Pharyngitis causes: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
The pharynx is often the first site of infection for many contagious diseases such as the common cold. This is because viruses and bacteria often settle in this part of the body after a person inhales dust or water vapor containing the microorganism. Infection can also arise when a person touches their nose or mouth after having touched an object shared with another person with the disease.  The foreign invader reproduces rapidly after settling on the body tissue.
[[Pharyngitis]] can be caused by infectious [[microorganisms]] or non-infectious agents. It is usually caused by [[viruses]] but may be caused by [[bacterial]] or [[fungal]] etiology. [[Gastroesophageal reflux disease]] (GERD) or particularly [[extraesophageal]] reflux (EER) can also cause acid [[pharyngitis]] in adults and children. 


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
===Life Threatening Causes===
[[Life-threatening]] causes include conditions that may result in death or permanent [[disability]] within 24 hours if left [[untreated]].
*[[Anthrax]]
*[[Anthrax]]
*[[Ebola]]
*[[Ebola]]
*[[Epiglottitis]]
*[[Retropharyngeal abscess]]


===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
[[Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci|Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus]] (GABHS) is the most common bacterial cause of pharyngitis.<ref name="pmid9745311">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pichichero ME |title=Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections |journal=Pediatr Rev |volume=19 |issue=9 |pages=291–302 |date=September 1998 |pmid=9745311 |doi=10.1542/pir.19-9-291 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Adenovirus]]
*[[Adenovirus]]
*[[Coxsackie A virus]]
*[[Coxsackie A virus]]
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{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Kawasaki disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acetic acid]], [[chemical burn|chemical exposure]], [[Hydrogen Sulfide|hydrogen sulfide]], [[platinosis]]
[[Acetic acid]],
[[Grape seed extract]],
[[Sodium dichloroisocyanurate]],
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Behcets syndrome]], [[lepidopterism]], [[scarlet fever]], [[scrumpox]], [[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abacavir]], [[abatacept]], [[Acetazolamide Oral|acetazolamide oral]], [[acetohexamide ]], [[acyclovir]], [[adalimumab]], [[adefovir]], [[alefacept]], [[alfuzosin]], [[allopurinol]], [[altretamine]], [[Amlodipine and Benazepril]], [[Amikacin Sulfate|amikacin sulfate]], [[Amiloride and Hydrochlorothiazide]], [[amobarbital]], [[amphotericin B]], [[Ampicillin Sodium|ampicillin sodium]], [[anagrelide]], [[anakinra]], [[anastrozole]], [[anisindione]], [[anticholinergic]], [[Antihemophilic Factor (Human)|antihemophilic factor (human)]], [[Antihemophilic Factor (Recombinant)|antihemophilic factor (recombinant)]], [[asparaginase]], [[atorvastatin]], [[auranofin]], [[Azelastine Ophthalmic|azelastine ophthalmic]], [[aztreonam]], [[benazepril]], [[bevacizumab]], [[bortezomib]], [[bosentan]], [[Brinzolamide Ophthalmic|brinzolamide ophthalmic]], [[Budesonide Inhalation Powder|budesonide inhalation powder]], [[bumetanide]], [[buspirone]], [[busulfan]], [[butabarbital]], [[butorphanol]], [[candesartan]], [[capecitabine]], [[captopril]], [[carteolol]], [[cefadroxil]], [[Cefamandole Nafate|cefamandole nafate]], [[Cefazolin Sodium|cefazolin sodium]], [[cefepime]], [[Cefoperazone Sodium|cefoperazone sodium]], [[Cefotaxime Sodium|cefotaxime sodium]], [[Cefotetan Disodium|cefotetan disodium]], [[cefoxitin sodium]], [[cefpodoxime]], [[ceftazidime]], [[ceftizoxime sodium]], [[ceftriaxone sodium]], [[cefuroxime sodium]], [[cephalexin]], [[cephradine]], [[cetuximab]], [[chlorambucil]], [[chlorothiazide]], [[chlorpropamide]], [[chlorthalidone]], [[cilostazol]], [[cladribine]], [[clofarabine]], [[clofibrate]], [[co-trimoxazole]], [[Cromolyn Sodium Oral Inhalation|cromolyn sodium oral inhalation]], [[Cyanocobalamin Nasal|cyanocobalamin nasal]], [[cytarabine]], [[dacarbazine]], [[dactinomycin ]], [[dapsone]], [[danazol]], [[darbepoetin alfa]], [[daunorubicin]], [[desloratadine]], [[desmopressin]], [[dexmethylphenidate]], [[Diclofenac and Misoprostol|diclofenac and misoprostol]], [[diethylpropion]], [[diphtheria]], [[disopyramide]], [[docetaxel]], [[dornase alfa]], [[doxorubicin]], [[efalizumab]], [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]], [[enalapril]], [[Epinastine Ophthalmic|epinastine ophthalmic]], [[epirubicin]], [[epoetin alfa]], [[eprosartan]], [[erlotinib]], [[Erythromycin and Sulfisoxazole|erythromycin and sulfisoxazole]], [[etanercept]], [[ethacrynic acid]], [[Ethosuximide Oral|ethosuximide oral]], [[etodolac]], [[etoposide]], [[ezetimibe]], [[fentanyl (transdermal)|fentanyl skin patches]], [[flavoxate]], [[floxuridine]], [[Flunisolide Nasal Inhalation|flunisolide nasal inhalation]], [[fluorouracil]], [[fluphenazine]], [[Fluticasone and Salmeterol Oral Inhalation|fluticasone and salmeterol oral inhalation]], [[formoterol]], [[fosamprenavir]], [[foscarnet sodium]], [[fosinopril]], [[fulvestrant]], [[furosemide]], [[gabapentin]], [[ganciclovir]], [[gatifloxacin]], [[Gemcitabine Hydrochloride|gemcitabine hydrochloride]], [[glatiramer ]], [[glipizide]], [[glyburide]], [[grifulvin V]], [[griseofulvin]], [[hydrochlorothiazide]], [[ibandronate]], [[ifosfamide]], [[imatinib]], [[Imipenem and Cilastatin Sodium|imipenem and cilastatin sodium]], [[infliximab]], [[Insulin Human (rDNA Origin) Inhalation|insulin human (rDNA origin) inhalation]], [[Interferon beta-1a Intramuscular|interferon beta-1a intramuscular]], [[Ipratropium and Albuterol Inhalation|ipratropium and albuterol inhalation]], [[irbesartan]], [[Ketotifen Ophthalmic|ketotifen ophthalmic]], [[lamotrigine]], [[levetiracetam]], [[levocetirizine]], [[lisinopril]], [[lomustine]], [[loratadine]], [[losartan]], [[mechlorethamine]], [[mefenamic acid]], [[megestrol]], [[melphalan]], [[meprobamate]], [[meropenem]], [[mercaptopurine]], [[mesalamine]], [[methimazole]], [[methotrexate]], [[Methsuximide Oral|methsuximide oral]], [[methyclothiazide]], [[metolazone]], [[metoprolol]], [[minocycline]], [[mitomycin]], [[modafinil]], [[moexipril]], [[Moxifloxacin ophthalmic|moxifloxacin ophthalmic]], [[Nafcillin Sodium|nafcillin sodium]], [[natalizumab]], [[Nedocromil oral inhalation|nedocromil oral inhalation]], [[nisoldipine]], [[Olopatadine ophthalmic|olopatadine ophthalmic]], [[omeprazole]], [[Oxacillin Sodium|oxacillin sodium]], [[oxaliplatin]], [[oxcarbazepine]], [[paclitaxel]], [[palivizumab]], [[pamidronate]], [[peginterferon alfa-2a]], [[Penicillin G Potassium or Sodium|penicillin G potassium or sodium]], [[Penicillamine]] [[Pentamidine Isethionate|pentamidine isethionate]], [[pentostatin]], [[perindopril]], [[phenobarbital]], [[Phenytoin oral|phenytoin oral]], [[pindolol]], [[pioglitazone]], [[Piperacillin sodium|piperacillin sodium]], [[plicamycin]], [[pramlintide]], [[Prazosin and polythiazide|prazosin and polythiazide]], [[primaquine]], [[primidone]], [[procarbazine]], [[promethazine]], [[propafenone]], [[Propranolol Oral|propranolol oral]], [[propylthiouracil]], [[quetiapine]], [[quinapril]], [[rabeprazole]], [[ramipril]], [[Ranitidine bismuth citrate|ranitidine bismuth citrate]], [[rifabutin]], [[rimexolone]], [[risedronate]], [[risperidone]], [[rifaximin]], [[rituximab]], [[ropinirole]], [[rosiglitazone]], [[rosuvastatin]], [[Salmeterol oral inhalation|salmeterol oral inhalation]], [[sargramostim]], [[scopolamine]], [[secobarbital]], [[sibutramine]], [[silver sulfadiazine]], [[sitagliptin]], [[sodium dichloroisocyanurate]], [[sodium oxybate]], [[spironolactone]], [[streptozocin]], [[sulfadiazine]], [[sulfasalazine]], [[sulfinpyrazone]], [[sulfisoxazole]], [[tamsulosin]], [[telmisartan]], [[teniposide]], [[terbinafine]], [[Teriparatide (rDNA origin)|teriparatide (rDNA origin)]], [[thioguanine]], [[thiotepa]], [[Ticarcillin Disodium|ticarcillin disodium]], [[ticlopidine]], [[Tiotropium Oral Inhalation|tiotropium oral inhalation]], [[tizanidine]], [[tocainide]], [[tolazamide]], [[tolbutamide]], [[Topotecan Hydrochloride|topotecan hydrochloride]], [[trandolapril]], [[trastuzumab]], [[trazodone]], [[Triamcinolone Nasal Inhalation|triamcinolone nasal inhalation]], [[trimethadione]], [[trimipramine]], [[Valproic Acid|valproic acid]], [[Verapamil and Trandolapril|verapamil and trandolapril]], [[vinblastine]], [[Vinorelbine Tartrate|vinorelbine tartrate]], [[Von Willebrand factor]], [[zalcitabine]], [[Zolmitriptan Nasal|zolmitriptan nasal]], [[zonisamide]]
[[Abacavir]],
[[Abatacept Injection (patient information)]],
[[Acetazolamide Oral]],
[[Acetohexamide ]],
[[Aciclovir]],
[[Acyclovir ]],
[[Adalimumab  ]],
[[Adefovir ]],
[[Alefacept  ]],
[[Alfuzosin ]],
[[Allopurinol ]],
[[Altretamine ]],
[[Amlodipine and Benazepril]],
[[Amikacin Sulfate ]],
[[Amiloride and Hydrochlorothiazide ]],
[[Amobarbital ]],
[[Amphotericin B ]],
[[Ampicillin Sodium ]],
[[Anagrelide ]],
[[Anakinra ]],
[[Anastrozole ]],
[[Anisindione ]],
[[Anticholinergic]],
[[Antihemophilic Factor (Human) ]],
[[Antihemophilic Factor (Recombinant) ]],
[[Asparaginase ]],
[[Atorvastatin ]],
[[Auranofin ]],
[[Azelastine Ophthalmic ]],
[[Aztreonam  ]],
[[Benazepril ]],
[[Bevacizumab  ]],
[[Bortezomib ]],
[[Bosentan ]],
[[Brinzolamide Ophthalmic ]],
[[Budesonide Inhalation Powder ]],
[[Bumetanide ]],
[[Buspirone]],
[[Busulfan ]],
[[Butabarbital ]],
[[Butorphanol]],
[[Candesartan ]],
[[Capecitabine ]],
[[Captopril ]],
[[Carteolol ]],
[[Cefadroxil ]],
[[Cefamandole Nafate ]],
[[Cefazolin Sodium ]],
[[Cefepime  ]],
[[Cefoperazone Sodium ]],
[[Cefotaxime Sodium ]],
[[Cefotetan Disodium ]],
[[Cefoxitin Sodium  ]],
[[Cefpodoxime ]],
[[Ceftazidime  ]],
[[Ceftizoxime Sodium  ]],
[[Ceftriaxone Sodium  ]],
[[Cefuroxime Sodium  ]],
[[Cephalexin ]],
[[Cephradine  ]],
[[Cetuximab  ]],
[[Chlorambucil ]],
[[Chlorothiazide ]],
[[Chlorpropamide ]],
[[Chlorthalidone ]],
[[Cilostazol ]],
[[Cladribine ]],
[[Clofarabine  ]],
[[Clofibrate]],
[[Co-trimoxazole ]],
[[Conjugated estrogens]]
[[Cromolyn Sodium Oral Inhalation ]],
[[Cyanocobalamin Nasal ]],
[[Cytarabine ]],
[[Dacarbazine ]],
[[Dactinomycin ]],[[Dapsone]]
[[Danazol ]],
[[Darbepoetin Alfa  ]],
[[Daunorubicin ]],
[[Desloratadine ]],
[[Desmopressin]],
[[Dexmethylphenidate]],
[[Diclofenac and Misoprostol ]],
[[Diethylpropion ]],
[[Diphtheria]],
[[Disopyramide ]],
[[Docetaxel ]],
[[Dornase Alfa ]],
[[Doxorubicin ]],
[[Efalizumab  ]],
[[Efavirenz ]],
[[Emtricitabine ]],
[[Enalapril ]],
[[Epinastine Ophthalmic ]],
[[Epirubicin  ]],
[[Epoetin Alfa  ]],
[[Eprosartan ]],
[[Erlotinib ]],
[[Erythromycin and Sulfisoxazole ]],
[[Etanercept  ]],
[[Ethacrynic Acid ]],
[[Ethosuximide Oral ]],
[[Etodolac ]],
[[Etoposide Oral and  ]],
[[Ezetimibe ]],
[[Fentanyl Skin Patches ]],
[[Flavoxate ]],
[[Floxuridine ]],
[[Flunisolide Nasal Inhalation ]],
[[Fluorouracil ]],
[[Fluphenazine ]],
[[Fluticasone and Salmeterol Oral Inhalation ]],
[[Formoterol ]],
[[Fosamprenavir ]],
[[Foscarnet Sodium  ]],
[[Fosinopril ]],
[[Fulvestrant  ]],
[[Furosemide ]],
[[Gabapentin ]],
[[Ganciclovir ]],
[[Gatifloxacin ]],
[[Gemcitabine Hydrochloride ]],
[[Glatiramer  ]],
[[Glipizide ]],
[[Glyburide ]],
[[Grifulvin V]],
[[Griseofulvin ]],
[[Hydrochlorothiazide ]],
[[Ibandronate ]],
[[Ifosfamide ]],
[[Imatinib ]],
[[Imipenem and Cilastatin Sodium ]],
[[Infliximab  ]],
[[Insulin Human (rDNA Origin) Inhalation ]],
[[Interferon beta-1a Intramuscular ]],
[[Ipratropium and Albuterol Inhalation ]],
[[Irbesartan ]],
[[Ketotifen Ophthalmic ]],
[[Lamotrigine]],
[[Levetiracetam ]],
[[Levocetirizine]],
[[Lisinopril ]],
[[Lomustine ]],
[[Loratadine ]],
[[Losartan ]],
[[Mechlorethamine ]],
[[Mefenamic acid]],
[[Megestrol]],
[[Melphalan ]],
[[Meprobamate ]],  
[[Meropenem]],
[[Mercaptopurine]],
[[Mesalamine ]],
[[Methimazole ]],
[[Methotrexate ]],
[[Methsuximide Oral ]],
[[Methyclothiazide ]],
[[Metolazone ]],
[[Metoprolol]],
[[Minocycline]],
[[Mitomycin ]],
[[Modafinil ]],
[[Moexipril ]],
[[Moxifloxacin ophthalmic ]],
[[Nafcillin Sodium ]],
[[Natalizumab  ]],
[[Nedocromil oral inhalation ]],
[[Nisoldipine ]],
[[Olopatadine ophthalmic ]],
[[Omeprazole]],
[[Oxacillin Sodium ]],
[[Oxaliplatin  ]],
[[Oxcarbazepine ]],
[[Paclitaxel]],
[[Palivizumab  ]],
[[Pamidronate  ]],
[[Peginterferon alfa-2a ]],
[[Penicillin G Potassium or Sodium ]],
[[Penicillamine]]
[[Pentamidine Isethionate]],
[[Pentostatin ]],
[[Perindopril ]],
[[Phenobarbital ]],
[[Phenytoin oral ]],
[[Pindolol ]],
[[Pioglitazone ]],
[[Piperacillin sodium ]],
[[Plicamycin ]],
[[Pramlintide  ]],
[[Prazosin and polythiazide ]],
[[Primaquine ]],
[[Primidone ]],
[[Procarbazine ]],
[[Promethazine ]],
[[Propafenone ]],
[[Propranolol Oral ]],
[[Propylthiouracil ]],
[[Quetiapine ]],
[[Quinapril ]],
[[Rabeprazole]],
[[Ramipril ]],
[[Ranitidine bismuth citrate ]],
[[Rifabutin ]],
[[Rimexolone]],
[[Risedronate ]],
[[Risperidone ]],
[[Rifaximin]],
[[Rituximab  ]],
[[Ropinirole ]],
[[Rosiglitazone ]],
[[Rosuvastatin ]],
[[Salmeterol oral inhalation ]],
[[Sargramostim]],
[[Scopolamine]],
[[Secobarbital ]],
[[Sibutramine ]],
[[Silver sulfadiazine ]],
[[Sitagliptin ]],
[[Sodium dichloroisocyanurate]],
[[Sodium oxybate ]],
[[Spironolactone ]],
[[Streptozocin ]],
[[Sulfadiazine ]],
[[Sulfasalazine ]],
[[Sulfinpyrazone ]],
[[Sulfisoxazole ]],
[[Tamsulosin ]],
[[Telmisartan ]],
[[Teniposide ]],
[[Terbinafine ]],
[[Teriparatide (rDNA origin) ]],
[[Thioguanine ]],
[[Thiotepa ]],
[[Ticarcillin Disodium ]],
[[Ticlopidine ]],
[[Tiotropium Oral Inhalation ]],
[[Tizanidine]],
[[Tocainide ]],
[[Tolazamide ]],
[[Tolbutamide ]],
[[Topotecan Hydrochloride ]],
[[Trandolapril ]],
[[Trastuzumab ]],
[[Trazodone]],
[[Triamcinolone Nasal Inhalation ]],
[[Trimethadione ]],
[[Trimipramine ]],
[[Valproic Acid ]],
[[Verapamil and Trandolapril ]],
[[Vinblastine ]],
[[Vinorelbine Tartrate ]],
[[Von Willebrand factor]],
[[Zalcitabine ]],
[[Zolmitriptan Nasal ]],
[[Zonisamide ]],
[[Conjugated estrogens]]
 
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Angina tonsillaris]], [[Bezold's abscess]], [[dysphagia]], [[ear pain]], [[empty nose syndrome]], [[epiglottitis]], [[herpangina]], [[laryngitis]], [[Ludwig's angina]], [[oropharyngeal lesion]], [[otalgia]], [[post-nasal drip]], [[retropharyngeal abscess]], [[sinusitis]], [[tonsillitis]], [[tonsillolith]], [[palatine uvula|uvulitis]], [[uvulopalatopharyngoplasty]]  
[[Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold)]],
Allergic pharynigits,
[[Angina tonsillaris]],
[[Epiglottitis]],
Fungal pharyngitis,
[[Laryngeal cancer]],
[[Laryngitis]],
[[Oropharyngeal lesion]],
[[Peritonsillar abscess]],
[[Post-nasal drip]],
[[Sinusitis]],
[[Thyroiditis]],
[[Tonsillitis]],
[[Tonsillolith]],
[[Tracheobronchitis]],
[[Retropharyngeal abscess]],
 
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Thyroiditis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Smoke]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[pollution|Environmental pollutants]], [[lepidopterism]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[GERD]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dysphagia]], [[esophagogastroduodenoscopy]],  [[GERD]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Neutropenia]],
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Leukemia]], [[Von Willebrand factor]]
[[Leukemia]],
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Endoscopy]],
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Endoscopy]], [[invisalign]], [[nasogastric intubation]], [[uvulopalatopharyngoplasty]]
[[Invisalign]],
[[Nasogastric intubation]],
[[Radiation]],
[[Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty]],
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold)]], [[adenovirus]], [[pharyngitis|allergic pharyngitis]], [[angina tonsillaris]], [[anthrax]], [[arcanobacterium haemolyticum]], [[arcanobacterium]],  [[Bezold's abscess]], [[blastomyces]], [[candida albicans]], [[phlegmon|cervical phlegmon]], [[chickenpox]], [[chlamydia pneumonia]], [[chlamydophila pneumoniae]], [[CMV pneumonitis]], [[coccidioidomycosis]], [[collinsonia canadensis]], [[coronavirus]], [[corynebacterium diphtheriae]], [[coxsackie A virus]], [[coxsackie B virus]], [[cryptococcus]], [[cytomegalovirus]], [[deep neck infection]], [[diphtheria]], [[Duke's disease]], [[ebola]], [[echovirus]], [[encephalitis lethargica]], [[epiglottitis]], [[Epstein-Barr virus]], [[francisella tularensis]], [[pharyngitis|fungal pharyngitis]], [[fusobacterium necrophorum]], [[fusobacterium]], [[Gonococcal|gonococcal pharyngitis]], [[gonorrhea]], [[Group A streptococcal infection]], [[streptococcus|Group C streptococci]], [[streptococcus|Group G streptococci]], [[haemophilus influenzae]], [[hand-foot-and-mouth disease]], [[hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]], [[herpangina]], [[herpes simplex virus]], [[herpesviridae]], [[Histoplasmosis|histoplasma]], [[HIV]], [[human parainfluenza viruses]], [[influenza]], [[Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease]], [[klebsiella]], [[laryngitis]], [[lassa fever]], [[Lemierre's syndrome]], [[lymphadenitis]], [[metapneumovirus]], [[moraxella catarrhalis]], [[mumps]], [[mycobacterium]], [[mycoplasma pneumoniae]], [[neisseria gonorrheae]], [[non-specific urethritis]], [[oral candidiasis]], [[PANDAS]], [[paracoccidioides brasiliensis|paracoccidioides]], [[parainfluenza]], [[pasteurella]], [[pemphigus]], [[periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis]], [[peritonsillar abscess]], [[pharyngoconjunctival fever]], [[pneumococcus]], [[poliovirus]], [[Q fever]], [[rabies]], [[rat bite fever]], [[Respiratory Syncitial virus|respiratory syncitial virus]], [[retropharyngeal abscess]], [[rhinosporidiosis|rhinosporidium]], [[rhinovirus]], [[scarlet fever]], [[scrumpox]], [[severe acute respiratory syndrome]], [[sinusitis]], [[staphylococcus aureus]], [[strep throat]], [[streptococcal infections]], [[streptococcus pneumoniae]], [[streptococcus pyogenes]], [[streptococcus suis]], [[syphillis]], [[the clap]], [[tonsillitis]], [[toxemia]], [[tracheitis]], [[tracheobronchitis]], [[treponema pallidum]], [[tularemia]], [[upper respiratory tract infection]]
[[Anthrax]],
[[Adenovirus]],
[[Arcanobacterium]],
[[Candida Albicans]],
[[Chlamydia pneumoniae]],
[[Coronavirus]],
[[Coxsackie A virus]],
[[Coxsackie B ]],
[[Cryptococcus]],
[[Cytomegalovirus]],
[[Diphtheria]],
[[Duke's disease]],
[[Ebola]],
[[Enterovirus]],
[[Epstein-Barr Virus]],
[[Fusobacterium]],
[[Gonococcal Infections]],
[[Group A streptococcal infection]],
[[Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]],
[[Herpangina]],
[[Herpesviridae]],
[[Histoplasma]],
[[Human parainfluenza viruses]],
[[Infectious mononucleosis]],
[[Influenza]],
[[Lassa Fever]],
[[Lemierre's syndrome]],
[[Moraxella catarrhalis]],
[[Mumps]],
[[Parainfluenza]],
[[Pneumococcus]],
[[Poliovirus]],
[[Q Fever]],
[[Rabies]],
[[Rhinovirus]],
[[Scarlet fever]],
[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome]],
[[Staphylococcus aureus]]
[[Strep throat]],
[[Syphillis]],
[[Tularemia]],
[[Mycobacterium]],
[[Mycoplasma]],
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 406: Line 76:
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Encephalitis lethargica]],
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic fatigue syndrome]], [[encephalitis lethargica]]
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ariboflavinosis]],
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ariboflavinosis]]
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[phlegmon|Cervical phlegmon]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Laryngeal cancer]],
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Laryngeal cancer]], [[leukemia]], [[lymphoma]], [[lymphoproliferative disorders]], [[nasopharyngeal carcinoma]]
[[Lymphoma]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 429: Line 96:
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cocaine]], [[toxins]]
[[Cocaine]],
[[Hydrogen sulfide]],
[[Methotrexate (patient information)]],
[[Peginterferon alfa-2a (patient information)]],
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic fatigue syndrome]], [[PANDAS]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold)]], [[CMV pneumonitis]], [[epiglottitis]], [[hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]], [[hay fever]], [[laryngitis]], [[severe acute respiratory syndrome]], [[tracheitis]], [[tracheobronchitis]], [[upper respiratory tract infection]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 450: Line 112:
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hay fever]],
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[pharyngitis|Allergic pharyngitis]], [[ankylosing spondylitis]], [[arthralgia]], [[Behcets syndrome]], [[chronic fatigue syndrome]], [[hay fever]], [[immunocompromised host]], [[lymphadenitis]], [[lymphoproliferative disorders]], [[periodic fever syndrome]], [[platinosis]], [[Still's disease]], [[TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome]]
[[Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease]],
[[Kawasaki disease]],
[[Lymphadenitis]],
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 462: Line 120:
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Trauma to the throat
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 470: Line 128:
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]],
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Foreign body]]
[[Foreign body]]
Chemical burns
|-
|-
|}
|} <ref name="pmid22338589">Murray RC, Chennupati SK (2012) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22338589 Chronic streptococcal and non-streptococcal pharyngitis.] ''Infect Disord Drug Targets'' 12 (4):281-5. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/22338589 22338589]</ref><ref name="pmid7989695">Kline JA, Runge JW (1994) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7989695 Streptococcal pharyngitis: a review of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management.] ''J Emerg Med'' 12 (5):665-80. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/7989695 7989695]</ref>


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
Line 490: Line 146:
*[[Alefacept]]
*[[Alefacept]]
*[[Alfuzosin]]  
*[[Alfuzosin]]  
*[[Allergic pharyngitis]]
*[[pharyngitis|Allergic pharyngitis]]
*[[Allopurinol]]  
*[[Allopurinol]]  
*[[Altretamine]]
*[[Altretamine]]
*[[Amikacin sulfate]]
*[[Amikacin sulfate]]
*[[Amiloride and hydrochlorothiazide]]
*[[Amiloride and Hydrochlorothiazide|Amiloride and hydrochlorothiazide]]
*[[Aminopterin]]
*[[Aminopterin]]
*[[Amobarbital]]
*[[Amobarbital]]
*[[Amphotericin B]]
*[[Amphotericin B]]
*[[Ampicillin sodium]]
*[[Ampicillin Sodium|Ampicillin sodium]]
*[[Anagrelide]]
*[[Anagrelide]]
*[[Anakinra]]
*[[Anakinra]]
Line 508: Line 164:
*[[Anthrax]]  
*[[Anthrax]]  
*[[Anticholinergic]]
*[[Anticholinergic]]
*[[Antihemophilic factor (human)]]
*[[Antihemophilic Factor (human)]]
*[[Antihemophilic factor (recombinant)]]
*[[Antihemophilic Factor (recombinant)]]
*[[Arcanobacterium]]
*[[Arcanobacterium]]
*[[Arcanobacterium haemolyticum]]
*[[Arcanobacterium haemolyticum]]
Line 519: Line 175:
*[[Auranofin]]
*[[Auranofin]]
*[[Azelastine]]
*[[Azelastine]]
*[[Azelastine ophthalmic]]
*[[Azelastine Ophthalmic|Azelastine ophthalmic]]
*[[Aztreonam]]
*[[Aztreonam]]
*[[Behcets syndrome]]
*[[Behcets syndrome]]
Line 529: Line 185:
*[[Bortezomib]]
*[[Bortezomib]]
*[[Bosentan]]
*[[Bosentan]]
*[[Brinzolamide ophthalmic]]  
*[[Brinzolamide Ophthalmic|Brinzolamide ophthalmic]]  
*[[Budesonide inhalation powder]]
*[[Budesonide inhalation powder]]
*[[Bumetanide]]
*[[Bumetanide]]
Line 550: Line 206:
*[[Cefepime]]
*[[Cefepime]]
*[[Cefixime]]
*[[Cefixime]]
*[[Cefoperazone sodium]]
*[[Cefoperazone Sodium|Cefoperazone sodium]]
*[[Cefotaxime sodium]]
*[[Cefotaxime sodium]]
*[[Cefotetan disodium]]
*[[Cefotetan disodium]]
Line 562: Line 218:
*[[Cephalexin]]
*[[Cephalexin]]
*[[Cephradine]]
*[[Cephradine]]
*[[Cervical phlegmon]]
*[[phlegmon|Cervical phlegmon]]
*[[Cetuximab]]
*[[Cetuximab]]
*[[Chemical exposure]]
*[[chemical burn|Chemical exposure]]
*[[Chemotherapy]]
*[[Chemotherapy]]
*[[Chickenpox]]
*[[Chickenpox]]
Line 571: Line 227:
*[[Chlorambucil]]
*[[Chlorambucil]]
*[[Chloroacetophenone]]
*[[Chloroacetophenone]]
*[[Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile]]
*[[Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile|Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile]]
*[[Chlorothiazide]]
*[[Chlorothiazide]]
*[[Chlorpheniramine maleate]]
*[[chlorpheniramine|Chlorpheniramine maleate]]
*[[Chlorpropamide]]  
*[[Chlorpropamide]]  
*[[Chlorthalidone]]
*[[Chlorthalidone]]
Line 592: Line 248:
*[[Coxsackie A virus]]
*[[Coxsackie A virus]]
*[[Coxsackie B virus]]
*[[Coxsackie B virus]]
*[[Cromolyn sodium oral inhalation]]
*[[Cromolyn Sodium Oral Inhalation|Cromolyn sodium oral inhalation]]
*[[Cryptococcus]]
*[[Cryptococcus]]
*[[Cyanocobalamin nasal]]
*[[Cyanocobalamin Nasal|Cyanocobalamin nasal]]
*[[Cytarabine]]
*[[Cytarabine]]
*[[Cytomegalovirus]]
*[[Cytomegalovirus]]
Line 606: Line 262:
*[[Desmopressin]]
*[[Desmopressin]]
*[[Dexmethylphenidate]]
*[[Dexmethylphenidate]]
*[[Diclofenac and misoprostol]]
*[[Diclofenac and Misoprostol|Diclofenac and misoprostol]]
*[[Diethylpropion]]
*[[Diethylpropion]]
*[[Diphtheria]]
*[[Diphtheria]]
Line 625: Line 281:
*[[Enalapril]]
*[[Enalapril]]
*[[Encephalitis lethargica]]
*[[Encephalitis lethargica]]
*[[Environmental pollutants]]
*[[Endoscopy]]
*[[pollution|Environmental pollutants]]
*[[Epiglottitis]]
*[[Epiglottitis]]
*[[Epinastine ophthalmic]]
*[[Epinastine Ophthalmic|Epinastine ophthalmic]]
*[[Epirubicin]]  
*[[Epirubicin]]  
*[[Epoetin alfa]]
*[[Epoetin alfa]]
Line 637: Line 294:
*[[Etanercept]]
*[[Etanercept]]
*[[Ethacrynic acid]]  
*[[Ethacrynic acid]]  
*[[Ethosuximide oral]]
*[[Ethosuximide Oral|Ethosuximide oral]]
*[[Etodolac]]
*[[Etodolac]]
*[[Etoposide]]
*[[Etoposide]]
*[[Ezetimibe]]
*[[Ezetimibe]]
*[[Ezetimibe/simvastatin]]
*[[Ezetimibe/simvastatin]]
*[[Fentanyl skin patches]]
*[[fentanyl (transdermal)|Fentanyl skin patches]]
*[[Flavoxate]]
*[[Flavoxate]]
*[[Floxuridine]]
*[[Floxuridine]]
*[[Flu vaccine]]
*[[Flu vaccine]]
*[[Flunisolide nasal inhalation]]  
*[[Flunisolide Nasal Inhalation|Flunisolide nasal inhalation]]  
*[[Fluorouracil]]
*[[Fluorouracil]]
*[[Fluphenazine]]  
*[[Fluphenazine]]  
*[[Fluticasone]]
*[[Fluticasone]]
*[[Fluticasone and salmeterol oral inhalation]]
*[[Fluticasone and Salmeterol Oral Inhalation|Fluticasone and salmeterol oral inhalation]]
*[[Foreign body]]
*[[Foreign body]]
*[[Formoterol]]
*[[Formoterol]]
Line 658: Line 315:
*[[Francisella tularensis]]
*[[Francisella tularensis]]
*[[Fulvestrant]]
*[[Fulvestrant]]
*[[Fungal pharyngitis]]
*[[pharyngitis|Fungal pharyngitis]]
*[[Furosemide]]
*[[Furosemide]]
*[[Fusobacterium]]  
*[[Fusobacterium]]  
Line 665: Line 322:
*[[Ganciclovir]]
*[[Ganciclovir]]
*[[Gatifloxacin]]
*[[Gatifloxacin]]
*[[Gemcitabine hydrochloride]]
*[[Gemcitabine Hydrochloride|Gemcitabine hydrochloride]]
*[[GERD]]
*[[GERD]]
*[[Glatiramer]]
*[[Glatiramer]]
*[[Glipizide]]
*[[Glipizide]]
*[[Glyburide]]
*[[Glyburide]]
*[[Gonococcal pharyngitis]]
*[[Gonococcal infection|Gonococcal pharyngitis]]
*[[Gonorrhea]]
*[[Gonorrhea]]
*[[Grifulvin V]]
*[[Grifulvin V]]
Line 678: Line 335:
*[[streptococcus|Group G streptococci]]
*[[streptococcus|Group G streptococci]]
*[[Haemophilus influenzae]]
*[[Haemophilus influenzae]]
*[[Hand, foot, and mouth disease]]
*[[Hand-foot-and-mouth disease]]
*[[Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]]
*[[Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]]
*[[Hay fever]]  
*[[Hay fever]]  
Line 685: Line 342:
*[[Herpesviridae]]
*[[Herpesviridae]]
*[[Hexetidine]]
*[[Hexetidine]]
*[[Histoplasma]]
*[[Histoplasmosis|Histoplasma]]
*[[HIV]]
*[[HIV]]
*[[HPV Vaccine]]
*[[HPV Vaccine]]
Line 705: Line 362:
*[[Irbesartan]]
*[[Irbesartan]]
*[[Kawasaki disease]]
*[[Kawasaki disease]]
*[[Ketotifen ophthalmic]]
*[[Ketotifen Ophthalmic|Ketotifen ophthalmic]]
*[[Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease]]  
*[[Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease]]  
*[[Klebsiella]]
*[[Klebsiella]]
Line 732: Line 389:
*[[Methimazole]]
*[[Methimazole]]
*[[Methotrexate]]
*[[Methotrexate]]
*[[Methsuximide oral]]
*[[Methsuximide Oral|Methsuximide oral]]
*[[Methyclothiazide]]
*[[Methyclothiazide]]
*[[Metolazone]]
*[[Metolazone]]
Line 759: Line 416:
*[[Oropharyngeal lesion]]
*[[Oropharyngeal lesion]]
*[[Otalgia]]
*[[Otalgia]]
*[[Oxacillin sodium]]
*[[Oxacillin Sodium|Oxacillin sodium]]
*[[Oxaliplatin]]
*[[Oxaliplatin]]
*[[Oxcarbazepine]]
*[[Oxcarbazepine]]
Line 766: Line 423:
*[[Pamidronate]]  
*[[Pamidronate]]  
*[[PANDAS]]
*[[PANDAS]]
*[[Paracoccidiodes]]
*[[paracoccidioides brasiliensis|Paracoccidioides]]
*[[Parainfluenza]]  
*[[Parainfluenza]]  
*[[Pasteurella]]
*[[Pasteurella]]
Line 799: Line 456:
*[[Promethazine]]
*[[Promethazine]]
*[[Propafenone]]
*[[Propafenone]]
*[[Propranolol oral]]
*[[Propranolol Oral|Propranolol oral]]
*[[Propylthiouracil]]
*[[Propylthiouracil]]
*[[Pulmozyme]]
*[[Pulmozyme]]
Line 809: Line 466:
*[[Ranitidine bismuth citrate]]
*[[Ranitidine bismuth citrate]]
*[[Rat bite fever]]
*[[Rat bite fever]]
*[[Respiratory syncitial virus]]
*[[Respiratory Syncitial virus|Respiratory syncitial virus]]
*[[Retropharyngeal abscess]]
*[[Retropharyngeal abscess]]
*[[Rhinosporodium]]  
*[[rhinosporidiosis|Rhinosporidium]]  
*[[Rhinovirus]]  
*[[Rhinovirus]]  
*[[Rifabutin]]
*[[Rifabutin]]
Line 834: Line 491:
*[[Spironolactone]]
*[[Spironolactone]]
*[[Staphylococcus aureus]]
*[[Staphylococcus aureus]]
*[[Stevens-johnson syndrome]]
*[[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]]
*[[Still's disease]]
*[[Still's disease]]
*[[Strep throat]]  
*[[Strep throat]]  
Line 846: Line 503:
*[[Sulfinpyrazone]]
*[[Sulfinpyrazone]]
*[[Sulfisoxazole]]
*[[Sulfisoxazole]]
*[[Sulfuryl fluoride]]
*[[Sulfuryl Fluoride|Sulfuryl fluoride]]
*[[Syphillis]]  
*[[Syphillis]]  
*[[Tamsulosin]]
*[[Tamsulosin]]
Line 853: Line 510:
*[[Teniposide]]
*[[Teniposide]]
*[[Terbinafine]]
*[[Terbinafine]]
*[[Teriparatide (rDNA Origin)]]
*[[Teriparatide (rDNA origin)]]
*[[The clap]]
*[[The clap]]
*[[Thioguanine]]
*[[Thioguanine]]
Line 860: Line 517:
*[[Ticarcillin disodium]]  
*[[Ticarcillin disodium]]  
*[[Ticlopidine]]  
*[[Ticlopidine]]  
*[[Tiotropium oral inhalation]]
*[[Tiotropium Oral Inhalation|Tiotropium oral inhalation]]
*[[TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome]]  
*[[TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome]]  
*[[Tocainide]]
*[[Tocainide]]
Line 868: Line 525:
*[[Tonsillolith]]  
*[[Tonsillolith]]  
*[[Topiramate]]
*[[Topiramate]]
*[[Topotecan hydrochloride]]
*[[Topotecan Hydrochloride|Topotecan hydrochloride]]
*[[Toxemia]]
*[[Toxemia]]
*[[Toxins]]  
*[[Toxins]]  
Line 877: Line 534:
*[[Trazodone]]
*[[Trazodone]]
*[[Treponema pallidum]]  
*[[Treponema pallidum]]  
*[[Triamcinolone nasal inhalation]]
*[[Triamcinolone Nasal Inhalation|Triamcinolone nasal inhalation]]
*[[Trimethadione]]  
*[[Trimethadione]]  
*[[Trimipramine]]
*[[Trimipramine]]
Line 887: Line 544:
*[[Verapamil and Trandolapril]]
*[[Verapamil and Trandolapril]]
*[[Vinblastine]]
*[[Vinblastine]]
*[[Vinorelbine tartrate]]
*[[Vinorelbine Tartrate|Vinorelbine tartrate]]
*[[Von Willebrand factor]]
*[[Von Willebrand factor]]
*[[Zalcitabine]]
*[[Zalcitabine]]
*[[Zolmitriptan nasal]]
*[[Zolmitriptan Nasal|Zolmitriptan nasal]]
*[[Zonisamide]]
*[[Zonisamide]]
}}
}}
Line 896: Line 553:
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]


{{WH}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
{{WS}}
[[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]
[[Category:Emergency mdicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Immunology]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]

Latest revision as of 17:19, 24 December 2020

Pharyngitis Microchapters

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Differentiating Pharyngitis from other Diseases

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2]

Overview

Pharyngitis can be caused by infectious microorganisms or non-infectious agents. It is usually caused by viruses but may be caused by bacterial or fungal etiology. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or particularly extraesophageal reflux (EER) can also cause acid pharyngitis in adults and children. 

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions that may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS) is the most common bacterial cause of pharyngitis.[1]

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Kawasaki disease
Chemical / poisoning Acetic acid, chemical exposure, hydrogen sulfide, platinosis
Dermatologic Behcets syndrome, lepidopterism, scarlet fever, scrumpox, Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Drug Side Effect Abacavir, abatacept, acetazolamide oral, acetohexamide , acyclovir, adalimumab, adefovir, alefacept, alfuzosin, allopurinol, altretamine, Amlodipine and Benazepril, amikacin sulfate, Amiloride and Hydrochlorothiazide, amobarbital, amphotericin B, ampicillin sodium, anagrelide, anakinra, anastrozole, anisindione, anticholinergic, antihemophilic factor (human), antihemophilic factor (recombinant), asparaginase, atorvastatin, auranofin, azelastine ophthalmic, aztreonam, benazepril, bevacizumab, bortezomib, bosentan, brinzolamide ophthalmic, budesonide inhalation powder, bumetanide, buspirone, busulfan, butabarbital, butorphanol, candesartan, capecitabine, captopril, carteolol, cefadroxil, cefamandole nafate, cefazolin sodium, cefepime, cefoperazone sodium, cefotaxime sodium, cefotetan disodium, cefoxitin sodium, cefpodoxime, ceftazidime, ceftizoxime sodium, ceftriaxone sodium, cefuroxime sodium, cephalexin, cephradine, cetuximab, chlorambucil, chlorothiazide, chlorpropamide, chlorthalidone, cilostazol, cladribine, clofarabine, clofibrate, co-trimoxazole, cromolyn sodium oral inhalation, cyanocobalamin nasal, cytarabine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin , dapsone, danazol, darbepoetin alfa, daunorubicin, desloratadine, desmopressin, dexmethylphenidate, diclofenac and misoprostol, diethylpropion, diphtheria, disopyramide, docetaxel, dornase alfa, doxorubicin, efalizumab, efavirenz, emtricitabine, enalapril, epinastine ophthalmic, epirubicin, epoetin alfa, eprosartan, erlotinib, erythromycin and sulfisoxazole, etanercept, ethacrynic acid, ethosuximide oral, etodolac, etoposide, ezetimibe, fentanyl skin patches, flavoxate, floxuridine, flunisolide nasal inhalation, fluorouracil, fluphenazine, fluticasone and salmeterol oral inhalation, formoterol, fosamprenavir, foscarnet sodium, fosinopril, fulvestrant, furosemide, gabapentin, ganciclovir, gatifloxacin, gemcitabine hydrochloride, glatiramer , glipizide, glyburide, grifulvin V, griseofulvin, hydrochlorothiazide, ibandronate, ifosfamide, imatinib, imipenem and cilastatin sodium, infliximab, insulin human (rDNA origin) inhalation, interferon beta-1a intramuscular, ipratropium and albuterol inhalation, irbesartan, ketotifen ophthalmic, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, levocetirizine, lisinopril, lomustine, loratadine, losartan, mechlorethamine, mefenamic acid, megestrol, melphalan, meprobamate, meropenem, mercaptopurine, mesalamine, methimazole, methotrexate, methsuximide oral, methyclothiazide, metolazone, metoprolol, minocycline, mitomycin, modafinil, moexipril, moxifloxacin ophthalmic, nafcillin sodium, natalizumab, nedocromil oral inhalation, nisoldipine, olopatadine ophthalmic, omeprazole, oxacillin sodium, oxaliplatin, oxcarbazepine, paclitaxel, palivizumab, pamidronate, peginterferon alfa-2a, penicillin G potassium or sodium, Penicillamine pentamidine isethionate, pentostatin, perindopril, phenobarbital, phenytoin oral, pindolol, pioglitazone, piperacillin sodium, plicamycin, pramlintide, prazosin and polythiazide, primaquine, primidone, procarbazine, promethazine, propafenone, propranolol oral, propylthiouracil, quetiapine, quinapril, rabeprazole, ramipril, ranitidine bismuth citrate, rifabutin, rimexolone, risedronate, risperidone, rifaximin, rituximab, ropinirole, rosiglitazone, rosuvastatin, salmeterol oral inhalation, sargramostim, scopolamine, secobarbital, sibutramine, silver sulfadiazine, sitagliptin, sodium dichloroisocyanurate, sodium oxybate, spironolactone, streptozocin, sulfadiazine, sulfasalazine, sulfinpyrazone, sulfisoxazole, tamsulosin, telmisartan, teniposide, terbinafine, teriparatide (rDNA origin), thioguanine, thiotepa, ticarcillin disodium, ticlopidine, tiotropium oral inhalation, tizanidine, tocainide, tolazamide, tolbutamide, topotecan hydrochloride, trandolapril, trastuzumab, trazodone, triamcinolone nasal inhalation, trimethadione, trimipramine, valproic acid, verapamil and trandolapril, vinblastine, vinorelbine tartrate, Von Willebrand factor, zalcitabine, zolmitriptan nasal, zonisamide
Ear Nose Throat Angina tonsillaris, Bezold's abscess, dysphagia, ear pain, empty nose syndrome, epiglottitis, herpangina, laryngitis, Ludwig's angina, oropharyngeal lesion, otalgia, post-nasal drip, retropharyngeal abscess, sinusitis, tonsillitis, tonsillolith, uvulitis, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
Endocrine Thyroiditis
Environmental Environmental pollutants, lepidopterism
Gastroenterologic Dysphagia, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, GERD
Genetic Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis
Hematologic Leukemia, Von Willebrand factor
Iatrogenic Endoscopy, invisalign, nasogastric intubation, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
Infectious Disease Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold), adenovirus, allergic pharyngitis, angina tonsillaris, anthrax, arcanobacterium haemolyticum, arcanobacterium, Bezold's abscess, blastomyces, candida albicans, cervical phlegmon, chickenpox, chlamydia pneumonia, chlamydophila pneumoniae, CMV pneumonitis, coccidioidomycosis, collinsonia canadensis, coronavirus, corynebacterium diphtheriae, coxsackie A virus, coxsackie B virus, cryptococcus, cytomegalovirus, deep neck infection, diphtheria, Duke's disease, ebola, echovirus, encephalitis lethargica, epiglottitis, Epstein-Barr virus, francisella tularensis, fungal pharyngitis, fusobacterium necrophorum, fusobacterium, gonococcal pharyngitis, gonorrhea, Group A streptococcal infection, Group C streptococci, Group G streptococci, haemophilus influenzae, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, herpangina, herpes simplex virus, herpesviridae, histoplasma, HIV, human parainfluenza viruses, influenza, Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease, klebsiella, laryngitis, lassa fever, Lemierre's syndrome, lymphadenitis, metapneumovirus, moraxella catarrhalis, mumps, mycobacterium, mycoplasma pneumoniae, neisseria gonorrheae, non-specific urethritis, oral candidiasis, PANDAS, paracoccidioides, parainfluenza, pasteurella, pemphigus, periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis, peritonsillar abscess, pharyngoconjunctival fever, pneumococcus, poliovirus, Q fever, rabies, rat bite fever, respiratory syncitial virus, retropharyngeal abscess, rhinosporidium, rhinovirus, scarlet fever, scrumpox, severe acute respiratory syndrome, sinusitis, staphylococcus aureus, strep throat, streptococcal infections, streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus suis, syphillis, the clap, tonsillitis, toxemia, tracheitis, tracheobronchitis, treponema pallidum, tularemia, upper respiratory tract infection
Musculoskeletal / Ortho No underlying causes
Neurologic Chronic fatigue syndrome, encephalitis lethargica
Nutritional / Metabolic Ariboflavinosis
Obstetric/Gynecologic Cervical phlegmon
Oncologic Laryngeal cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, lymphoproliferative disorders, nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity Cocaine, toxins
Psychiatric Chronic fatigue syndrome, PANDAS
Pulmonary Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold), CMV pneumonitis, epiglottitis, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, hay fever, laryngitis, severe acute respiratory syndrome, tracheitis, tracheobronchitis, upper respiratory tract infection
Renal / Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Allergic pharyngitis, ankylosing spondylitis, arthralgia, Behcets syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, hay fever, immunocompromised host, lymphadenitis, lymphoproliferative disorders, periodic fever syndrome, platinosis, Still's disease, TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Foreign body

[2][3]

Causes in Alphabetical Order

The unnamed parameter 2= is no longer supported. Please see the documentation for {{columns-list}}.
4

References

  1. Pichichero ME (September 1998). "Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections". Pediatr Rev. 19 (9): 291–302. doi:10.1542/pir.19-9-291. PMID 9745311.
  2. Murray RC, Chennupati SK (2012) Chronic streptococcal and non-streptococcal pharyngitis. Infect Disord Drug Targets 12 (4):281-5. PMID: 22338589
  3. Kline JA, Runge JW (1994) Streptococcal pharyngitis: a review of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. J Emerg Med 12 (5):665-80. PMID: 7989695

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