Diarrhea: Difference between revisions

	Diarrhea Microchapters
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Overview
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Classification Acute Diarrhea Chronic diarrhea
Differential Diagnosis

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Latest revision as of 21:22, 29 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Usama Talib, BSc, MD [2], Sadaf Sharfaei M.D.[3], Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [4], Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [5], M.Umer Tariq [6]

Synonyms and keywords: Loose stools

Overview

Diarrhea is defined as the passage of unformed or abnormally liquid stools at an increased frequency. Diarrhea can be classified as acute or chronic. Acute diarrhea has a duration of less than 2 weeks and may be classified on the basis of etiology and presentation. On the basis of etiology, acute diarrhea may be classified into infectious and non-infectious subtypes. Subacute diarrhea is defined as a diarrhea lasting for two to four weeks. Although chronic diarrhea has multiple definitions, a current working definition is the production of loose stools for longer than 4 weeks. Frequent defecation with normal consistency is termed psuedo-diarrhea. There are 3 basic categories of chronic diarrhea: watery, fatty (malabsorption), and inflammatory (with blood and pus). The diagnosis is based on duration of symptoms, signs, microscopic stool examination and culture, stool osmolarity, and in some rare instances colonoscopy. The treatment is mainly based on severity of symptoms, etiology and availability of medications. Prevention is based on proper maintaining the filtration systems at water plants, hand wash, and effectively use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers. Vaccination for some viruses, such as Rotavirus is a part of preventive measures.

Classification

Diarrhea can be classified as acute or chronic depending on the duration of onset of symptoms. Acute and chronic diarrhea can be further classified as follows:

Classification of Acute Diarrhea

Acute diarrhea

Infectious

Non-Infectious

Classification of Chronic Diarrhea

Chronic diarrhea

Watery

Inflammatory

Secretory

Osmotic

Differential Diagnosis of Diarrhea of other diseases

To review the differential diagnosis of diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of traveler's diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of acute watery diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of acute bloody diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of acute fatty diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of chronic watery diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of chronic bloody diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of chronic fatty diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea and fever, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea and fever, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea and abdominal pain, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea and abdominal pain, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea and weight loss, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea and weight loss, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss, click here.

Diarrhea

The following table outlines the major differential diagnoses of diarrhea.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30]

Abbreviations: GI: Gastrointestinal, CBC: Complete blood count, WBC: White blood cell, RBC: Red blood cell, Plt: Platelet, Hgb: Hemoglobin, ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP: C–reactive protein, IgE: Immunoglobulin E, IgA: Immunoglobulin A, ETEC: Escherichia coli enteritis, EPEC: Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, EIEC: Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli, EHEC: Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, EAEC: Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli, Nl: Normal, ASCA: Anti saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies, ANCA: Anti–neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, CFTR: Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, SLC10A2: Solute carrier family 10 member 2, SeHCAT: Selenium homocholic acid taurine or tauroselcholic acid, IEL: Intraepithelial lymphocytes, MRCP: Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, ANA: Antinuclear antibodies, AMA: Anti-mitochondrial antibody, LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase, CPK: Creatine phosphokinase, PCR: Polymerase chain reaction, ELISA: Enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay, LT: Heat–labile enterotoxin, ST: Heat–stable enterotoxin, RT-PCR: Reverse–transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, CD4: Cluster of differentiation 4, HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus, RUQ: Right-upper quadrant, VIP: Vasoactive intestinal peptide, GI: Gastrointestinal, FAP: Familial adenomatous polyposis, HNPCC: Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, MTP: Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, Scl‑70: Anti–topoisomerase I, TSH: Thyroid-stimulating hormone, T4: Thyroxine, T3: Triiodothyronine, DTR: Deep tendon reflex, RNA: Ribonucleic acid

				Symptoms								GI signs
Categories		Cause		Clinical manifestation									Lab findings									Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
				Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss
				Duration		Diarrhea							Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings
				Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty					WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings
Gastrointestinal		Crohn's disease		–	+	+	+	+	±	+	+	Abdominal tenderness Oral mucosal lesions	+	+	–	Nl	–	↑	↓	↑	Anti saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) Vitamin B12 deficiency Elevated ESR Elevated CRP	Uveitis Arthritis Erythema nodosum Pyoderma gangrenosum Amyloidosis Venous and arterial thromboembolism Renal stones Bronchiectasis	Abnormal immune response to self antigens	Colonoscopy with biopsy
		Ulcerative colitis		–	+	+	+	+	±	+	+	Abdominal tenderness Blood on rectal examination	+	+	–	Nl	–	↑	↓	↑	Anti–neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (P–ANCA) Hypoalbuminemia Hypokalemia Hypomagnesemia Elevated ESR Elevated CRP	Skin rash Iritis Uveitis Seronegative arthritis Clubbing Erythema nodosum	Abnormal immune response to self antigens	Colonoscopy with biopsy
		Celiac disease		–	+	±	–	±	–	+	+	Abdominal distention Increased bowel sounds Oral mucosal lesions Hepatosplenomegaly Ascites	–	–	–	Nl	Fat droplets on sudan stain	Nl	↓	Nl	IgA endomysial antibody Anti–tissue transglutaminase antibody Anti–gliadin antibody Fat soluble vitamins deficiency	Malabsorption Dementia Dermatitis herpetiformis	HLA–DQ2 HLA–DQ8 Innate responses to wheat proteins	IgA endomysial antibody Anti–tissue transglutaminase antibody
		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cystic fibrosis		–	+	–	–	+	±	+	+	Abdominal distention Hepatosplenomegaly Rectal prolapse	–	–	–	Nl	Fat droplets on sudan stain	Nl	↓	Nl	Positive DNA analysis for cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Nasal transepithelial potential difference Fat soluble vitamins deficiency	Malabsorption Recurrent respiratory tract infection Bronchiectasis Diabetes mellitus Scoliosis Infertility	Mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein	Positive genetic testing Elevated sweat chloride ≥60 mmol/L
		Chronic pancreatitis		–	+	+	–	+	–	+	+	Abdominal tenderness	–	–	–	Nl	Fat droplets on sudan stain Positive fecal elastase measurement	Nl	Nl	Nl	Slightly elevated amylase and lipase Abnormal pancreatic function test Secretin stimulation test	Malabsorption Diabetes mellitus Pancreatic pseudocyst	Toxins Recurrent acute pancreatitis Genetic predesposition Autoimmune	Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
		Bile acid malabsorption		–	+	+	–	+	–	–	+		–	–	–	Nl	Fat droplets on sudan stain	Nl	Nl	Nl	Reduced cholesterol level	Malabsorption Hypotension Tachycardia	Genetic defects in SLC10A2	SeHCAT test
		Microscopic colitis		–	+	+	–	–	–	+	+	Abdominal tenderness Fecal incontinence	–	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	↓	Nl	Hypokalemia Elevated CRP Positive autoantibodies include: RF ANA AMA ANCA	Arthritis Uveitis Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Pleuro pericarditis Hypothyroidism Psoriasis	Mucosal immune responses to luminal factors in a genetically predisposed individual Drug–induced	Colonoscopy with mucosal biopsy with mononuclear infiltrates: Collagenous colitis is characterized by a colonic subepithelial collagen band >10 micrometers in diameter Lymphocytic colitis is characterized by ≥20 intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) per 100 surface epithelial cells
		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Infective colitis		–	+	+	+	–	+	+	+	Rebound abdominal tenderness	+	+	+	Nl	Positive stool culture Positive fecal calprotectin Positive fecal lactoferrin	↑	↓	↑	Elevated CRP Elevated ESR	Arthritis Uveitis	Salmonella Shigella Campylobacter E. coli 0157:H7 Clostridium difficile Entamoeba histolytica Adenovirus Cytomegalovirus Herpes simplex virus	Stool culture Blood culture
		Ischemic colitis		+	+	+	+	–	+	+	+	Hyperactive then absent bowel sounds Abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	–	↑	↓	↑	Elevated CRP Elevated ESR Elevated serum lactate Elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) Elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) Elevated amylase Hypoalbuminemia	IgA vasculitis	Hypercoagulability Nonocclusive colonic ischemia Embolic and thrombotic arterial occlusion Mesenteric vein thrombosis	Abdominal CT scan
		Lactose intolerance		+	+	+	–	–	–	+	–	Abdominal tenderness Abdominal distention	–	–	–	↑	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Lactose tolerance test Genetic testing	Headache Vertigo Memory impairment Lethargy	Reduction of lactase enzyme activity or inability to produce persistent lactase Congenital lactase deficiency Secondary lactose malabsorption	Small bowel biopsy Lactose breath hydrogen test
		Irritable bowel syndrome		–	+	±	–	±	–	±	–	Abdominal tenderness Abdominal distention Normal bowel sounds	–	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Anxiety Palpitation	Unknown	Diagnosis of exclusion
Infection	Bacterial	Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Whipple's disease		–	+	+	–	+	±	+	+	Hepatosplenomegaly Ascites	–	–	–	Nl	Positive fecal fat	↓	↓	↓/↑	Hypoalbuminemia Fat soluble vitamins deficiency	Malabsorption Abnormal extraocular movement Lymphadenopathy Hyperpigmentation Uveitis Endocarditis Encephalitis Dementia Pleural effusion	Tropheryma whipplei	Small intestine biopsy for Tropheryma whipplei testing PCR testing
		Tropical sprue		+	+	+	–	+	+	+	+	Angular stomatitis Oral mucosal lesion	+	–	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	Nl	↓	Nl	Fat soluble vitamins deficiency Vitamin B12 deficiency Folate deficiency Hypokalemia	Myalgia Neuropathy Edema	Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Enterobacter cloacae	Diagnosis of exclusion
		Small bowel bacterial overgrowth		–	+	+	–	+	–	+	+	Abdominal distention	+	–	–	Nl	Positive stool culture Positive fecal fat	Nl	↓	Nl	Hypoalbuminemia Abnormal hydrogen breath test Lactic acidosis	Malabsorption Rosacea	Excess bacteria in the small intestine Alterations in intestinal anatomy or GI motility	Diagnosis of exclusion
		Pseudomembranous enterocolitis		+	–	+	±	–	+	+	±	Generalized abdominal tenderness Abdominal distention Rebound abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay or C. difficile antigen	↑	↓	↓	Elevated serum creatinine Hypoalbuminemia Elevated lactic acid	Dehydration Acute kidney injury Bacteremia Reactive arthritis Necrotizing fasciitis	Clostridium difficile Recent antibiotics use Recent surgery	Stool exam Pseudomembranes on colonoscopy
		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Campylobacteriosis		+	–	+	+	–	+	+	–	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	Nl	Toxic megacolon Sepsis Arthritis Endocarditis Guillain–Barré syndrome	Campylobacter jejuni	Stool culture
		Salmonellosis		+	+	+	+	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness Hepatosplenomegaly	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture Positive serologic testing	↑	Nl	↑	Hypokalemia Hypernatremia Hyponatremia Hypercalciuria Hypocitraturia	Post–infectious arthritis Obtundation Bacteremia Pericarditis Pyelonephritis Brain abscess	Salmonella	Stool culture
		Shigellosis		+	–	+	+	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Hyperactive bowel sounds Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑/↓	↓	↓	Elevated CRP Elevated ESR Hyponatremia Hypoglycemia Azotemia	Headache Lethargy Seizures Delirium Post–infectious arthritis Myocarditis	Shigella	Stool culture
		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Escherichia coli enteritis	ETEC (Traveler's diarrhea)	+	–	+	–	–	+	–	–	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	–	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	–	Enterotoxigenic escherichia coli Enterotoxins: Heat–labile enterotoxin (LT) Heat–stable enterotoxin (ST)	Stool culture
			EPEC	+	+	+	+	–	+	+	+	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	–	Enteropathogenic E. coli	DNA probe or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the EPEC adherence factor Stool culture
			EIEC	+	–	+	+	–	+	+	–	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	–	Enteroinvasive E. coli	DNA probe Stool culture
			EHEC	+	–	+	+	–	–	+	–	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	↓	↓	Azotemia	Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) Renal failure	Enterohemorrhagic E. coli Shiga toxins	Stool culture
			EAEC	+	+	+	+	–	–	+	–	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	↓	↓	–	Chronic infection in immunocompromised patients	Enteroaggregative E. coli	Stool culture
		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Yersinia enterocolitica		+	–	+	+	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Hyperactive bowel sounds Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	Bacteremia Reactive arthritis Glomerulonephritis Endocarditis Erythema nodosum Abscess	Yersinia enterocolitica	Stool culture
		Vibrio cholera		+	–	+	–	–	–	+	–		+	–	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	Azotemia	Severe dehydration Decreased skin turgor Oliguria Renal failure Muscle cramps Seizure Somnolence	Cholera toxin	Stool culture
		Aeromonas		+	+	+	+	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Hyperactive bowel sounds Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	Wound infection Bacteremia Hemolytic uremic syndrome Meningitis Ocular infection Pneumonia Urinary tract infection Osteomyelitis Peritonitis Acute cholecystitis Opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients	Aeromonas virulence factors including endotoxins, hemolysins, enterotoxins, and adherence factors	Blood culture Wound culture
		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Plesiomonas		+	–	+	+	–	+	+	–	Hyperactive bowel sounds Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	Opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients or hepatobiliary disease Bacteremia Cellulitis and skin abscesses Peritonitis Meningoencephalitis Ocular infection Pneumonia Prosthetic joint infection Septic abortion	Plesiomonas shigelloides	Blood culture
		Mycobacterium avium complex		+	+	+	+	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Hepatosplenomegaly	+	+	–	Nl	–	↓	↓	Nl	Elevated liver enzymes	Opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients Pulmonary infection Adenopathy Night sweats	Mycobacterium avium complex	Blood culture
		Food poisoning Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus cereus Clostridium perfringens		+	–	+	±	–	+	+	±	Abdominal distention	+	±	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	History of travel or ingestion of infected food	Enterotoxins	Stool culture
	Virus	Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Norovirus		+	–	+	–	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention	–	–	–	Nl	Positive stool reverse–transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR)	↓	Nl	Nl	–	Myalgia Headache Seizure Encephalopathy	Norovirus	Clinical diagnosis
		Rotavirus		+	–	+	–	–	+	–	–	Hyperactive bowel sounds Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Elevated blood urea nitrogen Hyperchloremic acidosis Hypocalcemia	Necrotizing enterocolitis Intussusception Biliary atresia Central nervous system involvement	Rotavirus	Stool immune–based assays
		Echovirus		+	–	+	–	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention	–	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	–	Liver failure Myocarditis	Echovirus	Clinical diagnosis
		Adenovirus		+	–	+	–	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention	–	–	–	Nl	Viral antigen assay	Nl	Nl	Nl	–	Respiratory disease Follicular conjunctivitis Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis Hepatitis Urethritis Myocarditis Meningitis Bacteremia	Adenovirus	Clinical diagnosis
		CMV colitis		+	+	–	+	–	±	+	–	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Viral antigen assay	↓	Nl	Nl	Decreased CD4 level Abnormal liver function test	Encephalitis Guillain–Barré syndrome Pneumonia Retinitis Pericarditis and myocarditis Atherosclerosis Venous thrombosis	Cytomegalovirus	Quantitative PCR tests
		HIV		–	+	+	–	–	+	+	+	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	–	–	Nl	–	↓	↓	Nl	Decreased CD4 level Electrolyte imbalance	Lymphadenopathy Disseminated infection	HIV	HIV virologic (viral load) test Immunoassay
	Parasite	Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Entamoeba histolytica		+	+	+	+	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	+	Nl	–	↑	Nl	Nl	–	Liver abscess Pleuropulmonary infection Cardiac infection Brain abscess Cutaneous infection	Entamoeba histolytica	Antigen testing Serology
		Giardia		–	+	+	–	+	–	+	+	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness	–	–	+	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	–	Malabsorption Urticaria Depression	Giardia lamblia	Antigen detection assays
		Cryptosporidium		–	+	+	–	–	–	+	+	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness	–	–	+	Nl	Positive stool microscopy	Nl	Nl	Nl	Elevated alkaline phosphatase	Chronic, life–threatening illness in immunocompromised patients	Cryptosporidium	Polymerase chain reaction
		Microsporidia		+	+	+	–	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness	–	–	+	Nl	Positive stool microscopy	Nl	Nl	Nl	Decreased CD4 count	Malabsorption Keratitis Seizure Myositis	Microsporidia	Antigen detection assays
		Isospora		+	+	+	–	+	+	+	+	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	+	Nl	Positive stool microscopy Positive fecal fat	↑	Nl	Nl	Elevated eosinophils Hypokalemia Increased creatinine	Chronic illness in immunocompromised patients	Isospora	Detecting oocysts in the feces
Tumors		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Carcinoid tumor		–	+	+	+	–	–	+	+	Abdominal distention	–	+	–	↓	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Elevated urinary 5–hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5–HIAA) level High chromogranin A	Facial flushing Jaundice Edema Valvular heart disease Right–sided heart failure	Well–differentiated neuroendocrine tumor	Blood chromogranin A level
		VIPoma		+	+	+	–	+	–	+	+	Abdominal distention Abdominal RUQ tenderness Nausea Vomiting	–	–	–	↓	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Elevated VIP level Hypokalemia Hypochlorhydria or achlorhydria Low osmotic gap (<50 mOsm/kg)	Rash Facial flushing Dehydration Lethargy Muscle weakness	Primary secretory tumor	Blood VIP levels Followed by imaging
		Zollinger–Ellison syndrome		–	+	+	+	+	–	+	+	Epigastric tenderness	–	–	–	↓	–	Nl	↓	Nl	Positive secretin stimulation test Elevated serum chromogranin A	Jaundice	Gastrin producing tumor mainly in duodenum	Secretin stimulation test
		Somatostatinoma		–	+	+	–	–	–	+	+	Epigastric tenderness	–	–	–	↓	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Elevated fasting plasma somatostatin	Diabetes mellitus Cholelithiasis Jaundice	Neuroendocrine tumors of D–cell origin	Plasma somatostatin level Followed by imaging
		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Lymphoma		–	+	+	+	–	+	+	+	Diffuse abdominal tenderness Hepatosplenomegaly	–	+	–	Nl	–	Nl	↓	Nl	Paraproteinemia	Malabsorption Lactose intolerance Ascites	Primary tumor of GI tract	Colonoscopy with biopsy
		Colorectal cancer		–	+	+	+	+	–	+	+	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	–	+	–	Nl	–	Nl	↓	Nl	Positive carcinoembryonic antigen	Metastasis	FAP gene HNPCC gene	Colonoscopy and biopsy
Medication/Toxicity		Medications ACE inhibitors Digoxin Cephalosporins Statins Thiazide diuretics Triptans Lactulose Anti retroviral agents Chemotherapeutic agents Antifungals Magnesium		+	+	+	–	±	±	+	+	Abdominal distention Dehydration	–	–	–	↑/↓	–	↑	Nl	Nl	Elevated plasma level of drug	–	Inflammation Pseudomembranous colitis	Clinical evaluation after discontinuation of the drugs
		Factitious diarrhea		+	+	+	–	–	–	+	+	Abdominal distention	–	–	–	↑/↓	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Hypokalemia Metabolic alkalosis Hypermagnesemia	Malabsorption Lethargy Generalized weakness Acute renal failure	Medications	Clinical evaluation after discontinuation of the drugs
		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Heavy metal ingestion		–	+	+	–	–	–	+	+	Abdominal distention	–	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Elevated plasma heavy metal level	Headache Numbness Alopecia Vertigo	Heavy metal ingestion	Plasma level of heavy metal
		Organophosphate poisoning		+	+	+	–	–	–	+	–	Salivation Vomiting	–	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Reduced RBC acetylcholinesterase Plasma cholinesterase activity	Autonomic dysfunction Motor deficit Sensory deficit Bronchospasm Urination Miosis Bradycardia Lacrimation Sweating Cardiac arrhythmias Acute renal injury	Neurotoxins bind to acetylcholinesterase (AChE)	Clinical diagnosis
		Opium withdrawal		+	+	+	–	–	–	+	–	Hyperactive bowel sounds	–	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Azotemia Hypokalemia Metabolic alkalosis	Dysphoria Restlessness Sweating Rhinorrhea Lacrimation Myalgia Arthralgia	Opium withdrawal	Clinical diagnosis following opium withdrawal
Iatrogenic		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Short bowel syndrome		+	+	+	–	+	–	–	+	Abdominal distention Abdominal tenderness	–	–	–	Nl	Positive fecal fat	Nl	↓	↑	Hypoalbuminemia High level of acute phase reactant Abnormal liver function tests	Prior intestinal surgery Malabsorption Crohn's disease Malignancy Peripheral edema Muscle atrophy	Surgical bowel resection	Clinical diagnosis following bowel resection
		Radiation enteritis		+	+	+	+	+	–	+	+	Abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive fecal fat	Nl	↓	Nl	Vitamin B12 deficiency Hypoalbuminemia	Prior history of malignancy and radiation therapy Malabsorption Telangiectasias	Radiation	Segmental bowel inflammation on endoscopy or colonoscopy
		Dumping syndrome		–	+	+	–	+	–	–	+	Hyperactive bowel sound	–	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Hypoglycemia Hydrogen breath test	Malnutrition Fat soluble vitamin deficiency	Postgastrectomy	Clinical diagnosis following gastrectomy
Others		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Abetalipoproteinemia		–	+	+	–	+	–	+	+	Abdominal distension	–	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Low triglyceride Low total cholesterol levels Acanthocytes Low vitamin E levels	Ataxia Visual field defect Dysarthria	Autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations encoding the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP)	Clinical findings and low triglyceride and cholesterol level
		Hyperthyroidism		–	+	+	–	–	±	+	+	–	–	–	–	Nl	Positive fecal fat	Nl	Nl	Nl	Elevated T4 Elevated T3 Decreased TSH High serum alkaline phosphatase	Lump in the neck Lid lag Malabsorption Sweating Hyperpigmentation Proptosis Tremor Increased DTR	Graves' disease Hashimoto's thyroiditis Toxic adenoma	TSH
		Diabetic neuropathy		–	+	+	–	+	–	+	+	Fecal incontinence	–	–	–	Nl	Positive fecal fat	Nl	↓	Nl	Hyperglycemia Azotemia Hypokalemia	Malabsorption	Unclear Disordered motility Increased intestinal secretion Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth	Clinical diagnosis in a patient with long lasting diabetes mellitus
		Systemic sclerosis		–	+	+	±	+	–	+	+	Epigastric tenderness Fecal incontinence	–	+	–	Nl	Positive fecal fat	Nl	↓	Nl	Anti–topoisomerase I (Scl‑70) antibodies Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) Anti–centromere antibodies Anti–RNA polymerase III antibody	Malabsorption Skin changes Raynaud phenomenon Pulmonary hypertension Arthritis Telangiectasia Chronic renal failure	Autoimmune reaction	Clinical diagnosis Followed by serologic tests

Related Chapters

References

↑ Casburn-Jones, Anna C; Farthing, Michael Jg (2004). "Traveler's diarrhea". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 19 (6): 610–618. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2003.03287.x. ISSN 0815-9319.
↑ Kamat, Deepak; Mathur, Ambika (2006). "Prevention and Management of Travelers' Diarrhea". Disease-a-Month. 52 (7): 289–302. doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2006.08.003. ISSN 0011-5029.
↑ Pfeiffer, Margaret L.; DuPont, Herbert L.; Ochoa, Theresa J. (2012). "The patient presenting with acute dysentery – A systematic review". Journal of Infection. 64 (4): 374–386. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2012.01.006. ISSN 0163-4453.
↑ Barr W, Smith A (2014). "Acute diarrhea". Am Fam Physician. 89 (3): 180–9. PMID 24506120.
↑ Amil Dias J (2017). "Celiac Disease: What Do We Know in 2017?". GE Port J Gastroenterol. 24 (6): 275–278. doi:10.1159/000479881. PMID 29255768.
↑ Kotloff KL, Riddle MS, Platts-Mills JA, Pavlinac P, Zaidi A (2017). "Shigellosis". Lancet. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33296-8. PMID 29254859. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
↑ Yamamoto-Furusho, J.K.; Bosques-Padilla, F.; de-Paula, J.; Galiano, M.T.; Ibañez, P.; Juliao, F.; Kotze, P.G.; Rocha, J.L.; Steinwurz, F.; Veitia, G.; Zaltman, C. (2017). "Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal: Primer Consenso Latinoamericano de la Pan American Crohn's and Colitis Organisation". Revista de Gastroenterología de México. 82 (1): 46–84. doi:10.1016/j.rgmx.2016.07.003. ISSN 0375-0906.
↑ Borbély, Yves M; Osterwalder, Alice; Kröll, Dino; Nett, Philipp C; Inglin, Roman A (2017). "Diarrhea after bariatric procedures: Diagnosis and therapy". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 23 (26): 4689. doi:10.3748/wjg.v23.i26.4689. ISSN 1007-9327.
↑ Crawford, Sue E.; Ramani, Sasirekha; Tate, Jacqueline E.; Parashar, Umesh D.; Svensson, Lennart; Hagbom, Marie; Franco, Manuel A.; Greenberg, Harry B.; O'Ryan, Miguel; Kang, Gagandeep; Desselberger, Ulrich; Estes, Mary K. (2017). "Rotavirus infection". Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 3: 17083. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.83. ISSN 2056-676X.
↑ Kist M (2000). "[Chronic diarrhea: value of microbiology in diagnosis]". Praxis (Bern 1994) (in German). 89 (39): 1559–65. PMID 11068510.
↑ Guerrant RL, Shields DS, Thorson SM, Schorling JB, Gröschel DH (1985). "Evaluation and diagnosis of acute infectious diarrhea". Am. J. Med. 78 (6B): 91–8. PMID 4014291.
↑ López-Vélez R, Turrientes MC, Garrón C, Montilla P, Navajas R, Fenoy S, del Aguila C (1999). "Microsporidiosis in travelers with diarrhea from the tropics". J Travel Med. 6 (4): 223–7. PMID 10575169.
↑ Wahnschaffe, Ulrich; Ignatius, Ralf; Loddenkemper, Christoph; Liesenfeld, Oliver; Muehlen, Marion; Jelinek, Thomas; Burchard, Gerd Dieter; Weinke, Thomas; Harms, Gundel; Stein, Harald; Zeitz, Martin; Ullrich, Reiner; Schneider, Thomas (2009). "Diagnostic value of endoscopy for the diagnosis of giardiasis and other intestinal diseases in patients with persistent diarrhea from tropical or subtropical areas". Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 42 (3): 391–396. doi:10.1080/00365520600881193. ISSN 0036-5521.
↑ Mena Bares LM, Carmona Asenjo E, García Sánchez MV, Moreno Ortega E, Maza Muret FR, Guiote Moreno MV, Santos Bueno AM, Iglesias Flores E, Benítez Cantero JM, Vallejo Casas JA (2017). "75SeHCAT scan in bile acid malabsorption in chronic diarrhoea". Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol. 36 (1): 37–47. doi:10.1016/j.remn.2016.08.005. PMID 27765536.
↑ Gibson RJ, Stringer AM (2009). "Chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea". Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 3 (1): 31–5. doi:10.1097/SPC.0b013e32832531bb. PMID 19365159.
↑ Abraham BP, Sellin JH (2012). "Drug-induced, factitious, & idiopathic diarrhoea". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 26 (5): 633–48. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2012.11.007. PMID 23384808.
↑ Reintam Blaser A, Deane AM, Fruhwald S (2015). "Diarrhoea in the critically ill". Curr Opin Crit Care. 21 (2): 142–53. doi:10.1097/MCC.0000000000000188. PMID 25692805.
↑ McMahan ZH, DuPont HL (2007). "Review article: the history of acute infectious diarrhoea management--from poorly focused empiricism to fluid therapy and modern pharmacotherapy". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 25 (7): 759–69. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03261.x. PMID 17373914.
↑ Schiller LR (2012). "Definitions, pathophysiology, and evaluation of chronic diarrhoea". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 26 (5): 551–62. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2012.11.011. PMID 23384801.
↑ Giannella RA (1986). "Chronic diarrhea in travelers: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations". Rev. Infect. Dis. 8 Suppl 2: S223–6. PMID 3523719.
↑ Silverberg MS, Satsangi J, Ahmad T, Arnott ID, Bernstein CN, Brant SR; et al. (2005). "Toward an integrated clinical, molecular and serological classification of inflammatory bowel disease: report of a Working Party of the 2005 Montreal World Congress of Gastroenterology". Can J Gastroenterol. 19 Suppl A: 5A–36A. PMID 16151544.
↑ Sauter GH, Moussavian AC, Meyer G, Steitz HO, Parhofer KG, Jüngst D (2002). "Bowel habits and bile acid malabsorption in the months after cholecystectomy". Am J Gastroenterol. 97 (7): 1732–5. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05779.x. PMID 12135027.
↑ Maiuri L, Raia V, Potter J, Swallow D, Ho MW, Fiocca R; et al. (1991). "Mosaic pattern of lactase expression by villous enterocytes in human adult-type hypolactasia". Gastroenterology. 100 (2): 359–69. PMID 1702075.
↑ RUBIN CE, BRANDBORG LL, PHELPS PC, TAYLOR HC (1960). "Studies of celiac disease. I. The apparent identical and specific nature of the duodenal and proximal jejunal lesion in celiac disease and idiopathic sprue". Gastroenterology. 38: 28–49. PMID 14439871.
↑ Konvolinka CW (1994). "Acute diverticulitis under age forty". Am J Surg. 167 (6): 562–5. PMID 8209928.
↑ Satsangi J, Silverberg MS, Vermeire S, Colombel JF (2006). "The Montreal classification of inflammatory bowel disease: controversies, consensus, and implications". Gut. 55 (6): 749–53. doi:10.1136/gut.2005.082909. PMC 1856208. PMID 16698746.
↑ Haque R, Huston CD, Hughes M, Houpt E, Petri WA (2003). "Amebiasis". N Engl J Med. 348 (16): 1565–73. doi:10.1056/NEJMra022710. PMID 12700377.
↑ Hertzler SR, Savaiano DA (1996). "Colonic adaptation to daily lactose feeding in lactose maldigesters reduces lactose intolerance". Am J Clin Nutr. 64 (2): 232–6. PMID 8694025.
↑ Briet F, Pochart P, Marteau P, Flourie B, Arrigoni E, Rambaud JC (1997). "Improved clinical tolerance to chronic lactose ingestion in subjects with lactose intolerance: a placebo effect?". Gut. 41 (5): 632–5. PMC 1891556. PMID 9414969.
↑ BLACK-SCHAFFER B (1949). "The tinctoral demonstration of a glycoprotein in Whipple's disease". Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 72 (1): 225–7. PMID 15391722.

[Casburn-JonesFarthing2004-1] Casburn-Jones, Anna C; Farthing, Michael Jg (2004). "Traveler's diarrhea". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 19 (6): 610–618. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2003.03287.x. ISSN 0815-9319.

[KamatMathur2006-2] Kamat, Deepak; Mathur, Ambika (2006). "Prevention and Management of Travelers' Diarrhea". Disease-a-Month. 52 (7): 289–302. doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2006.08.003. ISSN 0011-5029.

[PfeifferDuPont2012-3] Pfeiffer, Margaret L.; DuPont, Herbert L.; Ochoa, Theresa J. (2012). "The patient presenting with acute dysentery – A systematic review". Journal of Infection. 64 (4): 374–386. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2012.01.006. ISSN 0163-4453.

[pmid24506120-4] Barr W, Smith A (2014). "Acute diarrhea". Am Fam Physician. 89 (3): 180–9. PMID 24506120.

[pmid29255768-5] Amil Dias J (2017). "Celiac Disease: What Do We Know in 2017?". GE Port J Gastroenterol. 24 (6): 275–278. doi:10.1159/000479881. PMID 29255768.

[pmid29254859-6] Kotloff KL, Riddle MS, Platts-Mills JA, Pavlinac P, Zaidi A (2017). "Shigellosis". Lancet. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33296-8. PMID 29254859. Vancouver style error: initials (help)

[Yamamoto-FurushoBosques-Padilla2017-7] Yamamoto-Furusho, J.K.; Bosques-Padilla, F.; de-Paula, J.; Galiano, M.T.; Ibañez, P.; Juliao, F.; Kotze, P.G.; Rocha, J.L.; Steinwurz, F.; Veitia, G.; Zaltman, C. (2017). "Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal: Primer Consenso Latinoamericano de la Pan American Crohn's and Colitis Organisation". Revista de Gastroenterología de México. 82 (1): 46–84. doi:10.1016/j.rgmx.2016.07.003. ISSN 0375-0906.

[BorbélyOsterwalder2017-8] Borbély, Yves M; Osterwalder, Alice; Kröll, Dino; Nett, Philipp C; Inglin, Roman A (2017). "Diarrhea after bariatric procedures: Diagnosis and therapy". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 23 (26): 4689. doi:10.3748/wjg.v23.i26.4689. ISSN 1007-9327.

[CrawfordRamani2017-9] Crawford, Sue E.; Ramani, Sasirekha; Tate, Jacqueline E.; Parashar, Umesh D.; Svensson, Lennart; Hagbom, Marie; Franco, Manuel A.; Greenberg, Harry B.; O'Ryan, Miguel; Kang, Gagandeep; Desselberger, Ulrich; Estes, Mary K. (2017). "Rotavirus infection". Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 3: 17083. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.83. ISSN 2056-676X.

[pmid11068510-10] Kist M (2000). "[Chronic diarrhea: value of microbiology in diagnosis]". Praxis (Bern 1994) (in German). 89 (39): 1559–65. PMID 11068510.

[pmid4014291-11] Guerrant RL, Shields DS, Thorson SM, Schorling JB, Gröschel DH (1985). "Evaluation and diagnosis of acute infectious diarrhea". Am. J. Med. 78 (6B): 91–8. PMID 4014291.

[pmid10575169-12] López-Vélez R, Turrientes MC, Garrón C, Montilla P, Navajas R, Fenoy S, del Aguila C (1999). "Microsporidiosis in travelers with diarrhea from the tropics". J Travel Med. 6 (4): 223–7. PMID 10575169.

[WahnschaffeIgnatius2009-13] Wahnschaffe, Ulrich; Ignatius, Ralf; Loddenkemper, Christoph; Liesenfeld, Oliver; Muehlen, Marion; Jelinek, Thomas; Burchard, Gerd Dieter; Weinke, Thomas; Harms, Gundel; Stein, Harald; Zeitz, Martin; Ullrich, Reiner; Schneider, Thomas (2009). "Diagnostic value of endoscopy for the diagnosis of giardiasis and other intestinal diseases in patients with persistent diarrhea from tropical or subtropical areas". Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 42 (3): 391–396. doi:10.1080/00365520600881193. ISSN 0036-5521.

[pmid27765536-14] Mena Bares LM, Carmona Asenjo E, García Sánchez MV, Moreno Ortega E, Maza Muret FR, Guiote Moreno MV, Santos Bueno AM, Iglesias Flores E, Benítez Cantero JM, Vallejo Casas JA (2017). "75SeHCAT scan in bile acid malabsorption in chronic diarrhoea". Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol. 36 (1): 37–47. doi:10.1016/j.remn.2016.08.005. PMID 27765536.

[pmid19365159-15] Gibson RJ, Stringer AM (2009). "Chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea". Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 3 (1): 31–5. doi:10.1097/SPC.0b013e32832531bb. PMID 19365159.

[pmid23384808-16] Abraham BP, Sellin JH (2012). "Drug-induced, factitious, & idiopathic diarrhoea". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 26 (5): 633–48. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2012.11.007. PMID 23384808.

[pmid25692805-17] Reintam Blaser A, Deane AM, Fruhwald S (2015). "Diarrhoea in the critically ill". Curr Opin Crit Care. 21 (2): 142–53. doi:10.1097/MCC.0000000000000188. PMID 25692805.

[pmid17373914-18] McMahan ZH, DuPont HL (2007). "Review article: the history of acute infectious diarrhoea management--from poorly focused empiricism to fluid therapy and modern pharmacotherapy". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 25 (7): 759–69. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03261.x. PMID 17373914.

[pmid23384801-19] Schiller LR (2012). "Definitions, pathophysiology, and evaluation of chronic diarrhoea". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 26 (5): 551–62. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2012.11.011. PMID 23384801.

[pmid3523719-20] Giannella RA (1986). "Chronic diarrhea in travelers: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations". Rev. Infect. Dis. 8 Suppl 2: S223–6. PMID 3523719.

[pmid16151544-21] Silverberg MS, Satsangi J, Ahmad T, Arnott ID, Bernstein CN, Brant SR; et al. (2005). "Toward an integrated clinical, molecular and serological classification of inflammatory bowel disease: report of a Working Party of the 2005 Montreal World Congress of Gastroenterology". Can J Gastroenterol. 19 Suppl A: 5A–36A. PMID 16151544.

[pmid12135027-22] Sauter GH, Moussavian AC, Meyer G, Steitz HO, Parhofer KG, Jüngst D (2002). "Bowel habits and bile acid malabsorption in the months after cholecystectomy". Am J Gastroenterol. 97 (7): 1732–5. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05779.x. PMID 12135027.

[pmid1702075-23] Maiuri L, Raia V, Potter J, Swallow D, Ho MW, Fiocca R; et al. (1991). "Mosaic pattern of lactase expression by villous enterocytes in human adult-type hypolactasia". Gastroenterology. 100 (2): 359–69. PMID 1702075.

[pmid14439871-24] RUBIN CE, BRANDBORG LL, PHELPS PC, TAYLOR HC (1960). "Studies of celiac disease. I. The apparent identical and specific nature of the duodenal and proximal jejunal lesion in celiac disease and idiopathic sprue". Gastroenterology. 38: 28–49. PMID 14439871.

[pmid8209928-25] Konvolinka CW (1994). "Acute diverticulitis under age forty". Am J Surg. 167 (6): 562–5. PMID 8209928.

[pmid16698746-26] Satsangi J, Silverberg MS, Vermeire S, Colombel JF (2006). "The Montreal classification of inflammatory bowel disease: controversies, consensus, and implications". Gut. 55 (6): 749–53. doi:10.1136/gut.2005.082909. PMC 1856208. PMID 16698746.

[pmid12700377-27] Haque R, Huston CD, Hughes M, Houpt E, Petri WA (2003). "Amebiasis". N Engl J Med. 348 (16): 1565–73. doi:10.1056/NEJMra022710. PMID 12700377.

[pmid8694025-28] Hertzler SR, Savaiano DA (1996). "Colonic adaptation to daily lactose feeding in lactose maldigesters reduces lactose intolerance". Am J Clin Nutr. 64 (2): 232–6. PMID 8694025.

[pmid9414969-29] Briet F, Pochart P, Marteau P, Flourie B, Arrigoni E, Rambaud JC (1997). "Improved clinical tolerance to chronic lactose ingestion in subjects with lactose intolerance: a placebo effect?". Gut. 41 (5): 632–5. PMC 1891556. PMID 9414969.

[pmid15391722-30] BLACK-SCHAFFER B (1949). "The tinctoral demonstration of a glycoprotein in Whipple's disease". Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 72 (1): 225–7. PMID 15391722.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Infobox_Disease |
+__NOTOC__
-  Name           = {{PAGENAME}} |
+{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
-  Image          = |
+|-
-  Caption        = |
+| [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Diarrhea resident survival guide]]|| <br> || <br>
-  DiseasesDB     = 3742 |
+| [[Diarrhea resident survival guide|'''Resident'''<br>'''Survival'''<br>'''Guide''']]
-  ICD10          = {{ICD10|A|09||a|00}}, {{ICD10|K|59|1|k|55}} |
+|}
-  ICD9           = {{ICD9|787.91}} |
+{{Diarrhea}}
-  ICDO           = |
+{{CMG}} ; {{AE}} {{USAMA}}, {{SSH}}, {{SMP}}, {{CZ}}, {{MUT}}
-  OMIM           = |
-  MedlinePlus    = |
-  MeshID         = D003967 |
-}}
-'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
-{{Diarrhea}}
+{{SK}} Loose stools
-{{CMG}} ; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}} {{MUT}}
+==Overview==
+Diarrhea is defined as the passage of unformed or abnormally liquid stools at an increased [[frequency]]. Diarrhea can be classified as acute or chronic. [[Acute Diarrhea|Acute diarrhea]] has a duration of less than 2 weeks and may be classified on the basis of etiology and presentation. On the basis of etiology, acute diarrhea may be classified into [[infectious]] and non-infectious subtypes. Subacute diarrhea is defined as a diarrhea lasting for two to four weeks. Although [[chronic diarrhea]] has multiple definitions, a current working definition is the production of loose stools for longer than 4 weeks. Frequent defecation with normal consistency is termed psuedo-diarrhea. There are 3 basic categories of chronic diarrhea: watery, fatty (malabsorption), and inflammatory (with blood and pus). The diagnosis is based on duration of symptoms, signs, microscopic [[stool examination]] and culture, stool osmolarity, and in some rare instances [[colonoscopy]]. The treatment is mainly based on severity of symptoms, etiology and availability of medications. Prevention is based on proper maintaining the filtration systems at water plants, hand wash, and effectively use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers. [[Vaccination]] for some viruses, such as Rotavirus is a part of preventive measures.
-{{SK}} Diarrhoea; loose stools
+==Classification==
-==Causes==
+Diarrhea can be classified as acute or chronic depending on the duration of onset of symptoms. Acute and chronic diarrhea can be further classified as follows:
+=== Classification of Acute Diarrhea ===
+<br>
+{| align=center
+|-
+|
+{{Family tree/start}}
+{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | |A01= Acute diarrhea}}
+{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | }}
+{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| }}
+{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | C01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C02 | | | |C01=Infectious |C02=Non-Infectious}}
+{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |}}
+{{Family tree | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|.| }}
+{{Family tree | | | C01 | | C02 | | | | | C03 | | C04 | | | | | | C05 | | | C06 | | | C07 | | | |C01=[[Bacterial]]|C02=[[Viral]]|C03=[[Fungal]]|C04=[[Protozoa]]|C05=[[Medications]]|C06=[[Poisoning]]|C07=[[Systemic illness]]}}
+{{Family tree/end}}
+|}
-===Causes According to Etiology===
+=== Classification of Chronic Diarrhea ===
-* Bacterial infections. Several types of bacteria consumed through contaminated food or water can cause diarrhea. Common culprits include Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, and Escherichia coli (E. coli).
+<br>
-* Viral infections. Many viruses cause diarrhea, including rotavirus, Norwalk virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and viral hepatitis.
+{| align=center
-* Food intolerances. Some people are unable to digest food components such as artificial sweeteners and lactose—the sugar found in milk.
+|-
-* Parasites. Parasites can enter the body through food or water and settle in the digestive system. Parasites that cause diarrhea include Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Cryptosporidium.
+|
-* Reaction to medicines. Antibiotics, blood pressure medications, cancer drugs, and antacids containing magnesium can all cause diarrhea.
+{{Family tree/start}}
-* Intestinal diseases. Inflammatory bowel disease, colitis, Crohn’s disease, and celiac disease often lead to diarrhea.
+{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | |A01= Chronic diarrhea}}
-* Functional bowel disorders. Diarrhea can be a symptom of irritable bowel syndrome.
+{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |}}
+{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | |}}
+{{familytree | | | | | | | | | C01 | | | | | | | | C02 | | |C01= Watery |C02=Inflammatory}}
+{{family tree| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
+{{family tree| | | | |,|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | | }}
+{{family tree| | | | C01 | | | | | | | | C02 | | | | | | | |C01= Secretory| C02= Osmotic}}
+{{Family tree/end}}
+|}
-===Complete Differential Diagnosis of the Causes of Diarrhea===
+==Differential Diagnosis of Diarrhea of other diseases==
-(By organ system)
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of diarrhea, click [[Diarrhea#Differential Diagnosis of Diarrhea of other diseases|here]].'''''
-{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea, click [[Acute diarrhea differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" |
-[[Myocarditis]],
-[[Portal vein thrombosis]],
-Superior mesenteric artery occlusion,
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea, click [[Chronic diarrhea differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-|-
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of traveler's diarrhea, click [[Traveler's diarrhea differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Acrodynia]],
-Acute tin poisoning,
-Acute zinc toxicity,
-[[Arsenic poisoning]],
-[[Amnesic shellfish poisoning]],
-D. suaveolans)
-[[Arsenic poisoning]],
-Ricinus communis
-[[Chlordane]],
-Copper toxicity,
-Narcissus pseudonarcissus
-[[Diazinon]],
-[[Endosulfan]],
-[[Isomalt]],
-Datura stramonium
-[[Lead poisoning]],
-[[Mercury poisoning]],
-[[Metal fume fever]],
-Phoradendron serotinum
-[[Naphthalene]],
-[[Oleander]],
-[[Organophosphates]],
-[[Phytohaemagglutinin]],
-Phytolacca Americana,
-Solanum tuberosum,
-Abrus precatorious,
-[[Solanine]],
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of acute watery diarrhea, click [[Acute watery diarrhea differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of acute bloody diarrhea, click [[Acute bloody diarrhea differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of acute fatty diarrhea, click [[Acute fatty diarrhea differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-| '''Congenital'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital type 3]],
-[[Congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1B]],
-Congenital short bowel,
-Congenital sucrose-isomaltose malabsorption,
-Congenital syndromes (chloridorrhea),
-[[Congenital toxoplasmosis]],
-Intrinsic factor, congenital deficiency
-[[Juvenile polyposis of infancy]],
-[[Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia]],
-[[Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency]],
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of chronic watery diarrhea, click [[Chronic watery diarrhea differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-|-
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of chronic bloody diarrhea, click [[Chronic bloody diarrhea differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Dermatologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Necrotizing fasciitis]],
-|-
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of chronic fatty diarrhea, click [[Chronic fatty diarrhea differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Drug Side Effect'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[2C-B]],
-[[2-Ethylhexanol]],
-[[5-HT3 antagonist]],
-[[5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid]],
-[[5-MeO-AMT]],
-[[5-Methoxy-diisopropyltryptamine]],
-[[Abacavir (Patient Information)]],
-[[Acamprosate (patient information)]],
-[[Acarbose]],
-[[Acebutolol (patient information)]],
-[[Aciclovir]],
-[[Acitretin (patient information)]],
-[[Aconitine]],
-[[Adefovir (patient information)]],
-[[Alatrofloxacin Injection (patient information)]],
-[[Aldesleukin (patient information)]],
-[[Alendronate (patient information)]],
-[[Aliskiren (patient information)]],
-[[Allopurinol (patient information)]],
-[[Alosetron (patient information)]],
-[[Alpha-amanitin]],
-[[Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor]],
-[[Alprazolam]],
-[[Altretamine]],
-[[Amifostine]],
-[[Amiloride and Hydrochlorothiazide (patient information)]],
-[[Aminocaproic acid]],
-[[Aminophylline (patient information)]],
-[[Amlexanox (patient information)]],
-[[Amlodipine and Benazepril (patient information)]],
-[[Ammonium lauryl sulfate]],
-[[Amoxicillin and Clavulanic Acid (patient information)]],
-[[Amphotericin B Injection (patient information)]],
-[[Amprenavir (patient information)]],
-[[Anadenanthera peregrina]],
-[[Anagrelide (patient information)]],
-[[Anakinra (patient information)]],
-[[Anastrozole (patient information)]],
-[[Anisindione (patient information)]],
-[[Aprepitant (patient information)]],
-[[Atazanavir (patient information)]],
-[[Atenolol (patient information)]],
-[[Atorvastatin (patient information)]],
-[[Atovaquone (patient information)]],
-[[Auranofin (patient information)]],
-[[Azithromycin]],
-[[Aztreonam Injection (patient information)]],
-[[Barium nitrate]],
-[[Barium Sulfate (patient information)]],
-[[Beatrice (psychedelic)]],
-[[Bepridil (patient information)]],
-[[Bevacizumab Injection (patient information)]],
-[[Bezafibrate]],
-[[Bicalutamide (patient information)]],
-[[Biguanide]],
-[[Bisacodyl (patient information)]],
-[[Bisoprolol (patient information)]],
-[[Bortezomib (patient information)]],
-[[Brompheniramine (patient information)]],
-[[Bumetanide (patient information)]],
-[[Buspirone (patient information)]],
-[[Busulfan (patient information)]],
-[[Candesartan (patient information)]],
-[[Capecitabine (patient information)]],
-[[Carbamazepine (patient information)]],
-[[Carboplatin (patient information)]],
-[[Carmustine (patient information)]],
-[[Carteolol (patient information)]],
-[[Carvedilol (patient information)]],
-[[Cefaclor]],
-[[Cefadroxil (patient information)]],
-[[Cefamandole Nafate Injection (patient information)]],
-[[Cefazolin]],
-[[Cefazolin Sodium Injection (patient information)]],
-[[Cefdinir]],
-[[Cefepime Injection (patient information)]],
-[[Cefoperazone Sodium Injection (patient information)]],
-[[Cefotaxime Sodium Injection (patient information)]],
-[[Cefotetan Disodium Injection (patient information)]],
-[[Cefoxitin Sodium Injection (patient information)]],
-[[Cefpodoxime (patient information)]],
-[[Ceftazidime Injection (patient information)]],
-[[Ceftizoxime Sodium Injection (patient information)]],
-[[Ceftriaxone Sodium Injection (patient information)]],
-[[Cefuroxime]],
-[[Cephalexin (patient information)]],
-[[Cephradine Injection (patient information)]],
-[[Cerivastatin (patient information)]],
-[[Cetuximab Injection (patient information)]],
-[[Cevimeline]],
-[[Chloral Hydrate (patient information)]],
-[[Chlorambucil (patient information)]],
-[[Chlordiazepoxide (patient information)]],
-[[Chlorodyne]],
-[[Chlorothiazide (patient information)]],
-[[Chlorpheniramine (patient information)]],
-[[Chlorthalidone (patient information)]],
-[[Cholestyramine (patient information)]],
-[[Ciclosporin]],
-[[Cidofovir Injection (patient information)]],
-[[Cilostazol (patient information)]],
-[[Cimetidine (patient information)]],
-[[Cinacalcet (patient information)]],
-[[Cisapride (patient information)]],
-[[Citalopram]],
-[[Cladribine (patient information)]],
-[[Clamoxyquine]],
-[[Clarithromycin]],
-[[Clindamycin]],
-[[Clofarabine]],
-[[Clofibrate]],
-[[Clomipramine (patient information)]],
-[[Clonazepam (patient information)]],
-[[Clopidogrel (patient information)]],
-[[Clorazepate (patient information)]],
-[[Colistimethate Injection (patient information)]],
-[[Cyclophosphamide]],
-[[Cyproheptadine (patient information)]],
-[[Cytarabine (patient information)]],
-[[Dactinomycin (patient information)]],
-[[Dantrolene]],
-[[Daptomycin]],
-[[Darbepoetin Alfa Injection (patient information)]],
-[[Darifenacin (patient information)]],
-[[Darunavir (patient information)]],
-[[Dasatinib]],
-[[Daunorubicin (patient information)]],
-[[Deferasirox (patient information)]],
-[[Delavirdine (patient information)]],
-[[Deracoxib]],
-[[Desoxyn]],
-[[Dextroamphetamine and Amphetamine (patient information)]],
-[[Dextromethorphan]],
-[[Diacerein]],
-[[Diazepam (patient information)]],
-[[Diclofenac and Misoprostol (patient information)]],
-[[Dicloxacillin (patient information)]],
-[[Didanosine (patient information)]],
-[[Diflunisal (patient information)]],
-[[Diltiazem (patient information)]],
-[[Dipyridamole (patient information)]],
-[[Dirithromycin (patient information)]],
-[[Docetaxel (patient information)]],
-[[Dofetilide (patient information)]],
-[[Dolasetron (patient information)]],
-[[Donepezil (patient information)]],
-[[Doripenem]],
-[[Doxorubicin (patient information)]],
-[[Doxycycline Injection (patient information)]],
-[[DTPA]],
-[[Duloxetine]],
-[[Efavirenz (patient information)]],
-[[Emtricitabine (patient information)]],
-[[Enalapril (patient information)]],
-[[Endosulfan]],
-[[Enoxacin (patient information)]],
-[[Entacapone (patient information)]],
-[[Epirubicin Injection (patient information)]],
-[[Eplerenone (patient information)]],
-[[Epoetin Alfa Injection (patient information)]],
-[[Exemestane (patient information)]],
-[[Exenatide Injection (patient information)]],
-[[Ezetimibe (patient information)]],
-[[Famciclovir (patient information)]],
-[[Famotidine (patient information)]],
-[[Felbamate (patient information)]],
-[[Fexofenadine (patient information)]],
-[[Floxuridine (patient information)]],
-[[Fluconazole (patient information)]],
-[[Flucytosine]],
-[[Fludarabine Phosphate (patient information)]],
-[[Fluoride (patient information)]],
-[[Fluorouracil (patient information)]],
-[[Fluoxetine]],
-[[Flurazepam (patient information)]],
-[[Flutamide (patient information)]],
-[[Fluticasone Nasal Spray (patient information)]],
-[[Fluvastatin]],
-[[Fluvoxamine]],
-[[Erlotinib (patient information)]],
-[[Erythromycin]],
-[[Esomeprazole (patient information)]],
-[[Estazolam (patient information)]],
-[[Estradiol Topical (patient information)]],
-[[Ethacrynic Acid (patient information)]],
-[[Ethosuximide]],
-[[Etidronate (patient information)]],
-[[Etodolac (patient information)]],
-[[Etoposide]],
-[[Fosamprenavir (patient information)]],
-[[Foscarnet Sodium Injection (patient information)]],
-[[Fosinopril (patient information)]],
-[[Frovatriptan (patient information)]],
-[[Fulvestrant Injection (patient information)]],
-[[Gabapentin (patient information)]],
-[[Galantamine (patient information)]],
-[[Ganciclovir (patient information)]],
-[[Gatifloxacin (patient information)]],
-[[Gefitinib (patient information)]],
-[[Gemcitabine Hydrochloride (patient information)]],
-[[Gemeprost]],
-[[Gemfibrozil (patient information)]],
-[[Glatiramer Injection (patient information)]],
-[[Glycopyrrolate (patient information)]],
-[[Granisetron (patient information)]],
-[[Griseofulvin (patient information)]],
-[[Guanethidine (patient information)]],
-[[Guanfacine]],
-[[Hydralazine (patient information)]],
-[[Hydrochlorothiazide (patient information)]],
-[[Hydroxychloroquine (patient information)]],
-[[Hydroxyurea (patient information)]],
-[[Hyoscyamine (patient information)]],
-[[Ibandronate Injection (patient information)]],
-[[Ibuprofen]],
-[[Idarubicin (patient information)]],
-[[Imatinib (patient information)]],
-[[Infliximab Injection (patient information)]],
-[[Interferon Alfacon-1 Injection (patient information)]],
-[[Interferon Beta-1b Injection (patient information)]],
-[[Irinotecan]],
-[[Iron supplements]],
-[[Isocarboxazid (patient information)]],
-[[Isradipine (patient information)]],
-[[Itraconazole]],
-[[Lamivudine (patient information)]],
-[[Lamotrigine (patient information)]],
-[[Lanreotide]],
-[[Lansoprazole (patient information)]],
-[[Lanthanum (patient information)]],
-[[Leflunomide (patient information)]],
-[[Letrozole (patient information)]],
-[[Leuprolide (patient information)]],
-[[Levalbuterol Oral Inhalation (patient information)]],
-[[Levetiracetam (patient information)]],
-[[Levocarnitine Injection (patient information)]],
-[[Levodopa and Carbidopa (patient information)]],
-[[Levofloxacin Injection (patient information)]],
-[[Linezolid]],
-[[Liothyronine sodium]],
-[[Lisinopril (patient information)]],
-[[Lithium (patient information)]],
-[[Lomefloxacin (patient information)]],
-[[Lopinavir]],
-[[Loracarbef (patient information)]],
-[[Loratadine (patient information)]],
-[[Lorazepam (patient information)]],
-[[Loxapine Oral (patient information)]],
-[[Magnesium Hydroxide (patient information)]],
-[[Mebendazole (patient information)]],
-[[Mechlorethamine (patient information)]],
-[[Meclofenamate (patient information)]],
-[[Mefenamic Acid (patient information)]],
-[[Mefloquine (patient information)]],
-[[Megesterol]],
-[[Meprobamate (patient information)]],
-[[Mercaptopurine (patient information)]],
-[[Meropenem]],
-[[Mesalazine]],
-[[Mesna (patient information)]],
-[[Mesoridazine Oral (patient information)]],
-[[Metformin (patient information)]],
-[[Methamphetamine]],
-[[Methenamine (patient information)]],
-[[Methotrexate (patient information)]],
-[[Methoxychlor]],
-[[Methsuximide Oral (patient information)]],
-[[Methyclothiazide (patient information)]],
-[[Methylergonovine]],
-[[Methyprylon]],
-[[Metoclopramide Oral (patient information)]],
-[[Metolachlor]],
-[[Metolazone (patient information)]],
-[[Metoprolol]],
-[[Metronidazole]],
-[[Miconazole Injection (patient information)]],
-[[Mifepristone]],
-[[Miglitol (patient information)]],
-[[Minocycline]],
-[[Misoprostol]],
-[[Mitotane]],
-[[Moclobemide]],
-[[Modafinil (patient information)]],
-[[Moexipril (patient information)]],
-[[Moricizine (patient information)]],
-[[Moxifloxacin]],
-[[Mycophenolate (patient information)]],
-[[Nabumetone (patient information)]],
-[[Nafcillin]],
-[[Naltrexone (patient information)]],
-[[Naphthalene]],
-[[Natalizumab injection (patient information)]],
-[[Natamycin]],
-[[Nateglinide oral (patient information)]],
-[[Nelfinavir (patient information)]],
-[[Nevirapine (patient information)]],
-[[Niclosamide]],
-[[Nizatidine (patient information)]],
-[[Norfloxacin (patient information)]],
-[[Nystatin (patient information)]],
-[[Ofloxacin oral (patient information)]],
-[[Omalizumab injection (patient information)]],
-[[Omeprazole (patient information)]],
-[[Ondansetron (patient information)]],
-[[Oseltamivir (patient information)]],
-[[Oxaliplatin]],
-[[Oxazepam]],
-[[Oxcarbazepine (patient information)]],
-[[Oxtriphylline (patient information)]],
-[[Oxybutynin (patient information)]],
-[[Palivizumab injection (patient information)]],
-[[Pancrelipase (patient information)]],
-[[Pantoprazole (patient information)]],
-[[Pegaspargase (patient information)]],
-[[Peginterferon alfa-2a (patient information)]],
-[[Peginterferon alfa-2b (patient information)]],
-[[Pemetrexed injection (patient information)]],
-[[Pemoline (patient information)]],
-[[Penbutolol (patient information)]],
-[[Penicillin]],
-[[Pentamidine]],
-[[Pentostatin (patient information)]],
-[[Pergolide (patient information)]],
-[[Perindopril (patient information)]],
-[[Perphenazine oral (patient information)]],
-[[Phentermine (patient information)]],
-[[Pilocarpine]],
-[[Pimecrolimus topical (patient information)]],
-[[Pimozide (patient information)]],
-[[Piroxicam (patient information)]],
-[[Plicamycin (patient information)]],
-[[Posaconazole (patient information)]],
-[[Pramipexole (patient information)]],
-[[Pramlintide injection (patient information)]],
-[[Prazepam (patient information)]],
-[[Praziquantel]],
-[[Prazosin and polythiazide (patient information)]],
-[[Procainamide (patient information)]],
-[[Procarbazine (patient information)]],
-[[Promethazine (patient information)]],
-[[Propafenone (patient information)]],
-[[Propranolol Oral (patient information)]],
-[[Protriptyline (patient information)]],
-[[Pseudoephedrine and triprolidine (patient information)]],
-[[Pyridostigmine (patient information)]],
-[[Quinapril (patient information)]],
-[[Quinidine Oral (patient information)]],
-[[Quinupristin/dalfopristin]],
-[[Rabeprazole (patient information)]],
-[[Ramipril (patient information)]],
-[[Ranitidine (patient information)]],
-[[Rasagiline (patient information)]],
-[[Repaglinide (patient information)]],
-[[Reserpine (patient information)]],
-[[Retapamulin (patient information)]],
-[[Ribavirin (patient information)]],
-[[Rifampin (patient information)]],
-[[Rilmenidine]],
-[[Riluzole (patient information)]],
-[[Risedronate (patient information)]],
-[[Risperidone (patient information)]],
-[[Ritonavir (patient information)]],
-[[Rituximab injection (patient information)]],
-[[Rivastigmine (patient information)]],
-[[Rizatriptan (patient information)]],
-[[Salsalate (patient information)]],
-[[Saquinavir (patient information)]],
-[[Sargramostim injection (patient information)]],
-[[Selegiline (patient information)]],
-[[Sevelamer (patient information)]],
-[[Sildenafil (patient information)]],
-[[Simethicone]],
-[[Simvastatin]],
-[[Sirolimus (patient information)]],
-[[Sitagliptin (patient information)]],
-[[Sodium oxybate (patient information)]],
-[[Sodium picosulfate]],
-[[Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (patient information)]],
-[[Solanine]],
-[[Solifenacin (patient information)]],
-[[Sorafenib (patient information)]],
-[[Sotalol (patient information)]],
-[[Sparfloxacin (patient information)]],
-[[Spironolactone (patient information)]],
-[[Stavudine (patient information)]],
-[[Streptozocin (patient information)]],
-[[Sulfadiazine (patient information)]],
-[[Sulfasalazine (patient information)]],
-[[Sulfisoxazole (patient information)]],
-[[Sulfisoxazole and phenazopyridine (patient information)]],
-[[Sulindac (patient information)]],
-[[Sumatriptan]],
-[[Sunitinib]],
-[[Tacrine (patient information)]],
-[[Tamsulosin (patient information)]],
-[[TASB (psychedelics)]],
-[[Tegaserod (patient information)]],
-[[Telbivudine (patient information)]],
-[[Telithromycin (patient information)]],
-[[Telmisartan (patient information)]],
-[[Temozolomide (patient information)]],
-[[Teniposide (patient information)]],
-[[Tenofovir (patient information)]],
-[[Terbinafine (patient information)]],
-[[Teriparatide (rDNA origin) Injection (patient information)]],
-[[Theophylline (patient information)]],
-[[Thiabendazole]],
-[[Thioguanine (patient information)]],
-[[Thioridazine (patient information)]],
-[[Thiothixene Oral (patient information)]],
-[[Thyroid Medication (patient information)]],
-[[Ticlopidine (patient information)]],
-[[Tiludronate (patient information)]],
-[[Tipranavir (patient information)]],
-[[Tocopherol]],
-[[Tolcapone (patient information)]],
-[[Topiramate]],
-[[Topotecan]],
-[[Tranylcypromine (patient information)]],
-[[Trastuzumab (patient information)]],
-[[Trazodone (patient information)]],
-[[Treprostinil]],
-[[Triamterene (patient information)]],
-[[Triazolam (patient information)]],
-[[Trifluoperazine Oral (patient information)]],
-[[Trihexyphenidyl (patient information)]],
-[[Trimeprazine (patient information)]],
-[[Trimethadione (patient information)]],
-[[Trimethobenzamide (patient information)]],
-[[Trimetrexate Glucuronate (patient information)]],
-[[Trimipramine (patient information)]],
-[[Trovafloxacin (patient information)]],
-[[Valacyclovir (patient information)]],
-[[Valganciclovir (patient information)]],
-[[Valproic Acid (patient information)]],
-[[Valsartan (patient information)]],
-[[Verapamil and Trandolapril (patient information)]],
-[[Vinblastine (patient information)]],
-[[Vinorelbine Tartrate (patient information)]],
-[[Voriconazole (patient information)]],
-[[Vorinostat (patient information)]],
-[[Zanamivir Inhalation (patient information)]],
-[[Zidovudine Injection (patient information)]],
-[[Ziprasidone (patient information)]],
-[[Zoledronic Acid Injection (patient information)]],
-[[Zolmitriptan Oral (patient information)]],
-|-
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea and fever, click [[Acute diarrhea and fever differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Endocrine'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Addison's disease]],
-[[Diabetes insipidus]],
-[[Diabetic neuropathy]],
-[[Glucagonoma Syndrome]],
-[[Graves' Disease]],
-[[Hyperthyroidism]],
-[[Somatostatinoma]],
-Subacute thyroiditis,
-|-
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea and fever, click [[Chronic diarrhea and fever differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Environmental'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
-|-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Gastroenterologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Abdominal abscess]],
-[[Abdominal cancer]],
-[[Achlorhydria]],
-[[Acute appendicitis]],
-[[Acute gastritis]],
-Bile acid malabsorption syndrome,
-[[Bile acid sequestrant]],
-[[Biliary atresia]],
-[[Biliary tract cancer]],
-[[Blind loop syndrome]],
-[[Brainerd diarrhea]],
-[[Caecitis]],
-[[Carcinoid syndrome]],
-[[Celiac disease]],
-[[Cholestatic jaundice]],
-[[Colitis]],
-Colonic inertia,
-[[Colonic malakoplakia]],
-[[Colonic villous adenomata]],
-[[Colorectal cancer]],
-[[Colorectal polyps]],
-[[Crohn's disease]],
-[[Diverticulitis]],
-[[Enteritis]],
-Enterocele,
-[[Enterocolitis]],
-[[Food poisoning]],
-[[Fructose malabsorption]],
-[[Gastric dumping syndrome]],
-[[Gastrinoma]],
-[[Gastritis]],
-[[Gastroenteritis]],
-Gastro-enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor,
-Gastrointestinal amyloidosis,
-Gastrointestinal neoplasm,
-[[Glucose-galactose malabsorption]],
-[[Gluten sensitivity]],
-[[Inflammatory bowel disease]],
-[[Ileitis]],
-Intestinal Flu,
-Intestinal lymphangiectasis,
-Intestinal pseudoobstruction chronic idiopathic,
-Intususception of intestine,
-[[Irritable bowel syndrome]],
-[[Ischemic colitis]],
-[[Listeriosis]],
-[[Malassimilation]],
-[[Meckel diverticulitis]],
-[[Proctitis]],
-[[Protein losing enteropathy]],
-Sclerosing Mesenteritis,
-[[Scombroid food poisoning]],
-[[Sprue]],
-[[Ulcerative colitis]],
-Wheat intolerance,
-[[Whipple's disease]],
-[[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]],
-|-
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea and abdominal pain, click [[Acute diarrhea and abdominal pain differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Genetic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Abetalipoproteinaemia]],
-[[Cornelia de Lange syndrome 2]],
-[[Fabry's disease]],
-[[Familial amyloid polyneuropathy]],
-[[Familial polyposis, autosomal recessive]],
-Familial visceral myopathy,
-[[Gilbert's syndrome]],
-[[Hartnup disease]],
-Neurofibromatosis, familial intestinal,
-[[Sanfilippo syndrome]],
-[[Slone's Disease]],
-|-
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea and abdominal pain, click [[Chronic diarrhea and abdominal pain differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Hematologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Amyloidosis]],
-[[Chronic myeloproliferative disorders]],
-[[Megaloblastic anemia]],
-[[Neutropenia]],
-[[Porphyria]],
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea and weight loss, click [[Acute diarrhea and weight loss differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea and weight loss, click [[Chronic diarrhea and weight loss differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-|-
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain, click [[Acute diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Iatrogenic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Graft versus host disease]],
-[[Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy]],
-Postgastrectomy syndrome
-[[Radiation sickness]],
-[[Short bowel syndrome]],
-|-
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain, click [[Chronic diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Infectious Disease'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Adenovirus]],
-[[Adenophorea Infections]],
-[[Adenoviridae Infections]],
-[[AIDS]],
-[[Ancylostoma duodenale]],
-[[Ascaris]],
-[[Astrovirus]],
-[[Bacillary dysentery]],
-[[Bacillus cereus]],
-Bacterial overgrowth of small intestine,
-Bacterial toxins,
-[[Balantidiasis]],
-[[Amebiasis]],
-[[Anguillulosis]],
-[[Anthrax]],
-[[Ascariasis]],
-[[Beef tapeworm]],
-[[Blastocystis hominis]],
-[[Borrelia anserina]],
-Botulism food poisoning,
-[[Campylobacter jejuni]],
-[[Candida]],
-[[Capillaria]],
-[[Cestoda]],
-[[Ciguatera poisoning]],
-[[Clostridium Difficile]],
-[[Clostridium perfringens food poisoning]],
-[[Clostridium sordellii]],
-[[Clostridium welchii]],
-[[Coccidia]],
-[[Cryptosporidiosis]],
-[[Cyclosporiasis]],
-[[Cysticercosis]],
-[[Cytomegalovirus]],
-[[Dientamoeba fragilis]],
-[[Diphyllobothrium infection]],
-[[Dipylidium caninum infection]],
-[[Ebola]],
-[[Echinococcosis]],
-[[Entamoeba histolytica]],
-Entero-Aggregative Escherichia coli,
-Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli Infection,
-[[Entero-Toxic Escherichia coli]],
-[[Fasciolopsiasis]],
-[[Filariasis]],
-[[Flavivirus]],
-[[Fusarium venenatum]],
-[[Giardia lamblia]],
-[[Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]],
-[[Helminthiasis]],
-[[Hepatitis A]],
-[[Hepatitis B]],
-[[Hepatitis C]],
-[[Hepatitis D]],
-[[Hepatitis E]],
-[[Hepatitis X]],
-[[Hookworm infection]],
-[[Human ehrlichiosis]],
-[[Isosporiasis]],
-[[Katayama fever]],
-[[Lassa fever]],
-[[Legionnaires' disease]],
-[[Leptospirosis]],
-[[Lymphogranuloma venereum]],
-[[Malaria]],
-[[Marburg virus]],
-[[Marine toxins]],
-[[Measles]],
-[[Metagonimiasis]],
-Microsporidiasis,
-[[Mycobacterium avium Complex]],
-[[Norwalk gastroenteritis]],
-[[Opisthorchis infection]],
-[[Paragonimus Infection]],
-[[Pelvic abscess]],
-Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis,
-[[Pseudomembranous colitis]],
-[[Psittacosis]],
-[[Q fever]],
-[[Rhabditida Infections]],
-[[Rotavirus]],
-[[Salmonella enteritidis]],
-[[Salmonellosis]],
-Sapporo-like virus,
-[[Roundworm]],
-[[Sarcocystis]],
-Sarcosporidiosis,
-[[Schistosomiasis]],
-[[Secernentea Infections]],
-[[Shigellosis]],
-[[Staphylococcal food poisoning]],
-[[Streptobacillus]],
-[[Streptococcal Infections]],
-[[Streptococcus suis]],
-[[Strongyloides]],
-[[Tapeworms]],
-[[Trematoda]],
-[[Trichinella spiralis]],
-[[Trichinosis]],
-[[Trichuriasis]],
-[[Tularemia]],
-[[Typhoid fever]],
-[[Vibrio cholerae]],
-[[Vibrio mimicus food poisoning]],
-[[Vibrio parahemolyticus]],
-[[Vibrio vulnificus]],
-[[Whipworm Infection]],
-|-
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss, click [[Acute diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Myleofibrosis]],
-|-
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss, click [[Chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
-| '''Neurologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-[[Common migraine]],
-|-
+===Diarrhea===
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+'''The following table outlines the major differential diagnoses of diarrhea.'''<ref name="Casburn-JonesFarthing2004">{{cite journal|last1=Casburn-Jones|first1=Anna C|last2=Farthing|first2=Michael Jg|title=Traveler's diarrhea|journal=Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology|volume=19|issue=6|year=2004|pages=610–618|issn=0815-9319|doi=10.1111/j.1440-1746.2003.03287.x}}</ref><ref name="KamatMathur2006">{{cite journal|last1=Kamat|first1=Deepak|last2=Mathur|first2=Ambika|title=Prevention and Management of Travelers’ Diarrhea|journal=Disease-a-Month|volume=52|issue=7|year=2006|pages=289–302|issn=00115029|doi=10.1016/j.disamonth.2006.08.003}}</ref><ref name="PfeifferDuPont2012">{{cite journal|last1=Pfeiffer|first1=Margaret L.|last2=DuPont|first2=Herbert L.|last3=Ochoa|first3=Theresa J.|title=The patient presenting with acute dysentery – A systematic review|journal=Journal of Infection|volume=64|issue=4|year=2012|pages=374–386|issn=01634453|doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2012.01.006}}</ref><ref name="pmid24506120">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barr W, Smith A |title=Acute diarrhea |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=180–9 |year=2014 |pmid=24506120 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29255768">{{cite journal |vauthors=Amil Dias J |title=Celiac Disease: What Do We Know in 2017? |journal=GE Port J Gastroenterol |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=275–278 |year=2017 |pmid=29255768 |doi=10.1159/000479881 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29254859">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kotloff KL, Riddle MS, Platts-Mills JA, Pavlinac P, Zaidi AKM |title=Shigellosis |journal=Lancet |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2017 |pmid=29254859 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33296-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="Yamamoto-FurushoBosques-Padilla2017">{{cite journal|last1=Yamamoto-Furusho|first1=J.K.|last2=Bosques-Padilla|first2=F.|last3=de-Paula|first3=J.|last4=Galiano|first4=M.T.|last5=Ibañez|first5=P.|last6=Juliao|first6=F.|last7=Kotze|first7=P.G.|last8=Rocha|first8=J.L.|last9=Steinwurz|first9=F.|last10=Veitia|first10=G.|last11=Zaltman|first11=C.|title=Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal: Primer Consenso Latinoamericano de la Pan American Crohn's and Colitis Organisation|journal=Revista de Gastroenterología de México|volume=82|issue=1|year=2017|pages=46–84|issn=03750906|doi=10.1016/j.rgmx.2016.07.003}}</ref><ref name="BorbélyOsterwalder2017">{{cite journal|last1=Borbély|first1=Yves M|last2=Osterwalder|first2=Alice|last3=Kröll|first3=Dino|last4=Nett|first4=Philipp C|last5=Inglin|first5=Roman A|title=Diarrhea after bariatric procedures: Diagnosis and therapy|journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology|volume=23|issue=26|year=2017|pages=4689|issn=1007-9327|doi=10.3748/wjg.v23.i26.4689}}</ref><ref name="CrawfordRamani2017">{{cite journal|last1=Crawford|first1=Sue E.|last2=Ramani|first2=Sasirekha|last3=Tate|first3=Jacqueline E.|last4=Parashar|first4=Umesh D.|last5=Svensson|first5=Lennart|last6=Hagbom|first6=Marie|last7=Franco|first7=Manuel A.|last8=Greenberg|first8=Harry B.|last9=O'Ryan|first9=Miguel|last10=Kang|first10=Gagandeep|last11=Desselberger|first11=Ulrich|last12=Estes|first12=Mary K.|title=Rotavirus infection|journal=Nature Reviews Disease Primers|volume=3|year=2017|pages=17083|issn=2056-676X|doi=10.1038/nrdp.2017.83}}</ref><ref name="pmid11068510">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kist M |title=[Chronic diarrhea: value of microbiology in diagnosis] |language=German |journal=Praxis (Bern 1994) |volume=89 |issue=39 |pages=1559–65 |year=2000 |pmid=11068510 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4014291">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guerrant RL, Shields DS, Thorson SM, Schorling JB, Gröschel DH |title=Evaluation and diagnosis of acute infectious diarrhea |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=78 |issue=6B |pages=91–8 |year=1985 |pmid=4014291 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10575169">{{cite journal |vauthors=López-Vélez R, Turrientes MC, Garrón C, Montilla P, Navajas R, Fenoy S, del Aguila C |title=Microsporidiosis in travelers with diarrhea from the tropics |journal=J Travel Med |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=223–7 |year=1999 |pmid=10575169 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="WahnschaffeIgnatius2009">{{cite journal|last1=Wahnschaffe|first1=Ulrich|last2=Ignatius|first2=Ralf|last3=Loddenkemper|first3=Christoph|last4=Liesenfeld|first4=Oliver|last5=Muehlen|first5=Marion|last6=Jelinek|first6=Thomas|last7=Burchard|first7=Gerd Dieter|last8=Weinke|first8=Thomas|last9=Harms|first9=Gundel|last10=Stein|first10=Harald|last11=Zeitz|first11=Martin|last12=Ullrich|first12=Reiner|last13=Schneider|first13=Thomas|title=Diagnostic value of endoscopy for the diagnosis of giardiasis and other intestinal diseases in patients with persistent diarrhea from tropical or subtropical areas|journal=Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology|volume=42|issue=3|year=2009|pages=391–396|issn=0036-5521|doi=10.1080/00365520600881193}}</ref><ref name="pmid27765536">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mena Bares LM, Carmona Asenjo E, García Sánchez MV, Moreno Ortega E, Maza Muret FR, Guiote Moreno MV, Santos Bueno AM, Iglesias Flores E, Benítez Cantero JM, Vallejo Casas JA |title=75SeHCAT scan in bile acid malabsorption in chronic diarrhoea |journal=Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=37–47 |year=2017 |pmid=27765536 |doi=10.1016/j.remn.2016.08.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19365159">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gibson RJ, Stringer AM |title=Chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea |journal=Curr Opin Support Palliat Care |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=31–5 |year=2009 |pmid=19365159 |doi=10.1097/SPC.0b013e32832531bb |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23384808">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abraham BP, Sellin JH |title=Drug-induced, factitious, & idiopathic diarrhoea |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=633–48 |year=2012 |pmid=23384808 |doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2012.11.007 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25692805">{{cite journal |vauthors=Reintam Blaser A, Deane AM, Fruhwald S |title=Diarrhoea in the critically ill |journal=Curr Opin Crit Care |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=142–53 |year=2015 |pmid=25692805 |doi=10.1097/MCC.0000000000000188 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17373914">{{cite journal |vauthors=McMahan ZH, DuPont HL |title=Review article: the history of acute infectious diarrhoea management--from poorly focused empiricism to fluid therapy and modern pharmacotherapy |journal=Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. |volume=25 |issue=7 |pages=759–69 |year=2007 |pmid=17373914 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03261.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23384801">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schiller LR |title=Definitions, pathophysiology, and evaluation of chronic diarrhoea |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=551–62 |year=2012 |pmid=23384801 |doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2012.11.011 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3523719">{{cite journal |vauthors=Giannella RA |title=Chronic diarrhea in travelers: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations |journal=Rev. Infect. Dis. |volume=8 Suppl 2 |issue= |pages=S223–6 |year=1986 |pmid=3523719 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16151544">{{cite journal| author=Silverberg MS, Satsangi J, Ahmad T, Arnott ID, Bernstein CN, Brant SR et al.| title=Toward an integrated clinical, molecular and serological classification of inflammatory bowel disease: report of a Working Party of the 2005 Montreal World Congress of Gastroenterology. | journal=Can J Gastroenterol | year= 2005 | volume= 19 Suppl A | issue=  | pages= 5A-36A | pmid=16151544 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16151544  }}</ref><ref name="pmid12135027">{{cite journal| author=Sauter GH, Moussavian AC, Meyer G, Steitz HO, Parhofer KG, Jüngst D| title=Bowel habits and bile acid malabsorption in the months after cholecystectomy. | journal=Am J Gastroenterol | year= 2002 | volume= 97 | issue= 7 | pages= 1732-5 | pmid=12135027 | doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05779.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12135027  }}</ref><ref name="pmid1702075">{{cite journal| author=Maiuri L, Raia V, Potter J, Swallow D, Ho MW, Fiocca R et al.| title=Mosaic pattern of lactase expression by villous enterocytes in human adult-type hypolactasia. | journal=Gastroenterology | year= 1991 | volume= 100 | issue= 2 | pages= 359-69 | pmid=1702075 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1702075  }}</ref><ref name="pmid14439871">{{cite journal| author=RUBIN CE, BRANDBORG LL, PHELPS PC, TAYLOR HC| title=Studies of celiac disease. I. The apparent identical and specific nature of the duodenal and proximal jejunal lesion in celiac disease and idiopathic sprue. | journal=Gastroenterology | year= 1960 | volume= 38 | issue=  | pages= 28-49 | pmid=14439871 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14439871  }}</ref><ref name="pmid8209928">{{cite journal| author=Konvolinka CW| title=Acute diverticulitis under age forty. | journal=Am J Surg | year= 1994 | volume= 167 | issue= 6 | pages= 562-5 | pmid=8209928 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8209928  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16698746">{{cite journal| author=Satsangi J, Silverberg MS, Vermeire S, Colombel JF| title=The Montreal classification of inflammatory bowel disease: controversies, consensus, and implications. | journal=Gut | year= 2006 | volume= 55 | issue= 6 | pages= 749-53 | pmid=16698746 | doi=10.1136/gut.2005.082909 | pmc=1856208 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16698746  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12700377">{{cite journal| author=Haque R, Huston CD, Hughes M, Houpt E, Petri WA| title=Amebiasis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2003 | volume= 348 | issue= 16 | pages= 1565-73 | pmid=12700377 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra022710 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12700377  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8694025">{{cite journal| author=Hertzler SR, Savaiano DA| title=Colonic adaptation to daily lactose feeding in lactose maldigesters reduces lactose intolerance. | journal=Am J Clin Nutr | year= 1996 | volume= 64 | issue= 2 | pages= 232-6 | pmid=8694025 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8694025  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9414969">{{cite journal| author=Briet F, Pochart P, Marteau P, Flourie B, Arrigoni E, Rambaud JC| title=Improved clinical tolerance to chronic lactose ingestion in subjects with lactose intolerance: a placebo effect? | journal=Gut | year= 1997 | volume= 41 | issue= 5 | pages= 632-5 | pmid=9414969 | doi= | pmc=1891556 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9414969  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15391722">{{cite journal| author=BLACK-SCHAFFER B| title=The tinctoral demonstration of a glycoprotein in Whipple's disease. | journal=Proc Soc Exp Biol Med | year= 1949 | volume= 72 | issue= 1 | pages= 225-7 | pmid=15391722 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15391722  }} </ref>
-| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
-Aspartylglycosaminuria,
-[[Arakawa's syndrome II]],
-[[Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency]],
-[[Classic galactosemia]],
-[[Fabry's disease]],
-[[Folate deficiency]],
-[[Folic acid toxicity]],
-[[Food allergies]],
-[[Food intolerances]],
-[[Galactosemia]],
-[[Inborn amino acid metabolism disorder]],
-[[Lactose Intolerance]],
-[[Malonic aciduria]],
-[[Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency]],
-[[Mucopolysaccharidosis]],
-[[Pellagra]],
-[[Sphingolipidosis]],
-[[Sucrose intolerance]],
-[[Vitamin C toxicity]],
-[[Vitamin D]],
+<span style="font-size:85%">'''Abbreviations:''' '''GI:''' [[Gastrointestinal tract|Gastrointestinal]], '''CBC''': [[Complete blood count]], '''WBC:''' [[White blood cells|White blood cell]], '''RBC''': [[Red blood cell]], '''Plt:''' [[Platelet]], '''Hgb:''' [[Hemoglobin]], '''ESR''': [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]], '''CRP''': [[C-reactive protein|C–reactive protein]], '''IgE:''' [[Immunoglobulin E]], '''IgA:''' [[Immunoglobulin A]], '''ETEC:''' [[Escherichia coli enteritis]], '''EPEC''': [[Escherichia coli|Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli]], '''EIEC''': [[Escherichia coli enteritis|Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli]], '''EHEC''': [[Escherichia coli|Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli]], '''EAEC''': [[Escherichia coli enteritis|Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli]], '''Nl''': Normal, '''ASCA''': [[Anti saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies]], '''ANCA''': [[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|Anti–neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody]], '''DNA''': [[DNA|Deoxyribonucleic acid]], '''CFTR''': [[Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator]], '''SLC10A2''': [[SLC10A2|Solute carrier family 10 member 2]], '''SeHCAT''': [[SeHCAT|Selenium homocholic acid taurine or tauroselcholic acid]], '''IEL''': Intraepithelial [[Lymphocyte|lymphocytes]], '''MRCP''': [[Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography]], '''ANA''': [[Antinuclear antibodies]], '''AMA''': [[Anti-mitochondrial antibody]], '''LDH''': [[Lactate dehydrogenase]], '''CPK''': [[Creatine phosphokinase]], '''PCR''': [[Polymerase chain reaction]], '''ELISA''': [[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|Enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay]], '''LT''': Heat–labile [[enterotoxin]], ST: Heat–stable [[enterotoxin]], '''RT-PCR''': Reverse–transcriptase [[polymerase chain reaction]], '''CD4:''' [[CD4|Cluster of differentiation 4]], '''HIV''': [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|Human immunodeficiency virus]], '''RUQ''': [[RUQ|Right-upper quadrant]], '''VIP''': [[Vasoactive intestinal peptide]], '''GI:''' [[Gastrointestinal tract|Gastrointestinal]], '''FAP''': [[Familial adenomatous polyposis]], '''HNPCC''': [[Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer]], '''MTP''': [[Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein]], '''Scl‑70''': Anti–[[Type I topoisomerase|topoisomerase I]], '''TSH''': [[Thyroid-stimulating hormone]], '''T4''': [[Thyroxine]], '''T3''': [[Triiodothyronine]], '''DTR''': [[Deep tendon reflex]], '''RNA''': [[RNA|Ribonucleic acid]]</span>
+{| class="wikitable" style="border: 0px; font-size: 100%; margin: 3px;" align="center"
+! colspan="2" rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Categories
+! colspan="2" rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+| colspan="9" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Clinical manifestation'''
+! colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Lab findings'''
+! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+|-
+! colspan="8" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Symptoms
+! rowspan="4" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+|-
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+|-
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+| colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''CBC'''
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-[[Endometriosis]],
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-[[Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome]],
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
+|-
+! colspan="2" rowspan="15" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gastrointestinal
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Crohns disease|Crohn's disease]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Abdominal tenderness]]
+* Oral [[mucosal]] lesions
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Anti saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies]] (ASCA)
+* [[Vitamin B12]] deficiency
+* Elevated [[erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR]]
+* Elevated [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Uveitis]]
+* [[Arthritis]]
+* [[Erythema nodosum]]
+* [[Pyoderma gangrenosum]]
+* [[Amyloidosis]]
+* Venous and arterial [[thromboembolism]]
+* [[Kidney stone|Renal stones]]
+* [[Bronchiectasis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Abnormal immune response to self [[antigens]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Colonoscopy]] with [[biopsy]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Ulcerative colitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Abdominal tenderness]]
+* [[Blood]] on [[rectal examination]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|Anti–neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody]] ([[P-ANCA|P–ANCA]])
+* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
+* [[Hypokalemia]]
+* [[Hypomagnesemia]]
+* Elevated [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR]]
+* Elevated [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Skin rash]]
+* [[Iritis]]
+* [[Uveitis]]
+* Seronegative [[arthritis]]
+* [[Clubbing]]
+* [[Erythema nodosum]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Abnormal immune response to self [[antigens]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Colonoscopy]] with [[biopsy]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Celiac disease]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
+* Increased [[bowel]] sounds
+* Oral [[Mucous membrane|mucosal]] lesions
+* [[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
+* [[Ascites]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Fat droplets on [[sudan stain]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[IgA]] endomysial [[antibody]]
+* Anti–tissue [[transglutaminase]] [[antibody]]
+* [[Anti-gliadin antibodies|Anti–gliadin antibody]]
+* [[Fat soluble vitamins]] deficiency
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Malabsorption]]
+* [[Dementia]]
+* [[Dermatitis herpetiformis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[HLA-DQ2|HLA–DQ2]]
+* [[HLA-DQ8|HLA–DQ8]]
+* Innate responses to wheat [[Protein|proteins]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[IgA]] endomysial [[antibody]]
+* Anti–tissue [[transglutaminase]] [[antibody]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+|-
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Cystic fibrosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+*[[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
+*[[Rectal prolapse]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Fat droplets on [[sudan stain]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Positive [[DNA]] analysis for [[CFTR|cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator]] [[CFTR|(CFTR)]]
+* Nasal transepithelial potential difference
+* [[Fat soluble vitamins]] deficiency
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Malabsorption]]
+* Recurrent [[respiratory tract infection]]
+* [[Bronchiectasis]]
+* [[Diabetes mellitus]]
+* [[Scoliosis]]
+* [[Infertility]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Mutations in the [[cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator]] ([[CFTR]]) protein
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Positive [[genetic testing]]
+* Elevated [[Sweat chloride test|sweat chloride]] ≥60 mmol/L
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Chronic pancreatitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Fat droplets on [[sudan stain]]
+* Positive [[fecal elastase]] measurement
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Slightly elevated [[amylase]] and [[lipase]]
+* Abnormal pancreatic function test
+* [[Secretin]] stimulation test
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Malabsorption]]
+* [[Diabetes mellitus]]
+* [[Pancreatic pseudocyst]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Toxin|Toxins]]
+* Recurrent [[acute pancreatitis]]
+* [[Genetics|Genetic]] predesposition
+* [[Autoimmunity|Autoimmune]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography]] ([[Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography|MRCP]])
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Bile acid malabsorption]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Fat droplets on [[sudan stain]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Reduced [[cholesterol]] level
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Malabsorption]]
+*[[Hypotension]]
+*[[Tachycardia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Genetic defects in ''[[SLC10A2]]''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[SeHCAT]] test
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Microscopic colitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Abdominal tenderness]]
+* Fecal [[incontinence]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Hypokalemia]]
+* Elevated [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
+* Positive [[autoantibodies]] include:
+**RF
+**[[ANA]]
+**[[Anti-mitochondrial antibody|AMA]]
+**[[ANCA]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Arthritis]]
+* [[Uveitis]]
+* [[Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
+* Pleuro [[pericarditis]]
+* [[Hypothyroidism]]
+* [[Psoriasis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Mucosal]] [[immune responses]] to luminal factors in a genetically predisposed individual
+* Drug–induced
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Colonoscopy]] with [[mucosal]] [[biopsy]] with [[mononuclear]] infiltrates:
+** [[Collagenous colitis]] is characterized by a colonic subepithelial [[collagen]] band >10 micrometers in diameter
+** [[Lymphocytic]] [[colitis]] is characterized by ≥20 intraepithelial [[lymphocytes]] (IEL) per 100 surface epithelial cells
+|-
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+|-
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Infective colitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*Rebound [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+*Positive fecal calprotectin
+*Positive fecal [[lactoferrin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Elevated [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
+*Elevated [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Arthritis]]
+* [[Uveitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Salmonella|''Salmonella'']]
+*[[Shigella|''Shigella'']]
+*[[Campylobacter|''Campylobacter'']]
+*''[[Escherichia coli|E. coli 0157:H7]]''
+*[[Clostridium difficile|''Clostridium difficile'']]
+*[[Entamoeba histolytica|''Entamoeba histolytica'']]
+*[[Adenoviridae|''Adenovirus'']]
+*[[Cytomegalovirus|''Cytomegalovirus'']]
+*[[Herpes simplex virus|''Herpes simplex virus'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Stool culture]]
+*[[Blood culture]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Ischemic colitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*Hyperactive then absent [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
+*[[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Elevated [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
+*Elevated [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR]]
+*Elevated serum [[Lactic acid|lactate]]
+*Elevated [[lactate dehydrogenase]] ([[Lactate dehydrogenase|LDH]])
+*Elevated [[Creatine kinase|creatine phosphokinase]] ([[Creatine kinase|CPK]])
+*Elevated [[amylase]]
+*[[Hypoalbuminemia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Henoch-Schönlein purpura|IgA vasculitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Thrombophilia|Hypercoagulability]]
+*Nonocclusive [[Ischemic colitis|colonic ischemia]]
+*[[Embolism|Embolic]] and [[Thrombosis|thrombotic]] arterial occlusion
+*[[Mesenteric vein thrombosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Abdominal [[Computed tomography|CT scan]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Lactose intolerance]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Abdominal tenderness ]]
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Lactose tolerance test
+* Genetic testing
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Headache]]
+* [[Vertigo]]
+* [[Memory impairment]]
+* [[Lethargy]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Reduction of lactase enzyme activity or inability to produce persistent [[lactase]]
+* Congenital [[lactase deficiency]]
+* Secondary lactose malabsorption
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Small bowel]] [[biopsy]]
+* Lactose breath hydrogen test
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Irritable bowel syndrome]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Abdominal tenderness]]
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
+* Normal [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Anxiety]]
+*[[Palpitation]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Unknown
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Diagnosis of exclusion
+|-
+! rowspan="43" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Infection
+! rowspan="28" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bacterial
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+|-
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Whipple's disease]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
+* [[Ascites]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Positive [[fecal fat]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓/↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Hypoalbuminemia]]
+*[[Fat soluble vitamins]] deficiency
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Malabsorption]]
+* [[Ocular motility disorders|Abnormal extraocular movement]]
+* [[Lymphadenopathy]]
+* [[Hyperpigmentation]]
+* [[Uveitis]]
+* [[Endocarditis]]
+* [[Encephalitis]]
+* [[Dementia]]
+* [[Pleural effusion]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Tropheryma whipplei|''Tropheryma whipplei'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Small intestine]] [[biopsy]] for [[Tropheryma whipplei]] testing
+* [[PCR]] testing
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Tropical sprue]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Angular [[stomatitis]]
+* Oral mucosal lesion
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Fat soluble vitamins]] deficiency
+* [[Vitamin B12 deficiency]]
+* [[Folate deficiency]]
+* [[Hypokalemia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Myalgia]]
+*[[Neuropathy]]
+*[[Edema]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* ''[[Escherichia coli]]''
+* ''[[Klebsiella pneumoniae]]''
+* ''[[Enterobacter cloacae]]''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Diagnosis of exclusion
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome|Small bowel bacterial overgrowth]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+*Positive [[fecal fat]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
+* Abnormal [[Hydrogen Breath Test|hydrogen breath test]]
+* [[Lactic acidosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Malabsorption]]
+* [[Rosacea]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Excess bacteria in the [[small intestine]]
+* Alterations in [[Intestine|intestinal]] [[anatomy]] or GI motility
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Diagnosis of exclusion
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Pseudomembranous enterocolitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Generalized [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
+* [[Rebound tenderness|Rebound abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|Enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay]] ([[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|ELISA]])
+* [[Polymerase chain reaction]] ([[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]) assay or ''[[Clostridium difficile infection|C. difficile]]'' antigen
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Elevated [[Creatinine|serum creatinine]]
+* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
+* Elevated [[lactic acid]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Dehydration]]
+* [[Acute kidney injury]]
+* [[Bacteremia]]
+* [[Reactive arthritis]]
+* [[Necrotizing fasciitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Clostridium difficile|''Clostridium difficile'']]
+* Recent [[antibiotics]] use
+* Recent [[surgery]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Stool examination|Stool exam]]
+* Pseudomembranes on [[colonoscopy]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+|-
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" | [[Campylobacteriosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Toxic megacolon]]
+*[[Sepsis]]
+*[[Arthritis]]
+*[[Endocarditis]]
+*[[Guillain-Barré syndrome|Guillain–Barré syndrome]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Campylobacter jejuni|''Campylobacter jejuni'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Stool culture]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Salmonellosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*[[Abdominal distention]]
+*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+*[[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+*Positive serologic testing
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Hypokalemia]]
+*[[Hypernatremia]]
+*[[Hyponatremia]]
+* [[Hypercalciuria]]
+* [[Hypocitraturia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Post-infectious arthritis|Post–infectious arthritis]]
+* [[Obtundation]]
+* [[Bacteremia]]
+* [[Pericarditis]]
+* [[Pyelonephritis]]
+*[[Brain abscess]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Salmonella|''Salmonella'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Stool culture]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Shigellosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
+* Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
+* Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑/↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Elevated [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
+*Elevated [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR]]
+*[[Hyponatremia]]
+* [[Hypoglycemia]]
+* [[Azotemia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Headache]]
+* [[Lethargy]]
+* [[Seizures]]
+* [[Delirium]]
+* [[Post-infectious arthritis|Post–infectious arthritis]]
+* [[Myocarditis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Shigella|''Shigella'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Stool culture]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+|-
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
+|-
+! rowspan="5" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Escherichia coli enteritis]]
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[ETEC|'''ETEC''']]
+([[Traveler's diarrhea]])
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Escherichia coli|''Enterotoxigenic escherichia coli'']]
+*[[Enterotoxin|Enterotoxins]]:
+**Heat–labile [[enterotoxin]] (LT)
+**Heat–stable [[enterotoxin]] (ST)
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Stool culture]]
+|-
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[EPEC|'''EPEC''']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*''[[Enteropathogenic E. coli]]''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Hybridization probe|DNA probe]] or [[polymerase chain reaction]] ([[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]) of the ''EPEC'' adherence factor
+*[[Stool culture]]
+|-
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[EIEC|'''EIEC''']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Escherichia coli enteritis|''Enteroinvasive E. coli'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Hybridization probe|DNA probe]]
+*[[Stool culture]]
+|-
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[EHEC|'''EHEC''']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Azotemia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Hemolytic-uremic syndrome|Hemolytic uremic syndrome]] ([[Hemolytic-uremic syndrome|HUS]])
+*[[Renal insufficiency|Renal failure]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Enterohemorrhagic escherichica coli|''Enterohemorrhagic E. coli'']]
+*[[Shiga toxin|Shiga toxins]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Stool culture]]
+|-
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[EAEC|'''EAEC''']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Chronic infection in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Escherichia coli enteritis|''Enteroaggregative E. coli'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Stool culture]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+|-
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Yersinia enterocolitica]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
+* Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
+* Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Bacteremia]]
+*[[Reactive arthritis]]
+*[[Glomerulonephritis]]
+*[[Endocarditis]]
+*[[Erythema nodosum]]
+*[[Abscess]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Yersinia enterocolitica|''Yersinia enterocolitica'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Stool culture]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Vibrio cholerae|Vibrio cholera]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Azotemia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Severe [[dehydration]]
+*Decreased [[Turgor|skin turgor]]
+*[[Oliguria]]
+*[[Renal insufficiency|Renal failure]]
+*[[Cramp|Muscle cramps]]
+*[[Seizure]]
+*[[Somnolence]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Cholera toxin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Stool culture]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Aeromonas]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
+* Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
+* Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Wound [[infection]]
+*[[Bacteremia]]
+*[[Hemolytic-uremic syndrome|Hemolytic uremic syndrome]]
+*[[Meningitis]]
+*[[Ocular]] infection
+*[[Pneumonia]]
+*[[Urinary tract infection]]
+*[[Osteomyelitis]]
+*[[Peritonitis]]
+*[[Acute cholecystitis]]
+*[[Opportunistic infection|Opportunistic infections]] in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*''[[Aeromonas]]'' virulence factors including [[Endotoxin|endotoxins]], [[Hemolysin|hemolysins]], [[Enterotoxin|enterotoxins]], and adherence factors
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Blood culture]]
+*Wound [[Culture collection|culture]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+|-
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Plesiomonas shigelloides|Plesiomonas]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+* Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
+* Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Opportunistic infection|Opportunistic infections]] in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients or [[Hepato-biliary diseases|hepatobiliary disease]]
+*[[Bacteremia]]
+*[[Cellulitis]] and [[Skin and soft-tissue infections|skin abscesses]]
+*[[Peritonitis]]
+*[[Meningoencephalitis]]
+*[[Ocular]] [[infection]]
+*[[Pneumonia]]
+*[[Prosthetic devices|Prosthetic]] joint [[infection]]
+*Septic [[Pregnancy termination complications|abortion]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Plesiomonas shigelloides|''Plesiomonas shigelloides'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Blood culture]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Mycobacterium avium complex]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+*[[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Elevated [[Liver function tests|liver enzymes]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Opportunistic infection]] in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
+*[[Pulmonary]] [[infection]]
+*[[Lymphadenopathy|Adenopathy]]
+*[[Sleep hyperhidrosis|Night sweats]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Mycobacterium avium complex|''Mycobacterium avium complex'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Blood culture]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Foodborne illness|Food poisoning]]
+* [[Staphylococcus aureus]]
+* [[Bacillus cereus]]
+* [[Clostridium perfringens]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*History of travel or ingestion of infected food
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Enterotoxin|Enterotoxins]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Stool culture]]
+|-
+! rowspan="8" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Virus
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+|-
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Norovirus]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive stool reverse–transcriptase [[polymerase chain reaction]] (RT–PCR)
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Myalgia]]
+*[[Headache]]
+*[[Seizure]]
+*[[Encephalopathy]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Norovirus|''Norovirus'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Clinical diagnosis
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Rotavirus]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+* Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
+* Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Elevated [[blood urea nitrogen]]
+*[[Hyperchloremic acidosis]]
+*[[Hypocalcemia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Necrotizing enterocolitis]]
+*[[Intussusception]]
+*[[Biliary atresia]]
+*[[Central nervous system]] involvement
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Rotavirus|''Rotavirus'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Stool immune–based assays
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Echovirus]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Hepatic failure|Liver failure]]
+*[[Myocarditis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Echovirus|''Echovirus'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Clinical diagnosis
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Adenoviridae|Adenovirus]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Viral antigen assay
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Respiratory disease]]
+*[[Hyperkeratosis|Follicular]] [[conjunctivitis]]
+*Epidemic [[keratoconjunctivitis]]
+*[[Hepatitis]]
+*[[Urethritis]]
+*[[Myocarditis]]
+*[[Meningitis]]
+*[[Bacteremia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Adenoviridae|''Adenovirus'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Clinical diagnosis
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[CMV colitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Viral antigen assay
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Decreased [[CD4]] level
+*Abnormal [[Liver function tests|liver function test]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Encephalitis]]
+*[[Guillain-Barré syndrome|Guillain–Barré syndrome]]
+*[[Pneumonia]]
+*[[Retinitis]]
+*[[Pericarditis]] and [[myocarditis]]
+*[[Atherosclerosis]]
+*[[Venous thromboembolism|Venous thrombosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Cytomegalovirus|''Cytomegalovirus'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Quantitative polymerase chain reaction|Quantitative PCR]] tests
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Decreased [[CD4]] level
+*[[Electrolyte disturbance|Electrolyte imbalance]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Lymphadenopathy]]
+*Disseminated [[infection]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|''HIV'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*HIV virologic (viral load) test
+*Immunoassay
+|-
+| rowspan="7" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Parasite
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+|-
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Entamoeba histolytica]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Liver abscess]]
+*Pleuropulmonary infection
+*[[Cardiac]] [[infection]]
+*[[Brain abscess]]
+*[[Skin and soft-tissue infections|Cutaneous infection]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Entamoeba histolytica|''Entamoeba histolytica'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Antigen testing
+*Serology
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Giardia lamblia|Giardia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Malabsorption]]
+*[[Urticaria]]
+*[[Depression]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*''[[Giardia lamblia]]''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Antigen detection assays
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Cryptosporidium]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive stool microscopy
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Elevated [[alkaline phosphatase]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Chronic, life–threatening illness in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Cryptosporidium|''Cryptosporidium'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Polymerase chain reaction
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Microsporidia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive stool microscopy
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Decreased [[CD4]] count
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Malabsorption]]
+*[[Keratitis]]
+*[[Seizure]]
+*[[Myositis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Microsporidia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Antigen detection assays
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Isospora]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive stool microscopy
+*Positive [[fecal fat]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Elevated [[Eosinophil granulocyte|eosinophils]]
+*[[Hypokalemia]]
+*Increased [[creatinine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Chronic illness in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Isospora|''Isospora'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Detecting oocysts in the feces
+|-
+! colspan="2" rowspan="10" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Tumors
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+|-
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Carcinoid syndrome|Carcinoid tumor]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Elevated urinary [[5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid|5–hydroxyindoleacetic acid]] ([[5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid|5–HIAA]]) level
+*High [[chromogranin A]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Flushing|Facial flushing]]
+*[[Jaundice]]
+*[[Edema]]
+*[[Valvular heart disease]]
+*[[Congestive heart failure|Right–sided heart failure]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Well–differentiated [[Neuroendocrine tumors|neuroendocrine tumor]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Blood [[chromogranin A]]  level
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[VIPoma]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
+* Abdominal [[RUQ]] [[tenderness]]
+* [[Nausea]]
+* [[Vomiting]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Elevated [[VIP]] level
+*[[Hypokalemia]]
+*[[Hypochlorhydria]] or [[achlorhydria]]
+*Low osmotic gap (<50 mOsm/kg)
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Rash]]
+* [[Facial flushing]]
+* [[Dehydration]]
+* [[Lethargy]]
+* [[Muscle weakness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Primary secretory tumor
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Blood [[VIP]] levels
+* Followed by imaging
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome|Zollinger–Ellison syndrome]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+** [[Tenderness|Epigastric tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Positive [[secretin]] stimulation test
+* Elevated serum [[chromogranin A]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+** [[Jaundice]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Gastrin]] producing [[tumor]] mainly in [[duodenum]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Secretin]] stimulation test
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Neuroendocrine tumors|Somatostatinoma]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+** [[Tenderness|Epigastric tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Elevated fasting plasma [[somatostatin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+** [[Diabetes mellitus]]
+** [[Gallstone disease|Cholelithiasis]]
+** [[Jaundice]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Neuroendocrine tumors]] of D–cell origin
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Plasma [[somatostatin]] level
+*Followed by imaging
+|-
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-| '''Oncologic'''
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-[[Ewing's sarcoma]],
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor,
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-[[Kaposi's sarcoma]],
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-[[Mesothelioma, adult malignant – peritoneal]],
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-[[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]],
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-[[Neuroendocrine tumors]],
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-Pancreatic adenoma,
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-[[Small bowel lymphoma]],
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-[[Thymus cancer]],
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-[[Thyroid Carcinoma]],
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
-[[Vipoma]],
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Lymphoma]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
+*[[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Paraproteinemia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Malabsorption]]
+* [[Lactose intolerance]]
+* [[Ascites]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Primary [[tumor]] of GI tract
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Colonoscopy]] with [[biopsy]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Colorectal cancer]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Positive [[carcinoembryonic antigen]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Metastasis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[FAP|FAP gene]]
+*[[Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer|HNPCC gene]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+** [[Colonoscopy]] and [[biopsy]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" rowspan="7" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Medication/Toxicity
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |Medications
+* [[ACE inhibitor|ACE inhibitors]]
+* [[Digoxin]]
+* [[Cephalosporin|Cephalosporins]]
+* [[Statins]]
+* [[Thiazide|Thiazide diuretics]]
+* [[Triptans]]
+* [[Lactulose]]
+* [[HIV AIDS medical therapy|Anti retroviral agents]]
+* [[Chemotherapy|Chemotherapeutic agents]]
+* [[Antifungal drug|Antifungals]]
+* [[Magnesium]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*[[Abdominal distention]]
+*[[Dehydration]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑/↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Elevated plasma level of drug
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Inflammation]]
+*[[Pseudomembranous enterocolitis|Pseudomembranous colitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Clinical evaluation after discontinuation of the drugs
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |Factitious diarrhea
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*[[Abdominal distention]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑/↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Hypokalemia]]
+*[[Metabolic alkalosis]]
+*[[Hypermagnesemia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Malabsorption]]
+*[[Lethargy]]
+*[[Generalized weakness]]
+*[[Acute kidney injury|Acute renal failure]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Medication|Medications]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Clinical evaluation after discontinuation of the drugs
+|-
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+|-
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Heavy metal ingestion]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*[[Abdominal distention]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Elevated plasma heavy metal level
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Headache]]
+*[[Paresthesia|Numbness]]
+*[[Alopecia]]
+*[[Vertigo]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Heavy metal ingestion]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Plasma level of heavy metal
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Organophosphate poisoning]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*[[Saliva|Salivation]]
+*[[Nausea and vomiting|Vomiting]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Reduced RBC acetylcholinesterase
+*Plasma [[cholinesterase]] activity
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Dysautonomia|Autonomic dysfunction]]
+*Motor deficit
+*Sensory deficit
+*[[Bronchospasm]]
+*[[Urination]]
+*[[Miosis]]
+*[[Bradycardia]]
+*[[Lacrimation]]
+*[[Sweating]]
+*[[Cardiac arrhythmia|Cardiac arrhythmias]]
+*[[Acute kidney injury|Acute renal injury]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Neurotoxin|Neurotoxins]] bind to [[ACHE|acetylcholinesterase]] (AChE)
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Clinical diagnosis
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Opium withdrawal]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Azotemia]]
+*[[Hypokalemia]]
+*[[Metabolic alkalosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Dysphoria]]
+*[[Agitation (emotion)|Restlessness]]
+*[[Perspiration|Sweating]]
+*[[Rhinorrhea]]
+*[[Tears|Lacrimation]]
+*[[Myalgia]]
+*[[Arthralgia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Opium|Opium withdrawal]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Clinical diagnosis following [[opium withdrawal]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Iatrogenic
-| '''Opthalmologic'''
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-Boron overuse,
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-[[Carbon monoxide toxicity]],
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-[[Carnitine overuse]],
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-[[Colchicine toxicity]],
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-[[Digoxin]],
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-[[Ergotism]],
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-[[Heavy metal ingestion]],
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-[[Lycorine]],
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-[[Mazindol]],
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-[[Tetrodotoxin]],
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Short bowel syndrome]]
-| '''Psychiatric'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-Anxiety-tension syndrome,
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+* [[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[fecal fat]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
+* High level of [[Acute phase protein|acute phase reactant]]
+* Abnormal [[liver function tests]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Prior [[Intestine|intestinal]] surgery
+* [[Malabsorption]]
+* [[Crohn's disease]]
+* [[Cancer|Malignancy]]
+* Peripheral [[edema]]
+* [[Muscle atrophy]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Surgical [[bowel resection]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Clinical diagnosis following [[bowel resection]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Radiation enteropathy|Radiation enteritis]]
-| '''Pulmonary'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+* [[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[fecal fat]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Vitamin B12 deficiency
+*[[Hypoalbuminemia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Prior history of [[Cancer|malignancy]] and [[radiation therapy]]
+*[[Malabsorption]]
+*[[Telangiectasia|Telangiectasias]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Radiation therapy|Radiation]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Segmental bowel [[inflammation]] on [[endoscopy]] or [[colonoscopy]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Gastric dumping syndrome|Dumping syndrome]]
-| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-[[Acute kidney failure]],
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-[[Hyperchloremia]],
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*Hyperactive [[bowel sound]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Hypoglycemia]]
+* [[Hydrogen Breath Test|Hydrogen breath test]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Malnutrition]]
+*[[Fat soluble vitamins|Fat soluble vitamin]] deficiency
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Post operative complications|Postgastrectomy]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Clinical diagnosis following [[gastrectomy]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" rowspan="6" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Others
-| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-[[Angioedema]],
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-[[Amyloidosis]],
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-[[Anaphylaxis]],
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-[[Athabaskan severe combined immunodeficiency]],
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-Autoimmune adrenalitis,
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-Autoimmune enteropathy,
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-[[Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome]],
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
-[[Autonomic neuropathy]],
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-[[Chronic granulomatous disease]],
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
-[[Complement 5 deficiency]],
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
-[[Kawasaki disease]],
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
-[[Omenn syndrome]],
-[[Satoyoshi syndrome]],
 |-
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Abetalipoproteinemia]]
-| '''Trauma'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Abdominal distension]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Low [[triglyceride]]
+* Low total [[cholesterol]] levels
+* [[Acanthocytes]]
+* Low [[vitamin E]] levels
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Ataxia]]
+* [[Visual field defect]]
+* [[Dysarthria]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Autosomal recessive]] disorder caused by mutations encoding the [[microsomal triglyceride transfer protein]] (MTP)
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Clinical findings and low [[triglyceride]] and [[cholesterol]] level
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Hyperthyroidism]]
-| '''Urologic'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[fecal fat]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Elevated [[T4]]
+* Elevated [[T3]]
+* Decreased [[TSH]]
+* High serum [[alkaline phosphatase]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Lump in the neck
+* Lid lag
+* [[Malabsorption]]
+* [[Sweating]]
+* [[Hyperpigmentation]]
+* [[Proptosis]]
+* [[Tremor]]
+* Increased [[Deep tendon reflex|DTR]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Graves' disease]]
+* [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]]
+* [[Toxic adenoma]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[TSH]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Diabetic neuropathy]]
-| '''Miscellaneous'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-[[Alcohol intoxication]],
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-[[Alcohol withdrawal]],
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-[[Anopsology]],
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-[[Capsaicin]],
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-[[Chronic fatigue syndrome]],
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome,
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-Idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction,
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-Idiopathic sclerosing mesenteritis,
+*[[Fecal incontinence]]
-[[POEMS syndrome]],
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-Smoking stools syndrome,
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-Waldmann disease,
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-Water hemlock (Cicuta sp.),
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome,
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-Water-skier colon,
+*Positive [[fecal fat]]
-Weil's syndrome,
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Hyperglycemia]]
+*[[Azotemia]]
+*[[Hypokalemia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Malabsorption]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Unclear
+*Disordered [[motility]]
+*Increased [[Intestine|intestinal]] secretion
+*[[Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Clinical diagnosis in a patient with long lasting [[diabetes mellitus]]
 |-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Scleroderma|Systemic sclerosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*[[Abdominal pain|Epigastric tenderness]]
+*[[Fecal incontinence]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[fecal fat]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Anti–[[Type I topoisomerase|topoisomerase I]] (Scl‑70) antibodies
+* [[Antinuclear antibodies]] ([[Antinuclear antibodies|ANA]])
+* [[Anti-centromere antibodies|Anti–centromere antibodies]]
+* Anti–[[RNA polymerase III]] antibody
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Malabsorption]]
+*[[Skin changes]]
+*[[Raynaud's phenomenon|Raynaud phenomenon]]
+*[[Pulmonary hypertension]]
+*[[Arthritis]]
+*[[Telangiectasia]]
+*[[Chronic renal failure]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Autoimmunity|Autoimmune reaction]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Clinical diagnosis
+*Followed by serologic tests
+|- }
 |}
+==Related Chapters==
-==The Complete Differential Diagnosis of the Causes of Diarrhea==
+*[[Constipation]]
-(In alphabetical order)
-{{MultiCol}}
-*[[2C-B]]
-*[[2-Ethylhexanol]]
-*[[3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency]]
-*[[3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency]]
-*[[5-HT3 antagonist]]
-*[[5-MeO-AMT]]
-*[[5-Methoxy-diisopropyltryptamine]]
-*[[Abacavir ]]
-*[[Abdominal abscess]]
-*[[Abdominal cancer]]
-*[[Abetalipoproteinemia]]
-*[[Abrin]]
-*[[Acacia nilotica]]
-*[[Acacia senegal]]
-*[[Acamprosate]]
-*[[Acarbose]]
-*[[Acebutolol ]]
-*[[Achlorhydria]]
-*[[Aciclovir]]
-*[[Acitretin ]]
-*[[Aconitine]]
-*[[Acquired angioedema]]
-*[[Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome]]
-*[[Acrodermatitis enteropathica]]
-*[[Acrodynia]]
-*[[Acute appendicitis]]
-*[[Acute gastritis]]
-*[[Acute kidney failure]]
-*[[Acute pancreatitis]]
-*Acute tin poisoning
-*Acute zinc toxicity
-*[[Addison's disease]]
-*[[Adefovir ]]
-*[[Adenophorea Infections]]
-*[[Adenoviridae Infections]]
-*[[Adjustable gastric band]]
-*[[Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital type 3]]
-*[[Adrenal tumor]]
-*[[Aeromonas hydrophila]]
-*[[Agastache rugosa]]
-*[[Alatrofloxacin Injection ]]
-*[[Alchornea castaneifolia]]
-*[[Alcohol intoxication]]
-*[[Alcohol withdrawal]]
-*[[Aldesleukin ]]
-*[[Alendronate ]]
-*[[Aliskiren]]
-*[[Allergic disorders]]
-*[[Allopurinol ]]
-*[[Alosetron ]]
-*[[Alpha-amanitin]]
-*[[Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor]]
-*[[Alprazolam]]
-*[[Altretamine]]
-*[[Amanita phalloides]]
-*[[Ambenonium]]
-*[[Amebiasis]]
-*[[Amifostine]]
-*[[Amikacin]]
-*[[Amiloride and Hydrochlorothiazide ]]
-*[[Aminocaproic acid]]
-*[[Aminophylline ]]
-*[[Amlexanox ]]
-*[[Amlodipine and Benazepril ]]
-*[[Ammonium lauryl sulfate]]
-*[[Amnesic shellfish poisoning]]
-*[[Amoxycillin]]
-*[[Amphotericin B]]
-*[[Ampicillin]]
-*[[Amprenavir ]]
-*[[Amyloidosis]]
-*[[Anagrelide ]]
-*[[Anakinra ]]
-*[[Anastrozole ]]
-*[[Ancylostoma duodenale]]
-*Angel's trumpet (D. suaveolans)
-*[[Angioedema]]
-*[[Anguillulosis]]
-*[[Anisindione ]]
-*[[Anopsology]]
-*[[Anthrax]]
-*[[Antonine Plague]]
-*[[Anxiety-tension syndrome]]
-*[[Apomorphine]]
-*[[Appendicitis]]
-*[[Applesauce]]
-*[[Aprepitant ]]
-*[[Arakawa's syndrome II]]
-*[[Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency]]
-*[[Arsenic poisoning]]
-*[[Ascariasis]]
-*[[Aspartylglycosaminuria]]
-*[[Astrovirus]]
-*[[Atazanavir ]]
-*[[Atenolol ]]
-*[[Athabaskan severe combined immunodeficiency]]
-*[[Atorvastatin ]]
-*[[Atovaquone ]]
-*[[Auranofin ]]
-*Autoimmune adrenalitis
-*Autoimmune enteropathy
-*[[Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome]]
-*Autonomic neuropathy
-*[[Ayahuasca]]
-*[[Azithromycin]]
-*[[Aztreonam Injection ]]
-*Baber's syndrome
-*[[Bacillary dysentery]]
-*[[Bacillus cereus]]
-*Bacterial overgrowth of small intestine
-*Bacterial toxins
-*[[Balantidiasis]]
-*[[Barium nitrate]]
-*[[Barium Sulfate ]]
-*[[Beatrice (psychedelic)]]
-*[[Beef tapeworm]]
-*[[Bepridil ]]
-*[[Bethanechol]]
-*[[Bevacizumab Injection ]]
-*[[Bezafibrate]]
-*[[Bicalutamide ]]
-*[[Biguanide]]
-*Bile acid malabsorption syndrome
-*[[Bile acid sequestrant]]
-*[[Biliary atresia]]
-*[[Biliary tract cancer]]
-*[[Bisacodyl ]]
-*[[Bisoprolol ]]
-*[[Blastocystis hominis]]
-*[[Blind loop syndrome]]
-*Boron overuse
-*[[Borrelia anserina]]
-*[[Bortezomib ]]
-*[[Botulism]]
-*[[Brainerd diarrhea]]
-*Brennemann's syndrome
-*[[Bromelain]]
-*[[Brompheniramine ]]
-*Brown-Symmers disease
-*[[Bumetanide ]]
-*[[Buspirone ]]
-*[[Busulfan ]]
-*[[Caecitis]]
-*[[Campylobacter jejuni]]
-*[[Candesartan ]]
-*[[Candida]]
-*[[Capecitabine ]]
-*[[Capillaria]]
-*[[Capsaicin]]
-*[[Carbamazepine ]]
-*[[Carbon monoxide toxicity]]
-*[[Carboplatin ]]
-*[[Carcinoid syndrome]]
-*[[Carmustine ]]
-*[[Carnitine overuse]]
-*[[Carteolol ]]
-*[[Carvedilol ]]
-*[[Casanthranol]]
-*[[Cascara sagrada]]
-*Castor bean (Ricinus communis)
-*[[Cefaclor]]
-*[[Cefadroxil ]]
-*[[Cefamandole Nafate Injection ]]
-*[[Cefazolin]]
-*[[Cefdinir]]
-*[[Cefepime Injection ]]
-*[[Cefoperazone Sodium Injection ]]
-*[[Cefotaxime Sodium Injection ]]
-*[[Cefotetan Disodium Injection ]]
-*[[Cefoxitin Sodium Injection ]]
-*[[Cefpodoxime ]]
-*[[Ceftazidime Injection ]]
-*[[Ceftizoxime Sodium Injection ]]
-*[[Ceftriaxone Sodium Injection ]]
-*[[Cefuroxime]]
-*[[Celiac disease]]
-*[[Cephalexin ]]
-*[[Cephalosporins]]
-*Cephalothoracic progressive lipodystrophy
-*[[Cephradine Injection ]]
-{{ColBreak}}
-*[[Cerivastatin ]]
-*[[Cestoda]]
-*[[Cetuximab Injection ]]
-*[[Cevimeline]]
-*[[Chenodeoxycholic acid]]
-*[[Chloral Hydrate ]]
-*[[Chlorambucil ]]
-*[[Chlordane]]
-*[[Chlordiazepoxide ]]
-*[[Chlorodyne]]
-*[[Chloroquine]]
-*[[Chlorothiazide ]]
-*[[Chlorpheniramine ]]
-*[[Chlorthalidone ]]
-*[[Cholecystitis]]
-*[[Cholestatic jaundice]]
-*[[Cholestyramine ]]
-*[[Chronic fatigue syndrome]]
-*[[Chronic granulomatous disease]]
-*[[Chronic myeloproliferative disorders]]
-*[[Ciclosporin]]
-*[[Cidofovir Injection ]]
-*[[Ciguatera poisoning]]
-*[[Cilostazol]]
-*[[Cimetidine ]]
-*[[Cinacalcet ]]
-*[[Cinchonism]]
-*[[Ciprofloxacin]]
-*[[Cisapride]]
-*[[Citalopram]]
-*[[Cladribine ]]
-*[[Clamoxyquine]]
-*[[Clarithromycin]]
-*[[Classic galactosemia]]
-*[[Clindamycin]]
-*[[Clofarabine]]
-*[[Clofibrate]]
-*[[Clomipramine ]]
-*[[Clonazepam ]]
-*[[Clopidogrel ]]
-*[[Clorazepate ]]
-*[[Clostridium Difficile]]
-*[[Clostridium perfringens food poisoning]]
-*[[Clostridium sordellii]]
-*[[Clostridium welchii]]
-*[[Coccidia]]
-*[[Colchicine toxicity]]
-*[[Colestyramine]]
-*[[Colistimethate Injection ]]
-*[[Colitis]]
-*Colonic inertia
-*Colonic malakoplakia
-*[[Colonic villous adenomata]]
-*[[Colorectal cancer]]
-*[[Colorectal polyps]]
-*[[Common migraine]]
-*[[Common variable immunodeficiency]]
-*[[Complement 5 deficiency]]
-*[[Congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1B]]
-*Congenital short bowel]]
-*Congenital sucrose-isomaltose malabsorption
-*[[Congenital toxoplasmosis]]
-*[[Cornelia de Lange syndrome 2]]
-*Cree leukoencephalopathy
-*[[Crohn's disease]]
-*[[Cronkhite-Canada disease]]
-*[[Cryptosporidiosis]]
-*[[Cyclophosphamide]]
-*[[Cyclosporiasis]]
-*[[Cyproheptadine ]]
-*[[Cysticercosis]]
-*[[Cytarabine ]]
-*[[Cytomegalovirus]]
-*[[Dactinomycin ]]
-*Daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus)
-*[[Dantrolene]]
-*[[Daptomycin]]
-*[[Darbepoetin Alfa Injection ]]
-*[[Darifenacin ]]
-*[[Darunavir ]]
-*Darvocet withdrawal
-*[[Dasatinib]]
-*[[Daunorubicin ]]
-*Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome
-*[[Deferasirox ]]
-*[[Delavirdine ]]
-*[[Deracoxib]]
-*[[Desoxyn]]
-*[[Destroying angel]]
-*[[Dextroamphetamine and Amphetamine ]]
-*[[Dextromethorphan]]
-*[[Diabetes insipidus]]
-*[[Diabetic neuropathy]]
-*[[Diacerein]]
-*[[Diazepam ]]
-*[[Diazinon]]
-*[[Dibasic aminoaciduria 2]]
-*[[Diclofenac and Misoprostol ]]
-*[[Dicloxacillin ]]
-*[[Didanosine ]]
-*[[Dientamoeba fragilis]]
-*Diffuse systemic sclerosis
-*[[Diflunisal ]]
-*[[Digoxin]]
-*[[Dilaudid withdrawal]]
-*[[Diltiazem ]]
-*[[Diphyllobothrium infection]]
-*[[Dipylidium caninum infection]]
-*[[Dipyridamole ]]
-*[[Dirithromycin ]]
-*[[Dissociative disorder]]
-*[[Distigmine]]
-*Distomatosis
-*[[Diverticulitis]]
-*[[Docetaxel ]]
-*[[Dofetilide ]]
-*[[Dolasetron ]]
-*[[Donepezil]]
-*[[Doripenem]]
-*[[Doxorubicin ]]
-*[[Doxycycline Injection ]]
-*[[Dracunculiasis]]
-*[[DTPA]]
-*[[Duloxetine]]
-*[[Ebola]]
-*[[Echinococcosis]]
-*[[Efavirenz ]]
-*Egg Hypersensitivity
-*[[Emtricitabine ]]
-*[[Enalapril ]]
-*[[End stage liver failure]]
-*[[Endometriosis]]
-*[[Endosulfan]]
-*[[Enoxacin ]]
-*[[Entacapone ]]
-*[[Entamoeba histolytica]]
-*[[Enteritis]]
-*Entero-Aggregative Escherichia coli
-*Enterocele
-*[[Enterocolitis]]
-*Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli Infection
-*[[Entero-Toxic Escherichia coli]]
-*[[Envenomization by the Martinique lancehead viper]]
-*[[Epirubicin Injection ]]
-*[[Eplerenone ]]
-*[[Epoetin Alfa Injection ]]
-*[[Ergotamine]]
-*[[Ergotism]]
-*[[Erlotinib ]]
-*[[Erythromycin]]
-*[[Escherichia coli ]]
-*[[Esomeprazole ]]
-*[[Estazolam ]]
-*[[Estradiol Topical ]]
-*[[Ethacrynic Acid ]]
-*[[Ethanol]]
-*[[Ethosuximide]]
-*[[Ethylmalonic encephalopathy]]
-*[[Etidronate]]
-*[[Etodolac ]]
-*[[Etoposide]]
-*[[Everolimus]]
-*[[Ewing's sarcoma]]
-*[[Exemestane ]]
-*[[Exenatide]]
-*[[Exenatide Injection ]]
-*[[Ezetimibe ]]
-*[[Fabry's disease]]
-*[[Famciclovir ]]
-*[[Familial amyloid polyneuropathy]]
-*[[Familial polyposis, autosomal recessive]]
-*Familial visceral myopathy
-*[[Famotidine ]]
-*[[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism]]
-*[[Fasciolopsiasis]]
-*[[Favism]]
-*[[Felbamate ]]
-*[[Fexofenadine ]]
-*[[Filariasis]]
-*[[Flavivirus]]
-{{ColBreak}}
-*[[Floxuridine ]]
-*[[Fluconazole ]]
-*[[Flucytosine]]
-*[[Fludarabine Phosphate ]]
-*Fluke infections
-*[[Fluoride ]]
-*[[Fluorouracil ]]
-*[[Fluoxetine]]
-*[[Flurazepam ]]
-*[[Flutamide ]]
-*[[Fluticasone Nasal Spray ]]
-*[[Fluvastatin]]
-*[[Fluvoxamine]]
-*[[Folate deficiency]]
-*[[Folic acid toxicity]]
-*[[Food allergies]]
-*[[Food intolerances]]
-*[[Food poisoning]]
-*[[Fosamprenavir ]]
-*[[Foscarnet Sodium Injection ]]
-*[[Fosinopril ]]
-*[[Frovatriptan ]]
-*[[Fructose malabsorption]]
-*[[Fulvestrant Injection ]]
-*Functional disorders
-*Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor
-*[[Fusarium venenatum]]
-*[[Gabapentin ]]
-*[[Galactosemia]]
-*[[Galantamine]]
-*[[Ganciclovir ]]
-*[[Gangrene]]
-*[[Garlic]]
-*[[Gastric dumping syndrome]]
-*[[Gastrinoma]]
-*[[Gastritis]]
 *[[Gastroenteritis]]
-*Gastrointestinal amyloidosis
-*Gastrointestinal neoplasm
-*[[Gatifloxacin ]]
-*[[Gefitinib ]]
-*[[Gemcitabine Hydrochloride ]]
-*[[Gemeprost]]
-*[[Gemfibrozil ]]
-*[[Gentamicin]]
-*[[Giardia lamblia]]
-*[[Gilbert's syndrome]]
-*[[Ginseng overuse]]
-*[[Glatiramer Injection ]]
-*Glénard syndrome
-*[[Glucagonoma Syndrome]]
-*[[Glucosamine]]
-*[[Glucose-galactose malabsorption]]
-*[[Glutathione Synthetase Deficiency]]
-*[[Gluten sensitivity]]
-*[[Glycopyrrolate ]]
-*[[Gnathostoma Infection]]
-*[[Graft versus host disease]]
-*[[Granisetron ]]
-*[[Graves' Disease]]
-*[[Griseofulvin ]]
-*[[Guanethidine ]]
-*[[Guanfacine]]
-*[[Habba Syndrome]]
-*[[Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]]
-*[[Hartnup disease]]
-*[[Heavy metal ingestion]]
-*[[Helminthiasis]]
-*[[Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, familial, 4]]
-*[[Hepatitis]]
-*[[Hepatitis A]]
-*[[Hepatitis B]]
-*[[Hepatitis C]]
-*[[Hepatitis D]]
-*[[Hepatitis E]]
-*[[Hepatitis X]]
-*[[Heroin dependence]]
-*[[Heroin withdrawal]]
-*Heterophyiasis
-*[[Hookworm infection]]
-*[[Human ehrlichiosis]]
-*[[Hydralazine ]]
-*[[Hydrochlorothiazide ]]
-*Hydrocodone withdrawal
-*[[Hydroxychloroquine ]]
-*[[Hydroxyurea ]]
-*[[Hymenolepis infection]]
-*[[Hyoscyamine ]]
-*[[Hyperchloremia]]
-*Hyper-IgD syndrome
-*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
-*[[Ibandronate Injection ]]
-*[[Ibuprofen]]
-*[[Idarubicin ]]
-*Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome
-*Idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction
-*Idiopathic sclerosing mesenteritis
-*Iduronate-2-sulfatase deficiency
-*[[Ileitis]]
-*[[Imatinib ]]
-*[[Imipenem]]
-*[[Inborn amino acid metabolism disorder]]
-*[[Indomethacin]]
-*[[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
-*[[Infliximab Injection ]]
-*Insect sting allergies
-*[[Interferon alpha]]
-*[[Interferon Beta-1b Injection ]]
-*Intestinal Flu
-*Intestinal lymphangiectasis
-*[[Intestinal pseudoobstruction chronic idiopathic]]
-*[[Intrinsic factor, congenital deficiency]]
-*[[Irinotecan]]
-*[[Iron supplements]]
-*[[Irritable bowel syndrome]]
-*[[Ischemic colitis]]
-*[[Isocarboxazid ]]
-*[[Isomalt]]
-*[[Isosporiasis]]
-*[[Isradipine ]]
-*[[Itraconazole]]
-*Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium)
-*[[Juvenile polyposis of infancy]]
-*[[Kanamycin]]
-*[[Kaposi's sarcoma]]
-*[[Katayama fever]]
-*[[Kawasaki disease]]
-*[[Ketorolac]]
-*[[Laburnum]]
-*[[Lactose Intolerance]]
-*[[Lamivudine ]]
-*[[Lamotrigine ]]
-*[[Lanreotide]]
-*[[Lansoprazole ]]
-*[[Lanthanum ]]
-*[[Lapatinib ditosylate]]
-*[[Lassa fever]]
-*[[Laxative abuse]]
-*[[Lead poisoning]]
-*[[Leflunomide ]]
-*[[Legionella pneumophila]]
-*[[Legionnaires' disease]]
-*Leiner disease
-*[[Leptospirosis]]
-*[[Letrozole ]]
-*[[Leuprolide ]]
-*[[Levalbuterol Oral Inhalation ]]
-*[[Levetiracetam ]]
-*[[Levocarnitine Injection ]]
-*[[Levodopa and Carbidopa ]]
-*[[Levofloxacin Injection ]]
-*Levy-Yeboa Syndrome
-*[[Lincomycin]]
-*[[Linezolid]]
-*[[Liothyronine sodium]]
-*[[Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia]]
-*[[Lisinopril ]]
-*[[Listeriosis]]
-*[[Lithium]]
-*[[Lomefloxacin ]]
-*[[Lopinavir]]
-*[[Loracarbef ]]
-*[[Loratadine ]]
-*[[Lorazepam ]]
-*[[Loxapine Oral ]]
-*[[Lycorine]]
-*[[Lymphangiectasis]]
-*[[Lymphocytic colitis]]
-*[[Lymphogranuloma venereum]]
-*[[Magnesium Hydroxide ]]
-*[[Malabsorption syndrome]]
-*[[Malaria]]
-*[[Malassimilation]]
-*[[Malonic aciduria]]
-*[[Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency]]
-*[[Marburg virus]]
-*[[Marine toxins]]
-*[[Mazindol]]
-*[[Measles]]
-*[[Mebendazole ]]
-{{ColBreak}}
-*[[Mechlorethamine ]]
-*[[Meckel diverticulitis]]
-*[[Meclofenamate ]]
-*[[Mefenamic acid]]
-*[[Mefloquine ]]
-*[[Megaloblastic anemia]]
-*[[Megesterol]]
-*[[Melarsoprol]]
-*[[Meprobamate ]]
-*[[Mercaptopurine ]]
-*[[Mercury poisoning]]
-*[[Meropenem]]
-*[[Mesalazine]]
-*[[Mesna ]]
-*[[Mesoridazine Oral ]]
-*[[Mesothelioma, adult malignant – peritoneal]]
-*[[Metabolic disorders]]
-*[[Metagonimiasis]]
-*[[Metal fume fever]]
-*[[Metformin]]
-*[[Methenamine ]]
-*[[Methotrexate toxicity]]
-*[[Methoxychlor]]
-*[[Methsuximide Oral ]]
-*[[Methyclothiazide ]]
-*[[Methylergonovine]]
-*[[Methyprylon]]
-*[[Metoclopramide Oral ]]
-*[[Metolachlor]]
-*[[Metolazone ]]
-*[[Metoprolol]]
-*[[Metronidazole]]
-*[[Miconazole Injection ]]
-*[[Mifepristone]]
-*[[Miglitol]]
-*[[Mineral oil]]
-*[[Minocycline]]
-*[[Misoprostol]]
-*Mistletoe (Phoradendron serotinum)
-*Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome
-*[[Mitotane]]
-*[[Mixed connective tissue disease]]
-*[[Moclobemide]]
-*[[Modafinil ]]
-*[[Moexipril ]]
-*[[Moricizine ]]
-*[[Morphine withdrawal]]
-*[[Moxifloxacin]]
-*[[Mucopolysaccharidosis]]
-*[[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]]
-*[[Muscarine]]
-*[[Mycobacterium avium Complex]]
-*[[Mycophenolate ]]
-*[[Myleofibrosis]]
-*[[Myocarditis]]
-*[[Nabumetone ]]
-*[[Nafcillin]]
-*[[Nalidixic acid]]
-*[[Naltrexone ]]
-*[[Naphthalene]]
-*[[Natalizumab injection ]]
-*[[Natamycin]]
-*[[Nateglinide oral ]]
-*[[Necrotizing fasciitis]]
-*[[Nelfinavir]]
-*[[Neostigmine]]
-*[[Netilmicin]]
-*[[Neuroendocrine tumors]]
-*[[Neurofibromatosis]]
-*[[Neutropenia]]
-*[[Nevirapine ]]
-*[[Niclosamide]]
-*[[Nicotine poisoning]]
-*[[Nizatidine ]]
-*[[Norfloxacin]]
-*[[Norwalk gastroenteritis]]
-*[[Norwalk Virus]]
-*[[Nystatin]]
-*Obal syndrome
-*[[Ofloxacin oral ]]
-*[[Ogilvie's syndrome]]
-*[[Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome]]
-*[[Oleander]]
-*[[Omalizumab injection ]]
-*[[Omenn syndrome]]
-*[[Omeprazole ]]
-*[[Ondansetron ]]
-*[[Opioid withdrawal]]
-*[[Opisthorchis infection]]
-*[[Organophosphates]]
-*[[Orlistat]]
-*[[Oseltamivir ]]
-*[[Oxaliplatin]]
-*[[Oxazepam]]
-*[[Oxcarbazepine ]]
-*[[Oxtriphylline ]]
-*[[Oxybutynin ]]
-*[[Oxyphenisatine]]
-*[[Palivizumab injection ]]
-*Pancreatic adenoma
-*[[Pancrelipase ]]
-*[[Pantoprazole ]]
-*[[Paragonimus Infection]]
-*[[Paraquat]]
-*[[Parathion]]
-*[[Pegaspargase ]]
-*[[Peginterferon alfa-2a ]]
-*[[Peginterferon alfa-2b ]]
-*[[Pellagra]]
-*[[Pelvic abscess]]
-*[[Pemetrexed injection ]]
-*[[Pemoline ]]
-*[[Penbutolol ]]
-*[[Penicillin allergy]]
-*[[Penicillium marneffei]]
-*[[Pentamidine]]
-*[[Pentostatin ]]
-*[[Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy]]
-*[[Pergolide ]]
-*[[Perindopril ]]
-*[[Periodic hyperlysinemia]]
-*[[Pernicious anemia]]
-*[[Perphenazine oral ]]
-*[[Persin]]
-*[[Phenolphthalein]]
-*[[Phentermine ]]
-*[[Phentolamine]]
-*[[Phycomycosis]]
-*[[Phytohaemagglutinin]]
-*[[Pilocarpine]]
-*[[Pimecrolimus topical ]]
-*[[Pimozide ]]
-*[[Piroxicam ]]
-*[[Plicamycin ]]
-*Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis
-*[[POEMS syndrome]]
-*Phytolacca Americana
-*Pollen allergy
-*[[Porphyria]]
-*[[Portal vein thrombosis]]
-*[[Posaconazole ]]
-*Postgastrectomy syndrome
-*Solanum tuberosum
-*Powell-Buist-Stenzel syndrome
-*[[Pramipexole ]]
-*[[Pramlintide injection ]]
-*[[Prazepam ]]
-*[[Praziquantel]]
-*[[Prazosin and polythiazide ]]
-*[[Procainamide ]]
-*[[Procarbazine ]]
-*[[Proctitis]]
-*[[Promethazine ]]
-*[[Propafenone ]]
-*[[Propranolol Oral ]]
-*[[Protein losing enteropathy]]
-*[[Protriptyline ]]
-*[[Pseudoephedrine and triprolidine ]]
-*[[Pseudomembranous colitis]]
-*[[Psittacosis]]
-*Ptomaine food poisoning
-*[[Pyridostigmine ]]
-*[[Q fever]]
-*[[Quinapril ]]
-*[[Quinidine Oral ]]
-*[[Quinupristin/dalfopristin]]
-*[[Rabeprazole ]]
-*[[Radiation sickness]]
-*[[Raltitrexed]]
-*Rambaud-Galian syndrome
-*[[Ramipril ]]
-*[[Ranitidine ]]
-*[[Rasagiline ]]
-*[[Rectal cancer]]
-*[[Refsum disease, infantile form]]
-*[[Repaglinide ]]
-*[[Reserpine ]]
-*[[Retapamulin ]]
-*[[Rhabditida Infections]]
-{{ColBreak}}
-*[[Ribavirin ]]
-*[[Ricin]]
-*[[Rifampin ]]
-*[[Rilmenidine]]
-*[[Riluzole ]]
-*[[Risedronate ]]
-*[[Risperidone ]]
-*[[Ritonavir ]]
-*[[Rituximab injection ]]
-*[[Rivastigmine ]]
-*[[Rizatriptan ]]
-*[[Roflumilast]]
-*Rosary pea (Abrus precatorious)
-*[[Rotavirus]]
-*[[Roundworm]]
-*Sakamoto disease
-*[[Salmonella enteritidis]]
-*[[Salmonellosis]]
-*[[Salsalate ]]
-*[[Sanfilippo syndrome]]
-*Sapporo-like virus
-*[[Saquinavir ]]
-*[[Sarcocystis]]
-*Sarcosporidiosis
-*[[Sargramostim injection ]]
-*[[Satoyoshi syndrome]]
-*[[Schistosomiasis]]
-*Sclerosing Mesenteritis
-*[[Scombroid food poisoning]]
-*[[Secernentea Infections]]
-*[[Selegiline ]]
-*[[Serotonin syndrome]]
-*[[Sevelamer ]]
-*[[Shigellosis]]
-*[[Short bowel syndrome]]
-*[[Sildenafil ]]
-*[[Simethicone]]
-*[[Simvastatin]]
-*[[Sirolimus ]]
-*[[Sitagliptin ]]
-*[[Slone's Disease]]
-*[[Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome]]
-*[[Small bowel lymphoma]]
-*Smoking stools syndrome
-*[[Sodium oxybate ]]
-*[[Sodium picosulfate]]
-*[[Sodium polystyrene sulfonate ]]
-*[[Solanine]]
-*[[Solifenacin ]]
-*[[Somatostatinoma]]
-*[[Sorafenib ]]
-*[[Sorbitol]]
-*[[Sotalol ]]
-*[[Sparfloxacin ]]
-*Spencer disease
-*[[Sphingolipidosis]]
-*Spira syndrome
-*[[Spironolactone ]]
-*[[Spirurida Infections]]
-*Spleen Cancer
-*[[Sprue]]
-*[[Stachybotrys chartarum]]
-*[[Staphylococcal food poisoning]]
-*[[Stavudine ]]
-*[[Streptobacillus]]
-*[[Streptococcal Infections]]
-*[[Streptococcus suis]]
-*[[Streptozocin ]]
-*[[Strongyloides]]
-*Subacute thyroiditis
-*[[Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency]]
-*[[Sucrose intolerance]]
-*[[Sulfadiazine ]]
-*[[Sulfasalazine ]]
-*[[Sulfisoxazole ]]
-*[[Sulindac ]]
-*[[Sumatriptan]]
-*[[Sunitinib]]
-*Superior mesenteric artery occlusion
-*[[Tacrine ]]
-*[[Tamsulosin ]]
-*[[Tapeworms]]
-*[[TASB (psychedelics)]]
-*[[Tegafur]]
-*[[Tegaserod ]]
-*[[Telbivudine ]]
-*[[Telithromycin ]]
-*[[Telmisartan ]]
-*[[Temozolomide ]]
-*[[Teniposide ]]
-*[[Tenofovir ]]
-*[[Terbinafine ]]
-*[[Teriparatide (rDNA origin) Injection ]]
-*[[Tetrodotoxin]]
-*[[Thallium]]
-*[[Theophylline ]]
-*[[Thiabendazole]]
-*[[Thioguanine ]]
-*[[Thioridazine ]]
-*[[Thiothixene Oral ]]
-*[[Thyroid Carcinoma]]
-*[[Thyroid Medication ]]
-*[[Ticlopidine ]]
-*[[Tiludronate ]]
-*[[Tipranavir ]]
-*[[Tocopherol]]
-*[[Tolcapone ]]
-*[[Topiramate]]
-*[[Topotecan]]
-*[[Toxocara]]
-*[[Toxoplasmosis]]
-*[[Tranexamic acid]]
-*[[Tranylcypromine ]]
-*[[Trastuzumab ]]
-*[[Traveler's diarrhea]]
-*[[Trazodone ]]
-*[[Trematoda]]
-*[[Treprostinil]]
-*[[Triamterene ]]
-*[[Triazolam ]]
-*[[Trichinella spiralis]]
-*[[Trichinosis]]
-*[[Trichuriasis]]
-*[[Trifluoperazine Oral ]]
-*[[Trihexyphenidyl ]]
-*[[Trimeprazine ]]
-*[[Trimethadione ]]
-*[[Trimethobenzamide ]]
-*[[Trimetrexate Glucuronate ]]
-*[[Trimipramine ]]
-*[[Trovafloxacin ]]
-*[[Tularemia]]
-*[[Turcot syndrome]]
-*[[Typhoid fever]]
-*[[Ulcerative colitis]]
-*[[Urofollitropin]]
-*[[Ursodeoxycholic acid]]
-*[[Valacyclovir ]]
-*[[Valganciclovir ]]
-*[[Valinemia]]
-*[[Valproic Acid ]]
-*[[Valsartan ]]
-*[[Vanadium]]
-*[[Vasculitis hypersensitivity]]
-*[[Verapamil and Trandolapril ]]
-*[[Vibrio cholerae]]
-*[[Vibrio mimicus food poisoning]]
-*[[Vibrio parahemolyticus]]
-*[[Vibrio vulnificus]]
-*[[Vinblastine ]]
-*[[Vinorelbine Tartrate ]]
-*[[Vipoma]]
-*[[Visceral leishmaniasis]]
-*[[Vitamin C toxicity]]
-*[[Vitamin D]]
-*[[Voriconazole ]]
-*[[Vorinostat ]]
-*Waldmann disease
-*Water hemlock (Cicuta sp.)
-*Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome
-*Water-skier colon
-*Weil's syndrome
-*[[West Nile fever]]
-*Wheat intolerance
-*[[Whipple's disease]]
-*[[Whipworm Infection]]
-*[[Yersinia enterocolitica]]
-*[[Zanamivir Inhalation ]]
-*[[Zidovudine Injection ]]
-*[[Zinc deficiency]]
-*[[Ziprasidone ]]
-*[[Zoledronic Acid Injection ]]
-*[[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]]
-*[[Zolmitriptan Oral ]]
-*[[Zolpidem ]]
-{{EndMultiCol}}
-==Infectious diarrhea==
-{{main|Infectious diarrhea}}
-[[Infectious diarrhea]] is diarrhea cased by a [[microbe]] such as a [[bacterium]], [[parasite]], or [[virus]].
-==Malabsorption==
-These tend to be more severe medical illnesses.
-[[Malabsorption]] is the inability to absorb food, mostly in the small bowel but also due to the [[pancreas]].
-Causes include [[celiac disease]] (intolerance to [[gluten]], a wheat product),  [[lactose intolerance]] (Intolerance to milk sugar, common in non-Europeans), [[fructose malabsorption]], [[pernicious anemia]] (impaired bowel function due to the inability to absorb [[vitamin B12]]), loss of pancreatic secretions (may be due to [[cystic fibrosis]] or [[pancreatitis]]), [[short bowel syndrome]] (surgically removed bowel), radiation fibrosis (usually following cancer treatment), and other drugs such as [[chemotherapy]].
-==Inflammatory bowel disease==
-The two overlapping types here are of unknown origin:
-* [[Ulcerative colitis]] is marked by chronic bloody diarrhea and inflammation mostly affects the distal [[colon (anatomy)|colon]] near the [[rectum]].
-* [[Crohn's disease]] typically affects fairly well demarcated segments of bowel in the colon and often affects the end of the small bowel.
-==Irritable Bowel Syndrome==
-{{main|Irritable Bowel Syndrome}}
-Another possible cause of diarrhea is Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Symptoms defining IBS: abdominal discomfort or pain relieved by defecation and unusual stool (diarrhea or [[constipation]] or both) or stool frequency, for at least 3 days a week over the previous 3 months.<ref>Longstreth GL, Thompson WG, Chey WD, Houghton LA, Mearin F, and Spiller RC. (2006). Functional Bowel Disorders. Gastroenterology 2006; 130:1480–1491</ref> IBS symptoms can be present in patients with a variety of conditions including food allergies, infective diarrhea, celiac, and inflammatory bowel diseases.  Treating the underlying condition (celiac disease, food allergy, bacterial [[dysbiosis]], etc.) usually resolves the diarrhea.<ref>Wangen, S. "The Irritable Bowel Syndrome Solution". page 113. 2006; Innate Health Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9768537-8-7.  Excerpted with the author's permission at http://www.IBSTreatmentCenter.com</ref> IBS can cause visceral hypersensitivity. While there is no direct treatment for undifferentiated IBS, symptoms, including diarrhea, can sometimes be managed through a combination of dietary changes, soluble fiber supplements, and/or medications.
-==Other important causes==
-*[[Ischemia|Ischemic]] bowel disease.  This usually affects older people and can be due to blocked arteries.
-*[[Colorectal cancer|Bowel cancer]]: Some (but not all) bowel cancers may have associated diarrhea. Cancer of the large intestine is most common.
-*Hormone-secreting tumors: some hormones (e.g. [[serotonin]]) can cause diarrhea if excreted in excess (usually from a tumor).
-*Bile salt diarrhea: excess bile salt entering the [[colon (anatomy)|colon]] rather than being absorbed at the end of the [[small intestine]] can cause diarrhea, typically shortly after eating. Bile salt diarrhea is a possible side-effect of [[gallbladder]] removal. It is usually treated with [[cholestyramine]], a [[bile acid sequestrant]].
-==Alcohol==
-Chronic diarrhea can be caused by chronic [[ethanol]] ingestion.<ref name=Harrison>Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL. [[Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine]]. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005. ISBN 0-07-139140-1.</ref> Consumption of [[alcohol]] affects the body's capability to absorb water - this is often a symptom that accompanies a [[hangover]] after a heavy drinking session. The alcohol itself is absorbed in the intestines and as the intestinal cells absorb it, the toxicity causes these cells to lose their ability to absorb water. This leads to an outpouring of fluid from the intestinal lining, which is in turn poorly absorbed. The diarrhea usually lasts for several hours until the alcohol is detoxified and removed from the digestive system. Symptoms range from person to person and are influenced by both the amount consumed as well as physiological differences. Alcohol-induced diarrhea is often accompanied by "the follow through" where a feeling that the patient is going to break wind ([[flatulence]]) instead becomes an uncontrolled episode of diarrhea.
-== Risk Factors ==
-* Antibiotic use
-* High-risk sexual behavior (STDs)
-* Immunosuppression
-* Recent travel to endemic area
-== History and Symptoms ==
-* History should include:
-*:* Appearance of bowel movements
-*:* Travel history
-*:* Associated symptoms
-*:* Immune status
-*:* Woodland exposure
-== Physical Examination ==
-* Pulses
-* Blood pressure
-* Orthostatics
-* Skin examination
-* Signs of dehydration
-* Back, genital and rectal examinations
-* Complete abdominal examination
-== Laboratory Findings ==
-* [[Complete blood count]] ([[CBC]])
-* [[Glucose]]
-* [[White blood cells]] ([[WBC]])
-* [[Urinalysis]]
-* [[Calcium]]
-* [[Thyroid stimulating hormone]] ([[TSH]])
-* [[Liver function tests]] ([[LFT]]s)
-* [[Blood urea nitrogen]] ([[BUN]]) / [[creatinine]]
-* [[Hepatitis]] serologies
-* Stool examinations:
-*:* Stool cultures
-*:* Stool [[electrolyte]]s
-*:* Stool osmolality
-*:* Ova and parasites
-*:* Fecal [[lactoferrin]]
-*:* Fecal [[leukocyte]]s
-*:* Test for ''[[C. difficile]]''
-=== MRI and CT ===
-* Abdominal [[CT scan]] may be necessary
-=== Other Diagnostic Studies ===
-* Breath hydrogen test
-* [[Endoscopy]]
-* [[Barium enema]]
-* [[Colonoscopy]]
-* [[Sigmoidoscopy]]
-* [[HIV test]]ing for those patients suspected of having HIV
-==Treatment==
-* Fluid resuscitation (oral, if not IV)
-* Patients should be advised to do the following until symptoms subside:
-*:* Hydrate with liquids that are caffeine free and contain glucose
-*:* Avoid lactose
-*:* Chew gum that is free of sorbitol
-*:* Eat raw fruit
-* For patients with lactose intolerance, a lactose-free diet is advised
-* For patients with malabsorption diseases, a gluten free diet is advised
-* Consultation with oncology, surgery and/or gastroenterology may be required for intestinal neoplasm
-* Control blood sugar (diabetic neuropathy)
-=== Pharmacotherapy ===
-==== Acute Pharmacotherapies ====
-* Antibiotics (malabsorption diseases)
-* Anticholinergics (IBS)
-* Antimolality agents
-* Antibiotic therapy (severe disease)
-* Metoclopramide (diabetic neuropathy)
-* Nonspecific antidiarrheal agents
-==== Chronic Pharmacotherapies ====
-* Prophylactic therapy with 5-aminosalicylic agents for patients with inflammatory bowel disease
-=== Surgery and Device Based Therapy ===
-* Bowel resection may be necessary for those patients with inflammatory bowel disease
 ==References==
-<references/>
+{{Reflist|2}}
-==See also==
-* [[Constipation]]
-* [[Feces]]
-* [[Drinking water]]
-* [[Steatorrhea]]
-* [[List of causes of diarrhea]]
-* [[Diarrhea]]
-* [[Acute gastroenteritis]]
-* [[Gastroenteritis]]
-* [[Shigellosis]]
-== External links ==
-* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11100619&dopt=Abstract  Reducing deaths from diarrhoea through oral rehydration therapy.] 1: ''Bull. World Health Organ.'' 2000;78(10):1246-55.
-* [http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/travelersdiarrhea_g.htm Travelers' Diarrhea]
-* [http://rehydrate.org/diarrhoea/index.html Rehydration Project]
-* [http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/diarrhea/#cause The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)]
-* [http://www.causediarrhea.com/ Diarrhea]
-==Additional Resources==
-{{Refbegin|2}}
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-* Bharucha AE, Zinsmeister AR, Locke GR, et al. Risk factors for fecal incontinence: A population-based study in women. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:1305-12.
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-* Faruque ASG, Malek MA, Khan AI, et al. Diarrhoea in elderly people: Aetiology and clinical characteristics. Scand J Infect Dis 2004;36:204-8.
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-*  Talley NJ, O'Keefe EA, Zinsmeister AR, et al. Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in the elderly: A population-based study. Gastroenterology 1992;102:895-901.
-* Thomas VS, Rockwood K, McDowell I. Multidimensionality in instrumental and basic activities of daily living. J Clin Epidemiol 1998; 51:315-21.
-* Thomson RD, Lestina LS, Bensen SP, et al. Lansoprazole-associated microscopic colitis: A case series. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:2908-13.
-* Trincale E, Menon D, Topfer LA, et al. Adverse effects associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants: A meta-analysis. CMAJ 1998;159:1245-52.
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-{{refend}}
-{{Gastroenterology}}
+[[Category:Medicine]]
 [[Category:Gastroenterology]]
-[[Category:Water-borne diseases]]
+[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
-[[Category:Digestive disease symptoms]]
-[[Category:Conditions diagnosed by stool test]]
-[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
-[[Category:Mature chapter]]
-{{WH}}
-{{WS}}