, coccidioides immitis, congenital listeriosis, corynebacterium, cryptococcus neoformans, curvularia, cysticercosis, empyema, endocarditis, entamoeba histolytica, enterobacter, enterobacteriaceae, enterococcus, erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, escherichia coli, fungi, fusobacterium, group B streptococcal infection, haemophilus aphrophilus, haemophilus, HIV, infective endocarditis, intra-abdominal infection, klebsiella pneumoniae, klebsiella, Lemierre's syndrome, listeria, listeriosis, lung abscess, mastoiditis, mucorales, mucormycosis, mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycoplasma hominis, nocardia, nocardiosis, opportunistic infections, orbital cellulitis, paragonimus, parasites, peptococcus, peptostreptococcus, prevotella, propionibacterium, proteus, pseudomonas, pyomyositis, rhodococcus equi, salmonella, scedosporium apiospermum, schistosoma japonicum, sinusitis, staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, streptococcus milleri, streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus, suppurative otitis media, tooth infection, toxoplasma, upper respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infection, viridans streptococci, wound infections
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic Bacterial meningitis, brain surgery, brain tumor, cholesterol granuloma, foreign body aspiration, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia , neurological disorders related to AIDS, neurosurgery, Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, skull fracture, traumatic brain injury
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Brain tumor, cholesterol granuloma, hematogenous spread, neoplasms
Ophthalmologic Orbital cellulitis
Overdose/Toxicity Chronic steroid use, drug abuse, intravenous drug abuse
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, empyema, foreign body aspiration, lung abscess, mycobacterium tuberculosis, upper respiratory tract infections
Renal/Electrolyte Urinary tract infection
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Immunodeficiency
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Head trauma, penetrating head trauma, puncture wound to brain, skull fracture, traumatic brain injury
Urologic Urinary tract infection
Miscellaneous Alcoholism, near drowning, ventriculoperitoneal shunt

Causes

The unnamed parameter 2= is no longer supported. Please see the documentation for {{columns-list}}.
3

References

  1. ↑ Tunkel AR. Brain abscess. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds.Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases
  2. ↑ Tunkel AR, Scheld WM. Brain abscess. In: Winn HR, ed.Youman's Neurological Surgery
  3. ↑ Saghrouni F, Ben Youssef Y, Gheith S, Bouabid Z, Ben Abdeljelil J, Khammari I; et al. (2011). "Twenty-nine cases of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic patients". Med Mal Infect. 41 (12): 657–62. doi:10.1016/j.medmal.2011.09.011. PMID 22036518.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Wu PC, Tu MS, Lin PH, Chen YS, Tsai HC (2014). "Prevotella brain abscesses and stroke following dental extraction in a young patient: a case report and review of the literature". Intern Med. 53 (16): 1881–7. PMID 25130130.
  5. ↑ Clifton TC, Kalamchi S (2012). "A case of odontogenic brain abscess arising from covert dental sepsis". Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 94 (1): e41–3. doi:10.1308/003588412X13171221499667. PMC 3954226. PMID 22524927.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Sveinsson OA, Asgeirsson H, Olafsson IH (2013). "[Brain abscess - overview]". Laeknabladid. 99 (1): 25–31. PMID 23341403.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Patel K, Clifford DB (2014). "Bacterial brain abscess". Neurohospitalist. 4 (4): 196–204. doi:10.1177/1941874414540684. PMC 4212419. PMID 25360205.
  8. ↑ Cano P, Horseman MA, Surani S (2010). "Rhinocerebral mucormycosis complicated by bacterial brain abscess". Am J Med Sci. 340 (6): 507–10. doi:10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181f0aad1. PMID 20861715.
  9. ↑ Mays R, Gordon R, Wilson JM, LaPolla WJ, Sra KK, Madkan V; et al. (2012). "Persistent erythematous plaque after minor trauma in an immunocompromised woman". Dermatol Online J. 18 (4): 2. PMID 22559017.

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