Sandbox:Eiman: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 06:42, 28 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]

Abbreviations: ABG = Arterial blood gases, BUN = Blood urea nitrogen, CBC = Complete blood count, CT = Computed tomography, CRP = C - reactive protein, ECG = Electrocardiogram, ESR = Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, IVP = Intravenous pyelography, KFT = Kidney function test, GI = Gastrointestinal, GFR = Glomerular filtration rate, MRI = Magnetic resonance imaging, PT = Prothrombin time

Etiology		Clinical manifestations									Paraclinical findings											Comments
		Symptoms and signs									Lab findings						Imaging
		Fatigue/ Lethargy	Thirst	Dizziness/ Confusion	Muscle weakness/ cramp	Somatic/ visceral pain	Vomiting	Diarrhea	Tachypnea	Edema	Blood indices	Renal Funtion test	Electrolytes	Urine analysis	ABG	Other	Ultrasound	X-ray	CT	MRI	Other
Prerenal causes	Alcohol poisoning^[1]^[2]	+	-	+/-	-	+/-	+	+/-	-	-	↑PT	↑BUN, ↑Cr (isopropyl alcohol)	↓Na	Not applicable	↓HCO3	LFT	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	Thiamine must be given to prevent Wernicke's encephalopathy
	Aspergillosis^[3]^[4]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Allergy test, ↑IgE (>1000 IU/dl), Direct visualization of fungal hyphae	Not applicable	Pulmonary infiltrates, Mucus plug, Mass in the upper lobe surrounded by a crescent of air, Solitary or multiple cavities	Halo sign, Wedge-shaped pulmonary infarction, Granuloma	Not applicable	-	Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
	Cholera^[5]^[6]^[6]^[7]	+/-	+	-	-	-	+/-	+	-	-	Leukocytosis, ↑HCT	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↓Na, ↑Ca, ↑Mg	Not applicable	↑Lactate, ↓HCO3	Stool PCR, Stool culture, Serotyping	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	-
	Congestive heart failure (CHF)^[8]^[9]	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	+	Anemia, Leukocytosis	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↓Na, ↑K	Not applicable	↑Lactate, ↓HCO3,	↑BNP, ↑Troponin	Cardiomegaly, Pulmonary hypertension, Pleural effusions	Pulmonary edema	Not applicable	Valvular heart disease	Decreased ejection fraction in echocardiography, Heart function and damage in nuclear imaging	-
	Dehydration^[10]^[11]	+	+	-	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	Not applicable	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↓Na, ↑K, ↓Cl	Ketones and glucose, ↑Urine specific gravity	↑Lactate, ↓HCO3	Hypoglycemia	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	-
	Diarrhea and/or vomiting^[12]^[13]	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	Leukocytosis with predominant neutrophilia, ↑ ESR	Not applicable	Not applicable	Ketones, Organic acids, Porphobilinogen, Aminolevulinic acid	Not applicable	Stool anion gap, Stool pH < 5.5, Stool culture, Serotyping, Enzyme immunoassay (rotavirus or adenovirus), LFT, Amylase, Lipase	Normal	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	-
	Drugs/toxins^[14]^[15]	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	Not applicable	↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↑CK	↑K, ↓Mg, ↓Ca, ↓P	Ingested drug, Glucose, Aminoacid, Phosphate, Ketone, Hyaline cast, RBC	↑Lactate, Metabolic acidosis	Toxicology, Rapid immunoassay	Nephropathy	Radioopaque substances, Ingested drug packets	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	-
	Esophageal varices bleeding^[16]^[17]	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	Normocytic normochromic anemia	↑BUN, ↑Cr	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Velocity and direction of portal flow	Abnormal opacities outside ofesophageal wall, Posterior mediastinal or intraparenchymal mass, Dilated azygous vein	Entire portal venous system	Portrays esophageal varices as flow voids	Portal hypertension and esophageal varices in positron emission tomography, Flexible endoscope, Barium swallow of snake-like filling defects	-
	Heart disease^[18]^[19]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	↑ESR and CRP	↑BUN, ↑Cr	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Throat culture, Rapid streptococcal antigen test, Hyperoxia test, Pulse oximetry	Not applicable	Cardiomegaly, Dextrocardia	Not applicable	Not applicable	Ventricular dysfunction, Left and right ventricular hypertrophy, Valvular disease in echocardiography	-
	Hemorrhage^[20]^[21]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Normocytic normochromic anemia, ↑PT, ↑PTT	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↑Na, ↑Cl, ↓Ca	Not applicable	Metabolic acidosis	Not applicable	Peritoneal cavity fluid in FAST	Bilateral opacities in the lung field, Hemothorax, Hemoperitoneum, Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm	Intrathoracic, intra-abdominal, and retroperitoneal bleeding	Not applicable	Source of bleeding in the upper GI in EGD, Angiography	-
	Hemolysis^[22]^[23]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Thrombocytopenia, Microcytic hypochromic anemia, ↑RDW, ↑Retic count	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	↑LDH, ↓Haptoglobin, ↑Unconjugated bilirubin	Hepatomegaly,Splenomegaly	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	-
	Etiology	Fatigue/ Lethargy	Thirst	Dizziness/ Confusion	Muscle weakness/ cramp	Somatic/ visceral pain	Vomiting	Diarrhea	Tachypnea	Edema	Blood indices	Renal Funtion test	Electrolytes	Urine analysis	ABG	Other	Ultrasound	X-ray	CT	MRI	Other	Comments
	Hepatorenal syndrome^[24]^[25]	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	+/-	Leukocytosis, ↑PT	↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr	↓Na	Proteinuria, Na < 10 mEq/L, Urine osmolality > plasma osmolality	Not applicable	Alpha feto-protein, Cryoglobulinemia	Exclude hydronephrosis and intrinsic renal disease	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Right ventricular preload, ventricular filling pressures, and cardiac function in echocardiography	-
	Ischemic cardiomyopathy^[26]^[27]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	Anemia	↑Cr	↓Na, ↓K, ↓Mg	Not applicable	Not applicable	Troponin, Creatine kinase, Creatine kinase - MB, BNP	Not applicable	Abnormal cardiac silhouette	Biventricular volume, Wall motion abnormality, Myocardial perfusion, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy	Mid-wall fibrosis in MRI	Ejection fraction ≤35%, Pulmonary embolism, Right ventricular dilation or pericardial effusion with tamponade in echocardiography	-
	Liver cirrhosis^[28]^[29]	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	LFT, Aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio, FibroTest/FibroSure, Hepascore, FibroSpectatio	Portal blood flow velocity, Hepatic artery enlargement, Multifocal lesions or masses, Hepatic contour, Ascites, Splenomegaly	Bowel perforation, Gynecomastia, Azygos vein enlargement, Pleural effusion	Morphologic changes in the liver, Collaterals and shunts, Hyperattenuating nodule of hepatocellular carcinoma, Portal vein thrombosis	Vacular patency, Tumor invasion, Portal vein thrombosis, Steatosis	Hepatic function and portal hypertension in nuclear imaging, Hepatic perfusion and the development of shunts and tumors in angiography	Irreversible and a transplant is usually needed
	Malignant hypertension^[30]^[31]	+/-	-	+	-	-	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↑Na, ↑K, ↑P	Proteinuria, Microscopic hematuria	Acidosis	Cardiac enzymes, Urinary catecholamines, TSH, ↑Renin	Not applicable	Cardiomegaly, Pulmonary edema, Rib notching, Aortic coarctation, Mediastinal widening, Aortic dissection	Not applicable	Not applicable	Left atrial enlargement and left ventricular hypertrophy in echocardiography	-
	Myocarditis^[32]	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	+/-	-	Leukocytosis (eosinophilia),↑ESR and CRP	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Cardiac enzymes, Viral antibodies	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Inflammatory edema, Degree of scarring	Endomyocardial biopsy, Echocardiography, Scintigraphy	Not applicable
	Peritonitis^[33]^[34]	+/-	-	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	-	Leukocytosis	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Ascitic fluid neutrophil count > 500 cells/µL	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	-
	Polycythemia^[35]^[36]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	↑RBC, ↑HCT, ↑HGB, Thrombocytosis, Leukocytosis, ↑PT and aPTT	↓Erythropoietin	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Hyperuricemia	Splenomegaly	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	Phlebotomy is the usual treatment
	Respiratory distress syndrome^[37]	+	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	+	-	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Metabolic and respiratory acidosis	Pulse oximetry	Not applicable	Bilateral, diffuse, reticular granular or ground-glass appearance +/- Cardiomegaly	Not applicable	Not applicable	Patent ductus arteriosus in echocardiography	-
	Shock^[38]	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	+/-	-	↑HCT, ↑PT and aPTT, Eosinophilia, Leukocytosis	↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr	Not applicable	Not applicable	↑Lactate	LFT, ↑BNP, ↑Troponin, D-dimer, Fibrinogen	Pulmonary embolism, Pericardial effusion, Cardiac tamponade, Pneumothorax, Thoracic or abdominal aortic aneurysm in RUSH (Rapid Ultrasound for Shock and Hypotension)	Pneumonia, Pneumothorax, Pulmonary edema, Widened mediastinum, Free air under the diaphragm	Traumatic brain injury, Stroke, Spinal injury, Pneumonia, Pneumothorax, Ruptured aneurysm, Aortic dissection, Pulmonary embolism	Not applicable	-	-
	Toxic megacolon^[39]	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	+	+	+/-	-	-	Leukocytosis, Anemia, ↑ESR and CRP	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↓Na	Not applicable	Not applicable	Loss of haustra, Hypoechoic and thick bowel walls, Dilated colon > 6cm, Dilatation of ileal loops	Dilated colon, Free intraperitoneal air	Bowel perforation, Abscess	Not applicable	Not applicable	Endoscopy and colonoscopy	-
Etiology		Fatigue/ Lethargy	Thirst	Dizziness/ Confusion	Muscle weakness/ cramp	Somatic/ visceral pain	Vomiting	Diarrhea	Tachypnea	Edema	Blood indices	Renal Funtion test	Electrolytes	Urine analysis	ABG	Other	Ultrasound	X-ray	CT	MRI	Other	Comments
Renal causes	Acute interstitial nephritis^[40]^[41]	+/-	-	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	Eosinophilia	↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↑FENa	Not applicable	Eosinophiluria, Sterile pyuria, Microscopic hematuria, Proteinuria	Not applicable	↑Total IgG, ↑IgG4	Normal-sized kidneys	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	-	History of long term analgesic use
	Acute tubular necrosis^[42]^[43]	+/-	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	+/-	Anemia	↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↑FENa	↓Na, ↑K, ↑Mg, ↑P, ↓Ca	Pigmented, muddy brown, granular casts	Not applicable	Not applicable	Obstructive uropathy, Renal size, Cortical thickness, Hydronephrosis	Nephrolithiasis	Nephrolithiasis, Area of obstruction	Nephrolithiasis, Area of obstruction	Loss of tubular cells or the denuded tubules, Swollen tubular cells, Loss of the cell brush border in renal biopsy	Furosemide stress testing for staging
	Cancer^[44]^[45]	+	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	+/-	Normocytic or microcytic anemia, Leukocytosis or lymphocytosis, ↑Reticulocytes, Thrombocytopenia	↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↓Erythropoietin	↓Na, ↑K, ↓Mg, ↑P, ↓Ca	Gross hematuria	Not applicable	LFT	Fluid collection and morphological change, Flank mass	Calcification and widened mediastinum, Filling defects in barium contrast	Metastasis and staging, Cystic and solid masses, Lymph node, renal vein, and inferior vena cava involvement	Soft tissue invasion and staging	Malignant cystic lesions percutaneous cyst puncture	Renal cell carcinoma types: Clear cell (75%), Chromophilic (15%), Chromophobic (5%), Oncocytoma (3%), Collecting duct (2%)
	Congenital kidney disease^[46]^[47]^[48] - Agenesis - Dysplasia - Hypoplasia - Polycystic	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	+/-	↑HCT	↓GFR	↓P, ↓Ca	Microalbuminuria, Uricosuria	Not applicable	Genetic testing forADPKD2	Visualization of kidney cysts	Small kidney cysts (0.5 cm)	Kidney size, Intracranial aneurysms	Not applicable	-	-
	End stage renal disease^[49]^[50]	+	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	+	Anemia	↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr	↑K	Hypoalbuminuria	↓HCO3	Phosphate, 25-hydroxy vitamin D, Alkaline phosphatase, Parathyroid hormone	Hydronephrosis, Retroperitoneal fibrosis, Enlarged or shrunken kidneys	Obstruction in retrograde pyelogram	Renal masses, stones, and cysts	Renal vein thrombosis, Renal artery stenosis in magnetic resonance angiography	Percutaneous renal biopsy	-
	Endogenous toxins^[51]^[52]^[53]^[54]^[55] - Hemoglobin - Myoglobin - Uric acid	+/-	-	+/-	+	-	+/-	-	-	+/-	Anemia, Thrombocytopenia	↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr	↑K, ↑Urate, ↓Ca	Uricosuria, Hematuria, Myoglobinuria, Casts	Not applicable	Creatine kinase > 1000 U/L	Malignant or cystic lesions, Hydronephrosis, Nephrocalcinosis, Urolithiasis	Not applicable	Urolithiasis, Wilms tumor, Polycystic kidney disease	Not applicable	Ureter or bladder abnormality in voiding cystourethrography	-
	Glomerulonephritis^[56]^[57]^[58]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	Pleocytosis, Anemia, Leukocytosis, ↑ESR	↑BUN, ↑Cr	Not applicable	Specific gravity > 1.020, Proteinuria, Hematuria, Red blood cell casts, White blood cell casts, Cellular casts, Oval fat bodies	Not applicable	Not applicable	↑C3, ↑C4, ↑CH50, Blood and tissue culture, Antinuclear antibodies, Cryoglobulins,Hepatitis B and C serologies, Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)	Kidney size, Echogenicity of the renal cortex, Obstruction, Degree of fibrosis	Pulmonary congestion	Visceral abscesses	-	Renal biopsy, Light and electron microscopy, Immunofluorescence aid diagnosis
	Goodpasture syndrome^[59]^[60]^[61]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	Anemia, Leukocytosis, ↑ESR	↑BUN, ↑Cr	Not applicable	Low-grade proteinuria, Gross or microscopic hematuria, RBC casts	Not applicable	Anti– glomerular basement membrane antibody Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody	Not applicable	Bilateral, basal, patchy parenchymal consolidations	Not applicable	Not applicable	Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in pulmonary biopsy	-
	Hemolytic uremic syndrome^[62]^[63]^[64]	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+	+	-	+/-	Severe anemia, Thrombocytopenia, ↑ aPTT	↑BUN, ↑Cr	Not applicable	Mild proteinuria, Red blood cells, Red blood cell casts	Not applicable	Schistocytes, ↑FDP and D-dimer, ↑ Bilirubin, ↑LDH, ↓Haptoglobin, Stool culture (for E coli 0157:H7 or shigella), ↓ADAMTS-13 activity	Ruling out obstruction	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Diffuse thickening of the glomerular capillary wall, Swelling of endothelial cells, Fibrin thrombi in renal biopsy	-
	Nephrolithiasis^[65]^[66]^[67]	-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	Mild leukocytosis, ↑CRP	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↑Na, ↑K, ↑P, ↑Ca, ↑Urate	Gross or microscopic hematuria, Red blood cells, Urinary crystals of calcium oxalate, uric acid, or cystine, Hypercalciuria, Urinary pH > 7 in struvite stones (Proteus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella), Urinary pH < 5 in uric acid stones	↓HCO3, Renal tubular acidosis	-	All types of stones are visible, Hydronephrosis, Abdominal aortic aneurysm, Cholelithiasis	Calcium - containing stones, Uric acid or cystine stones, Stone movement	Stone density, size and composition, Hydronephrosis, Nephromegaly, Perinephric fat streaking	Not applicable	Intravenous pyelography (IVP), Renal tomography, Nuclear renal scan	-

References

↑ Pletcher MJ, Maselli J, Gonzales R (December 2004). "Uncomplicated alcohol intoxication in the emergency department: an analysis of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey". Am. J. Med. 117 (11): 863–7. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.07.042. PMID 15589492.
↑ Cherpitel CJ (March 1989). "Breath analysis and self-reports as measures of alcohol-related emergency room admissions". J. Stud. Alcohol. 50 (2): 155–61. PMID 2927129.
↑ Marr KA, Carter RA, Crippa F, Wald A, Corey L (April 2002). "Epidemiology and outcome of mould infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients". Clin. Infect. Dis. 34 (7): 909–17. doi:10.1086/339202. PMID 11880955.
↑ Cornillet A, Camus C, Nimubona S, Gandemer V, Tattevin P, Belleguic C, Chevrier S, Meunier C, Lebert C, Aupée M, Caulet-Maugendre S, Faucheux M, Lelong B, Leray E, Guiguen C, Gangneux JP (September 2006). "Comparison of epidemiological, clinical, and biological features of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic and nonneutropenic patients: a 6-year survey". Clin. Infect. Dis. 43 (5): 577–84. doi:10.1086/505870. PMID 16886149.
↑ Weil AA, Khan AI, Chowdhury F, Larocque RC, Faruque AS, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB, Qadri F, Harris JB (November 2009). "Clinical outcomes in household contacts of patients with cholera in Bangladesh". Clin. Infect. Dis. 49 (10): 1473–9. doi:10.1086/644779. PMC 2783773. PMID 19842974.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Cash RA, Music SI, Libonati JP, Snyder MJ, Wenzel RP, Hornick RB (January 1974). "Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. I. Clinical, serologic, and bacteriologic responses to a known inoculum". J. Infect. Dis. 129 (1): 45–52. PMID 4809112.
↑ Harris JB, Ivers LC, Ferraro MJ (June 2011). "Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 19-2011. A 4-year-old Haitian boy with vomiting and diarrhea". N. Engl. J. Med. 364 (25): 2452–61. doi:10.1056/NEJMcpc1100927. PMID 21696312.
↑ Solomon SD, Dobson J, Pocock S, Skali H, McMurray JJ, Granger CB, Yusuf S, Swedberg K, Young JB, Michelson EL, Pfeffer MA (September 2007). "Influence of nonfatal hospitalization for heart failure on subsequent mortality in patients with chronic heart failure". Circulation. 116 (13): 1482–7. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.696906. PMID 17724259.
↑ Fonarow GC, Adams KF, Abraham WT, Yancy CW, Boscardin WJ (February 2005). "Risk stratification for in-hospital mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure: classification and regression tree analysis". JAMA. 293 (5): 572–80. doi:10.1001/jama.293.5.572. PMID 15687312.
↑ Steiner MJ, DeWalt DA, Byerley JS (June 2004). "Is this child dehydrated?". JAMA. 291 (22): 2746–54. doi:10.1001/jama.291.22.2746. PMID 15187057.
↑ Vega RM, Avner JR (June 1997). "A prospective study of the usefulness of clinical and laboratory parameters for predicting percentage of dehydration in children". Pediatr Emerg Care. 13 (3): 179–82. PMID 9220501.
↑ Carpenter DO (February 1990). "Neural mechanisms of emesis". Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 68 (2): 230–6. PMID 2178747.
↑ Bresee JS, Marcus R, Venezia RA, Keene WE, Morse D, Thanassi M, Brunett P, Bulens S, Beard RS, Dauphin LA, Slutsker L, Bopp C, Eberhard M, Hall A, Vinje J, Monroe SS, Glass RI (May 2012). "The etiology of severe acute gastroenteritis among adults visiting emergency departments in the United States". J. Infect. Dis. 205 (9): 1374–81. doi:10.1093/infdis/jis206. PMID 22454468.
↑ Toto RD, Mitchell HC, Lee HC, Milam C, Pettinger WA (October 1991). "Reversible renal insufficiency due to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in hypertensive nephrosclerosis". Ann. Intern. Med. 115 (7): 513–9. PMID 1883120.
↑ Bismuth C, Gaultier M, Conso F, Efthymiou ML (1973). "Hyperkalemia in acute digitalis poisoning: prognostic significance and therapeutic implications". Clin. Toxicol. 6 (2): 153–62. doi:10.3109/15563657308990513. PMID 4715199.
↑ Graham DY, Smith JL (April 1981). "The course of patients after variceal hemorrhage". Gastroenterology. 80 (4): 800–9. PMID 6970703.
↑ de Franchis R (October 2010). "Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension". J. Hepatol. 53 (4): 762–8. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2010.06.004. PMID 20638742.
↑ LaCroix AZ, Lang J, Scherr P, Wallace RB, Cornoni-Huntley J, Berkman L, Curb JD, Evans D, Hennekens CH (June 1991). "Smoking and mortality among older men and women in three communities". N. Engl. J. Med. 324 (23): 1619–25. doi:10.1056/NEJM199106063242303. PMID 2030718.
↑ Mahle WT, Newburger JW, Matherne GP, Smith FC, Hoke TR, Koppel R, Gidding SS, Beekman RH, Grosse SD (August 2009). "Role of pulse oximetry in examining newborns for congenital heart disease: a scientific statement from the AHA and AAP". Pediatrics. 124 (2): 823–36. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-1397. PMID 19581259.
↑ Achneck HE, Sileshi B, Parikh A, Milano CA, Welsby IJ, Lawson JH (November 2010). "Pathophysiology of bleeding and clotting in the cardiac surgery patient: from vascular endothelium to circulatory assist device surface". Circulation. 122 (20): 2068–77. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.936773. PMID 21098468.
↑ Gralnick HR, Rick ME, McKeown LP, Williams SB, Parker RI, Maisonneuve P, Jenneau C, Sultan Y (July 1986). "Platelet von Willebrand factor: an important determinant of the bleeding time in type I von Willebrand's disease". Blood. 68 (1): 58–61. PMID 3487361.
↑ Liesveld JL, Rowe JM, Lichtman MA (March 1987). "Variability of the erythropoietic response in autoimmune hemolytic anemia: analysis of 109 cases". Blood. 69 (3): 820–6. PMID 3814817.
↑ Marchand A, Galen RS, Van Lente F (May 1980). "The predictive value of serum haptoglobin in hemolytic disease". JAMA. 243 (19): 1909–11. PMID 7365971.
↑ Ginès P, Schrier RW (September 2009). "Renal failure in cirrhosis". N. Engl. J. Med. 361 (13): 1279–90. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0809139. PMID 19776409.
↑ Arroyo V, Ginès P, Gerbes AL, Dudley FJ, Gentilini P, Laffi G, Reynolds TB, Ring-Larsen H, Schölmerich J (January 1996). "Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. International Ascites Club". Hepatology. 23 (1): 164–76. doi:10.1002/hep.510230122. PMID 8550036.
↑ Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G, Antzelevitch C, Corrado D, Arnett D, Moss AJ, Seidman CE, Young JB (April 2006). "Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention". Circulation. 113 (14): 1807–16. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287. PMID 16567565.
↑ Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Bjørnstad HH, Vanhees L, Biffi A, Borjesson M, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop N, Deligiannis A, Solberg E, Dugmore D, Mellwig KP, Assanelli D, Delise P, van-Buuren F, Anastasakis A, Heidbuchel H, Hoffmann E, Fagard R, Priori SG, Basso C, Arbustini E, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, McKenna WJ, Thiene G (March 2005). "Cardiovascular pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: proposal for a common European protocol. Consensus Statement of the Study Group of Sport Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology". Eur. Heart J. 26 (5): 516–24. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi108. PMID 15689345.
↑ Ge PS, Runyon BA (March 2014). "The changing role of beta-blocker therapy in patients with cirrhosis". J. Hepatol. 60 (3): 643–53. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2013.09.016. PMID 24076364.
↑ Becker CD, Scheidegger J, Marincek B (1986). "Hepatic vein occlusion: morphologic features on computed tomography and ultrasonography". Gastrointest Radiol. 11 (4): 305–11. PMID 3533689.
↑ Johnson W, Nguyen ML, Patel R (November 2012). "Hypertension crisis in the emergency department". Cardiol Clin. 30 (4): 533–43. doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2012.07.011. PMID 23102030.
↑ Elliott WJ (2006). "Clinical features in the management of selected hypertensive emergencies". Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 48 (5): 316–25. doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2006.02.004. PMID 16627047.
↑ Dec GW, Palacios IF, Fallon JT, Aretz HT, Mills J, Lee DC, Johnson RA (April 1985). "Active myocarditis in the spectrum of acute dilated cardiomyopathies. Clinical features, histologic correlates, and clinical outcome". N. Engl. J. Med. 312 (14): 885–90. doi:10.1056/NEJM198504043121404. PMID 3974674.
↑ Such J, Runyon BA (October 1998). "Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis". Clin. Infect. Dis. 27 (4): 669–74, quiz 675–6. PMID 9798013.
↑ Runyon BA (October 1990). "Monomicrobial nonneutrocytic bacterascites: a variant of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis". Hepatology. 12 (4 Pt 1): 710–5. PMID 2210672.
↑ Gregg XT, Prchal JT (January 1997). "Erythropoietin receptor mutations and human disease". Semin. Hematol. 34 (1): 70–6. PMID 9025165.
↑ Kralovics R, Indrak K, Stopka T, Berman BW, Prchal JF, Prchal JT (September 1997). "Two new EPO receptor mutations: truncated EPO receptors are most frequently associated with primary familial and congenital polycythemias". Blood. 90 (5): 2057–61. PMID 9292543.
↑ Hooper SB, Te Pas AB, Kitchen MJ (May 2016). "Respiratory transition in the newborn: a three-phase process". Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 101 (3): F266–71. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-305704. PMID 26542877.
↑ Vincent JL, De Backer D (October 2013). "Circulatory shock". N. Engl. J. Med. 369 (18): 1726–34. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1208943. PMID 24171518.
↑ Jalan KN, Sircus W, Card WI, Falconer CW, Bruce CB, Crean GP, McManus JP, Small WP, Smith AN (July 1969). "An experience of ulcerative colitis. I. Toxic dilation in 55 cases". Gastroenterology. 57 (1): 68–82. PMID 5305933.
↑ Schwarz A, Krause PH, Kunzendorf U, Keller F, Distler A (September 2000). "The outcome of acute interstitial nephritis: risk factors for the transition from acute to chronic interstitial nephritis". Clin. Nephrol. 54 (3): 179–90. PMID 11020015.
↑ Praga M, González E (June 2010). "Acute interstitial nephritis". Kidney Int. 77 (11): 956–61. doi:10.1038/ki.2010.89. PMID 20336051.
↑ Khwaja A (2012). "KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for acute kidney injury". Nephron Clin Pract. 120 (4): c179–84. doi:10.1159/000339789. PMID 22890468.
↑ Lameire N, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R (2005). "Acute renal failure". Lancet. 365 (9457): 417–30. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17831-3. PMID 15680458.
↑ Gudbjartsson T, Thoroddsen A, Petursdottir V, Hardarson S, Magnusson J, Einarsson GV (December 2005). "Effect of incidental detection for survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma: results of population-based study of 701 patients". Urology. 66 (6): 1186–91. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2005.07.009. PMID 16360438.
↑ Skinner DG, Colvin RB, Vermillion CD, Pfister RC, Leadbetter WF (November 1971). "Diagnosis and management of renal cell carcinoma. A clinical and pathologic study of 309 cases". Cancer. 28 (5): 1165–77. PMID 5125665.
↑ Queisser-Luft A, Stolz G, Wiesel A, Schlaefer K, Spranger J (July 2002). "Malformations in newborn: results based on 30,940 infants and fetuses from the Mainz congenital birth defect monitoring system (1990-1998)". Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 266 (3): 163–7. PMID 12197558.
↑ Sanna-Cherchi S, Ravani P, Corbani V, Parodi S, Haupt R, Piaggio G, Innocenti ML, Somenzi D, Trivelli A, Caridi G, Izzi C, Scolari F, Mattioli G, Allegri L, Ghiggeri GM (September 2009). "Renal outcome in patients with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract". Kidney Int. 76 (5): 528–33. doi:10.1038/ki.2009.220. PMID 19536081.
↑ Glassberg KI (June 2002). "Normal and abnormal development of the kidney: a clinician's interpretation of current knowledge". J. Urol. 167 (6): 2339–50, discussion 2350–1. PMID 11992035.
↑ Abboud H, Henrich WL (January 2010). "Clinical practice. Stage IV chronic kidney disease". N. Engl. J. Med. 362 (1): 56–65. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0906797. PMID 20054047.
↑ Denic A, Mathew J, Lerman LO, Lieske JC, Larson JJ, Alexander MP, Poggio E, Glassock RJ, Rule AD (June 2017). "Single-Nephron Glomerular Filtration Rate in Healthy Adults". N. Engl. J. Med. 376 (24): 2349–2357. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1614329. PMC 5664219. PMID 28614683.
↑ Borowitz MJ, Craig FE, Digiuseppe JA, Illingworth AJ, Rosse W, Sutherland DR, Wittwer CT, Richards SJ (July 2010). "Guidelines for the diagnosis and monitoring of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and related disorders by flow cytometry". Cytometry B Clin Cytom. 78 (4): 211–30. doi:10.1002/cyto.b.20525. PMID 20533382.
↑ Knochel JP (1982). "Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria". Annu. Rev. Med. 33: 435–43. doi:10.1146/annurev.me.33.020182.002251. PMID 6282181.
↑ Giannoglou GD, Chatzizisis YS, Misirli G (March 2007). "The syndrome of rhabdomyolysis: Pathophysiology and diagnosis". Eur. J. Intern. Med. 18 (2): 90–100. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2006.09.020. PMID 17338959.
↑ Coe FL (September 1983). "Uric acid and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis". Kidney Int. 24 (3): 392–403. PMID 6645213.
↑ Maalouf NM, Cameron MA, Moe OW, Sakhaee K (March 2004). "Novel insights into the pathogenesis of uric acid nephrolithiasis". Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 13 (2): 181–9. PMID 15202612.
↑ Ellis EN, Mauer SM, Sutherland DE, Steffes MW (February 1989). "Glomerular capillary morphology in normal humans". Lab. Invest. 60 (2): 231–6. PMID 2915517.
↑ Dickinson BL (August 2016). "Unraveling the immunopathogenesis of glomerular disease". Clin. Immunol. 169: 89–97. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2016.06.011. PMID 27373970.
↑ Trachtman H, Bergwerk A, Gauthier B (August 1994). "Isolated proteinuria in children. Natural history and indications for renal biopsy". Clin Pediatr (Phila). 33 (8): 468–72. doi:10.1177/000992289403300804. PMID 7955787.
↑ Pusey CD (October 2003). "Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease". Kidney Int. 64 (4): 1535–50. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00241.x. PMID 12969182.
↑ Bolton WK (November 1996). "Goodpasture's syndrome". Kidney Int. 50 (5): 1753–66. PMID 8914046.
↑ Kalluri R, Wilson CB, Weber M, Gunwar S, Chonko AM, Neilson EG, Hudson BG (October 1995). "Identification of the alpha 3 chain of type IV collagen as the common autoantigen in antibasement membrane disease and Goodpasture syndrome". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 6 (4): 1178–85. PMID 8589284.
↑ Noris M, Remuzzi G (April 2005). "Hemolytic uremic syndrome". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 16 (4): 1035–50. doi:10.1681/ASN.2004100861. PMID 15728781.
↑ Goodship TH, Cook HT, Fakhouri F, Fervenza FC, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Kavanagh D, Nester CM, Noris M, Pickering MC, Rodríguez de Córdoba S, Roumenina LT, Sethi S, Smith RJ (March 2017). "Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and C3 glomerulopathy: conclusions from a "Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes" (KDIGO) Controversies Conference". Kidney Int. 91 (3): 539–551. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.005. PMID 27989322.
↑ Loirat C, Fakhouri F, Ariceta G, Besbas N, Bitzan M, Bjerre A, Coppo R, Emma F, Johnson S, Karpman D, Landau D, Langman CB, Lapeyraque AL, Licht C, Nester C, Pecoraro C, Riedl M, van de Kar NC, Van de Walle J, Vivarelli M, Frémeaux-Bacchi V (January 2016). "An international consensus approach to the management of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in children". Pediatr. Nephrol. 31 (1): 15–39. doi:10.1007/s00467-015-3076-8. PMID 25859752.
↑ Fwu CW, Eggers PW, Kimmel PL, Kusek JW, Kirkali Z (March 2013). "Emergency department visits, use of imaging, and drugs for urolithiasis have increased in the United States". Kidney Int. 83 (3): 479–86. doi:10.1038/ki.2012.419. PMC 3587650. PMID 23283137.
↑ Singh P, Enders FT, Vaughan LE, Bergstralh EJ, Knoedler JJ, Krambeck AE, Lieske JC, Rule AD (October 2015). "Stone Composition Among First-Time Symptomatic Kidney Stone Formers in the Community". Mayo Clin. Proc. 90 (10): 1356–65. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.07.016. PMC 4593754. PMID 26349951.
↑ Teichman JM (February 2004). "Clinical practice. Acute renal colic from ureteral calculus". N. Engl. J. Med. 350 (7): 684–93. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp030813. PMID 14960744.

[pmid15589492-1] Pletcher MJ, Maselli J, Gonzales R (December 2004). "Uncomplicated alcohol intoxication in the emergency department: an analysis of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey". Am. J. Med. 117 (11): 863–7. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.07.042. PMID 15589492.

[pmid2927129-2] Cherpitel CJ (March 1989). "Breath analysis and self-reports as measures of alcohol-related emergency room admissions". J. Stud. Alcohol. 50 (2): 155–61. PMID 2927129.

[pmid11880955-3] Marr KA, Carter RA, Crippa F, Wald A, Corey L (April 2002). "Epidemiology and outcome of mould infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients". Clin. Infect. Dis. 34 (7): 909–17. doi:10.1086/339202. PMID 11880955.

[pmid16886149-4] Cornillet A, Camus C, Nimubona S, Gandemer V, Tattevin P, Belleguic C, Chevrier S, Meunier C, Lebert C, Aupée M, Caulet-Maugendre S, Faucheux M, Lelong B, Leray E, Guiguen C, Gangneux JP (September 2006). "Comparison of epidemiological, clinical, and biological features of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic and nonneutropenic patients: a 6-year survey". Clin. Infect. Dis. 43 (5): 577–84. doi:10.1086/505870. PMID 16886149.

[pmid19842974-5] Weil AA, Khan AI, Chowdhury F, Larocque RC, Faruque AS, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB, Qadri F, Harris JB (November 2009). "Clinical outcomes in household contacts of patients with cholera in Bangladesh". Clin. Infect. Dis. 49 (10): 1473–9. doi:10.1086/644779. PMC 2783773. PMID 19842974.

[pmid4809112-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Cash RA, Music SI, Libonati JP, Snyder MJ, Wenzel RP, Hornick RB (January 1974). "Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. I. Clinical, serologic, and bacteriologic responses to a known inoculum". J. Infect. Dis. 129 (1): 45–52. PMID 4809112.

[pmid21696312-7] Harris JB, Ivers LC, Ferraro MJ (June 2011). "Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 19-2011. A 4-year-old Haitian boy with vomiting and diarrhea". N. Engl. J. Med. 364 (25): 2452–61. doi:10.1056/NEJMcpc1100927. PMID 21696312.

[pmid17724259-8] Solomon SD, Dobson J, Pocock S, Skali H, McMurray JJ, Granger CB, Yusuf S, Swedberg K, Young JB, Michelson EL, Pfeffer MA (September 2007). "Influence of nonfatal hospitalization for heart failure on subsequent mortality in patients with chronic heart failure". Circulation. 116 (13): 1482–7. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.696906. PMID 17724259.

[pmid15687312-9] Fonarow GC, Adams KF, Abraham WT, Yancy CW, Boscardin WJ (February 2005). "Risk stratification for in-hospital mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure: classification and regression tree analysis". JAMA. 293 (5): 572–80. doi:10.1001/jama.293.5.572. PMID 15687312.

[pmid15187057-10] Steiner MJ, DeWalt DA, Byerley JS (June 2004). "Is this child dehydrated?". JAMA. 291 (22): 2746–54. doi:10.1001/jama.291.22.2746. PMID 15187057.

[pmid9220501-11] Vega RM, Avner JR (June 1997). "A prospective study of the usefulness of clinical and laboratory parameters for predicting percentage of dehydration in children". Pediatr Emerg Care. 13 (3): 179–82. PMID 9220501.

[pmid2178747-12] Carpenter DO (February 1990). "Neural mechanisms of emesis". Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 68 (2): 230–6. PMID 2178747.

[pmid22454468-13] Bresee JS, Marcus R, Venezia RA, Keene WE, Morse D, Thanassi M, Brunett P, Bulens S, Beard RS, Dauphin LA, Slutsker L, Bopp C, Eberhard M, Hall A, Vinje J, Monroe SS, Glass RI (May 2012). "The etiology of severe acute gastroenteritis among adults visiting emergency departments in the United States". J. Infect. Dis. 205 (9): 1374–81. doi:10.1093/infdis/jis206. PMID 22454468.

[pmid1883120-14] Toto RD, Mitchell HC, Lee HC, Milam C, Pettinger WA (October 1991). "Reversible renal insufficiency due to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in hypertensive nephrosclerosis". Ann. Intern. Med. 115 (7): 513–9. PMID 1883120.

[pmid4715199-15] Bismuth C, Gaultier M, Conso F, Efthymiou ML (1973). "Hyperkalemia in acute digitalis poisoning: prognostic significance and therapeutic implications". Clin. Toxicol. 6 (2): 153–62. doi:10.3109/15563657308990513. PMID 4715199.

[pmid6970703-16] Graham DY, Smith JL (April 1981). "The course of patients after variceal hemorrhage". Gastroenterology. 80 (4): 800–9. PMID 6970703.

[pmid20638742-17] Franchis R (October 2010). "Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension". J. Hepatol. 53 (4): 762–8. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2010.06.004. PMID 20638742.

[pmid2030718-18] LaCroix AZ, Lang J, Scherr P, Wallace RB, Cornoni-Huntley J, Berkman L, Curb JD, Evans D, Hennekens CH (June 1991). "Smoking and mortality among older men and women in three communities". N. Engl. J. Med. 324 (23): 1619–25. doi:10.1056/NEJM199106063242303. PMID 2030718.

[pmid19581259-19] Mahle WT, Newburger JW, Matherne GP, Smith FC, Hoke TR, Koppel R, Gidding SS, Beekman RH, Grosse SD (August 2009). "Role of pulse oximetry in examining newborns for congenital heart disease: a scientific statement from the AHA and AAP". Pediatrics. 124 (2): 823–36. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-1397. PMID 19581259.

[pmid21098468-20] Achneck HE, Sileshi B, Parikh A, Milano CA, Welsby IJ, Lawson JH (November 2010). "Pathophysiology of bleeding and clotting in the cardiac surgery patient: from vascular endothelium to circulatory assist device surface". Circulation. 122 (20): 2068–77. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.936773. PMID 21098468.

[pmid3487361-21] Gralnick HR, Rick ME, McKeown LP, Williams SB, Parker RI, Maisonneuve P, Jenneau C, Sultan Y (July 1986). "Platelet von Willebrand factor: an important determinant of the bleeding time in type I von Willebrand's disease". Blood. 68 (1): 58–61. PMID 3487361.

[pmid3814817-22] Liesveld JL, Rowe JM, Lichtman MA (March 1987). "Variability of the erythropoietic response in autoimmune hemolytic anemia: analysis of 109 cases". Blood. 69 (3): 820–6. PMID 3814817.

[pmid7365971-23] Marchand A, Galen RS, Van Lente F (May 1980). "The predictive value of serum haptoglobin in hemolytic disease". JAMA. 243 (19): 1909–11. PMID 7365971.

[pmid19776409-24] Ginès P, Schrier RW (September 2009). "Renal failure in cirrhosis". N. Engl. J. Med. 361 (13): 1279–90. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0809139. PMID 19776409.

[pmid8550036-25] Arroyo V, Ginès P, Gerbes AL, Dudley FJ, Gentilini P, Laffi G, Reynolds TB, Ring-Larsen H, Schölmerich J (January 1996). "Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. International Ascites Club". Hepatology. 23 (1): 164–76. doi:10.1002/hep.510230122. PMID 8550036.

[pmid16567565-26] Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G, Antzelevitch C, Corrado D, Arnett D, Moss AJ, Seidman CE, Young JB (April 2006). "Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention". Circulation. 113 (14): 1807–16. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287. PMID 16567565.

[pmid15689345-27] Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Bjørnstad HH, Vanhees L, Biffi A, Borjesson M, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop N, Deligiannis A, Solberg E, Dugmore D, Mellwig KP, Assanelli D, Delise P, van-Buuren F, Anastasakis A, Heidbuchel H, Hoffmann E, Fagard R, Priori SG, Basso C, Arbustini E, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, McKenna WJ, Thiene G (March 2005). "Cardiovascular pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: proposal for a common European protocol. Consensus Statement of the Study Group of Sport Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology". Eur. Heart J. 26 (5): 516–24. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi108. PMID 15689345.

[pmid24076364-28] Ge PS, Runyon BA (March 2014). "The changing role of beta-blocker therapy in patients with cirrhosis". J. Hepatol. 60 (3): 643–53. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2013.09.016. PMID 24076364.

[pmid3533689-29] Becker CD, Scheidegger J, Marincek B (1986). "Hepatic vein occlusion: morphologic features on computed tomography and ultrasonography". Gastrointest Radiol. 11 (4): 305–11. PMID 3533689.

[pmid23102030-30] Johnson W, Nguyen ML, Patel R (November 2012). "Hypertension crisis in the emergency department". Cardiol Clin. 30 (4): 533–43. doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2012.07.011. PMID 23102030.

[pmid16627047-31] Elliott WJ (2006). "Clinical features in the management of selected hypertensive emergencies". Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 48 (5): 316–25. doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2006.02.004. PMID 16627047.

[pmid39746742-32] Dec GW, Palacios IF, Fallon JT, Aretz HT, Mills J, Lee DC, Johnson RA (April 1985). "Active myocarditis in the spectrum of acute dilated cardiomyopathies. Clinical features, histologic correlates, and clinical outcome". N. Engl. J. Med. 312 (14): 885–90. doi:10.1056/NEJM198504043121404. PMID 3974674.

[pmid97980132-33] Such J, Runyon BA (October 1998). "Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis". Clin. Infect. Dis. 27 (4): 669–74, quiz 675–6. PMID 9798013.

[pmid22106722-34] Runyon BA (October 1990). "Monomicrobial nonneutrocytic bacterascites: a variant of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis". Hepatology. 12 (4 Pt 1): 710–5. PMID 2210672.

[pmid90251652-35] Gregg XT, Prchal JT (January 1997). "Erythropoietin receptor mutations and human disease". Semin. Hematol. 34 (1): 70–6. PMID 9025165.

[pmid92925432-36] Kralovics R, Indrak K, Stopka T, Berman BW, Prchal JF, Prchal JT (September 1997). "Two new EPO receptor mutations: truncated EPO receptors are most frequently associated with primary familial and congenital polycythemias". Blood. 90 (5): 2057–61. PMID 9292543.

[pmid265428772-37] Hooper SB, Te Pas AB, Kitchen MJ (May 2016). "Respiratory transition in the newborn: a three-phase process". Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 101 (3): F266–71. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-305704. PMID 26542877.

[pmid24171518-38] Vincent JL, De Backer D (October 2013). "Circulatory shock". N. Engl. J. Med. 369 (18): 1726–34. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1208943. PMID 24171518.

[pmid5305933-39] Jalan KN, Sircus W, Card WI, Falconer CW, Bruce CB, Crean GP, McManus JP, Small WP, Smith AN (July 1969). "An experience of ulcerative colitis. I. Toxic dilation in 55 cases". Gastroenterology. 57 (1): 68–82. PMID 5305933.

[pmid11020015-40] Schwarz A, Krause PH, Kunzendorf U, Keller F, Distler A (September 2000). "The outcome of acute interstitial nephritis: risk factors for the transition from acute to chronic interstitial nephritis". Clin. Nephrol. 54 (3): 179–90. PMID 11020015.

[pmid20336051-41] Praga M, González E (June 2010). "Acute interstitial nephritis". Kidney Int. 77 (11): 956–61. doi:10.1038/ki.2010.89. PMID 20336051.

[pmid22890468-42] Khwaja A (2012). "KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for acute kidney injury". Nephron Clin Pract. 120 (4): c179–84. doi:10.1159/000339789. PMID 22890468.

[pmid15680458-43] Lameire N, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R (2005). "Acute renal failure". Lancet. 365 (9457): 417–30. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17831-3. PMID 15680458.

[pmid16360438-44] Gudbjartsson T, Thoroddsen A, Petursdottir V, Hardarson S, Magnusson J, Einarsson GV (December 2005). "Effect of incidental detection for survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma: results of population-based study of 701 patients". Urology. 66 (6): 1186–91. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2005.07.009. PMID 16360438.

[pmid5125665-45] Skinner DG, Colvin RB, Vermillion CD, Pfister RC, Leadbetter WF (November 1971). "Diagnosis and management of renal cell carcinoma. A clinical and pathologic study of 309 cases". Cancer. 28 (5): 1165–77. PMID 5125665.

[pmid12197558-46] Queisser-Luft A, Stolz G, Wiesel A, Schlaefer K, Spranger J (July 2002). "Malformations in newborn: results based on 30,940 infants and fetuses from the Mainz congenital birth defect monitoring system (1990-1998)". Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 266 (3): 163–7. PMID 12197558.

[pmid19536081-47] Sanna-Cherchi S, Ravani P, Corbani V, Parodi S, Haupt R, Piaggio G, Innocenti ML, Somenzi D, Trivelli A, Caridi G, Izzi C, Scolari F, Mattioli G, Allegri L, Ghiggeri GM (September 2009). "Renal outcome in patients with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract". Kidney Int. 76 (5): 528–33. doi:10.1038/ki.2009.220. PMID 19536081.

[pmid11992035-48] Glassberg KI (June 2002). "Normal and abnormal development of the kidney: a clinician's interpretation of current knowledge". J. Urol. 167 (6): 2339–50, discussion 2350–1. PMID 11992035.

[pmid20054047-49] Abboud H, Henrich WL (January 2010). "Clinical practice. Stage IV chronic kidney disease". N. Engl. J. Med. 362 (1): 56–65. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0906797. PMID 20054047.

[pmid28614683-50] Denic A, Mathew J, Lerman LO, Lieske JC, Larson JJ, Alexander MP, Poggio E, Glassock RJ, Rule AD (June 2017). "Single-Nephron Glomerular Filtration Rate in Healthy Adults". N. Engl. J. Med. 376 (24): 2349–2357. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1614329. PMC 5664219. PMID 28614683.

[pmid20533382-51] Borowitz MJ, Craig FE, Digiuseppe JA, Illingworth AJ, Rosse W, Sutherland DR, Wittwer CT, Richards SJ (July 2010). "Guidelines for the diagnosis and monitoring of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and related disorders by flow cytometry". Cytometry B Clin Cytom. 78 (4): 211–30. doi:10.1002/cyto.b.20525. PMID 20533382.

[pmid6282181-52] Knochel JP (1982). "Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria". Annu. Rev. Med. 33: 435–43. doi:10.1146/annurev.me.33.020182.002251. PMID 6282181.

[pmid17338959-53] Giannoglou GD, Chatzizisis YS, Misirli G (March 2007). "The syndrome of rhabdomyolysis: Pathophysiology and diagnosis". Eur. J. Intern. Med. 18 (2): 90–100. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2006.09.020. PMID 17338959.

[pmid6645213-54] Coe FL (September 1983). "Uric acid and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis". Kidney Int. 24 (3): 392–403. PMID 6645213.

[pmid15202612-55] Maalouf NM, Cameron MA, Moe OW, Sakhaee K (March 2004). "Novel insights into the pathogenesis of uric acid nephrolithiasis". Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 13 (2): 181–9. PMID 15202612.

[pmid2915517-56] Ellis EN, Mauer SM, Sutherland DE, Steffes MW (February 1989). "Glomerular capillary morphology in normal humans". Lab. Invest. 60 (2): 231–6. PMID 2915517.

[pmid27373970-57] Dickinson BL (August 2016). "Unraveling the immunopathogenesis of glomerular disease". Clin. Immunol. 169: 89–97. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2016.06.011. PMID 27373970.

[pmid7955787-58] Trachtman H, Bergwerk A, Gauthier B (August 1994). "Isolated proteinuria in children. Natural history and indications for renal biopsy". Clin Pediatr (Phila). 33 (8): 468–72. doi:10.1177/000992289403300804. PMID 7955787.

[pmid12969182-59] Pusey CD (October 2003). "Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease". Kidney Int. 64 (4): 1535–50. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00241.x. PMID 12969182.

[pmid8914046-60] Bolton WK (November 1996). "Goodpasture's syndrome". Kidney Int. 50 (5): 1753–66. PMID 8914046.

[pmid8589284-61] Kalluri R, Wilson CB, Weber M, Gunwar S, Chonko AM, Neilson EG, Hudson BG (October 1995). "Identification of the alpha 3 chain of type IV collagen as the common autoantigen in antibasement membrane disease and Goodpasture syndrome". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 6 (4): 1178–85. PMID 8589284.

[pmid15728781-62] Noris M, Remuzzi G (April 2005). "Hemolytic uremic syndrome". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 16 (4): 1035–50. doi:10.1681/ASN.2004100861. PMID 15728781.

[pmid27989322-63] Goodship TH, Cook HT, Fakhouri F, Fervenza FC, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Kavanagh D, Nester CM, Noris M, Pickering MC, Rodríguez de Córdoba S, Roumenina LT, Sethi S, Smith RJ (March 2017). "Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and C3 glomerulopathy: conclusions from a "Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes" (KDIGO) Controversies Conference". Kidney Int. 91 (3): 539–551. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.005. PMID 27989322.

[pmid25859752-64] Loirat C, Fakhouri F, Ariceta G, Besbas N, Bitzan M, Bjerre A, Coppo R, Emma F, Johnson S, Karpman D, Landau D, Langman CB, Lapeyraque AL, Licht C, Nester C, Pecoraro C, Riedl M, van de Kar NC, Van de Walle J, Vivarelli M, Frémeaux-Bacchi V (January 2016). "An international consensus approach to the management of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in children". Pediatr. Nephrol. 31 (1): 15–39. doi:10.1007/s00467-015-3076-8. PMID 25859752.

[pmid23283137-65] Fwu CW, Eggers PW, Kimmel PL, Kusek JW, Kirkali Z (March 2013). "Emergency department visits, use of imaging, and drugs for urolithiasis have increased in the United States". Kidney Int. 83 (3): 479–86. doi:10.1038/ki.2012.419. PMC 3587650. PMID 23283137.

[pmid26349951-66] Singh P, Enders FT, Vaughan LE, Bergstralh EJ, Knoedler JJ, Krambeck AE, Lieske JC, Rule AD (October 2015). "Stone Composition Among First-Time Symptomatic Kidney Stone Formers in the Community". Mayo Clin. Proc. 90 (10): 1356–65. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.07.016. PMC 4593754. PMID 26349951.

[pmid14960744-67] Teichman JM (February 2004). "Clinical practice. Acute renal colic from ureteral calculus". N. Engl. J. Med. 350 (7): 684–93. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp030813. PMID 14960744.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{| class="wikitable"
+__NOTOC__
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Classification by etiology
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{EG}}
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
-! colspan="10" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Clinical manifestations
+'''Abbreviations:''' [[Arterial blood gas|ABG]] = [[Arterial blood gas|Arterial blood gases]], [[BUN]] = [[Blood urea nitrogen]], [[Complete blood count|CBC]] = [[Complete blood count]], [[Computed tomography|CT]] = [[Computed tomography]], CRP = C - reactive protein, [[ECG]] = [[Electrocardiogram]], ESR = [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]], IVP  = Intravenous pyelography, [[Renal function|KFT]] = [[Renal function tests|Kidney function test]], GI = Gastrointestinal, GFR = [[Glomerular filtration rate]], [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] = [[Magnetic resonance imaging]], [[PT]] = [[Prothrombin time]]
+{|
+! colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
+! colspan="9" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Clinical manifestations
 ! colspan="11" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Paraclinical findings
 ! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
 |-
-! colspan="10" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Symptoms and signs
+! colspan="9" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Symptoms and signs
 ! colspan="6" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Lab findings
 ! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Imaging
 |-
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fatigue/Lethargy
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fatigue/
+Lethargy
 ! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Thirst
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dizziness/Confusion
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dizziness/
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Muscle weakness/cramp
+Confusion
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Somatic/visceral pain
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Muscle weakness/
+cramp
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Somatic/
+visceral pain
 ! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Vomiting
 ! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diarrhea
 ! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Tachypnea
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Haematuria/Proteinuria
 ! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Edema
-! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Blood tests
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Blood indices
 ! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Renal Funtion test
 ! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
@@ Line 32: / Line 39: @@
 ! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
 |-
-! rowspan="23" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Prerenal
+! rowspan="22" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Prerenal causes
-|[[Alcohol poisoning|'''Alcohol poisoning''']]<ref name="pmid15589492">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pletcher MJ, Maselli J, Gonzales R |title=Uncomplicated alcohol intoxication in the emergency department: an analysis of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=117 |issue=11 |pages=863–7 |date=December 2004 |pmid=15589492 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.07.042 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2927129">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cherpitel CJ |title=Breath analysis and self-reports as measures of alcohol-related emergency room admissions |journal=J. Stud. Alcohol |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=155–61 |date=March 1989 |pmid=2927129 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12510444">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yost DA |title=Acute care for alcohol intoxication. Be prepared to consider clinical dilemmas |journal=Postgrad Med |volume=112 |issue=6 |pages=14–6, 21–2, 25–6 |date=December 2002 |pmid=12510444 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10452451">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boba A |title=Management of acute alcoholic intoxication |journal=Am J Emerg Med |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=431 |date=July 1999 |pmid=10452451 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Alcohol poisoning]]<ref name="pmid15589492">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pletcher MJ, Maselli J, Gonzales R |title=Uncomplicated alcohol intoxication in the emergency department: an analysis of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=117 |issue=11 |pages=863–7 |date=December 2004 |pmid=15589492 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.07.042 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2927129">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cherpitel CJ |title=Breath analysis and self-reports as measures of alcohol-related emergency room admissions |journal=J. Stud. Alcohol |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=155–61 |date=March 1989 |pmid=2927129 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/-
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/-
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/-
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[PT]]
-|Prolonged [[PT]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]] (isopropyl [[alcohol]])
-|Elevated [[creatinine]] with normal [[BUN]] may indicate isopropyl [[alcohol]] poisoning
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-* Decreased serum [[sodium]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Liver function tests|LFT]]
-*N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-* Decreased [[bicarbonate]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-* Serum [[glucose]] level
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-* Serum blood [[alcohol]] level
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Thiamine]] must be given to prevent [[Wernicke's encephalopathy]]
-* Elevated hepatic [[transaminases]]
+|-
-* Toxicology screen for [[acetaminophen]] and [[salicylates]]
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Aspergillosis|'''Aspergillosis''']]<ref name="pmid11880955">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marr KA, Carter RA, Crippa F, Wald A, Corey L |title=Epidemiology and outcome of mould infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=34 |issue=7 |pages=909–17 |date=April 2002 |pmid=11880955 |doi=10.1086/339202 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16886149">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cornillet A, Camus C, Nimubona S, Gandemer V, Tattevin P, Belleguic C, Chevrier S, Meunier C, Lebert C, Aupée M, Caulet-Maugendre S, Faucheux M, Lelong B, Leray E, Guiguen C, Gangneux JP |title=Comparison of epidemiological, clinical, and biological features of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic and nonneutropenic patients: a 6-year survey |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=577–84 |date=September 2006 |pmid=16886149 |doi=10.1086/505870 |url=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-*N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-*N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-*N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-*N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-*N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-* Serum [[osmolality]] should be calculated
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-* [[Thiamine]] must be given to avoid [[Wernicke's encephalopathy]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Allergy test]], ↑[[IgE]] (>1000 IU/dl), Direct visualization of [[Hyphae|fungal hyphae]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Pulmonary infiltrates, [[Mucus|Mucus plug]], Mass in the upper lobe surrounded by a crescent of air, Solitary or multiple cavities
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Halo sign, Wedge-shaped pulmonary [[infarction]], [[Granuloma]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Polymerase chain reaction|Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)]]
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cholera|'''Cholera''']]<ref name="pmid19842974">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weil AA, Khan AI, Chowdhury F, Larocque RC, Faruque AS, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB, Qadri F, Harris JB |title=Clinical outcomes in household contacts of patients with cholera in Bangladesh |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=1473–9 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19842974 |pmc=2783773 |doi=10.1086/644779 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4809112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cash RA, Music SI, Libonati JP, Snyder MJ, Wenzel RP, Hornick RB |title=Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. I. Clinical, serologic, and bacteriologic responses to a known inoculum |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=45–52 |date=January 1974 |pmid=4809112 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4809112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cash RA, Music SI, Libonati JP, Snyder MJ, Wenzel RP, Hornick RB |title=Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. I. Clinical, serologic, and bacteriologic responses to a known inoculum |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=45–52 |date=January 1974 |pmid=4809112 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21696312">{{cite journal |vauthors=Harris JB, Ivers LC, Ferraro MJ |title=Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 19-2011. A 4-year-old Haitian boy with vomiting and diarrhea |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=364 |issue=25 |pages=2452–61 |date=June 2011 |pmid=21696312 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcpc1100927 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]], ↑[[Hematocrit|HCT]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Ca]], ↑[[Mg]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]], ↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Stool PCR, Stool culture, Serotyping
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Congestive heart failure]] (CHF)<ref name="pmid17724259">{{cite journal |vauthors=Solomon SD, Dobson J, Pocock S, Skali H, McMurray JJ, Granger CB, Yusuf S, Swedberg K, Young JB, Michelson EL, Pfeffer MA |title=Influence of nonfatal hospitalization for heart failure on subsequent mortality in patients with chronic heart failure |journal=Circulation |volume=116 |issue=13 |pages=1482–7 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17724259 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.696906 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15687312">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fonarow GC, Adams KF, Abraham WT, Yancy CW, Boscardin WJ |title=Risk stratification for in-hospital mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure: classification and regression tree analysis |journal=JAMA |volume=293 |issue=5 |pages=572–80 |date=February 2005 |pmid=15687312 |doi=10.1001/jama.293.5.572 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anemia]], [[Leukocytosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]], ↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]],
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[BNP]], ↑[[Troponin]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiomegaly]], [[Pulmonary hypertension]], [[Pleural effusions]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pulmonary edema]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Valvular heart disease]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Decreased [[ejection fraction]] in [[echocardiography]], Heart function and damage in nuclear imaging
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 |-
-|[[Aspergillosis|'''Aspergillosis''']]<ref name="pmid11880955">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marr KA, Carter RA, Crippa F, Wald A, Corey L |title=Epidemiology and outcome of mould infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=34 |issue=7 |pages=909–17 |date=April 2002 |pmid=11880955 |doi=10.1086/339202 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16886149">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cornillet A, Camus C, Nimubona S, Gandemer V, Tattevin P, Belleguic C, Chevrier S, Meunier C, Lebert C, Aupée M, Caulet-Maugendre S, Faucheux M, Lelong B, Leray E, Guiguen C, Gangneux JP |title=Comparison of epidemiological, clinical, and biological features of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic and nonneutropenic patients: a 6-year survey |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=577–84 |date=September 2006 |pmid=16886149 |doi=10.1086/505870 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16129254">{{cite journal |vauthors=Horger M, Hebart H, Einsele H, Lengerke C, Claussen CD, Vonthein R, Pfannenberg C |title=Initial CT manifestations of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in 45 non-HIV immunocompromised patients: association with patient outcome? |journal=Eur J Radiol |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=437–44 |date=September 2005 |pmid=16129254 |doi=10.1016/j.ejrad.2005.01.001 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Dehydration]]<ref name="pmid15187057">{{cite journal |vauthors=Steiner MJ, DeWalt DA, Byerley JS |title=Is this child dehydrated? |journal=JAMA |volume=291 |issue=22 |pages=2746–54 |date=June 2004 |pmid=15187057 |doi=10.1001/jama.291.22.2746 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9220501">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vega RM, Avner JR |title=A prospective study of the usefulness of clinical and laboratory parameters for predicting percentage of dehydration in children |journal=Pediatr Emerg Care |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=179–82 |date=June 1997 |pmid=9220501 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-*N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Chloride|Cl]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Ketone]]s and [[glucose]], ↑Urine specific gravity
-*N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]], ↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hypoglycemia]]
-*N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-*N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-*N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-* [[Aspergillus]] precipitins [[allergy test]] is positive
-* [[IgE]] is > 1000 IU/dl
-* [[Fungi]] are identified via:
-** Gomori methenamine silver stain
-** Calcofluor
-** Positive culture result from [[sputum]], [[needle biopsy]], or [[bronchoalveolar lavage]]
-*** Hyphae are demonstrated
-*** Elevated galactomannan level in bronchoalveolar fluid
-|
-*N/A
-|
-* Pulmonary infiltrates
-* Mucoid plugging
-* Central [[bronchiectasis]]
-* Mass in the upper lobe surrounded by a crescent of air
-* Solitary or multiple cavities
-|
-* Halo sign (ground-glass appearance with nodules)
-* Defines [[bronchiectasis]]
-* May show evidence of wedge-shaped pulmonary [[infarction]]
-* Granulomata, tissue [[necrosis]], and blood vessel invasion may be noted
-|
-*N/A
-|
-*N/A
-|
-* [[Polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR) assays could be useful in diagnosis of invasive [[aspergillosis]]
 |-
-|[[Cholera|'''Cholera''']]<ref name="pmid19842974">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weil AA, Khan AI, Chowdhury F, Larocque RC, Faruque AS, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB, Qadri F, Harris JB |title=Clinical outcomes in household contacts of patients with cholera in Bangladesh |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=1473–9 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19842974 |pmc=2783773 |doi=10.1086/644779 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4809112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cash RA, Music SI, Libonati JP, Snyder MJ, Wenzel RP, Hornick RB |title=Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. I. Clinical, serologic, and bacteriologic responses to a known inoculum |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=45–52 |date=January 1974 |pmid=4809112 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4809112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cash RA, Music SI, Libonati JP, Snyder MJ, Wenzel RP, Hornick RB |title=Response of man to infection with Vibrio cholerae. I. Clinical, serologic, and bacteriologic responses to a known inoculum |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=45–52 |date=January 1974 |pmid=4809112 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21696312">{{cite journal |vauthors=Harris JB, Ivers LC, Ferraro MJ |title=Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 19-2011. A 4-year-old Haitian boy with vomiting and diarrhea |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=364 |issue=25 |pages=2452–61 |date=June 2011 |pmid=21696312 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcpc1100927 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Diarrhea]] and/or [[vomiting]]<ref name="pmid2178747">{{cite journal |vauthors=Carpenter DO |title=Neural mechanisms of emesis |journal=Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=230–6 |date=February 1990 |pmid=2178747 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22454468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bresee JS, Marcus R, Venezia RA, Keene WE, Morse D, Thanassi M, Brunett P, Bulens S, Beard RS, Dauphin LA, Slutsker L, Bopp C, Eberhard M, Hall A, Vinje J, Monroe SS, Glass RI |title=The etiology of severe acute gastroenteritis among adults visiting emergency departments in the United States |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=205 |issue=9 |pages=1374–81 |date=May 2012 |pmid=22454468 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jis206 |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]] with predominant [[neutrophilia]], ↑ [[ESR]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-*[[Leukocytosis]] without left shift is noted
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-* Elevated [[hematocrit]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Ketones]], Organic acids, [[Porphobilinogen]], [[Aminolevulinic acid]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-* Elevated [[blood urea nitrogen]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Stool [[anion gap]], Stool pH < 5.5, Stool culture, Serotyping, Enzyme immunoassay ([[rotavirus]] or [[adenovirus]]), [[Liver function tests|LFT]], [[Amylase]], [[Lipase]]
-* Elevated [[creatinine]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Normal
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-* Serum [[sodium]] < 135 mmol/l
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-* Elevated [[calcium]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-* Elevated [[magnesium]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-*N/A
-|
-* Elevated [[lactate]]
-* Serum [[bicarbonate]] < 15 mmol/l
-|
-* Stool is used in dark field examination or PCR to visualize [[vibrio cholerae]]
-* Stool culture is carried out using thiosulfate-citrate-bile-sucrose-agar
-* Serotyping may be performed using an anti-serum
-* Elevated serum [[protein]] is noted
-* Elevated serum-specific gravity is noted
-* Elevated blood [[glucose]] may be detected
-|
-*N/A
-|
-*N/A
-|
-*N/A
-|
-*N/A
-|
-*N/A
-|
-*N/A
 |-
-|'''[[Congestive heart failure]] (CHF)'''<ref name="pmid17724259">{{cite journal |vauthors=Solomon SD, Dobson J, Pocock S, Skali H, McMurray JJ, Granger CB, Yusuf S, Swedberg K, Young JB, Michelson EL, Pfeffer MA |title=Influence of nonfatal hospitalization for heart failure on subsequent mortality in patients with chronic heart failure |journal=Circulation |volume=116 |issue=13 |pages=1482–7 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17724259 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.696906 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15687312">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fonarow GC, Adams KF, Abraham WT, Yancy CW, Boscardin WJ |title=Risk stratification for in-hospital mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure: classification and regression tree analysis |journal=JAMA |volume=293 |issue=5 |pages=572–80 |date=February 2005 |pmid=15687312 |doi=10.1001/jama.293.5.572 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12798577">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kittleson M, Hurwitz S, Shah MR, Nohria A, Lewis E, Givertz M, Fang J, Jarcho J, Mudge G, Stevenson LW |title=Development of circulatory-renal limitations to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors identifies patients with severe heart failure and early mortality |journal=J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. |volume=41 |issue=11 |pages=2029–35 |date=June 2003 |pmid=12798577 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17602982">{{cite journal |vauthors=Filippatos G, Rossi J, Lloyd-Jones DM, Stough WG, Ouyang J, Shin DD, O'connor C, Adams KF, Orlandi C, Gheorghiade M |title=Prognostic value of blood urea nitrogen in patients hospitalized with worsening heart failure: insights from the Acute and Chronic Therapeutic Impact of a Vasopressin Antagonist in Chronic Heart Failure (ACTIV in CHF) study |journal=J. Card. Fail. |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=360–4 |date=June 2007 |pmid=17602982 |doi=10.1016/j.cardfail.2007.02.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22554602">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zamora E, Lupón J, Vila J, Urrutia A, de Antonio M, Sanz H, Grau M, Ara J, Bayés-Genís A |title=Estimated glomerular filtration rate and prognosis in heart failure: value of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study-4, chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration, and cockroft-gault formulas |journal=J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. |volume=59 |issue=19 |pages=1709–15 |date=May 2012 |pmid=22554602 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2011.11.066 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22441773">{{cite journal |vauthors=McAlister FA, Ezekowitz J, Tarantini L, Squire I, Komajda M, Bayes-Genis A, Gotsman I, Whalley G, Earle N, Poppe KK, Doughty RN |title=Renal dysfunction in patients with heart failure with preserved versus reduced ejection fraction: impact of the new Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology Collaboration Group formula |journal=Circ Heart Fail |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=309–14 |date=May 2012 |pmid=22441773 |doi=10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.966242 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Drugs]]/[[Toxin|toxins]]<ref name="pmid1883120">{{cite journal |vauthors=Toto RD, Mitchell HC, Lee HC, Milam C, Pettinger WA |title=Reversible renal insufficiency due to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in hypertensive nephrosclerosis |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=115 |issue=7 |pages=513–9 |date=October 1991 |pmid=1883120 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4715199">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bismuth C, Gaultier M, Conso F, Efthymiou ML |title=Hyperkalemia in acute digitalis poisoning: prognostic significance and therapeutic implications |journal=Clin. Toxicol. |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=153–62 |date=1973 |pmid=4715199 |doi=10.3109/15563657308990513 |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| +
-|
-* May indicate [[anemia]]
-* [[Leukocytosis]] may be detected
-|
-* Elevated [[BUN]]
-* Elevated [[creatinine]]
-* Serum [[sodium]] may be decreased
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-* Serum [[potassium]] may be elevated
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-*N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-* Serum [[bicarbonate]] may be decreased
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-* Serum [[lactate]] may be elevated
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-* [[Metabolic acidosis]] may be present
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-* [[Brain natriuretic peptide]] (BNP) or N -terminal prohormone BNP may be elevated and indicate ventricular dilatation
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-* Cardiac [[troponin]]s may be elevated
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]], ↑[[Creatine kinase|CK]]
-* [[Pulse oximetry]] may indicate [[hypoxemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Magnesium|Mg]], ↓[[Ca]], ↓[[Phosphate|P]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Ingested drug, [[Glucose]], [[Aminoacid]], [[Phosphate]], [[Ketone]], [[Hyaline cast]], [[RBC]]
-*N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]], [[Metabolic acidosis]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Toxicology]], Rapid [[immunoassay]]
-* May demonstrate:
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephropathy]]
-** [[Cardiomegaly]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Radioopaque substances, Ingested drug packets
-** [[Pulmonary hypertension]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-** [[Pleural effusions]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-* More accurate visualization of [[pulmonary edema]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|
+|-
-*N/A
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Esophageal varices|'''Esophageal varices bleeding''']]<ref name="pmid6970703">{{cite journal |vauthors=Graham DY, Smith JL |title=The course of patients after variceal hemorrhage |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=800–9 |date=April 1981 |pmid=6970703 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20638742">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Franchis R |title=Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=762–8 |date=October 2010 |pmid=20638742 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2010.06.004 |url=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-* Useful in detecting congenital cardiac anomalies and assessment [[valvular heart disease]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-* Delayed enhancement cardiovascular [[magnetic resonance imaging]] is useful in identifying the etiology of acute [[chest pain]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-* [[Echocardiography]] demonstrates decreased [[ejection fraction]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-** Also demonstrates left and right ventricular function and filling pressures
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-* [[Electrocardiogram]] (ECG) may indicate a [[myocardial infarction]] or [[ischemia]], [[arrhythmia]] or atrioventricular block
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-* Nuclear imaging can be used to assess heart function and damage in [[CHF]], such as:
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-** ECG-gated myocardial perfusion imaging
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-** ECG-gated single-photon emission CT
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Normocytic normochromic anemia]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-*N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Velocity and direction of [[portal]] flow
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Abnormal opacities  outside of[[esophageal]] wall, Posterior [[mediastinal]] or intraparenchymal mass, Dilated [[azygous vein]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Entire portal venous system
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Portrays [[esophageal varices]] as flow voids
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Portal hypertension and [[esophageal varices]] in [[positron emission tomography]], Flexible [[endoscope]], [[Barium swallow]] of snake-like filling defects
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Heart disease]]<ref name="pmid2030718">{{cite journal |vauthors=LaCroix AZ, Lang J, Scherr P, Wallace RB, Cornoni-Huntley J, Berkman L, Curb JD, Evans D, Hennekens CH |title=Smoking and mortality among older men and women in three communities |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=324 |issue=23 |pages=1619–25 |date=June 1991 |pmid=2030718 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199106063242303 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19581259">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mahle WT, Newburger JW, Matherne GP, Smith FC, Hoke TR, Koppel R, Gidding SS, Beekman RH, Grosse SD |title=Role of pulse oximetry in examining newborns for congenital heart disease: a scientific statement from the AHA and AAP |journal=Pediatrics |volume=124 |issue=2 |pages=823–36 |date=August 2009 |pmid=19581259 |doi=10.1542/peds.2009-1397 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[ESR]] and [[CRP]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Throat culture]], Rapid streptococcal antigen test, Hyperoxia test, [[Pulse oximetry]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiomegaly]], [[Dextrocardia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Ventricular dysfunction]], Left and right ventricular [[hypertrophy]], Valvular disease in [[echocardiography]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hemorrhage]]<ref name="pmid21098468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Achneck HE, Sileshi B, Parikh A, Milano CA, Welsby IJ, Lawson JH |title=Pathophysiology of bleeding and clotting in the cardiac surgery patient: from vascular endothelium to circulatory assist device surface |journal=Circulation |volume=122 |issue=20 |pages=2068–77 |date=November 2010 |pmid=21098468 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.936773 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3487361">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gralnick HR, Rick ME, McKeown LP, Williams SB, Parker RI, Maisonneuve P, Jenneau C, Sultan Y |title=Platelet von Willebrand factor: an important determinant of the bleeding time in type I von Willebrand's disease |journal=Blood |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=58–61 |date=July 1986 |pmid=3487361 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Normocytic normochromic anemia]], ↑[[PT]], ↑[[PTT]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Chloride|Cl]], ↓[[Ca]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Metabolic acidosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Peritoneal cavity fluid in [[FAST]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Bilateral opacities in the lung field, [[Hemothorax]], Hemoperitoneum, Ruptured [[abdominal aortic aneurysm]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Intrathoracic, intra-abdominal, and retroperitoneal [[bleeding]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Source of [[bleeding]] in the upper GI in [[Esophagogastroduodenoscopy|EGD]], [[Angiography]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hemolysis]]<ref name="pmid3814817">{{cite journal |vauthors=Liesveld JL, Rowe JM, Lichtman MA |title=Variability of the erythropoietic response in autoimmune hemolytic anemia: analysis of 109 cases |journal=Blood |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=820–6 |date=March 1987 |pmid=3814817 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7365971">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marchand A, Galen RS, Van Lente F |title=The predictive value of serum haptoglobin in hemolytic disease |journal=JAMA |volume=243 |issue=19 |pages=1909–11 |date=May 1980 |pmid=7365971 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Thrombocytopenia|Thrombocytopenia,]] [[Microcytic anemia|Microcytic hypochromic anemia]], ↑RDW, ↑[[Reticulocyte|Retic]] count
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[LDH]], ↓[[Haptoglobin]], ↑Unconjugated [[bilirubin]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hepatomegaly]],[[Splenomegaly]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+|-
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fatigue/
+Lethargy
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Thirst
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dizziness/
+Confusion
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Muscle weakness/
+cramp
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Somatic/
+visceral pain
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Vomiting
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diarrhea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Tachypnea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Edema
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Blood indices
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Renal Funtion test
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Urine analysis
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ABG
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Ultrasound
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |X-ray
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CT
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |MRI
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hepatorenal syndrome]]<ref name="pmid19776409">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ginès P, Schrier RW |title=Renal failure in cirrhosis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=361 |issue=13 |pages=1279–90 |date=September 2009 |pmid=19776409 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra0809139 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8550036">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arroyo V, Ginès P, Gerbes AL, Dudley FJ, Gentilini P, Laffi G, Reynolds TB, Ring-Larsen H, Schölmerich J |title=Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. International Ascites Club |journal=Hepatology |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=164–76 |date=January 1996 |pmid=8550036 |doi=10.1002/hep.510230122 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]], ↑[[PT]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]], ↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Proteinuria]],  [[Sodium|Na]] < 10 mEq/L, [[Urine osmolality]] > [[plasma osmolality]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Alpha fetoprotein|Alpha feto-protein]], [[Cryoglobulinemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Exclude [[hydronephrosis]] and intrinsic renal disease
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Right ventricular preload, ventricular filling pressures, and cardiac function in [[echocardiography]]
+| -
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiomyopathy|Ischemic cardiomyopathy]]<ref name="pmid16567565">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G, Antzelevitch C, Corrado D, Arnett D, Moss AJ, Seidman CE, Young JB |title=Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention |journal=Circulation |volume=113 |issue=14 |pages=1807–16 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16567565 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15689345">{{cite journal |vauthors=Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Bjørnstad HH, Vanhees L, Biffi A, Borjesson M, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop N, Deligiannis A, Solberg E, Dugmore D, Mellwig KP, Assanelli D, Delise P, van-Buuren F, Anastasakis A, Heidbuchel H, Hoffmann E, Fagard R, Priori SG, Basso C, Arbustini E, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, McKenna WJ, Thiene G |title=Cardiovascular pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: proposal for a common European protocol. Consensus Statement of the Study Group of Sport Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology |journal=Eur. Heart J. |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=516–24 |date=March 2005 |pmid=15689345 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehi108 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Cr]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↓[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Magnesium|Mg]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Troponin]], [[Creatine kinase]], [[Creatine kinase]] - MB, [[Brain natriuretic peptide|BNP]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Abnormal cardiac silhouette
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Biventricular volume, Wall motion abnormality, Myocardial perfusion, [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Mid-wall [[fibrosis]] in [[MRI]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Ejection fraction ≤35%, Pulmonary embolism, Right ventricular dilation or [[pericardial effusion]] with tamponade in echocardiography
+| -
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Liver cirrhosis]]<ref name="pmid24076364">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ge PS, Runyon BA |title=The changing role of beta-blocker therapy in patients with cirrhosis |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=643–53 |date=March 2014 |pmid=24076364 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2013.09.016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3533689">{{cite journal |vauthors=Becker CD, Scheidegger J, Marincek B |title=Hepatic vein occlusion: morphologic features on computed tomography and ultrasonography |journal=Gastrointest Radiol |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=305–11 |date=1986 |pmid=3533689 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Liver function tests|LFT]], [[Aspartate aminotransferase]] to [[platelet]] ratio, FibroTest/FibroSure, Hepascore, FibroSpectatio
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Portal blood flow velocity, [[Hepatic artery]] enlargement, Multifocal  lesions or masses, Hepatic contour, [[Ascites]], [[Splenomegaly]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Bowel perforation]], [[Gynecomastia]], [[Azygos vein]] enlargement, [[Pleural effusion]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Morphologic changes in the liver, Collaterals and shunts, Hyperattenuating nodule of [[hepatocellular carcinoma]], [[Portal vein thrombosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Vacular patency, Tumor invasion, [[Portal vein thrombosis]], [[Steatosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hepatic]] function and [[portal hypertension]] in nuclear imaging, [[Hepatic]] perfusion and the development of [[shunt]]s and [[tumor]]s in angiography
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Irreversible and a transplant is usually needed
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Malignant hypertension]]<ref name="pmid23102030">{{cite journal |vauthors=Johnson W, Nguyen ML, Patel R |title=Hypertension crisis in the emergency department |journal=Cardiol Clin |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=533–43 |date=November 2012 |pmid=23102030 |doi=10.1016/j.ccl.2012.07.011 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16627047">{{cite journal |vauthors=Elliott WJ |title=Clinical features in the management of selected hypertensive emergencies |journal=Prog Cardiovasc Dis |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=316–25 |date=2006 |pmid=16627047 |doi=10.1016/j.pcad.2006.02.004 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]], ↑[[Phosphate|P]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Proteinuria]], [[Microscopic hematuria]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Acidosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiac enzymes]], Urinary [[catecholamines]], [[TSH]], ↑[[Renin]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Cardiomegaly, [[Pulmonary edema]], Rib notching, [[Aortic coarctation]], Mediastinal widening, [[Aortic dissection]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Left atrial enlargement and left ventricular [[hypertrophy|hypertrophy in]] [[echocardiography]]
+| -
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Myocarditis]]<ref name="pmid39746742">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dec GW, Palacios IF, Fallon JT, Aretz HT, Mills J, Lee DC, Johnson RA |title=Active myocarditis in the spectrum of acute dilated cardiomyopathies. Clinical features, histologic correlates, and clinical outcome |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=312 |issue=14 |pages=885–90 |date=April 1985 |pmid=3974674 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198504043121404 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]] ([[eosinophilia]]),↑[[ESR]] and [[CRP]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiac enzymes]], Viral antibodies
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Inflammatory [[edema]], Degree of scarring
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Endomyocardial biopsy]], [[Echocardiography]], [[Scintigraphy]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Peritonitis]]<ref name="pmid97980132">{{cite journal |vauthors=Such J, Runyon BA |title=Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=669–74; quiz 675–6 |date=October 1998 |pmid=9798013 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22106722">{{cite journal |vauthors=Runyon BA |title=Monomicrobial nonneutrocytic bacterascites: a variant of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis |journal=Hepatology |volume=12 |issue=4 Pt 1 |pages=710–5 |date=October 1990 |pmid=2210672 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Ascitic fluid [[neutrophil]] count > 500 cells/µL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Polycythemia]]<ref name="pmid90251652">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gregg XT, Prchal JT |title=Erythropoietin receptor mutations and human disease |journal=Semin. Hematol. |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=70–6 |date=January 1997 |pmid=9025165 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid92925432">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kralovics R, Indrak K, Stopka T, Berman BW, Prchal JF, Prchal JT |title=Two new EPO receptor mutations: truncated EPO receptors are most frequently associated with primary familial and congenital polycythemias |journal=Blood |volume=90 |issue=5 |pages=2057–61 |date=September 1997 |pmid=9292543 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[RBC]], ↑[[Hematocrit|HCT]], ↑[[Hemoglobin|HGB]], [[Thrombocytosis]], [[Leukocytosis]], ↑[[PT]] and [[aPTT]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Erythropoietin]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hyperuricemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Splenomegaly]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Phlebotomy]] is the usual treatment
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Respiratory distress syndrome]]<ref name="pmid265428772">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hooper SB, Te Pas AB, Kitchen MJ |title=Respiratory transition in the newborn: a three-phase process |journal=Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=F266–71 |date=May 2016 |pmid=26542877 |doi=10.1136/archdischild-2013-305704 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Metabolic acidosis|Metabolic]] and [[Metabolic acidosis|respiratory acidosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pulse oximetry]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Bilateral, diffuse, reticular granular or ground-glass appearance +/- [[Cardiomegaly]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Patent ductus arteriosus]] [[hypertrophy|in]] [[echocardiography]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 |-
-|[[Dehydration|'''Dehydration''']]<ref name="pmid15187057">{{cite journal |vauthors=Steiner MJ, DeWalt DA, Byerley JS |title=Is this child dehydrated? |journal=JAMA |volume=291 |issue=22 |pages=2746–54 |date=June 2004 |pmid=15187057 |doi=10.1001/jama.291.22.2746 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9220501">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vega RM, Avner JR |title=A prospective study of the usefulness of clinical and laboratory parameters for predicting percentage of dehydration in children |journal=Pediatr Emerg Care |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=179–82 |date=June 1997 |pmid=9220501 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5928490">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dossetor JB |title=Creatininemia versus uremia. The relative significance of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine concentrations in azotemia |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=1287–99 |date=December 1966 |pmid=5928490 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2198971">{{cite journal |vauthors=Baskett PJ |title=ABC of major trauma. Management of hypovolaemic shock |journal=BMJ |volume=300 |issue=6737 |pages=1453–7 |date=June 1990 |pmid=2198971 |pmc=1663124 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Shock]]<ref name="pmid24171518">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vincent JL, De Backer D |title=Circulatory shock |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=369 |issue=18 |pages=1726–34 |date=October 2013 |pmid=24171518 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1208943 |url=}}</ref>
-- Burns
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
--Cutaneous loss e.g. sweating
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-- Inadequate water intake
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-- Salt-wasting nephropathy
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Hematocrit|HCT]], ↑[[PT]] and [[aPTT]], [[Eosinophilia]], [[Leukocytosis]]
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]], ↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Liver function tests|LFT]],  ↑[[BNP]], ↑[[Troponin]], [[D-dimer]], [[Fibrinogen]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pulmonary embolism]], [[Pericardial effusion]], [[Cardiac tamponade]], [[Pneumothorax]], Thoracic or [[abdominal aortic aneurysm]] in RUSH (Rapid Ultrasound for Shock and Hypotension)
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pneumonia]], [[Pneumothorax]], [[Pulmonary edema]], Widened [[mediastinum]], Free air under the [[diaphragm]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Traumatic brain injury, [[Stroke]], Spinal injury, [[Pneumonia]], [[Pneumothorax]], Ruptured [[aneurysm]], [[Aortic dissection]], [[Pulmonary embolism]]
-*N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-* Elevated [[BUN]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-* Elevated [[creatinine]]
+|-
-|
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Toxic megacolon]]<ref name="pmid5305933">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jalan KN, Sircus W, Card WI, Falconer CW, Bruce CB, Crean GP, McManus JP, Small WP, Smith AN |title=An experience of ulcerative colitis. I. Toxic dilation in 55 cases |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=68–82 |date=July 1969 |pmid=5305933 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-* Serum [[sodium]] < 135 mmol/l
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-* Serum [[chloride]] is decreased
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-* Elevated [[potassium]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-* [[Ketone]]s and [[glucose]] may be detected
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-* Urine specific gravity is elevated
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-* Serum [[bicarbonate]] is decreased
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-* Elevated [[lactate]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]], [[Anemia]], ↑[[ESR]] and [[CRP]]
-* [[Hypoglycemia]] may be detected
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]]
-*N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-*N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Loss of haustra, Hypoechoic and thick bowel walls, Dilated [[colon]] > 6cm, Dilatation of ileal loops
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Dilated [[colon]], Free intraperitoneal air
-*N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Bowel perforation]], [[Abscess]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-*N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Endoscopy]] and [[colonoscopy]]
-*N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|
+|-
-* [[Oral rehydration therapy]] is the usual line of treatment
+! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Etiology
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Fatigue/
+Lethargy
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Thirst
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Dizziness/
+Confusion
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Muscle weakness/
+cramp
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Somatic/
+visceral pain
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Vomiting
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diarrhea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Tachypnea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Edema
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Blood indices
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Renal Funtion test
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Electrolytes
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Urine analysis
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ABG
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Ultrasound
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |X-ray
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |CT
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |MRI
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Other
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
+|-
+! rowspan="10" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Renal causes
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Acute interstitial nephritis]]<ref name="pmid11020015">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schwarz A, Krause PH, Kunzendorf U, Keller F, Distler A |title=The outcome of acute interstitial nephritis: risk factors for the transition from acute to chronic interstitial nephritis |journal=Clin. Nephrol. |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=179–90 |date=September 2000 |pmid=11020015 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20336051">{{cite journal |vauthors=Praga M, González E |title=Acute interstitial nephritis |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=77 |issue=11 |pages=956–61 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20336051 |doi=10.1038/ki.2010.89 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Eosinophilia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]], ↑[[Fractional sodium excretion|FENa]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Eosinophiluria, [[Pyuria|Sterile pyuria]], [[Microscopic hematuria]], [[Proteinuria]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑Total [[IgG]], ↑[[IgG4-related systemic disease|IgG4]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Normal-sized [[Kidney|kidneys]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |History of long term [[analgesic]] use
+|-
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Acute tubular necrosis]]<ref name="pmid22890468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khwaja A |title=KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for acute kidney injury |journal=Nephron Clin Pract |volume=120 |issue=4 |pages=c179–84 |date=2012 |pmid=22890468 |doi=10.1159/000339789 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15680458">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lameire N, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R |title=Acute renal failure |journal=Lancet |volume=365 |issue=9457 |pages=417–30 |date=2005 |pmid=15680458 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17831-3 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]], ↑[[Fractional sodium excretion|FENa]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]], ↑[[Magnesium|Mg]], ↑[[Phosphate|P]], ↓[[Calcium|Ca]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Pigmented, muddy brown, granular casts
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Obstructive uropathy]], Renal size, Cortical thickness, [[Hydronephrosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephrolithiasis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephrolithiasis]], Area of [[obstruction]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephrolithiasis]], Area of [[obstruction]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Loss of [[Tubular|tubular cells]] or the denuded tubules, Swollen [[Tubular|tubular cells]], Loss of the cell brush border in [[Kidney|renal biopsy]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Furosemide]] stress testing for staging
 |-
-|'''[[Diarrhea]] and/or [[vomiting]]'''<ref name="pmid2178747">{{cite journal |vauthors=Carpenter DO |title=Neural mechanisms of emesis |journal=Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=230–6 |date=February 1990 |pmid=2178747 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22454468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bresee JS, Marcus R, Venezia RA, Keene WE, Morse D, Thanassi M, Brunett P, Bulens S, Beard RS, Dauphin LA, Slutsker L, Bopp C, Eberhard M, Hall A, Vinje J, Monroe SS, Glass RI |title=The etiology of severe acute gastroenteritis among adults visiting emergency departments in the United States |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=205 |issue=9 |pages=1374–81 |date=May 2012 |pmid=22454468 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jis206 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21801613">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hall AJ, Rosenthal M, Gregoricus N, Greene SA, Ferguson J, Henao OL, Vinjé J, Lopman BA, Parashar UD, Widdowson MA |title=Incidence of acute gastroenteritis and role of norovirus, Georgia, USA, 2004-2005 |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=1381–8 |date=August 2011 |pmid=21801613 |pmc=3381564 |doi=10.3201/eid1708.101533 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29053792">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, Tarr PI, Steiner TS, Kotloff K, Langley JM, Wanke C, Warren CA, Cheng AC, Cantey J, Pickering LK |title=2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diarrhea |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=65 |issue=12 |pages=e45–e80 |date=November 2017 |pmid=29053792 |doi=10.1093/cid/cix669 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cancer]]<ref name="pmid16360438">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gudbjartsson T, Thoroddsen A, Petursdottir V, Hardarson S, Magnusson J, Einarsson GV |title=Effect of incidental detection for survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma: results of population-based study of 701 patients |journal=Urology |volume=66 |issue=6 |pages=1186–91 |date=December 2005 |pmid=16360438 |doi=10.1016/j.urology.2005.07.009 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5125665">{{cite journal |vauthors=Skinner DG, Colvin RB, Vermillion CD, Pfister RC, Leadbetter WF |title=Diagnosis and management of renal cell carcinoma. A clinical and pathologic study of 309 cases |journal=Cancer |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=1165–77 |date=November 1971 |pmid=5125665 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]] or [[microcytic anemia]], [[Leukocytosis]] or [[lymphocytosis]], ↑[[Reticulocytes]], [[Thrombocytopenia]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]], ↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]], ↓[[Erythropoietin]]
-* [[Leukocytosis]] with predominant [[neutrophilia]] may be detected
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Magnesium|Mg]], ↑[[Phosphate|P]], ↓[[Calcium|Ca]]
-* Elevated [[ESR]] may be detected
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Gross [[hematuria]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-*N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Liver function tests|LFT]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Fluid collection and morphological change, Flank mass
-* Stool anion gap should be calculated
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Calcification]] and widened mediastinum,   Filling defects in [[Barium|barium contrast]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Metastasis and [[Cancer staging|staging]], Cystic and solid masses, [[Lymph node]], [[renal vein]], and [[inferior vena cava]] involvement
-* [[Urine]] may be postive for:
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Soft tissue]] invasion and [[Cancer staging|staging]]
-** [[Ketones]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Malignant]] cystic lesions [[percutaneous]] cyst puncture
-** Organic acids
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Renal cell carcinoma]] types: [[Clear cell]] (75%), Chromophilic (15%), [[Chromophobic]] (5%), [[Oncocytoma]] (3%), [[Collecting duct]] (2%)
-** Ester-to-free carnitine ratio
-** [[Porphobilinogen]]
-** [[Aminolevulinic acid]]
-|
-*N/A
-|
-* Stool pH < 5.5
-* Stool culture may be positive for ''[[vibrio]]'' and plesiomonas species, [[Clostridium difficile|''clostridium difficile'']], [[salmonella|''salmonella'']], [[shigella]], [[campylobacter|''campylobacter'']], and  [[Yersinia enterocolitica|''yersinia enterocolitica'']]
-* Serotyping for ''[[E. coli]]'' O157:H7
-* Enzyme immunoassay may be positive for [[rotavirus]] or [[adenovirus]]
-* Elevated liver [[transaminases]] may be detected
-* Elevated pancreatic [[amylase]] and [[lipase]] may be detected
-|
-* Abdominal [[ultrasound]] may be useful to detect cause
-|
-* Upper gastrointestinal radiography with follow-through may be useful to detect cause
-|
-*N/A
-|
-* Brain MRI may be useful to detect cause
-|
-* Esophagogastroduodenoscopy may be useful to detect cause
-|
-* Treatment must include volume replacement
 |-
-|'''[[Drugs]]/[[Toxin|toxins]]'''<ref name="pmid1883120">{{cite journal |vauthors=Toto RD, Mitchell HC, Lee HC, Milam C, Pettinger WA |title=Reversible renal insufficiency due to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in hypertensive nephrosclerosis |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=115 |issue=7 |pages=513–9 |date=October 1991 |pmid=1883120 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4715199">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bismuth C, Gaultier M, Conso F, Efthymiou ML |title=Hyperkalemia in acute digitalis poisoning: prognostic significance and therapeutic implications |journal=Clin. Toxicol. |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=153–62 |date=1973 |pmid=4715199 |doi=10.3109/15563657308990513 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7579079">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sawaya BP, Briggs JP, Schnermann J |title=Amphotericin B nephrotoxicity: the adverse consequences of altered membrane properties |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=154–64 |date=August 1995 |pmid=7579079 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10390124">{{cite journal |vauthors=Whelton A |title=Nephrotoxicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: physiologic foundations and clinical implications |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=106 |issue=5B |pages=13S–24S |date=May 1999 |pmid=10390124 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Congenital disease|'''Congenital kidney disease''']]<ref name="pmid12197558">{{cite journal |vauthors=Queisser-Luft A, Stolz G, Wiesel A, Schlaefer K, Spranger J |title=Malformations in newborn: results based on 30,940 infants and fetuses from the Mainz congenital birth defect monitoring system (1990-1998) |journal=Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. |volume=266 |issue=3 |pages=163–7 |date=July 2002 |pmid=12197558 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19536081">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sanna-Cherchi S, Ravani P, Corbani V, Parodi S, Haupt R, Piaggio G, Innocenti ML, Somenzi D, Trivelli A, Caridi G, Izzi C, Scolari F, Mattioli G, Allegri L, Ghiggeri GM |title=Renal outcome in patients with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=76 |issue=5 |pages=528–33 |date=September 2009 |pmid=19536081 |doi=10.1038/ki.2009.220 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11992035">{{cite journal |vauthors=Glassberg KI |title=Normal and abnormal development of the kidney: a clinician's interpretation of current knowledge |journal=J. Urol. |volume=167 |issue=6 |pages=2339–50; discussion 2350–1 |date=June 2002 |pmid=11992035 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-- [[ACE inhibitor]]
+- [[Agenesis]]
-- [[Aminoglycosides]]
-- [[Amphotericin B]]
-- [[Contrast medium|Contrast]] material
-- [[Cyclosporin]]
-- [[Diuretics]]
+- [[Dysplasia]]
-- [[Digitalis]]
+- [[Hypoplasia]]
-- [[Heavy metals]]
+- [[Polycystic kidney disease|Polycystic]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-- [[Indomethacin]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-- [[Tacrolimus]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-- [[NSAIDs]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Hematocrit|HCT]]
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]]
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Phosphate|P]], ↓[[Calcium|Ca]]
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Microalbuminuria]], [[Uricosuria]]
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Genetic testing for[[Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease|ADPKD2]]
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Visualization of [[Cysts|kidney cysts]]
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Small kidney cysts (0.5 cm)
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Kidney]] size, [[Intracranial aneurysms]]
-*N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-* Elevated [[BUN]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-* Elevated [[creatinine]]
-* Elevated [[creatine kinase]]
-|
-* [[Potassium]] > 5.5 mEq/l with [[ACE inhibitors]]
-* [[Hypomagnesemia]], [[hypokalemia]], [[hypocalcemia]], and [[hypophosphatemia]] with [[aminoglycosides]]
-|
-* [[Urine]] sample may detect drug
-* [[Glucosuria]], [[aminoaciduria]], [[phosphaturia]], [[ketonuria]], and [[uricosuria]] may be detected
-* Urine [[osmolality]] should be calculated
-* Urine [[pH]] should be detected
-* Bland [[urine]] sediment may be detected
-* [[Hyaline cast]]s may be detected
-* Granular casts may be detected
-* Red blood cell casts may be detected
-* Dysmorphic red blood cells may be present
-* Red blood cell casts may be detected
-* Absence of [[proteinuria]] differentiates between [[acute kidney injury]] and [[acute interstitial nephritis]]
-|
-* Serum osmolar gap should be calculated
-* Elevated [[lactate]] may be detected
-* [[Metabolic acidosis]] may be present
-|
-* Blood [[glucose]] should be measured
-* Toxicology screening is crucial in aiding diagnosis
-* Rapid immunoassay screens may also aid diagnosis
-|
-* Useful in drug-induced nephropathies
-|
-* Some radio-opaque substances may be visualized
-* Ingested drug packets may also be visualized
-|
-*N/A
-|
-*N/A
-|
-* [[ECG]] may be helpful in diagnosing [[arrhythmia]]s
-|
-*N/A
 |-
-|[[Esophageal varices|'''Esophageal varices bleeding''']]<ref name="pmid6970703">{{cite journal |vauthors=Graham DY, Smith JL |title=The course of patients after variceal hemorrhage |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=800–9 |date=April 1981 |pmid=6970703 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20638742">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Franchis R |title=Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=762–8 |date=October 2010 |pmid=20638742 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2010.06.004 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[End stage renal disease]]<ref name="pmid20054047">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abboud H, Henrich WL |title=Clinical practice. Stage IV chronic kidney disease |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=362 |issue=1 |pages=56–65 |date=January 2010 |pmid=20054047 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp0906797 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28614683">{{cite journal |vauthors=Denic A, Mathew J, Lerman LO, Lieske JC, Larson JJ, Alexander MP, Poggio E, Glassock RJ, Rule AD |title=Single-Nephron Glomerular Filtration Rate in Healthy Adults |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=376 |issue=24 |pages=2349–2357 |date=June 2017 |pmid=28614683 |pmc=5664219 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1614329 |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anemia]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]], ↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-* May show [[normocytic normochromic anemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Potassium|K]]
-* [[Hematocrit]] may be decreased
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hypoalbuminuria]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]]
-*In uncontrolled bleeding:
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Phosphate]], [[25-hydroxy vitamin D]], [[Alkaline phosphatase]], [[Parathyroid hormone]]
-** Elevated [[BUN]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hydronephrosis]], [[Retroperitoneal fibrosis]], Enlarged or shrunken [[kidneys]]
-** Elevated [[creatinine]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
-|
+*[[Obstruction]] in [[retrograde pyelogram]]
-*N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Renal masses, [[Kidney stone|stones]], and [[cysts]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Renal vein thrombosis]], [[Renal artery stenosis]] in magnetic resonance [[angiography]]
-*N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Percutaneous renal [[biopsy]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-*N/A
-|
-*N/A
-|
-* Duplex doppler [[ultrasonography]] can determine:
-** Velocity and direction of portal flow
-** Determine portal vein patency
-* Endoscopic [[ultrasonography]] may also be useful
-|
-* Abnormal opacities representing paraesophageal [[varices]] may be detected outside the [[esophageal]] wall
-* The short or long segment of the descending [[aorta]] may be obliterated
-* A posterior [[mediastinal]] or intraparenchymal mass may be noted
-* A dilated [[azygous vein]] may be noted and is described as a "downhill varix"
-* Dilated collaterals may lead to a widened [[superior mediastinum]]
-* [[Barium swallow]] demonstrates snake-like filling defects
-|
-* Can visualize the entire portal venous system
-|
-* Can visualize the entire portal venous system
-* Portrays [[esophageal varices]] as flow voids
-|
-* [[Positron emission tomography]] can determine portal hypertension and evaluate [[esophageal varices]]
-* A flexible [[endoscope]] may also aid diagnosis
-* Bleeding is stopped by [[vasopressin]], balloon tamponade, or [[transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt]] to name a few.
-|
-*N/A
 |-
-|'''[[Heart disease]]'''<ref name="pmid2030718">{{cite journal |vauthors=LaCroix AZ, Lang J, Scherr P, Wallace RB, Cornoni-Huntley J, Berkman L, Curb JD, Evans D, Hennekens CH |title=Smoking and mortality among older men and women in three communities |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=324 |issue=23 |pages=1619–25 |date=June 1991 |pmid=2030718 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199106063242303 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19581259">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mahle WT, Newburger JW, Matherne GP, Smith FC, Hoke TR, Koppel R, Gidding SS, Beekman RH, Grosse SD |title=Role of pulse oximetry in examining newborns for congenital heart disease: a scientific statement from the AHA and AAP |journal=Pediatrics |volume=124 |issue=2 |pages=823–36 |date=August 2009 |pmid=19581259 |doi=10.1542/peds.2009-1397 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Toxin|'''Endogenous toxins''']]<ref name="pmid20533382">{{cite journal |vauthors=Borowitz MJ, Craig FE, Digiuseppe JA, Illingworth AJ, Rosse W, Sutherland DR, Wittwer CT, Richards SJ |title=Guidelines for the diagnosis and monitoring of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and related disorders by flow cytometry |journal=Cytometry B Clin Cytom |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=211–30 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20533382 |doi=10.1002/cyto.b.20525 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6282181">{{cite journal |vauthors=Knochel JP |title=Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria |journal=Annu. Rev. Med. |volume=33 |issue= |pages=435–43 |date=1982 |pmid=6282181 |doi=10.1146/annurev.me.33.020182.002251 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17338959">{{cite journal |vauthors=Giannoglou GD, Chatzizisis YS, Misirli G |title=The syndrome of rhabdomyolysis: Pathophysiology and diagnosis |journal=Eur. J. Intern. Med. |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17338959 |doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2006.09.020 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6645213">{{cite journal |vauthors=Coe FL |title=Uric acid and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=392–403 |date=September 1983 |pmid=6645213 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15202612">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maalouf NM, Cameron MA, Moe OW, Sakhaee K |title=Novel insights into the pathogenesis of uric acid nephrolithiasis |journal=Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=181–9 |date=March 2004 |pmid=15202612 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
--Congenital
+- [[Hemoglobin]]
--Acquired
+- [[Myoglobin]]
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+- [[Uric acid]]
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-* [[ESR]] and [[CRP]] may be elevated
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anemia|Anemia,]] [[Thrombocytopenia]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]], ↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-* [[BUN]] and [[creatinine]] may be elevated
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Potassium|K]], ↑[[Urate]], ↓[[Calcium|Ca]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Uricosuria]], [[Hematuria]], [[Myoglobinuria]], [[Urinary casts|Casts]]
-*N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Creatine kinase]] > 1000 U/L
-*N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Malignant or cystic lesions, [[Hydronephrosis]], [[Nephrocalcinosis]], [[Urolithiasis]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-*N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Urolithiasis]], [[Wilms tumor]], [[Polycystic kidney disease]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-* For [[coronary heart disease]], [[cardiac stress testing]] may be performed:
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Ureter]] or [[Urinary bladder|bladder]] abnormality in voiding cystourethrography
-* For [[rheumatic heart disease]], the following tests may be performed:
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-** [[Throat culture]] may be positive for group A beta hemolytic [[streptococci]]
-** Rapid antigen detection test may be positive for  group A streptococcal antigen
-** Antistreptococcal antibodies may be detected
-** Heart reactive antibodies may be detected against M protein
-** Rapid detection test for D8/17 B cell markers
-* Hyperoxia test can distinguish cardiac from non - cardiac causes of [[cyanosis]]
-* [[Pulse oximetry]] is useful in congenital heart diseases
-|
-* [[Ultrasound]] visualizes anatomy of the heart and in particular, the chambers and chamber flow
-|
-* May visualize heart anatomy and vessels such as:
-** [[Cardiomegaly]]
-** [[Dextrocardia]]
-** Abnormal cardiac silhouette
-|
-*N/A
-|
-*N/A
-|
-* [[ECG]] may demonstrate:
-** [[Arrhythmias]] such as:
-*** [[Sinus tachycardia]]
-*** Multifocal atrial [[tachycardia]]
-*** [[Prolonged PR interval]] in [[atrioventricular block]]
-*** [[Atrial fibrillation]]
-*** [[Atrial flutter]]
-** [[Pericarditis]] by ST segment elevation mostly in lead II, III, aVF, and V4 - V6
-* [[Echocardiography]] may detect the following:
-** [[Ventricular dysfunction]]
-** Left and right ventricular [[hypertrophy]]
-** Chronic mitral valve disease
-** [[Mitral stenosis]]
-** [[Mitral insufficiency]]
-** Left atrial dilation
-** Left atrial enlargement
-** [[Aortic stenosis]]
-** [[Aortic insufficiency]]
-** [[Tricuspid insufficiency]]
-** [[Pulmonary stenosis]]
-** [[Pulmonary insufficiency]]
-|
-* History and physical examination (auscultation of the heart) are important for diagnosis
 |-
-|[[Hemorrhage|'''Hemorrhage''']]<ref name="pmid21098468">{{cite journal |vauthors=Achneck HE, Sileshi B, Parikh A, Milano CA, Welsby IJ, Lawson JH |title=Pathophysiology of bleeding and clotting in the cardiac surgery patient: from vascular endothelium to circulatory assist device surface |journal=Circulation |volume=122 |issue=20 |pages=2068–77 |date=November 2010 |pmid=21098468 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.936773 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3487361">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gralnick HR, Rick ME, McKeown LP, Williams SB, Parker RI, Maisonneuve P, Jenneau C, Sultan Y |title=Platelet von Willebrand factor: an important determinant of the bleeding time in type I von Willebrand's disease |journal=Blood |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=58–61 |date=July 1986 |pmid=3487361 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3706933">{{cite journal |vauthors=Suchman AL, Griner PF |title=Diagnostic uses of the activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=104 |issue=6 |pages=810–6 |date=June 1986 |pmid=3706933 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3541576">{{cite journal |vauthors=Greenberg CS, Devine DV, McCrae KM |title=Measurement of plasma fibrin D-dimer levels with the use of a monoclonal antibody coupled to latex beads |journal=Am. J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=94–100 |date=January 1987 |pmid=3541576 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Glomerulonephritis]]<ref name="pmid2915517">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ellis EN, Mauer SM, Sutherland DE, Steffes MW |title=Glomerular capillary morphology in normal humans |journal=Lab. Invest. |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=231–6 |date=February 1989 |pmid=2915517 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27373970">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dickinson BL |title=Unraveling the immunopathogenesis of glomerular disease |journal=Clin. Immunol. |volume=169 |issue= |pages=89–97 |date=August 2016 |pmid=27373970 |doi=10.1016/j.clim.2016.06.011 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7955787">{{cite journal |vauthors=Trachtman H, Bergwerk A, Gauthier B |title=Isolated proteinuria in children. Natural history and indications for renal biopsy |journal=Clin Pediatr (Phila) |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=468–72 |date=August 1994 |pmid=7955787 |doi=10.1177/000992289403300804 |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pleocytosis]], [[Anemia]], [[Leukocytosis]], ↑[[ESR]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-* May indicate [[normocytic normochromic anemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-* [[Prothrombin time]], [[activated partial thromboplastin time]] and [[bleeding time]] may be elevated
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Specific gravity (kidney)|Specific gravity]] > 1.020, [[Proteinuria]], [[Hematuria]], [[Red blood cell]] casts, [[White blood cell]] casts, Cellular casts, Oval fat bodies
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-* [[BUN]] and [[creatinine]] is elevated in severe [[hemorrhage]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[C3 (complement)|C3]], ↑[[C4A|C4]], ↑[[CH|CH50]], [[Blood culture|Blood]] and tissue culture, [[Antinuclear antibodies]], [[Cryoglobulin]]s,[[Hepatitis B]] and C [[Serological testing|serologies]], [[Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody]] ([[ANCA]])
-*N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Kidney size, Echogenicity of the renal cortex, Obstruction, Degree of [[fibrosis]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pulmonary congestion]]
-*N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Visceral [[abscesses]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-* [[pH]] may be 7.30-7.35 with mild to severe [[metabolic acidosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Renal [[biopsy]], Light and electron microscopy, Immunofluorescence aid diagnosis
-* Serum [[sodium]] and [[chloride]] may become elevated with high volume isotonic saline
-* [[Hyperchloremia]] may cause a non–ion gap [[acidosis]]
-* [[Hypocalemia]] may occur with rapid [[blood transfusion]]
-|
-*N/A
-|
-* Sensitive to [[bleeding]] within body cavities
-* [[Focused assessment with sonography for trauma]] ([[FAST]]) can detect peritoneal cavity fluid
-|
-* Chest x - ray may demonstrate bilateral opacities in the lung field and indicate [[hemothorax]]
-* Abdominal x - ray may demonstrate [[hemoperitoneum]]
-* Incomplete calcified margins of a dilated aorta may indicate a ruptured [[abdominal aortic aneurysm]]
-* Absence of the psoas shadow may suggest retroperitoneal blood
-|
-* May visualize intrathoracic, intra-abdominal, and retroperitoneal [[bleeding]]
-* However, [[ultrasound]] is more often used
-|
-*N/A
-|
-* Esophagogastroduodenoscopy is often used to visualize the source of [[bleeding]] in the upper GI
-* [[Colonoscopy]] may be used in the lower GI
-* [[Angiography]] and nuclear medicine scanning are also useful in diagnosing the source of [[bleeding]]
-|
-*N/A
 |-
-|[[Hemolysis|'''Hemolysis''']]<ref name="pmid3814817">{{cite journal |vauthors=Liesveld JL, Rowe JM, Lichtman MA |title=Variability of the erythropoietic response in autoimmune hemolytic anemia: analysis of 109 cases |journal=Blood |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=820–6 |date=March 1987 |pmid=3814817 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7365971">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marchand A, Galen RS, Van Lente F |title=The predictive value of serum haptoglobin in hemolytic disease |journal=JAMA |volume=243 |issue=19 |pages=1909–11 |date=May 1980 |pmid=7365971 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2436855">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stahl WM |title=Acute phase protein response to tissue injury |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=545–50 |date=June 1987 |pmid=2436855 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7411826">{{cite journal |vauthors=Conley CL, Lippman SM, Ness P |title=Autoimmune hemolytic anemia with reticulocytopenia. A medical emergency |journal=JAMA |volume=244 |issue=15 |pages=1688–90 |date=October 1980 |pmid=7411826 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Goodpasture syndrome]]<ref name="pmid12969182">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pusey CD |title=Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=1535–50 |date=October 2003 |pmid=12969182 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00241.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8914046">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bolton WK |title=Goodpasture's syndrome |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=1753–66 |date=November 1996 |pmid=8914046 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8589284">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kalluri R, Wilson CB, Weber M, Gunwar S, Chonko AM, Neilson EG, Hudson BG |title=Identification of the alpha 3 chain of type IV collagen as the common autoantigen in antibasement membrane disease and Goodpasture syndrome |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1178–85 |date=October 1995 |pmid=8589284 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anemia]], [[Leukocytosis|Leukocytosis, ↑]][[ESR]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-* Elevated or decreased [[mean corpuscular volume]] and [[mean corpuscular hemoglobin]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-* [[Thrombocytopenia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Low-grade [[proteinuria]], Gross or [[microscopic hematuria]], [[RBC casts]]
-* [[Microcytic]] hypochromic [[anemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-* [[Macrocytic anemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Anti– glomerular [[basement membrane]] antibody [[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody]]
-* Elevated [[red blood cell]] distribution width may indicate [[anisocytosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-* [[Reticulocyte]] count may be increased
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Bilateral, basal, patchy [[Consolidation (medicine)|parenchymal consolidations]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-*N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Diffuse [[alveolar]] [[Hemorrhages|hemorrhage]] in [[pulmonary]] [[biopsy]]
-*N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-|
-*N/A
-|
-*N/A
-|
-* Peripheral [[blood smear]] may demonstrate:
-** Smudge cells
-** Small [[lymphocytes]]
-** Polychromasia
-** [[Spherocyte]]s
-** [[Schistocyte]]s
-* Serum [[lactate dehydrogenase]] may be elevated
-* Serum [[haptoglobin]] may be decreased
-* Unconjugated or indirect [[bilirubin]]  may be elevated
-* The following tests may also aid diagnosis:
-** Direct antiglobulin test
-** [[Urine]] free [[hemoglobin]] test
-** [[Urine]] [[hemosiderin]] test
-** [[Red blood cell]] survival test
-** Cold agglutinin titer
-** [[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase]] screen
-** Sickle cell screen
-|
-** May visualize [[hepatomegaly]] or [[splenomegal]]y or [[hepatosplenomegaly]]
-|
-*N/A
-|
-*N/A
-|
-*N/A
-|
-*N/A
-|
-*N/A
 |-
-|[[Hepatorenal syndrome|'''Hepatorenal syndrome''']]<ref name="pmid19776409">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ginès P, Schrier RW |title=Renal failure in cirrhosis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=361 |issue=13 |pages=1279–90 |date=September 2009 |pmid=19776409 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra0809139 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8550036">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arroyo V, Ginès P, Gerbes AL, Dudley FJ, Gentilini P, Laffi G, Reynolds TB, Ring-Larsen H, Schölmerich J |title=Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. International Ascites Club |journal=Hepatology |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=164–76 |date=January 1996 |pmid=8550036 |doi=10.1002/hep.510230122 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17389705">{{cite journal |vauthors=Salerno F, Gerbes A, Ginès P, Wong F, Arroyo V |title=Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis |journal=Gut |volume=56 |issue=9 |pages=1310–8 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17389705 |pmc=1954971 |doi=10.1136/gut.2006.107789 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25638527">{{cite journal |vauthors=Angeli P, Ginès P, Wong F, Bernardi M, Boyer TD, Gerbes A, Moreau R, Jalan R, Sarin SK, Piano S, Moore K, Lee SS, Durand F, Salerno F, Caraceni P, Kim WR, Arroyo V, Garcia-Tsao G |title=Diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: revised consensus recommendations of the International Club of Ascites |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=968–74 |date=April 2015 |pmid=25638527 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2014.12.029 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hemolytic uremic syndrome]]<ref name="pmid15728781">{{cite journal |vauthors=Noris M, Remuzzi G |title=Hemolytic uremic syndrome |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=1035–50 |date=April 2005 |pmid=15728781 |doi=10.1681/ASN.2004100861 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27989322">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goodship TH, Cook HT, Fakhouri F, Fervenza FC, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Kavanagh D, Nester CM, Noris M, Pickering MC, Rodríguez de Córdoba S, Roumenina LT, Sethi S, Smith RJ |title=Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and C3 glomerulopathy: conclusions from a "Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes" (KDIGO) Controversies Conference |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=539–551 |date=March 2017 |pmid=27989322 |doi=10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25859752">{{cite journal |vauthors=Loirat C, Fakhouri F, Ariceta G, Besbas N, Bitzan M, Bjerre A, Coppo R, Emma F, Johnson S, Karpman D, Landau D, Langman CB, Lapeyraque AL, Licht C, Nester C, Pecoraro C, Riedl M, van de Kar NC, Van de Walle J, Vivarelli M, Frémeaux-Bacchi V |title=An international consensus approach to the management of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in children |journal=Pediatr. Nephrol. |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=15–39 |date=January 2016 |pmid=25859752 |doi=10.1007/s00467-015-3076-8 |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Severe [[anemia]], [[Thrombocytopenia]], ↑ [[aPTT]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-* [[Leukocytosis]] may indicate [[spontaneous bacterial peritonitis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Mild [[proteinuria]], [[Red blood cell]]s, [[Red blood cell]] casts
-* Reduced [[glomerular filtration rate]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-* Serum [[creatinine]]  > 1.5 mg/dL or 24 - hour [[creatinine]] clearance < 40 mL/min
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Schistocytes]], ↑[[Fibrin degradation product|FDP]] and [[D-dimer]], ↑ [[Bilirubin]], ↑[[Lactate dehydrogenase|LDH]], ↓[[Haptoglobin]], Stool culture (for [[E coli]] 0157:H7 or [[shigella]]), ↓[[ADAMTS-13]] activity
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Ruling out [[obstruction]]
-* Serum [[sodium]] < 130 mEq/L
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-* [[Proteinuria]] < 500 mg/d
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-* Urine volume < 500 mL/d
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Diffuse thickening of the [[glomerular]] capillary wall, Swelling of [[endothelial cells]], [[Fibrin]] [[thrombi]] in renal [[biopsy]]
-* Urine [[sodium]] < 10 mEq/L
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-* [[Urine osmolality]] > [[plasma osmolality]]
-* Urine [[red blood cell]] count < 50 per high-power field
-|
-*N/A
-|
-* Prolonged [[prothrombin time]]
-* [[Alpha fetoprotein|Alpha feto-protein]] may be positive
-* [[Cryoglobulinemia]] may be seen
-|
-* Abdominal ultrasound used to exclude [[hydronephrosis]] and intrinsic renal disease
-|
-*N/A
-|
-*N/A
-|
-*N/A
-|
-* [[Echocardiography]] is used to evaluate right ventricular preload, ventricular filling pressures, and cardiac function
-|
-*N/A
 |-
-|[[Cardiomyopathy|'''Ischemic cardiomyopathy''']]<ref name="pmid16567565">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G, Antzelevitch C, Corrado D, Arnett D, Moss AJ, Seidman CE, Young JB |title=Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention |journal=Circulation |volume=113 |issue=14 |pages=1807–16 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16567565 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15689345">{{cite journal |vauthors=Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Bjørnstad HH, Vanhees L, Biffi A, Borjesson M, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop N, Deligiannis A, Solberg E, Dugmore D, Mellwig KP, Assanelli D, Delise P, van-Buuren F, Anastasakis A, Heidbuchel H, Hoffmann E, Fagard R, Priori SG, Basso C, Arbustini E, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, McKenna WJ, Thiene G |title=Cardiovascular pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: proposal for a common European protocol. Consensus Statement of the Study Group of Sport Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology |journal=Eur. Heart J. |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=516–24 |date=March 2005 |pmid=15689345 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehi108 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17916581">{{cite journal |vauthors=Elliott P, Andersson B, Arbustini E, Bilinska Z, Cecchi F, Charron P, Dubourg O, Kühl U, Maisch B, McKenna WJ, Monserrat L, Pankuweit S, Rapezzi C, Seferovic P, Tavazzi L, Keren A |title=Classification of the cardiomyopathies: a position statement from the European Society Of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases |journal=Eur. Heart J. |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=270–6 |date=January 2008 |pmid=17916581 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehm342 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17468391">{{cite journal |vauthors=Thompson PD, Franklin BA, Balady GJ, Blair SN, Corrado D, Estes NA, Fulton JE, Gordon NF, Haskell WL, Link MS, Maron BJ, Mittleman MA, Pelliccia A, Wenger NK, Willich SN, Costa F |title=Exercise and acute cardiovascular events placing the risks into perspective: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism and the Council on Clinical Cardiology |journal=Circulation |volume=115 |issue=17 |pages=2358–68 |date=May 2007 |pmid=17468391 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.181485 |url=}}</ref>
+! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephrolithiasis]]<ref name="pmid23283137">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fwu CW, Eggers PW, Kimmel PL, Kusek JW, Kirkali Z |title=Emergency department visits, use of imaging, and drugs for urolithiasis have increased in the United States |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=479–86 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23283137 |pmc=3587650 |doi=10.1038/ki.2012.419 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26349951">{{cite journal |vauthors=Singh P, Enders FT, Vaughan LE, Bergstralh EJ, Knoedler JJ, Krambeck AE, Lieske JC, Rule AD |title=Stone Composition Among First-Time Symptomatic Kidney Stone Formers in the Community |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=90 |issue=10 |pages=1356–65 |date=October 2015 |pmid=26349951 |pmc=4593754 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.07.016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14960744">{{cite journal |vauthors=Teichman JM |title=Clinical practice. Acute renal colic from ureteral calculus |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=350 |issue=7 |pages=684–93 |date=February 2004 |pmid=14960744 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp030813 |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Mild [[leukocytosis]], ↑[[CRP]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-* In high [[cardiac output]], [[anemia]] may be detected
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]], ↑[[Phosphate|P]], ↑[[Calcium|Ca]],  ↑[[Urate]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Gross or [[microscopic hematuria]], [[Red blood cell]]s, Urinary crystals of [[calcium oxalate]], [[uric acid]], or [[cystine]], [[Hypercalciuria]], Urinary pH > 7 in [[Struvite|struvite stones]] ([[Proteus]], [[Pseudomonas]], [[Klebsiella]]), Urinary pH < 5 in [[uric acid]] stones
-* Elevated [[creatinine]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]], [[Renal tubular acidosis]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
-* Serum [[sodium]] may be decreased
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |All types of stones are visible, [[Hydronephrosis]], [[Abdominal aortic aneurysm]], [[Cholelithiasis]]
-* Serum [[postassium]] may be chronically low
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Calcium]] - containing stones, [[Uric acid]] or [[cystine]] stones, Stone movement
-* Serum [[magnesium]] may be decreased
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Stone density, size and composition, [[Hydronephrosis]], Nephromegaly, Perinephric fat streaking
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
-*N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Intravenous pyelogram|Intravenous pyelography (IVP)]], [[Tomography|Renal tomography]], Nuclear renal scan
-|
+| -
-*N/A
-|
-* [[Cardiac enzyme]]s may be elevated indicating a recent [[myocardial infarction]], and include:
-** [[Troponin]]
-** [[Creatine kinase]]
-** [[Creatine kinase]] - MB
-* B-type natriuretic peptide level reflects volume status
-|
-*N/A
-|
-* May detect abnormal cardiac silhouette
-|
-* CT with [[angiography]] can detect the following:
-** Biventricular volume
-** [[Ejection fraction]]
-** Wall motion
-** Myocardial perfusion
-** [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
-** Left ventricular noncompaction
-** Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
-** Congenital malformation
-|
-* MRI with gadolinium–diethylene-triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) can evaluate mid-wall fibrosis
-|
-* Echocardiography is the gold standard in diagnosis and indicates an [[ejection fraction]] ≤35%
-* Echo may also diagnose [[pulmonary embolism]], right ventricular dilation or [[pericardial effusion]] with tamponade
-* Electrocardiogram is useful in detecting;
-** Left ventricular enlargement
-** [[Atrial fibrillation]]
-** Premature ventricular complexes
-** Left ventricular [[hypertrophy]]
-** Left bundle-branch block
-** [[Atrioventricular block]]
-* Right-sided heart catheterization can determine volume status
-* Endomyocardial biopsy may also be helpful in diagnosis
-|
-*N/A
-|-
-|[[ Liver cirrhosis| '''Liver cirrhosis''']]<ref name="pmid24076364">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ge PS, Runyon BA |title=The changing role of beta-blocker therapy in patients with cirrhosis |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=643–53 |date=March 2014 |pmid=24076364 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2013.09.016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3533689">{{cite journal |vauthors=Becker CD, Scheidegger J, Marincek B |title=Hepatic vein occlusion: morphologic features on computed tomography and ultrasonography |journal=Gastrointest Radiol |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=305–11 |date=1986 |pmid=3533689 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3532188">{{cite journal |vauthors=Giorgio A, Amoroso P, Lettieri G, Fico P, de Stefano G, Finelli L, Scala V, Tarantino L, Pierri P, Pesce G |title=Cirrhosis: value of caudate to right lobe ratio in diagnosis with US |journal=Radiology |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=443–5 |date=November 1986 |pmid=3532188 |doi=10.1148/radiology.161.2.3532188 |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|
-*N/A
-|
-*N/A
-|
-*N/A
-|
-*N/A
-|
-*N/A
-|
-* Liver function testing is crucial for diagnosis
-* The following serologic tests are used as indirect markers of [[fibrosis]]:
-** [[Aspartate aminotransferase]] to [[platelet]] ratio
-** FibroTest/FibroSure
-** Hepascore
-** FibroSpect
-|
-* Doppler ultrasound may demonstrate:
-** Portal blood flow and flow velocity
-** [[Hepatic artery]] enlargement
-** Vascular resistance
-** Multifocal or focal lesions or masses
-** Hepatic contour
-** Hepatic texture
-** Portal collaterals
-** [[Ascites]]
-** [[Splenomegaly]]
-** [[Portal vein thrombosis]]
-|
-* May demonstrate  the following:
-** [[Ascites]]
-** [[Bowel perforation]]
-** [[Gynecomastia]] (enlargement of breast tissue)
-** [[Azygos vein]] enlargement
-** Variceal hemorrhage
-** [[Pleural effusion]]
-|
-* CT can detect the following:
-** Morphologic changes in the liver
-** Collaterals and shunts
-** Lesions
-** Hyperattenuating nodule of [[hepatocellular carcinoma]]
-** [[Portal vein thrombosis]]
-** [[Splenomegaly]] and gallbladder enlargement
-|
-* MRI can detect the following:
-** Morphologic changes in the liver
-** Vacular patency
-** Lesions
-** Tumor invasion
-** [[Portal vein thrombosis]]
-** [[Splenomegaly]] and gallbladder enlargement
-** [[Steatosis]]
-|
-* Nuclear imaging can determine hepatic function and [[portal hypertension]]
-* [[Angiography]] can determine hepatic perfusion and the development of [[shunt]]s and [[tumor]]s
-|
-* [[Liver cirrhosis]] is irreversible and a transplant is usually needed
-|-
-|[[Malignant hypertension|'''Malignant hypertension''']]<ref name="pmid23102030">{{cite journal |vauthors=Johnson W, Nguyen ML, Patel R |title=Hypertension crisis in the emergency department |journal=Cardiol Clin |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=533–43 |date=November 2012 |pmid=23102030 |doi=10.1016/j.ccl.2012.07.011 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16627047">{{cite journal |vauthors=Elliott WJ |title=Clinical features in the management of selected hypertensive emergencies |journal=Prog Cardiovasc Dis |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=316–25 |date=2006 |pmid=16627047 |doi=10.1016/j.pcad.2006.02.004 |url=}}</ref>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-|
-* May demonstrate [[microangiopathic hemolytic anemia]]
-|
-* Elevated [[BUN]]
-* Elevated [[creatinine]]
-* [[Azotemia]]
-|
-* [[Hypernatremia]]
-* [[Hyperphosphatemia]]
-* [[Hyperkalemia]] or [[hypokalemia]]
-|
-* [[Proteinuria]]
-* [[Microscopic hematuria]]
-* [[Red blood cell]] or [[hyaline cast]]s
-|
-* [[Acidosis]]
-|
-* It is useful to also test the following:
-** [[Cardiac enzymes]]
-** Urinary [[catecholamines]] and vanillylmandelic acid
-** Thyroid-stimulating hormone level
-* Elevated plasma [[renin]], [[angiotensin]] II, and [[aldosterone]] is often detected
-|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-|
-* May demonstrate the following:
-** Cardiac enlargement
-** [[Pulmonary edema]]
-** Rib notching
-** [[Aortic coarctation]]
-** Mediastinal widening
-** [[Aortic dissection]]
-|
-*N/A
-|
-*N/A
-|
-* Electrocardiography may indicate the following:
-** [[Ischemia]]
-** Infarct
-** Evidence of electrolyte abnormalities or drug overdose
-* Echocardiography may indicate the following:
-** Left atrial enlargement
-** Left ventricular [[hypertrophy]]
-|
-*N/A
 |}
+==References==
+{{Reflist|2}}
+[[Category:Nephrology]]
+[[Category:Neurology]]
+[[Category:Emergency medicine]]

Sandbox:Eiman: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 06:42, 28 July 2020

References

Navigation menu