Hyperuricemia

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]


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Overview

Hyperuricemia (American English), or hyperuricaemia (British English), is the presence of high levels of uric acid in the blood. The upper end of the normal range is 360 micromol/L (6 mg/dL) for women and 400 micromol/L (6.8 mg/dL) for men. [1]

Causes

Hyperuricemia is caused either by accelerated generation of uric acid through purine metabolism or by impaired excretion in the kidney, or by high levels of fructose in the diet.[2][3]

Consumption of purine-rich diets is one of the main causes of hyperuricemia. Other dietary causes are ingestion of high protein and fat, and starvation. Starvation results in the body metabolizing its own muscle mass for energy, in the process releasing purines into the bloodstream. Purine bases composition of foods varies. Foods with higher content of purine bases adenine and hypoxanthine are suggested to be more potent in exacerbating hyperuricemia.[4]

Humans lack urate oxidase, an enzyme which degrades uric acid. Increased levels predispose for gout and (if very high) renal failure. Apart from normal variation (with a genetic component), tumor lysis syndrome produces extreme levels of uric acid, mainly leading to renal failure. The Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is also associated with extremely high levels of uric acid. The Metabolic syndrome often presents with hyperuricemia, while a hyperuricemic syndrome is also common in Dalmatian dogs.

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Ciclosporin, Cytarabine,Epirubicin , Ethambutol, Ethacrynic Acid, Flurbiprofen, Hydrochlorothiazide, Ibrutinib, Nelarabine, Nizatidine,Pergolide, Pramipexole, Pyrazinamide, Romidepsin, Siltuximab, Thalidomide, Thioguanine
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Treatment

See also

External links

References

  1. Chizyński K, Rózycka M (2005). "Hyperuricemia". Pol. Merkur. Lekarski (in Polish). 19 (113): 693–6. PMID 16498814.
  2. Nakagawa T, Hu H, Zharikov S; et al. (2006). "A causal role for uric acid in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome". Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 290 (3): F625–31. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00140.2005. PMID 16234313.
  3. Mayes PA (1993). "Intermediary metabolism of fructose". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 58 (5 Suppl): 754S–765S. PMID 8213607.
  4. Brule, D. Sarwar, G. and Savoie (1992). "Changes in Serum Uric Acid Levels in Normal Human Subjects Fed Purine-Rich Foods Containing Different Amounts of Adenine and Hypoxanthine". Journal of American College of Nutrition. 11 (3): 353–358.
  5. Becker MA, Schumacher HR, Wortmann RL; et al. (2005). "Febuxostat compared with allopurinol in patients with hyperuricemia and gout". N. Engl. J. Med. 353 (23): 2450–61. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa050373. PMID 16339094.


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