Diarrhea: Difference between revisions

	Diarrhea Microchapters
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Overview
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Classification Acute Diarrhea Chronic diarrhea
Differential Diagnosis

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Latest revision as of 21:22, 29 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Usama Talib, BSc, MD [2], Sadaf Sharfaei M.D.[3], Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [4], Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [5], M.Umer Tariq [6]

Synonyms and keywords: Loose stools

Overview

Diarrhea is defined as the passage of unformed or abnormally liquid stools at an increased frequency. Diarrhea can be classified as acute or chronic. Acute diarrhea has a duration of less than 2 weeks and may be classified on the basis of etiology and presentation. On the basis of etiology, acute diarrhea may be classified into infectious and non-infectious subtypes. Subacute diarrhea is defined as a diarrhea lasting for two to four weeks. Although chronic diarrhea has multiple definitions, a current working definition is the production of loose stools for longer than 4 weeks. Frequent defecation with normal consistency is termed psuedo-diarrhea. There are 3 basic categories of chronic diarrhea: watery, fatty (malabsorption), and inflammatory (with blood and pus). The diagnosis is based on duration of symptoms, signs, microscopic stool examination and culture, stool osmolarity, and in some rare instances colonoscopy. The treatment is mainly based on severity of symptoms, etiology and availability of medications. Prevention is based on proper maintaining the filtration systems at water plants, hand wash, and effectively use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers. Vaccination for some viruses, such as Rotavirus is a part of preventive measures.

Classification

Diarrhea can be classified as acute or chronic depending on the duration of onset of symptoms. Acute and chronic diarrhea can be further classified as follows:

Classification of Acute Diarrhea

Acute diarrhea

Infectious

Non-Infectious

Classification of Chronic Diarrhea

Chronic diarrhea

Watery

Inflammatory

Secretory

Osmotic

Differential Diagnosis of Diarrhea of other diseases

To review the differential diagnosis of diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of traveler's diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of acute watery diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of acute bloody diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of acute fatty diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of chronic watery diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of chronic bloody diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of chronic fatty diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea and fever, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea and fever, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea and abdominal pain, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea and abdominal pain, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea and weight loss, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea and weight loss, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss, click here.

Diarrhea

The following table outlines the major differential diagnoses of diarrhea.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30]

Abbreviations: GI: Gastrointestinal, CBC: Complete blood count, WBC: White blood cell, RBC: Red blood cell, Plt: Platelet, Hgb: Hemoglobin, ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP: C–reactive protein, IgE: Immunoglobulin E, IgA: Immunoglobulin A, ETEC: Escherichia coli enteritis, EPEC: Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, EIEC: Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli, EHEC: Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, EAEC: Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli, Nl: Normal, ASCA: Anti saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies, ANCA: Anti–neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, CFTR: Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, SLC10A2: Solute carrier family 10 member 2, SeHCAT: Selenium homocholic acid taurine or tauroselcholic acid, IEL: Intraepithelial lymphocytes, MRCP: Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, ANA: Antinuclear antibodies, AMA: Anti-mitochondrial antibody, LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase, CPK: Creatine phosphokinase, PCR: Polymerase chain reaction, ELISA: Enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay, LT: Heat–labile enterotoxin, ST: Heat–stable enterotoxin, RT-PCR: Reverse–transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, CD4: Cluster of differentiation 4, HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus, RUQ: Right-upper quadrant, VIP: Vasoactive intestinal peptide, GI: Gastrointestinal, FAP: Familial adenomatous polyposis, HNPCC: Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, MTP: Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, Scl‑70: Anti–topoisomerase I, TSH: Thyroid-stimulating hormone, T4: Thyroxine, T3: Triiodothyronine, DTR: Deep tendon reflex, RNA: Ribonucleic acid

				Symptoms								GI signs
Categories		Cause		Clinical manifestation									Lab findings									Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
				Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss
				Duration		Diarrhea							Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings
				Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty					WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings
Gastrointestinal		Crohn's disease		–	+	+	+	+	±	+	+	Abdominal tenderness Oral mucosal lesions	+	+	–	Nl	–	↑	↓	↑	Anti saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) Vitamin B12 deficiency Elevated ESR Elevated CRP	Uveitis Arthritis Erythema nodosum Pyoderma gangrenosum Amyloidosis Venous and arterial thromboembolism Renal stones Bronchiectasis	Abnormal immune response to self antigens	Colonoscopy with biopsy
		Ulcerative colitis		–	+	+	+	+	±	+	+	Abdominal tenderness Blood on rectal examination	+	+	–	Nl	–	↑	↓	↑	Anti–neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (P–ANCA) Hypoalbuminemia Hypokalemia Hypomagnesemia Elevated ESR Elevated CRP	Skin rash Iritis Uveitis Seronegative arthritis Clubbing Erythema nodosum	Abnormal immune response to self antigens	Colonoscopy with biopsy
		Celiac disease		–	+	±	–	±	–	+	+	Abdominal distention Increased bowel sounds Oral mucosal lesions Hepatosplenomegaly Ascites	–	–	–	Nl	Fat droplets on sudan stain	Nl	↓	Nl	IgA endomysial antibody Anti–tissue transglutaminase antibody Anti–gliadin antibody Fat soluble vitamins deficiency	Malabsorption Dementia Dermatitis herpetiformis	HLA–DQ2 HLA–DQ8 Innate responses to wheat proteins	IgA endomysial antibody Anti–tissue transglutaminase antibody
		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cystic fibrosis		–	+	–	–	+	±	+	+	Abdominal distention Hepatosplenomegaly Rectal prolapse	–	–	–	Nl	Fat droplets on sudan stain	Nl	↓	Nl	Positive DNA analysis for cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Nasal transepithelial potential difference Fat soluble vitamins deficiency	Malabsorption Recurrent respiratory tract infection Bronchiectasis Diabetes mellitus Scoliosis Infertility	Mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein	Positive genetic testing Elevated sweat chloride ≥60 mmol/L
		Chronic pancreatitis		–	+	+	–	+	–	+	+	Abdominal tenderness	–	–	–	Nl	Fat droplets on sudan stain Positive fecal elastase measurement	Nl	Nl	Nl	Slightly elevated amylase and lipase Abnormal pancreatic function test Secretin stimulation test	Malabsorption Diabetes mellitus Pancreatic pseudocyst	Toxins Recurrent acute pancreatitis Genetic predesposition Autoimmune	Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
		Bile acid malabsorption		–	+	+	–	+	–	–	+		–	–	–	Nl	Fat droplets on sudan stain	Nl	Nl	Nl	Reduced cholesterol level	Malabsorption Hypotension Tachycardia	Genetic defects in SLC10A2	SeHCAT test
		Microscopic colitis		–	+	+	–	–	–	+	+	Abdominal tenderness Fecal incontinence	–	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	↓	Nl	Hypokalemia Elevated CRP Positive autoantibodies include: RF ANA AMA ANCA	Arthritis Uveitis Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Pleuro pericarditis Hypothyroidism Psoriasis	Mucosal immune responses to luminal factors in a genetically predisposed individual Drug–induced	Colonoscopy with mucosal biopsy with mononuclear infiltrates: Collagenous colitis is characterized by a colonic subepithelial collagen band >10 micrometers in diameter Lymphocytic colitis is characterized by ≥20 intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) per 100 surface epithelial cells
		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Infective colitis		–	+	+	+	–	+	+	+	Rebound abdominal tenderness	+	+	+	Nl	Positive stool culture Positive fecal calprotectin Positive fecal lactoferrin	↑	↓	↑	Elevated CRP Elevated ESR	Arthritis Uveitis	Salmonella Shigella Campylobacter E. coli 0157:H7 Clostridium difficile Entamoeba histolytica Adenovirus Cytomegalovirus Herpes simplex virus	Stool culture Blood culture
		Ischemic colitis		+	+	+	+	–	+	+	+	Hyperactive then absent bowel sounds Abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	–	↑	↓	↑	Elevated CRP Elevated ESR Elevated serum lactate Elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) Elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) Elevated amylase Hypoalbuminemia	IgA vasculitis	Hypercoagulability Nonocclusive colonic ischemia Embolic and thrombotic arterial occlusion Mesenteric vein thrombosis	Abdominal CT scan
		Lactose intolerance		+	+	+	–	–	–	+	–	Abdominal tenderness Abdominal distention	–	–	–	↑	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Lactose tolerance test Genetic testing	Headache Vertigo Memory impairment Lethargy	Reduction of lactase enzyme activity or inability to produce persistent lactase Congenital lactase deficiency Secondary lactose malabsorption	Small bowel biopsy Lactose breath hydrogen test
		Irritable bowel syndrome		–	+	±	–	±	–	±	–	Abdominal tenderness Abdominal distention Normal bowel sounds	–	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Anxiety Palpitation	Unknown	Diagnosis of exclusion
Infection	Bacterial	Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Whipple's disease		–	+	+	–	+	±	+	+	Hepatosplenomegaly Ascites	–	–	–	Nl	Positive fecal fat	↓	↓	↓/↑	Hypoalbuminemia Fat soluble vitamins deficiency	Malabsorption Abnormal extraocular movement Lymphadenopathy Hyperpigmentation Uveitis Endocarditis Encephalitis Dementia Pleural effusion	Tropheryma whipplei	Small intestine biopsy for Tropheryma whipplei testing PCR testing
		Tropical sprue		+	+	+	–	+	+	+	+	Angular stomatitis Oral mucosal lesion	+	–	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	Nl	↓	Nl	Fat soluble vitamins deficiency Vitamin B12 deficiency Folate deficiency Hypokalemia	Myalgia Neuropathy Edema	Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Enterobacter cloacae	Diagnosis of exclusion
		Small bowel bacterial overgrowth		–	+	+	–	+	–	+	+	Abdominal distention	+	–	–	Nl	Positive stool culture Positive fecal fat	Nl	↓	Nl	Hypoalbuminemia Abnormal hydrogen breath test Lactic acidosis	Malabsorption Rosacea	Excess bacteria in the small intestine Alterations in intestinal anatomy or GI motility	Diagnosis of exclusion
		Pseudomembranous enterocolitis		+	–	+	±	–	+	+	±	Generalized abdominal tenderness Abdominal distention Rebound abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay or C. difficile antigen	↑	↓	↓	Elevated serum creatinine Hypoalbuminemia Elevated lactic acid	Dehydration Acute kidney injury Bacteremia Reactive arthritis Necrotizing fasciitis	Clostridium difficile Recent antibiotics use Recent surgery	Stool exam Pseudomembranes on colonoscopy
		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Campylobacteriosis		+	–	+	+	–	+	+	–	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	Nl	Toxic megacolon Sepsis Arthritis Endocarditis Guillain–Barré syndrome	Campylobacter jejuni	Stool culture
		Salmonellosis		+	+	+	+	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness Hepatosplenomegaly	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture Positive serologic testing	↑	Nl	↑	Hypokalemia Hypernatremia Hyponatremia Hypercalciuria Hypocitraturia	Post–infectious arthritis Obtundation Bacteremia Pericarditis Pyelonephritis Brain abscess	Salmonella	Stool culture
		Shigellosis		+	–	+	+	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Hyperactive bowel sounds Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑/↓	↓	↓	Elevated CRP Elevated ESR Hyponatremia Hypoglycemia Azotemia	Headache Lethargy Seizures Delirium Post–infectious arthritis Myocarditis	Shigella	Stool culture
		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Escherichia coli enteritis	ETEC (Traveler's diarrhea)	+	–	+	–	–	+	–	–	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	–	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	–	Enterotoxigenic escherichia coli Enterotoxins: Heat–labile enterotoxin (LT) Heat–stable enterotoxin (ST)	Stool culture
			EPEC	+	+	+	+	–	+	+	+	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	–	Enteropathogenic E. coli	DNA probe or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the EPEC adherence factor Stool culture
			EIEC	+	–	+	+	–	+	+	–	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	–	Enteroinvasive E. coli	DNA probe Stool culture
			EHEC	+	–	+	+	–	–	+	–	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	↓	↓	Azotemia	Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) Renal failure	Enterohemorrhagic E. coli Shiga toxins	Stool culture
			EAEC	+	+	+	+	–	–	+	–	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	↓	↓	–	Chronic infection in immunocompromised patients	Enteroaggregative E. coli	Stool culture
		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Yersinia enterocolitica		+	–	+	+	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Hyperactive bowel sounds Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	Bacteremia Reactive arthritis Glomerulonephritis Endocarditis Erythema nodosum Abscess	Yersinia enterocolitica	Stool culture
		Vibrio cholera		+	–	+	–	–	–	+	–		+	–	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	Azotemia	Severe dehydration Decreased skin turgor Oliguria Renal failure Muscle cramps Seizure Somnolence	Cholera toxin	Stool culture
		Aeromonas		+	+	+	+	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Hyperactive bowel sounds Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	Wound infection Bacteremia Hemolytic uremic syndrome Meningitis Ocular infection Pneumonia Urinary tract infection Osteomyelitis Peritonitis Acute cholecystitis Opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients	Aeromonas virulence factors including endotoxins, hemolysins, enterotoxins, and adherence factors	Blood culture Wound culture
		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Plesiomonas		+	–	+	+	–	+	+	–	Hyperactive bowel sounds Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	Opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients or hepatobiliary disease Bacteremia Cellulitis and skin abscesses Peritonitis Meningoencephalitis Ocular infection Pneumonia Prosthetic joint infection Septic abortion	Plesiomonas shigelloides	Blood culture
		Mycobacterium avium complex		+	+	+	+	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Hepatosplenomegaly	+	+	–	Nl	–	↓	↓	Nl	Elevated liver enzymes	Opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients Pulmonary infection Adenopathy Night sweats	Mycobacterium avium complex	Blood culture
		Food poisoning Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus cereus Clostridium perfringens		+	–	+	±	–	+	+	±	Abdominal distention	+	±	–	Nl	Positive stool culture	↑	Nl	Nl	–	History of travel or ingestion of infected food	Enterotoxins	Stool culture
	Virus	Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Norovirus		+	–	+	–	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention	–	–	–	Nl	Positive stool reverse–transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR)	↓	Nl	Nl	–	Myalgia Headache Seizure Encephalopathy	Norovirus	Clinical diagnosis
		Rotavirus		+	–	+	–	–	+	–	–	Hyperactive bowel sounds Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Elevated blood urea nitrogen Hyperchloremic acidosis Hypocalcemia	Necrotizing enterocolitis Intussusception Biliary atresia Central nervous system involvement	Rotavirus	Stool immune–based assays
		Echovirus		+	–	+	–	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention	–	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	–	Liver failure Myocarditis	Echovirus	Clinical diagnosis
		Adenovirus		+	–	+	–	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention	–	–	–	Nl	Viral antigen assay	Nl	Nl	Nl	–	Respiratory disease Follicular conjunctivitis Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis Hepatitis Urethritis Myocarditis Meningitis Bacteremia	Adenovirus	Clinical diagnosis
		CMV colitis		+	+	–	+	–	±	+	–	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Viral antigen assay	↓	Nl	Nl	Decreased CD4 level Abnormal liver function test	Encephalitis Guillain–Barré syndrome Pneumonia Retinitis Pericarditis and myocarditis Atherosclerosis Venous thrombosis	Cytomegalovirus	Quantitative PCR tests
		HIV		–	+	+	–	–	+	+	+	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	–	–	Nl	–	↓	↓	Nl	Decreased CD4 level Electrolyte imbalance	Lymphadenopathy Disseminated infection	HIV	HIV virologic (viral load) test Immunoassay
	Parasite	Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Entamoeba histolytica		+	+	+	+	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	+	Nl	–	↑	Nl	Nl	–	Liver abscess Pleuropulmonary infection Cardiac infection Brain abscess Cutaneous infection	Entamoeba histolytica	Antigen testing Serology
		Giardia		–	+	+	–	+	–	+	+	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness	–	–	+	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	–	Malabsorption Urticaria Depression	Giardia lamblia	Antigen detection assays
		Cryptosporidium		–	+	+	–	–	–	+	+	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness	–	–	+	Nl	Positive stool microscopy	Nl	Nl	Nl	Elevated alkaline phosphatase	Chronic, life–threatening illness in immunocompromised patients	Cryptosporidium	Polymerase chain reaction
		Microsporidia		+	+	+	–	–	+	+	–	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness	–	–	+	Nl	Positive stool microscopy	Nl	Nl	Nl	Decreased CD4 count	Malabsorption Keratitis Seizure Myositis	Microsporidia	Antigen detection assays
		Isospora		+	+	+	–	+	+	+	+	Abdominal distention Diffuse abdominal tenderness	+	+	+	Nl	Positive stool microscopy Positive fecal fat	↑	Nl	Nl	Elevated eosinophils Hypokalemia Increased creatinine	Chronic illness in immunocompromised patients	Isospora	Detecting oocysts in the feces
Tumors		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Carcinoid tumor		–	+	+	+	–	–	+	+	Abdominal distention	–	+	–	↓	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Elevated urinary 5–hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5–HIAA) level High chromogranin A	Facial flushing Jaundice Edema Valvular heart disease Right–sided heart failure	Well–differentiated neuroendocrine tumor	Blood chromogranin A level
		VIPoma		+	+	+	–	+	–	+	+	Abdominal distention Abdominal RUQ tenderness Nausea Vomiting	–	–	–	↓	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Elevated VIP level Hypokalemia Hypochlorhydria or achlorhydria Low osmotic gap (<50 mOsm/kg)	Rash Facial flushing Dehydration Lethargy Muscle weakness	Primary secretory tumor	Blood VIP levels Followed by imaging
		Zollinger–Ellison syndrome		–	+	+	+	+	–	+	+	Epigastric tenderness	–	–	–	↓	–	Nl	↓	Nl	Positive secretin stimulation test Elevated serum chromogranin A	Jaundice	Gastrin producing tumor mainly in duodenum	Secretin stimulation test
		Somatostatinoma		–	+	+	–	–	–	+	+	Epigastric tenderness	–	–	–	↓	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Elevated fasting plasma somatostatin	Diabetes mellitus Cholelithiasis Jaundice	Neuroendocrine tumors of D–cell origin	Plasma somatostatin level Followed by imaging
		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Lymphoma		–	+	+	+	–	+	+	+	Diffuse abdominal tenderness Hepatosplenomegaly	–	+	–	Nl	–	Nl	↓	Nl	Paraproteinemia	Malabsorption Lactose intolerance Ascites	Primary tumor of GI tract	Colonoscopy with biopsy
		Colorectal cancer		–	+	+	+	+	–	+	+	Diffuse abdominal tenderness	–	+	–	Nl	–	Nl	↓	Nl	Positive carcinoembryonic antigen	Metastasis	FAP gene HNPCC gene	Colonoscopy and biopsy
Medication/Toxicity		Medications ACE inhibitors Digoxin Cephalosporins Statins Thiazide diuretics Triptans Lactulose Anti retroviral agents Chemotherapeutic agents Antifungals Magnesium		+	+	+	–	±	±	+	+	Abdominal distention Dehydration	–	–	–	↑/↓	–	↑	Nl	Nl	Elevated plasma level of drug	–	Inflammation Pseudomembranous colitis	Clinical evaluation after discontinuation of the drugs
		Factitious diarrhea		+	+	+	–	–	–	+	+	Abdominal distention	–	–	–	↑/↓	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Hypokalemia Metabolic alkalosis Hypermagnesemia	Malabsorption Lethargy Generalized weakness Acute renal failure	Medications	Clinical evaluation after discontinuation of the drugs
		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Heavy metal ingestion		–	+	+	–	–	–	+	+	Abdominal distention	–	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Elevated plasma heavy metal level	Headache Numbness Alopecia Vertigo	Heavy metal ingestion	Plasma level of heavy metal
		Organophosphate poisoning		+	+	+	–	–	–	+	–	Salivation Vomiting	–	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Reduced RBC acetylcholinesterase Plasma cholinesterase activity	Autonomic dysfunction Motor deficit Sensory deficit Bronchospasm Urination Miosis Bradycardia Lacrimation Sweating Cardiac arrhythmias Acute renal injury	Neurotoxins bind to acetylcholinesterase (AChE)	Clinical diagnosis
		Opium withdrawal		+	+	+	–	–	–	+	–	Hyperactive bowel sounds	–	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Azotemia Hypokalemia Metabolic alkalosis	Dysphoria Restlessness Sweating Rhinorrhea Lacrimation Myalgia Arthralgia	Opium withdrawal	Clinical diagnosis following opium withdrawal
Iatrogenic		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Short bowel syndrome		+	+	+	–	+	–	–	+	Abdominal distention Abdominal tenderness	–	–	–	Nl	Positive fecal fat	Nl	↓	↑	Hypoalbuminemia High level of acute phase reactant Abnormal liver function tests	Prior intestinal surgery Malabsorption Crohn's disease Malignancy Peripheral edema Muscle atrophy	Surgical bowel resection	Clinical diagnosis following bowel resection
		Radiation enteritis		+	+	+	+	+	–	+	+	Abdominal tenderness	+	+	–	Nl	Positive fecal fat	Nl	↓	Nl	Vitamin B12 deficiency Hypoalbuminemia	Prior history of malignancy and radiation therapy Malabsorption Telangiectasias	Radiation	Segmental bowel inflammation on endoscopy or colonoscopy
		Dumping syndrome		–	+	+	–	+	–	–	+	Hyperactive bowel sound	–	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Hypoglycemia Hydrogen breath test	Malnutrition Fat soluble vitamin deficiency	Postgastrectomy	Clinical diagnosis following gastrectomy
Others		Cause		Duration		Diarrhea			Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	Stool exam					CBC			Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Cause		Acute	Chronic	Watery	Bloody	Fatty	Fever	Abdominal pain	Weight loss	GI signs	WBC	RBC	Ova/Parasite	Osmotic gap	Other	WBC	Hgb	Plt	Other lab findings	Extra intestinal findings	Cause/Pathogenesis	Gold standard diagnosis
		Abetalipoproteinemia		–	+	+	–	+	–	+	+	Abdominal distension	–	–	–	Nl	–	Nl	Nl	Nl	Low triglyceride Low total cholesterol levels Acanthocytes Low vitamin E levels	Ataxia Visual field defect Dysarthria	Autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations encoding the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP)	Clinical findings and low triglyceride and cholesterol level
		Hyperthyroidism		–	+	+	–	–	±	+	+	–	–	–	–	Nl	Positive fecal fat	Nl	Nl	Nl	Elevated T4 Elevated T3 Decreased TSH High serum alkaline phosphatase	Lump in the neck Lid lag Malabsorption Sweating Hyperpigmentation Proptosis Tremor Increased DTR	Graves' disease Hashimoto's thyroiditis Toxic adenoma	TSH
		Diabetic neuropathy		–	+	+	–	+	–	+	+	Fecal incontinence	–	–	–	Nl	Positive fecal fat	Nl	↓	Nl	Hyperglycemia Azotemia Hypokalemia	Malabsorption	Unclear Disordered motility Increased intestinal secretion Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth	Clinical diagnosis in a patient with long lasting diabetes mellitus
		Systemic sclerosis		–	+	+	±	+	–	+	+	Epigastric tenderness Fecal incontinence	–	+	–	Nl	Positive fecal fat	Nl	↓	Nl	Anti–topoisomerase I (Scl‑70) antibodies Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) Anti–centromere antibodies Anti–RNA polymerase III antibody	Malabsorption Skin changes Raynaud phenomenon Pulmonary hypertension Arthritis Telangiectasia Chronic renal failure	Autoimmune reaction	Clinical diagnosis Followed by serologic tests

Related Chapters

References

↑ Casburn-Jones, Anna C; Farthing, Michael Jg (2004). "Traveler's diarrhea". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 19 (6): 610–618. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2003.03287.x. ISSN 0815-9319.
↑ Kamat, Deepak; Mathur, Ambika (2006). "Prevention and Management of Travelers' Diarrhea". Disease-a-Month. 52 (7): 289–302. doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2006.08.003. ISSN 0011-5029.
↑ Pfeiffer, Margaret L.; DuPont, Herbert L.; Ochoa, Theresa J. (2012). "The patient presenting with acute dysentery – A systematic review". Journal of Infection. 64 (4): 374–386. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2012.01.006. ISSN 0163-4453.
↑ Barr W, Smith A (2014). "Acute diarrhea". Am Fam Physician. 89 (3): 180–9. PMID 24506120.
↑ Amil Dias J (2017). "Celiac Disease: What Do We Know in 2017?". GE Port J Gastroenterol. 24 (6): 275–278. doi:10.1159/000479881. PMID 29255768.
↑ Kotloff KL, Riddle MS, Platts-Mills JA, Pavlinac P, Zaidi A (2017). "Shigellosis". Lancet. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33296-8. PMID 29254859. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
↑ Yamamoto-Furusho, J.K.; Bosques-Padilla, F.; de-Paula, J.; Galiano, M.T.; Ibañez, P.; Juliao, F.; Kotze, P.G.; Rocha, J.L.; Steinwurz, F.; Veitia, G.; Zaltman, C. (2017). "Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal: Primer Consenso Latinoamericano de la Pan American Crohn's and Colitis Organisation". Revista de Gastroenterología de México. 82 (1): 46–84. doi:10.1016/j.rgmx.2016.07.003. ISSN 0375-0906.
↑ Borbély, Yves M; Osterwalder, Alice; Kröll, Dino; Nett, Philipp C; Inglin, Roman A (2017). "Diarrhea after bariatric procedures: Diagnosis and therapy". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 23 (26): 4689. doi:10.3748/wjg.v23.i26.4689. ISSN 1007-9327.
↑ Crawford, Sue E.; Ramani, Sasirekha; Tate, Jacqueline E.; Parashar, Umesh D.; Svensson, Lennart; Hagbom, Marie; Franco, Manuel A.; Greenberg, Harry B.; O'Ryan, Miguel; Kang, Gagandeep; Desselberger, Ulrich; Estes, Mary K. (2017). "Rotavirus infection". Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 3: 17083. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.83. ISSN 2056-676X.
↑ Kist M (2000). "[Chronic diarrhea: value of microbiology in diagnosis]". Praxis (Bern 1994) (in German). 89 (39): 1559–65. PMID 11068510.
↑ Guerrant RL, Shields DS, Thorson SM, Schorling JB, Gröschel DH (1985). "Evaluation and diagnosis of acute infectious diarrhea". Am. J. Med. 78 (6B): 91–8. PMID 4014291.
↑ López-Vélez R, Turrientes MC, Garrón C, Montilla P, Navajas R, Fenoy S, del Aguila C (1999). "Microsporidiosis in travelers with diarrhea from the tropics". J Travel Med. 6 (4): 223–7. PMID 10575169.
↑ Wahnschaffe, Ulrich; Ignatius, Ralf; Loddenkemper, Christoph; Liesenfeld, Oliver; Muehlen, Marion; Jelinek, Thomas; Burchard, Gerd Dieter; Weinke, Thomas; Harms, Gundel; Stein, Harald; Zeitz, Martin; Ullrich, Reiner; Schneider, Thomas (2009). "Diagnostic value of endoscopy for the diagnosis of giardiasis and other intestinal diseases in patients with persistent diarrhea from tropical or subtropical areas". Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 42 (3): 391–396. doi:10.1080/00365520600881193. ISSN 0036-5521.
↑ Mena Bares LM, Carmona Asenjo E, García Sánchez MV, Moreno Ortega E, Maza Muret FR, Guiote Moreno MV, Santos Bueno AM, Iglesias Flores E, Benítez Cantero JM, Vallejo Casas JA (2017). "75SeHCAT scan in bile acid malabsorption in chronic diarrhoea". Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol. 36 (1): 37–47. doi:10.1016/j.remn.2016.08.005. PMID 27765536.
↑ Gibson RJ, Stringer AM (2009). "Chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea". Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 3 (1): 31–5. doi:10.1097/SPC.0b013e32832531bb. PMID 19365159.
↑ Abraham BP, Sellin JH (2012). "Drug-induced, factitious, & idiopathic diarrhoea". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 26 (5): 633–48. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2012.11.007. PMID 23384808.
↑ Reintam Blaser A, Deane AM, Fruhwald S (2015). "Diarrhoea in the critically ill". Curr Opin Crit Care. 21 (2): 142–53. doi:10.1097/MCC.0000000000000188. PMID 25692805.
↑ McMahan ZH, DuPont HL (2007). "Review article: the history of acute infectious diarrhoea management--from poorly focused empiricism to fluid therapy and modern pharmacotherapy". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 25 (7): 759–69. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03261.x. PMID 17373914.
↑ Schiller LR (2012). "Definitions, pathophysiology, and evaluation of chronic diarrhoea". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 26 (5): 551–62. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2012.11.011. PMID 23384801.
↑ Giannella RA (1986). "Chronic diarrhea in travelers: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations". Rev. Infect. Dis. 8 Suppl 2: S223–6. PMID 3523719.
↑ Silverberg MS, Satsangi J, Ahmad T, Arnott ID, Bernstein CN, Brant SR; et al. (2005). "Toward an integrated clinical, molecular and serological classification of inflammatory bowel disease: report of a Working Party of the 2005 Montreal World Congress of Gastroenterology". Can J Gastroenterol. 19 Suppl A: 5A–36A. PMID 16151544.
↑ Sauter GH, Moussavian AC, Meyer G, Steitz HO, Parhofer KG, Jüngst D (2002). "Bowel habits and bile acid malabsorption in the months after cholecystectomy". Am J Gastroenterol. 97 (7): 1732–5. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05779.x. PMID 12135027.
↑ Maiuri L, Raia V, Potter J, Swallow D, Ho MW, Fiocca R; et al. (1991). "Mosaic pattern of lactase expression by villous enterocytes in human adult-type hypolactasia". Gastroenterology. 100 (2): 359–69. PMID 1702075.
↑ RUBIN CE, BRANDBORG LL, PHELPS PC, TAYLOR HC (1960). "Studies of celiac disease. I. The apparent identical and specific nature of the duodenal and proximal jejunal lesion in celiac disease and idiopathic sprue". Gastroenterology. 38: 28–49. PMID 14439871.
↑ Konvolinka CW (1994). "Acute diverticulitis under age forty". Am J Surg. 167 (6): 562–5. PMID 8209928.
↑ Satsangi J, Silverberg MS, Vermeire S, Colombel JF (2006). "The Montreal classification of inflammatory bowel disease: controversies, consensus, and implications". Gut. 55 (6): 749–53. doi:10.1136/gut.2005.082909. PMC 1856208. PMID 16698746.
↑ Haque R, Huston CD, Hughes M, Houpt E, Petri WA (2003). "Amebiasis". N Engl J Med. 348 (16): 1565–73. doi:10.1056/NEJMra022710. PMID 12700377.
↑ Hertzler SR, Savaiano DA (1996). "Colonic adaptation to daily lactose feeding in lactose maldigesters reduces lactose intolerance". Am J Clin Nutr. 64 (2): 232–6. PMID 8694025.
↑ Briet F, Pochart P, Marteau P, Flourie B, Arrigoni E, Rambaud JC (1997). "Improved clinical tolerance to chronic lactose ingestion in subjects with lactose intolerance: a placebo effect?". Gut. 41 (5): 632–5. PMC 1891556. PMID 9414969.
↑ BLACK-SCHAFFER B (1949). "The tinctoral demonstration of a glycoprotein in Whipple's disease". Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 72 (1): 225–7. PMID 15391722.

[Casburn-JonesFarthing2004-1] Casburn-Jones, Anna C; Farthing, Michael Jg (2004). "Traveler's diarrhea". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 19 (6): 610–618. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2003.03287.x. ISSN 0815-9319.

[KamatMathur2006-2] Kamat, Deepak; Mathur, Ambika (2006). "Prevention and Management of Travelers' Diarrhea". Disease-a-Month. 52 (7): 289–302. doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2006.08.003. ISSN 0011-5029.

[PfeifferDuPont2012-3] Pfeiffer, Margaret L.; DuPont, Herbert L.; Ochoa, Theresa J. (2012). "The patient presenting with acute dysentery – A systematic review". Journal of Infection. 64 (4): 374–386. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2012.01.006. ISSN 0163-4453.

[pmid24506120-4] Barr W, Smith A (2014). "Acute diarrhea". Am Fam Physician. 89 (3): 180–9. PMID 24506120.

[pmid29255768-5] Amil Dias J (2017). "Celiac Disease: What Do We Know in 2017?". GE Port J Gastroenterol. 24 (6): 275–278. doi:10.1159/000479881. PMID 29255768.

[pmid29254859-6] Kotloff KL, Riddle MS, Platts-Mills JA, Pavlinac P, Zaidi A (2017). "Shigellosis". Lancet. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33296-8. PMID 29254859. Vancouver style error: initials (help)

[Yamamoto-FurushoBosques-Padilla2017-7] Yamamoto-Furusho, J.K.; Bosques-Padilla, F.; de-Paula, J.; Galiano, M.T.; Ibañez, P.; Juliao, F.; Kotze, P.G.; Rocha, J.L.; Steinwurz, F.; Veitia, G.; Zaltman, C. (2017). "Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal: Primer Consenso Latinoamericano de la Pan American Crohn's and Colitis Organisation". Revista de Gastroenterología de México. 82 (1): 46–84. doi:10.1016/j.rgmx.2016.07.003. ISSN 0375-0906.

[BorbélyOsterwalder2017-8] Borbély, Yves M; Osterwalder, Alice; Kröll, Dino; Nett, Philipp C; Inglin, Roman A (2017). "Diarrhea after bariatric procedures: Diagnosis and therapy". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 23 (26): 4689. doi:10.3748/wjg.v23.i26.4689. ISSN 1007-9327.

[CrawfordRamani2017-9] Crawford, Sue E.; Ramani, Sasirekha; Tate, Jacqueline E.; Parashar, Umesh D.; Svensson, Lennart; Hagbom, Marie; Franco, Manuel A.; Greenberg, Harry B.; O'Ryan, Miguel; Kang, Gagandeep; Desselberger, Ulrich; Estes, Mary K. (2017). "Rotavirus infection". Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 3: 17083. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.83. ISSN 2056-676X.

[pmid11068510-10] Kist M (2000). "[Chronic diarrhea: value of microbiology in diagnosis]". Praxis (Bern 1994) (in German). 89 (39): 1559–65. PMID 11068510.

[pmid4014291-11] Guerrant RL, Shields DS, Thorson SM, Schorling JB, Gröschel DH (1985). "Evaluation and diagnosis of acute infectious diarrhea". Am. J. Med. 78 (6B): 91–8. PMID 4014291.

[pmid10575169-12] López-Vélez R, Turrientes MC, Garrón C, Montilla P, Navajas R, Fenoy S, del Aguila C (1999). "Microsporidiosis in travelers with diarrhea from the tropics". J Travel Med. 6 (4): 223–7. PMID 10575169.

[WahnschaffeIgnatius2009-13] Wahnschaffe, Ulrich; Ignatius, Ralf; Loddenkemper, Christoph; Liesenfeld, Oliver; Muehlen, Marion; Jelinek, Thomas; Burchard, Gerd Dieter; Weinke, Thomas; Harms, Gundel; Stein, Harald; Zeitz, Martin; Ullrich, Reiner; Schneider, Thomas (2009). "Diagnostic value of endoscopy for the diagnosis of giardiasis and other intestinal diseases in patients with persistent diarrhea from tropical or subtropical areas". Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 42 (3): 391–396. doi:10.1080/00365520600881193. ISSN 0036-5521.

[pmid27765536-14] Mena Bares LM, Carmona Asenjo E, García Sánchez MV, Moreno Ortega E, Maza Muret FR, Guiote Moreno MV, Santos Bueno AM, Iglesias Flores E, Benítez Cantero JM, Vallejo Casas JA (2017). "75SeHCAT scan in bile acid malabsorption in chronic diarrhoea". Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol. 36 (1): 37–47. doi:10.1016/j.remn.2016.08.005. PMID 27765536.

[pmid19365159-15] Gibson RJ, Stringer AM (2009). "Chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea". Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 3 (1): 31–5. doi:10.1097/SPC.0b013e32832531bb. PMID 19365159.

[pmid23384808-16] Abraham BP, Sellin JH (2012). "Drug-induced, factitious, & idiopathic diarrhoea". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 26 (5): 633–48. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2012.11.007. PMID 23384808.

[pmid25692805-17] Reintam Blaser A, Deane AM, Fruhwald S (2015). "Diarrhoea in the critically ill". Curr Opin Crit Care. 21 (2): 142–53. doi:10.1097/MCC.0000000000000188. PMID 25692805.

[pmid17373914-18] McMahan ZH, DuPont HL (2007). "Review article: the history of acute infectious diarrhoea management--from poorly focused empiricism to fluid therapy and modern pharmacotherapy". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 25 (7): 759–69. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03261.x. PMID 17373914.

[pmid23384801-19] Schiller LR (2012). "Definitions, pathophysiology, and evaluation of chronic diarrhoea". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 26 (5): 551–62. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2012.11.011. PMID 23384801.

[pmid3523719-20] Giannella RA (1986). "Chronic diarrhea in travelers: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations". Rev. Infect. Dis. 8 Suppl 2: S223–6. PMID 3523719.

[pmid16151544-21] Silverberg MS, Satsangi J, Ahmad T, Arnott ID, Bernstein CN, Brant SR; et al. (2005). "Toward an integrated clinical, molecular and serological classification of inflammatory bowel disease: report of a Working Party of the 2005 Montreal World Congress of Gastroenterology". Can J Gastroenterol. 19 Suppl A: 5A–36A. PMID 16151544.

[pmid12135027-22] Sauter GH, Moussavian AC, Meyer G, Steitz HO, Parhofer KG, Jüngst D (2002). "Bowel habits and bile acid malabsorption in the months after cholecystectomy". Am J Gastroenterol. 97 (7): 1732–5. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05779.x. PMID 12135027.

[pmid1702075-23] Maiuri L, Raia V, Potter J, Swallow D, Ho MW, Fiocca R; et al. (1991). "Mosaic pattern of lactase expression by villous enterocytes in human adult-type hypolactasia". Gastroenterology. 100 (2): 359–69. PMID 1702075.

[pmid14439871-24] RUBIN CE, BRANDBORG LL, PHELPS PC, TAYLOR HC (1960). "Studies of celiac disease. I. The apparent identical and specific nature of the duodenal and proximal jejunal lesion in celiac disease and idiopathic sprue". Gastroenterology. 38: 28–49. PMID 14439871.

[pmid8209928-25] Konvolinka CW (1994). "Acute diverticulitis under age forty". Am J Surg. 167 (6): 562–5. PMID 8209928.

[pmid16698746-26] Satsangi J, Silverberg MS, Vermeire S, Colombel JF (2006). "The Montreal classification of inflammatory bowel disease: controversies, consensus, and implications". Gut. 55 (6): 749–53. doi:10.1136/gut.2005.082909. PMC 1856208. PMID 16698746.

[pmid12700377-27] Haque R, Huston CD, Hughes M, Houpt E, Petri WA (2003). "Amebiasis". N Engl J Med. 348 (16): 1565–73. doi:10.1056/NEJMra022710. PMID 12700377.

[pmid8694025-28] Hertzler SR, Savaiano DA (1996). "Colonic adaptation to daily lactose feeding in lactose maldigesters reduces lactose intolerance". Am J Clin Nutr. 64 (2): 232–6. PMID 8694025.

[pmid9414969-29] Briet F, Pochart P, Marteau P, Flourie B, Arrigoni E, Rambaud JC (1997). "Improved clinical tolerance to chronic lactose ingestion in subjects with lactose intolerance: a placebo effect?". Gut. 41 (5): 632–5. PMC 1891556. PMID 9414969.

[pmid15391722-30] BLACK-SCHAFFER B (1949). "The tinctoral demonstration of a glycoprotein in Whipple's disease". Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 72 (1): 225–7. PMID 15391722.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Infobox_Disease |
+__NOTOC__
-  Name           = {{PAGENAME}} |
+{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
-  Image          = |
+|-
-  Caption        = |
+| [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Diarrhea resident survival guide]]|| <br> || <br>
-  DiseasesDB     = 3742 |
+| [[Diarrhea resident survival guide|'''Resident'''<br>'''Survival'''<br>'''Guide''']]
-  ICD10          = {{ICD10|A|09||a|00}}, {{ICD10|K|59|1|k|55}} |
+|}
-  ICD9           = {{ICD9|787.91}} |
+{{Diarrhea}}
-  ICDO           = |
+{{CMG}} ; {{AE}} {{USAMA}}, {{SSH}}, {{SMP}}, {{CZ}}, {{MUT}}
-  OMIM           = |
-  MedlinePlus    = |
+{{SK}} Loose stools
-  eMedicineSubj  = ped |
-  eMedicineTopic = 583 |
+==Overview==
-  MeshID         = D003967 |
+Diarrhea is defined as the passage of unformed or abnormally liquid stools at an increased [[frequency]]. Diarrhea can be classified as acute or chronic. [[Acute Diarrhea|Acute diarrhea]] has a duration of less than 2 weeks and may be classified on the basis of etiology and presentation. On the basis of etiology, acute diarrhea may be classified into [[infectious]] and non-infectious subtypes. Subacute diarrhea is defined as a diarrhea lasting for two to four weeks. Although [[chronic diarrhea]] has multiple definitions, a current working definition is the production of loose stools for longer than 4 weeks. Frequent defecation with normal consistency is termed psuedo-diarrhea. There are 3 basic categories of chronic diarrhea: watery, fatty (malabsorption), and inflammatory (with blood and pus). The diagnosis is based on duration of symptoms, signs, microscopic [[stool examination]] and culture, stool osmolarity, and in some rare instances [[colonoscopy]]. The treatment is mainly based on severity of symptoms, etiology and availability of medications. Prevention is based on proper maintaining the filtration systems at water plants, hand wash, and effectively use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers. [[Vaccination]] for some viruses, such as Rotavirus is a part of preventive measures.
-}}
-{{SI}}
+==Classification==
-{{CMG}}
+Diarrhea can be classified as acute or chronic depending on the duration of onset of symptoms. Acute and chronic diarrhea can be further classified as follows:
+=== Classification of Acute Diarrhea ===
+<br>
+{| align=center
+|-
+|
+{{Family tree/start}}
+{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | |A01= Acute diarrhea}}
+{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | }}
+{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| }}
+{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | C01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C02 | | | |C01=Infectious |C02=Non-Infectious}}
+{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |}}
+{{Family tree | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|.| }}
+{{Family tree | | | C01 | | C02 | | | | | C03 | | C04 | | | | | | C05 | | | C06 | | | C07 | | | |C01=[[Bacterial]]|C02=[[Viral]]|C03=[[Fungal]]|C04=[[Protozoa]]|C05=[[Medications]]|C06=[[Poisoning]]|C07=[[Systemic illness]]}}
+{{Family tree/end}}
+|}
+=== Classification of Chronic Diarrhea ===
+<br>
+{| align=center
+|-
+|
+{{Family tree/start}}
+{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | |A01= Chronic diarrhea}}
+{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |}}
+{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | |}}
+{{familytree | | | | | | | | | C01 | | | | | | | | C02 | | |C01= Watery |C02=Inflammatory}}
+{{family tree| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
+{{family tree| | | | |,|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | | }}
+{{family tree| | | | C01 | | | | | | | | C02 | | | | | | | |C01= Secretory| C02= Osmotic}}
+{{Family tree/end}}
+|}
+==Differential Diagnosis of Diarrhea of other diseases==
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of diarrhea, click [[Diarrhea#Differential Diagnosis of Diarrhea of other diseases|here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea, click [[Acute diarrhea differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea, click [[Chronic diarrhea differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of traveler's diarrhea, click [[Traveler's diarrhea differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of acute watery diarrhea, click [[Acute watery diarrhea differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of acute bloody diarrhea, click [[Acute bloody diarrhea differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of acute fatty diarrhea, click [[Acute fatty diarrhea differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of chronic watery diarrhea, click [[Chronic watery diarrhea differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of chronic bloody diarrhea, click [[Chronic bloody diarrhea differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of chronic fatty diarrhea, click [[Chronic fatty diarrhea differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea and fever, click [[Acute diarrhea and fever differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea and fever, click [[Chronic diarrhea and fever differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea and abdominal pain, click [[Acute diarrhea and abdominal pain differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea and abdominal pain, click [[Chronic diarrhea and abdominal pain differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea and weight loss, click [[Acute diarrhea and weight loss differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea and weight loss, click [[Chronic diarrhea and weight loss differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain, click [[Acute diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain, click [[Chronic diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-{{EH}}
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss, click [[Acute diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-[[Diarrhea]] (in [[American English]]) or '''diarrhoea''' (in [[British English]]) is a condition in which the sufferer has frequent watery, loose bowel movements.
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss, click [[Chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
-Many things can cause [[diarrhea]], which can make diagnosis complex. Acute diarrhea is usually related to a bacterial, viral, or parasitic infection. Chronic diarrhea is usually related to functional disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease.
+===Diarrhea===
+'''The following table outlines the major differential diagnoses of diarrhea.'''<ref name="Casburn-JonesFarthing2004">{{cite journal|last1=Casburn-Jones|first1=Anna C|last2=Farthing|first2=Michael Jg|title=Traveler's diarrhea|journal=Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology|volume=19|issue=6|year=2004|pages=610–618|issn=0815-9319|doi=10.1111/j.1440-1746.2003.03287.x}}</ref><ref name="KamatMathur2006">{{cite journal|last1=Kamat|first1=Deepak|last2=Mathur|first2=Ambika|title=Prevention and Management of Travelers’ Diarrhea|journal=Disease-a-Month|volume=52|issue=7|year=2006|pages=289–302|issn=00115029|doi=10.1016/j.disamonth.2006.08.003}}</ref><ref name="PfeifferDuPont2012">{{cite journal|last1=Pfeiffer|first1=Margaret L.|last2=DuPont|first2=Herbert L.|last3=Ochoa|first3=Theresa J.|title=The patient presenting with acute dysentery – A systematic review|journal=Journal of Infection|volume=64|issue=4|year=2012|pages=374–386|issn=01634453|doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2012.01.006}}</ref><ref name="pmid24506120">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barr W, Smith A |title=Acute diarrhea |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=180–9 |year=2014 |pmid=24506120 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29255768">{{cite journal |vauthors=Amil Dias J |title=Celiac Disease: What Do We Know in 2017? |journal=GE Port J Gastroenterol |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=275–278 |year=2017 |pmid=29255768 |doi=10.1159/000479881 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29254859">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kotloff KL, Riddle MS, Platts-Mills JA, Pavlinac P, Zaidi AKM |title=Shigellosis |journal=Lancet |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2017 |pmid=29254859 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33296-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="Yamamoto-FurushoBosques-Padilla2017">{{cite journal|last1=Yamamoto-Furusho|first1=J.K.|last2=Bosques-Padilla|first2=F.|last3=de-Paula|first3=J.|last4=Galiano|first4=M.T.|last5=Ibañez|first5=P.|last6=Juliao|first6=F.|last7=Kotze|first7=P.G.|last8=Rocha|first8=J.L.|last9=Steinwurz|first9=F.|last10=Veitia|first10=G.|last11=Zaltman|first11=C.|title=Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal: Primer Consenso Latinoamericano de la Pan American Crohn's and Colitis Organisation|journal=Revista de Gastroenterología de México|volume=82|issue=1|year=2017|pages=46–84|issn=03750906|doi=10.1016/j.rgmx.2016.07.003}}</ref><ref name="BorbélyOsterwalder2017">{{cite journal|last1=Borbély|first1=Yves M|last2=Osterwalder|first2=Alice|last3=Kröll|first3=Dino|last4=Nett|first4=Philipp C|last5=Inglin|first5=Roman A|title=Diarrhea after bariatric procedures: Diagnosis and therapy|journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology|volume=23|issue=26|year=2017|pages=4689|issn=1007-9327|doi=10.3748/wjg.v23.i26.4689}}</ref><ref name="CrawfordRamani2017">{{cite journal|last1=Crawford|first1=Sue E.|last2=Ramani|first2=Sasirekha|last3=Tate|first3=Jacqueline E.|last4=Parashar|first4=Umesh D.|last5=Svensson|first5=Lennart|last6=Hagbom|first6=Marie|last7=Franco|first7=Manuel A.|last8=Greenberg|first8=Harry B.|last9=O'Ryan|first9=Miguel|last10=Kang|first10=Gagandeep|last11=Desselberger|first11=Ulrich|last12=Estes|first12=Mary K.|title=Rotavirus infection|journal=Nature Reviews Disease Primers|volume=3|year=2017|pages=17083|issn=2056-676X|doi=10.1038/nrdp.2017.83}}</ref><ref name="pmid11068510">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kist M |title=[Chronic diarrhea: value of microbiology in diagnosis] |language=German |journal=Praxis (Bern 1994) |volume=89 |issue=39 |pages=1559–65 |year=2000 |pmid=11068510 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4014291">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guerrant RL, Shields DS, Thorson SM, Schorling JB, Gröschel DH |title=Evaluation and diagnosis of acute infectious diarrhea |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=78 |issue=6B |pages=91–8 |year=1985 |pmid=4014291 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10575169">{{cite journal |vauthors=López-Vélez R, Turrientes MC, Garrón C, Montilla P, Navajas R, Fenoy S, del Aguila C |title=Microsporidiosis in travelers with diarrhea from the tropics |journal=J Travel Med |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=223–7 |year=1999 |pmid=10575169 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="WahnschaffeIgnatius2009">{{cite journal|last1=Wahnschaffe|first1=Ulrich|last2=Ignatius|first2=Ralf|last3=Loddenkemper|first3=Christoph|last4=Liesenfeld|first4=Oliver|last5=Muehlen|first5=Marion|last6=Jelinek|first6=Thomas|last7=Burchard|first7=Gerd Dieter|last8=Weinke|first8=Thomas|last9=Harms|first9=Gundel|last10=Stein|first10=Harald|last11=Zeitz|first11=Martin|last12=Ullrich|first12=Reiner|last13=Schneider|first13=Thomas|title=Diagnostic value of endoscopy for the diagnosis of giardiasis and other intestinal diseases in patients with persistent diarrhea from tropical or subtropical areas|journal=Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology|volume=42|issue=3|year=2009|pages=391–396|issn=0036-5521|doi=10.1080/00365520600881193}}</ref><ref name="pmid27765536">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mena Bares LM, Carmona Asenjo E, García Sánchez MV, Moreno Ortega E, Maza Muret FR, Guiote Moreno MV, Santos Bueno AM, Iglesias Flores E, Benítez Cantero JM, Vallejo Casas JA |title=75SeHCAT scan in bile acid malabsorption in chronic diarrhoea |journal=Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=37–47 |year=2017 |pmid=27765536 |doi=10.1016/j.remn.2016.08.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19365159">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gibson RJ, Stringer AM |title=Chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea |journal=Curr Opin Support Palliat Care |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=31–5 |year=2009 |pmid=19365159 |doi=10.1097/SPC.0b013e32832531bb |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23384808">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abraham BP, Sellin JH |title=Drug-induced, factitious, & idiopathic diarrhoea |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=633–48 |year=2012 |pmid=23384808 |doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2012.11.007 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25692805">{{cite journal |vauthors=Reintam Blaser A, Deane AM, Fruhwald S |title=Diarrhoea in the critically ill |journal=Curr Opin Crit Care |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=142–53 |year=2015 |pmid=25692805 |doi=10.1097/MCC.0000000000000188 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17373914">{{cite journal |vauthors=McMahan ZH, DuPont HL |title=Review article: the history of acute infectious diarrhoea management--from poorly focused empiricism to fluid therapy and modern pharmacotherapy |journal=Aliment. 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-* Bacterial infections. Several types of bacteria consumed through contaminated food or water can cause diarrhea. Common culprits include Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, and Escherichia coli (E. coli).
+<span style="font-size:85%">'''Abbreviations:''' '''GI:''' [[Gastrointestinal tract|Gastrointestinal]], '''CBC''': [[Complete blood count]], '''WBC:''' [[White blood cells|White blood cell]], '''RBC''': [[Red blood cell]], '''Plt:''' [[Platelet]], '''Hgb:''' [[Hemoglobin]], '''ESR''': [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]], '''CRP''': [[C-reactive protein|C–reactive protein]], '''IgE:''' [[Immunoglobulin E]], '''IgA:''' [[Immunoglobulin A]], '''ETEC:''' [[Escherichia coli enteritis]], '''EPEC''': [[Escherichia coli|Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli]], '''EIEC''': [[Escherichia coli enteritis|Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli]], '''EHEC''': [[Escherichia coli|Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli]], '''EAEC''': [[Escherichia coli enteritis|Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli]], '''Nl''': Normal, '''ASCA''': [[Anti saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies]], '''ANCA''': [[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|Anti–neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody]], '''DNA''': [[DNA|Deoxyribonucleic acid]], '''CFTR''': [[Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator]], '''SLC10A2''': [[SLC10A2|Solute carrier family 10 member 2]], '''SeHCAT''': [[SeHCAT|Selenium homocholic acid taurine or tauroselcholic acid]], '''IEL''': Intraepithelial [[Lymphocyte|lymphocytes]], '''MRCP''': [[Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography]], '''ANA''': [[Antinuclear antibodies]], '''AMA''': [[Anti-mitochondrial antibody]], '''LDH''': [[Lactate dehydrogenase]], '''CPK''': [[Creatine phosphokinase]], '''PCR''': [[Polymerase chain reaction]], '''ELISA''': [[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|Enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay]], '''LT''': Heat–labile [[enterotoxin]], ST: Heat–stable [[enterotoxin]], '''RT-PCR''': Reverse–transcriptase [[polymerase chain reaction]], '''CD4:''' [[CD4|Cluster of differentiation 4]], '''HIV''': [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|Human immunodeficiency virus]], '''RUQ''': [[RUQ|Right-upper quadrant]], '''VIP''': [[Vasoactive intestinal peptide]], '''GI:''' [[Gastrointestinal tract|Gastrointestinal]], '''FAP''': [[Familial adenomatous polyposis]], '''HNPCC''': [[Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer]], '''MTP''': [[Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein]], '''Scl‑70''': Anti–[[Type I topoisomerase|topoisomerase I]], '''TSH''': [[Thyroid-stimulating hormone]], '''T4''': [[Thyroxine]], '''T3''': [[Triiodothyronine]], '''DTR''': [[Deep tendon reflex]], '''RNA''': [[RNA|Ribonucleic acid]]</span>
-* Viral infections. Many viruses cause diarrhea, including rotavirus, Norwalk virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and viral hepatitis.
-* Food intolerances. Some people are unable to digest food components such as artificial sweeteners and lactose—the sugar found in milk.
-* Parasites. Parasites can enter the body through food or water and settle in the digestive system. Parasites that cause diarrhea include Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Cryptosporidium.
-* Reaction to medicines. Antibiotics, blood pressure medications, cancer drugs, and antacids containing magnesium can all cause diarrhea.
-* Intestinal diseases. Inflammatory bowel disease, colitis, Crohn’s disease, and celiac disease often lead to diarrhea.
-* Functional bowel disorders. Diarrhea can be a symptom of irritable bowel syndrome.
-==The Complete List of Causes of Diarrhea==
+{| class="wikitable" style="border: 0px; font-size: 100%; margin: 3px;" align="center"
-{{refbegin|2}}
+! colspan="2" rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Categories
-* [[Abdominal abscess]]
+! colspan="2" rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-* [[Abdominal cancer]]
+| colspan="9" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Clinical manifestation'''
-* [[Achlorhydria]]
+! colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Lab findings'''
-* [[Acquired angioedema]]
+! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
-* [[Acquired angioedema, type 1]]
+! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
-* [[Acquired angioedema, type 2]]
+! rowspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
-* [[Acrodermatitis enteropathica]]
+|-
-* [[Acrodynia]]
+! colspan="8" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Symptoms
-* [[Acute appendicitis]]
+! rowspan="4" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-* [[Acute gastritis]]
+|-
-* [[Acute kidney failure]]
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-* [[Acute tin poisoning]]
+! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-* [[Acute zinc toxicity]]
+! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-* [[Addison's disease]]
+! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-* [[Adenophorea Infections]]
+! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-* [[Adenoviridae Infections]]
+|-
-* [[Adenovirus infection in immunocompromised patients]]
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-* [[Adenoviruses]]
+| colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''CBC'''
-* [[Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital type 3]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-* [[Adverse reaction]]
+|-
-* [[AIDS]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-* [[AIDS-Related Complex]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-* [[Alcohol withdrawal]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-* [[Alcohol intoxication]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-* [[Allergic disorders]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-* [[Allergies]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-* [[Amebiasis]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
+|-
+! colspan="2" rowspan="15" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gastrointestinal
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Crohns disease|Crohn's disease]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Abdominal tenderness]]
+* Oral [[mucosal]] lesions
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Anti saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies]] (ASCA)
+* [[Vitamin B12]] deficiency
+* Elevated [[erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR]]
+* Elevated [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Uveitis]]
+* [[Arthritis]]
+* [[Erythema nodosum]]
+* [[Pyoderma gangrenosum]]
 * [[Amyloidosis]]
-* [[Amyloidosis AL]]
+* Venous and arterial [[thromboembolism]]
-* [[Anaphylaxis]]
+* [[Kidney stone|Renal stones]]
-* [[Ancylostoma duodenale]]
+* [[Bronchiectasis]]
-* [[Anguillulosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Anxiety-tension syndrome]]
+* Abnormal immune response to self [[antigens]]
-* [[Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Arsenic poisoning]]
+* [[Colonoscopy]] with [[biopsy]]
-* [[Ascaris]]
+|-
-* [[Aspartylglycosaminuria]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Ulcerative colitis]]
-* [[Astrovirus]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Athabaskan severe combined immunodeficiency]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Attenuated familial polyposis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Autoimmune diseases]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Autoimmune enteropathy]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Baber's syndrome]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ±
-* [[Bacterial digestive infections]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Bacterial toxic-shock syndrome]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Bacterial toxins]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Banti's syndrome]]
+* [[Abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Bartter's syndrome, antenatal type 1]]
+* [[Blood]] on [[rectal examination]]
-* [[Bartters syndrome, antenatal , type 2]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Behcet's disease]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Biliary atresia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Biliary tract cancer]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Biotinidase deficiency]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Blastocystis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-* [[Blastocystis hominis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-* [[Blind loop syndrome]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-* [[Boron overuse]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Botulism food poisoning]]
+* [[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|Anti–neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody]] ([[P-ANCA|P–ANCA]])
-* [[Bowel conditions]]
+* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
-* [[Brainerd diarrhea]]
+* [[Hypokalemia]]
-* [[Brennemann's syndrome]]
+* [[Hypomagnesemia]]
-* [[Brown-Symmers disease]]
+* Elevated [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR]]
-* [[Campylobacter]]
+* Elevated [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
-* [[Candida]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Carbamate insecticide poisoning]]
+* [[Skin rash]]
-* [[Carcinoid syndrome]]
+* [[Iritis]]
-* [[Carnitine overuse]]
+* [[Uveitis]]
-* [[Celiac disease]]
+* Seronegative [[arthritis]]
-* [[Cephalothoracic progressive lipodystrophy]]
+* [[Clubbing]]
-* [[Chemical pneumonia]]
+* [[Erythema nodosum]]
-* [[Chromosome 16q, partial deletion]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Chronic fatigue syndrome]]
+* Abnormal immune response to self [[antigens]]
-* [[Chronic granulomatous disease]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Chronic myeloproliferative disorders]]
+* [[Colonoscopy]] with [[biopsy]]
-* [[Chronic vitamin A toxicity]]
+|-
-* [[Ciguatera poisoning]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Celiac disease]]
-* [[Classic galactosemia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Clostridium perfringens food poisoning]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Clostridium sordellii]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ±
-* [[Colchicine toxicity]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Colitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ±
-* [[Colonic inertia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Colonic malakoplakia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Colorectal cancer]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Colorectal polyps]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Common migraine]]
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
-* [[Common variable immunodeficiency]]
+* Increased [[bowel]] sounds
-* [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - sodium-wasting form]]
+* Oral [[Mucous membrane|mucosal]] lesions
-* [[Congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1B]]
+* [[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
-* [[Congenital short bowel]]
+* [[Ascites]]
-* [[Congenital sucrose-isomaltose malabsorption]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Congenital syndromes (chloridorrhea) ]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Congenital toxoplasmosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Copper toxicity]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Cornelia de Lange syndrome 2]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Cree leukoencephalopathy]]
+* Fat droplets on [[sudan stain]]
-* [[Crohn's disease]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Cronkhite-Canada disease]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ↓
-* [[Cryptosporidium]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Cryptosporiosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Cutaneous mastocytosis]]
+* [[IgA]] endomysial [[antibody]]
-* [[Cutaneous photosensitivity colitis, lethal]]
+* Anti–tissue [[transglutaminase]] [[antibody]]
-* [[Cyclic vomiting syndrome]]
+* [[Anti-gliadin antibodies|Anti–gliadin antibody]]
-* [[Cyclospora]]
+* [[Fat soluble vitamins]] deficiency
-* [[Cyclosporine toxicity]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Cysticercosis]]
+* [[Malabsorption]]
-* [[Cytomegalic inclusion body disease]]
+* [[Dementia]]
-* [[Darvocet withdrawal]]
+* [[Dermatitis herpetiformis]]
-* [[Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Degos disease]]
+* [[HLA-DQ2|HLA–DQ2]]
-* [[Diabetes insipidus]]
+* [[HLA-DQ8|HLA–DQ8]]
-* [[Diabetic neuropathy]]
+* Innate responses to wheat [[Protein|proteins]]
-* [[Diarrhea - polyendocrinopathy - infections, X-linked]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli]]
+* [[IgA]] endomysial [[antibody]]
-* [[Dibasic aminoaciduria 2]]
+* Anti–tissue [[transglutaminase]] [[antibody]]
-* [[Dientamoeba fragilis]]
+|-
-* [[Diffuse systemic sclerosis]]
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-* [[Digestive diseases]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-* [[Digestive duplication]]
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-* [[Digestive system cancer]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-* [[Dilaudid withdrawal]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-* [[Dipylidium]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-* [[Dipylidium caninum infection]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-* [[Disseminated infection with mycobacterium avium complex]]
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-* [[Dissociative disorder]]
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
-* [[Distomatosis]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-* [[Diverticular disease]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
-* [[Dracunculiasis]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
-* [[Dressler syndrome]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
-* [[Drugs and poisons]]
+|-
-* [[Ebola]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-* [[Echinococcosis]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-* [[EGE]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-* [[Egg Hypersensitivity]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-* [[Ehrlichiosis]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-* [[End stage liver failure]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-* [[Endometriosis]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-* [[Entamoeba histolytica]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-* [[Enteritis]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-* [[Entero-Aggregative Escherichia coli]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-* [[Entero-Toxic Escherichia coli]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-* [[Enterocele]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-* [[Enterocolitis]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
-* [[Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli Infection]]
+|-
-* [[Enterovirus antenatal infection]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Cystic fibrosis]]
-* [[Envenomization by the Martinique lancehead viper]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Eosinophilic enteropathy, pattern II]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Epidemic secretory Brainerd diarrhea]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Erythroderma desquamativa of Leiner]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Escherichia coli ]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Evening Primrose oil ]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-* [[Familial amyloid polyneuropathy]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Familial polyposis - classical]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Familial polyposis, autosomal recessive]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Familial visceral myopathy]]
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-* [[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism]]
+*[[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
-* [[Fascioliasis]]
+*[[Rectal prolapse]]
-* [[Fasciolopsiasis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Favism]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Fecal impaction]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Fecal incontinence]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Fever]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Filariasis]]
+* Fat droplets on [[sudan stain]]
-* [[Flavivirus]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Fluke infections]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-* [[Folic acid toxicity]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Food allergies]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Food intolerances]]
+* Positive [[DNA]] analysis for [[CFTR|cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator]] [[CFTR|(CFTR)]]
-* [[Food poisoning]]
+* Nasal transepithelial potential difference
-* [[Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor]]
+* [[Fat soluble vitamins]] deficiency
-* [[Galactosemia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Galactosemia I]]
+* [[Malabsorption]]
-* [[Galactosemia III]]
+* Recurrent [[respiratory tract infection]]
-* [[Gardner syndrome]]
+* [[Bronchiectasis]]
-* [[Gastrinoma]]
+* [[Diabetes mellitus]]
-* [[Gastritis]]
+* [[Scoliosis]]
-* [[Gastritis, familial giant hypertrophic]]
+* [[Infertility]]
-* [[Gastro-enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Gastroenteritis]]
+* Mutations in the [[cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator]] ([[CFTR]]) protein
-* [[Gastrointestinal amyloidosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Gastrointestinal neoplasm]]
+* Positive [[genetic testing]]
-* [[Giardia lamblia]]
+* Elevated [[Sweat chloride test|sweat chloride]] ≥60 mmol/L
-* [[Ginseng overuse]]
+|-
-* [[Glanders]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Chronic pancreatitis]]
-* [[Glucosamine - adverse effects]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Glucose-galactose malabsorption]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Glutathione Synthetase Deficiency]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Glénard syndrome]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Gnathostoma Infection]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Graft-versus-host disease – acute]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Groin Hernia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Hantavirosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Hantavirus]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Headache-free migraine]]
+* [[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Helminth infections]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Helminthiasis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Hemolytic uremic syndrome]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, familial, 1]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, familial, 2]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, familial, 3]]
+* Fat droplets on [[sudan stain]]
-* [[Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, familial, 4]]
+* Positive [[fecal elastase]] measurement
-* [[Hemorragic fever with renal syndrome]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Hepatitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Hepatitis A]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Hepatitis B]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Hepatitis C]]
+* Slightly elevated [[amylase]] and [[lipase]]
-* [[Hepatitis D]]
+* Abnormal pancreatic function test
-* [[Hepatitis E]]
+* [[Secretin]] stimulation test
-* [[Hepatitis X]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Hepatorenal tyrosinemia]]
+* [[Malabsorption]]
-* [[Hereditary amyloidosis]]
+* [[Diabetes mellitus]]
-* [[Hereditary angioedema, type 1]]
+* [[Pancreatic pseudocyst]]
-* [[Hereditary angioedema, type 2]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Hereditary angioedema, type 3]]
+* [[Toxin|Toxins]]
-* [[Hereditary pancreatitis]]
+* Recurrent [[acute pancreatitis]]
-* [[Heroin dependence]]
+* [[Genetics|Genetic]] predesposition
-* [[Heroin withdrawal]]
+* [[Autoimmunity|Autoimmune]]
-* [[Heterophyiasis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Hirschsprung's disease]]
+* [[Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography]] ([[Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography|MRCP]])
-* [[HIV/AIDS]]
+|-
-* [[Hookworm, pinworm]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Bile acid malabsorption]]
-* [[Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Human monocytic ehrlichiosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Hydrocodone withdrawal]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Hymenolepiasis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Hyper IgM syndrome 1]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Hyper IgM syndrome 3]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Hyper IgM syndrome 4]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Hyper-IgD syndrome]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Hyper-IgM Syndrome]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Hyperimmunoglobinemia D with recurrent fever]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 1]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 2]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Hyperthyroidism]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Hypoadrenocorticism - hypoparathyroidism – moniliasis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome]]
+*Fat droplets on [[sudan stain]]
-* [[Idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-* [[Idiopathic sclerosing mesenteritis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-* [[Immunoglobulinic amyloidosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-* [[Immunoproliferative diseases]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Inborn amino acid metabolism disorder]]
+*Reduced [[cholesterol]] level
-* [[Incontinence]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
+*[[Malabsorption]]
-* [[Insect parasite conditions]]
+*[[Hypotension]]
-* [[Insect sting allergies]]
+*[[Tachycardia]]
-* [[Intestinal Conditions]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Intestinal Flu]]
+*Genetic defects in ''[[SLC10A2]]''
-* [[Intestinal lymphangiectasis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Intestinal pseudoobstruction chronic idiopathic]]
+* [[SeHCAT]] test
-* [[Intrinsic factor, congenital deficiency]]
+|-
-* [[Invasive group A Streptococcal disease]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Microscopic colitis]]
-* [[Iron poisoning]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Irritable bowel syndrome]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Ischemic colitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Isospora]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Isosporiasis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Isosporosiasis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Juvenile polyposis of infancy]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Katayama fever]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Keratosis palmoplantaris - adenocarcinoma of the colon]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Lactose Intolerance]]
+* [[Abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Lassa fever]]
+* Fecal [[incontinence]]
-* [[Laxative abuse]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Legionnaires' disease]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Leiner disease]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Leptospirosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Leukocytoclastic angiitis – systemic]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Levy-Yeboa Syndrome]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-* [[Listeriosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Liver diseases]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Lortab withdrawal]]
+* [[Hypokalemia]]
-* [[Lymphangiectasies and lymphedema Hennekam type]]
+* Elevated [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
-* [[Lymphangiectasis]]
+* Positive [[autoantibodies]] include:
-* [[Lymphomatoid granulomatosis]]
+**RF
+**[[ANA]]
+**[[Anti-mitochondrial antibody|AMA]]
+**[[ANCA]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Arthritis]]
+* [[Uveitis]]
+* [[Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
+* Pleuro [[pericarditis]]
+* [[Hypothyroidism]]
+* [[Psoriasis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Mucosal]] [[immune responses]] to luminal factors in a genetically predisposed individual
+* Drug–induced
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Colonoscopy]] with [[mucosal]] [[biopsy]] with [[mononuclear]] infiltrates:
+** [[Collagenous colitis]] is characterized by a colonic subepithelial [[collagen]] band >10 micrometers in diameter
+** [[Lymphocytic]] [[colitis]] is characterized by ≥20 intraepithelial [[lymphocytes]] (IEL) per 100 surface epithelial cells
+|-
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+|-
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Infective colitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*Rebound [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+*Positive fecal calprotectin
+*Positive fecal [[lactoferrin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Elevated [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
+*Elevated [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Arthritis]]
+* [[Uveitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Salmonella|''Salmonella'']]
+*[[Shigella|''Shigella'']]
+*[[Campylobacter|''Campylobacter'']]
+*''[[Escherichia coli|E. coli 0157:H7]]''
+*[[Clostridium difficile|''Clostridium difficile'']]
+*[[Entamoeba histolytica|''Entamoeba histolytica'']]
+*[[Adenoviridae|''Adenovirus'']]
+*[[Cytomegalovirus|''Cytomegalovirus'']]
+*[[Herpes simplex virus|''Herpes simplex virus'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Stool culture]]
+*[[Blood culture]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Ischemic colitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*Hyperactive then absent [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
+*[[Tenderness (medicine)|Abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Elevated [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
+*Elevated [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR]]
+*Elevated serum [[Lactic acid|lactate]]
+*Elevated [[lactate dehydrogenase]] ([[Lactate dehydrogenase|LDH]])
+*Elevated [[Creatine kinase|creatine phosphokinase]] ([[Creatine kinase|CPK]])
+*Elevated [[amylase]]
+*[[Hypoalbuminemia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Henoch-Schönlein purpura|IgA vasculitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Thrombophilia|Hypercoagulability]]
+*Nonocclusive [[Ischemic colitis|colonic ischemia]]
+*[[Embolism|Embolic]] and [[Thrombosis|thrombotic]] arterial occlusion
+*[[Mesenteric vein thrombosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Abdominal [[Computed tomography|CT scan]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Lactose intolerance]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Abdominal tenderness ]]
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Lactose tolerance test
+* Genetic testing
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Headache]]
+* [[Vertigo]]
+* [[Memory impairment]]
+* [[Lethargy]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Reduction of lactase enzyme activity or inability to produce persistent [[lactase]]
+* Congenital [[lactase deficiency]]
+* Secondary lactose malabsorption
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Small bowel]] [[biopsy]]
+* Lactose breath hydrogen test
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Irritable bowel syndrome]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Abdominal tenderness]]
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
+* Normal [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Anxiety]]
+*[[Palpitation]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Unknown
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Diagnosis of exclusion
+|-
+! rowspan="43" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Infection
+! rowspan="28" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bacterial
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+|-
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Whipple's disease]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
+* [[Ascites]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Positive [[fecal fat]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓/↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Hypoalbuminemia]]
+*[[Fat soluble vitamins]] deficiency
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Malabsorption]]
+* [[Ocular motility disorders|Abnormal extraocular movement]]
+* [[Lymphadenopathy]]
+* [[Hyperpigmentation]]
+* [[Uveitis]]
+* [[Endocarditis]]
+* [[Encephalitis]]
+* [[Dementia]]
+* [[Pleural effusion]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Tropheryma whipplei|''Tropheryma whipplei'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Small intestine]] [[biopsy]] for [[Tropheryma whipplei]] testing
+* [[PCR]] testing
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Tropical sprue]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Angular [[stomatitis]]
+* Oral mucosal lesion
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Fat soluble vitamins]] deficiency
+* [[Vitamin B12 deficiency]]
+* [[Folate deficiency]]
+* [[Hypokalemia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Myalgia]]
+*[[Neuropathy]]
+*[[Edema]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* ''[[Escherichia coli]]''
+* ''[[Klebsiella pneumoniae]]''
+* ''[[Enterobacter cloacae]]''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Diagnosis of exclusion
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome|Small bowel bacterial overgrowth]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+*Positive [[fecal fat]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
+* Abnormal [[Hydrogen Breath Test|hydrogen breath test]]
+* [[Lactic acidosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
 * [[Malabsorption]]
-* [[Malaria]]
+* [[Rosacea]]
-* [[Malonic aciduria]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Marburg virus]]
+* Excess bacteria in the [[small intestine]]
-* [[Mastocytosis]]
+* Alterations in [[Intestine|intestinal]] [[anatomy]] or GI motility
-* [[Megaloblastic anemia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Melioidosis]]
+* Diagnosis of exclusion
-* [[Meningitis]]
+|-
-* [[Mercury poisoning]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Pseudomembranous enterocolitis]]
-* [[Mesothelioma, adult malignant – peritoneal]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Metabolic disorders]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Metagonimiasis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Methionine malabsorption syndrome]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-* [[Methotrexate toxicity]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Middle ear infection]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Mixed connective tissue disease]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-* [[Morphine withdrawal]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Mucoepithelial dysplasia, Witkop type]]
+* Generalized [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]]
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
-* [[Mycobacterium avium Complex]]
+* [[Rebound tenderness|Rebound abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Mycobacterium avium complex infection]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Myiasis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Ménétrier's disease]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Neonatal bacterial meningitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Neonatal sepsis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Neoplasia]]
+* [[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|Enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay]] ([[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|ELISA]])
-* [[Neuroblastoma]]
+* [[Polymerase chain reaction]] ([[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]) assay or ''[[Clostridium difficile infection|C. difficile]]'' antigen
-* [[Neuroendocrine tumors]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-* [[Neurofibromatosis, familial intestinal]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-* [[Nezelof's syndrome]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-* [[Norwalk gastroenteritis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Norwalk-like viruses]]
+* Elevated [[Creatinine|serum creatinine]]
-* [[Obal syndrome]]
+* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
-* [[Obstructive Jaundice]]
+* Elevated [[lactic acid]]
-* [[Ogilvie's syndrome]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[OHSS]]
+* [[Dehydration]]
-* [[Omenn syndrome]]
+* [[Acute kidney injury]]
-* [[Opioid withdrawal]]
-* [[Opisthorchiasis]]
-* [[Opium withdrawal]]
-* [[Ovarian Cancer]]
-* [[OxyContin withdrawal]]
-* [[Pancreatic adenoma]]
-* [[Paragonimiasis]]
-* [[Paraneoplastic Autoimmune Syndromes]]
-* [[Peanut allergy]]
-* [[Pellagra]]
-* [[Pelvic abscess]]
-* [[Penicillin allergy]]
-* [[Periodic hyperlysinemia]]
-* [[Pernicious anemia]]
-* [[Phenol sulfotransferase deficiency]]
-* [[Plant poisoning - Angel's trumpet (D. suaveolans)]]
-* [[Plant poisoning - Castor bean (Ricinus communis)]]
-* [[Plant poisoning - daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus)]]
-* [[Plant poisoning - holly (Ilex sp.)]]
-* [[Plant poisoning - Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium)]]
-* [[Plant poisoning - mistletoe (Phoradendron serotinum)]]
-* [[Plant poisoning - pokeweed (Phytolacca Americana)]]
-* [[Plant poisoning - potato (Solanum tuberosum)]]
-* [[Plant poisoning - Rosary pea (Abrus precatorious)]]
-* [[Plant poisoning - Water hemlock (Cicuta sp.)]]
-* [[Poisoning]]
-* [[Pollen allergy]]
-* [[Portal thrombosis]]
-* [[Portal vein thrombosis]]
-* [[Portuguese type amyloidosis]]
-* [[Postoperative Abdominal Wound Dehiscence]]
-* [[Powell-Buist-Stenzel syndrome]]
-* [[Primary agammaglobulinemia]]
-* [[Primary immunodeficiency disorders]]
-* [[Primary tubular proximal acidosis]]
-* [[Protozoal Infection]]
-* [[Protozoan Conditions]]
-* [[Proximal Renal Tubular Acidosis]]
-* [[Proximal tubulopathy - diabetes mellitus - cerebellar ataxia]]
-* [[Psyllium - adverse effects]]
-* [[Ptomaine food poisoning]]
-* [[Q fever]]
-* [[Radiation colitis]]
-* [[Radiation sickness]]
-* [[Rambaud-Galian syndrome]]
-* [[Rapid gastric emptying]]
-* [[Rectal cancer]]
-* [[Rectal conditions]]
-* [[Refsum disease, infantile form]]
-* [[Reiter’s syndrome]]
-* [[Rhabditida Infections]]
-* [[Ritter syndrome]]
-* [[Rocky Mountain spotted fever]]
-* [[Rotavirus]]
-* [[Roundworm]]
-* [[Sakamoto disease]]
-* [[Salmonella]]
-* [[Salmonella enteritidis]]
-* [[Salmonella food poisoning]]
-* [[Sarcosporidiosis]]
-* [[SARS]]
-* [[Schistosomiasis]]
-* [[SCID]]
-* [[Sclerosing Mesenteritis]]
-* [[Scombrotoxic fish poisoning]]
-* [[Secernentea Infections]]
-* [[Secretory diarrhea]]
-* [[Selenium – overuse]]
-* [[Serotonin Syndrome]]
-* [[Severe combined immunodeficiency, T- B+ due to JAK3 deficiency]]
-* [[Severe congenital neutropenia]]
-* [[Shigellosis]]
-* [[Short Bowel Syndrome]]
-* [[Sickle cell crisis]]
-* [[Smith disease]]
-* [[Smoking stools syndrome]]
-* [[Spencer disease]]
-* [[Sphingolipidosis]]
-* [[Spira syndrome]]
-* [[Spirurida Infections]]
-* [[Spleen Cancer]]
-* [[Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia - nephrotic syndrome]]
-* [[Sprue]]
-* [[St. Anthony's fire]]
-* [[Stachybotrys chartarum]]
-* [[Staphylococcal food poisoning]]
-* [[Staphylococcal infection]]
-* [[Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome]]
-* [[Staphylococcus aureus food poisoning]]
-* [[Stomach cancer]]
-* [[Stomach Conditions]]
-* [[Streptococcal Infections]]
-* [[Strongyloides]]
-* [[Subacute myelo-optico neuropathy syndrome]]
-* [[Subacute thyroiditis]]
-* [[Substance withdrawal syndrome]]
-* [[Sudden digestive conditions]]
-* [[Tapeworms]]
-* [[Thymus cancer]]
-* [[Thymus disorders]]
-* [[Thyroid cancer, familial medullary]]
-* [[Toxemia]]
-* [[Toxic epidermal necrolysis]]
-* [[Toxic shock syndrome]]
-* [[Toxocara]]
-* [[Toxoplasmosis]]
-* [[Traveler's diarrhea]]
-* [[Trematoda - Intestinal, lung, liver flukes]]
-* [[Trichinosis]]
-* [[Trichuris]]
-* [[Tularemia]]
-* [[Turcot syndrome]]
-* [[Typhoid fever]]
-* [[Ultram withdrawal]]
-* [[Valinemia]]
-* [[Vanadium - adverse effect]]
-* [[Vancomycin resistant enterococcal bacteremia]]
-* [[Vasculitis hypersensitivity]]
-* [[Venezuelan equine encephalitis]]
-* [[Vibrio cholerae]]
-* [[Vibrio Infections]]
-* [[Vibrio mimicus food poisoning]]
-* [[Vibrio parahemolyticus]]
-* [[Vibrio vulnificus]]
-* [[Vibrio vulnificus infection]]
-* [[Vicodin withdrawal]]
-* [[Vipoma]]
-* [[Viral digestive infections]]
-* [[Viral hemorrhagic fever]]
-* [[Viral Hepatitis]]
-* [[Viral meningitis]]
-* [[Visceral myopathy familial external ophthalmoplegia]]
-* [[Visceral neuropathy, familial, autosomal dominant]]
-* [[Vitamin C toxicity]]
-* [[Vitamin D - adverse effects]]
-* [[Von Gierke disease IB]]
-* [[Waldmann disease]]
-* [[Water-skier colon]]
-* [[Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome]]
-* [[Weil's syndrome]]
-* [[West Nile encephalitis]]
-* [[West Nile fever]]
-* [[Western equine encephalitis]]
-* [[Wheat intolerance]]
-* [[Whipple's disease]]
-* [[Whipworm]]
-* [[Whole-body acute irradiation - gastrointestinal syndrome]]
-* [[Whooping cough]]
-* [[Wolman disease]]
-* [[Worm conditions]]
-* [[X-linked agammaglobulinaemia]]
-* [[Yellow fever]]
-* [[Yersinia enterocolitica]]
-* [[Yersinia pseudotuberculosis]]
-* [[Yersiniosis]]
-* [[Yorifuji Okuno syndrome]]
-* [[ZAP70 deficiency]]
-* [[Zinc deficiency]]
-* [[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]]
-{{refend}}
-===Complete Differential Diagnosis of the Causes of ...===
+* [[Bacteremia]]
-(By organ system)
+* [[Reactive arthritis]]
-{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
+* [[Necrotizing fasciitis]]
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+* [[Clostridium difficile|''Clostridium difficile'']]
+* Recent [[antibiotics]] use
+* Recent [[surgery]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Stool examination|Stool exam]]
+* Pseudomembranes on [[colonoscopy]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
+|-
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" | [[Campylobacteriosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Toxic megacolon]]
+*[[Sepsis]]
+*[[Arthritis]]
+*[[Endocarditis]]
+*[[Guillain-Barré syndrome|Guillain–Barré syndrome]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Campylobacter jejuni|''Campylobacter jejuni'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Stool culture]]
+|-
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Salmonellosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*[[Abdominal distention]]
+*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+*[[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+*Positive serologic testing
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Hypokalemia]]
+*[[Hypernatremia]]
+*[[Hyponatremia]]
+* [[Hypercalciuria]]
+* [[Hypocitraturia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Post-infectious arthritis|Post–infectious arthritis]]
+* [[Obtundation]]
+* [[Bacteremia]]
+* [[Pericarditis]]
+* [[Pyelonephritis]]
+*[[Brain abscess]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Salmonella|''Salmonella'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Stool culture]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Shigellosis]]
-| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
+* Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
+* Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑/↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Elevated [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
+*Elevated [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR]]
+*[[Hyponatremia]]
+* [[Hypoglycemia]]
+* [[Azotemia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Headache]]
+* [[Lethargy]]
+* [[Seizures]]
+* [[Delirium]]
+* [[Post-infectious arthritis|Post–infectious arthritis]]
+* [[Myocarditis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Shigella|''Shigella'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Stool culture]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-| '''Dermatologic'''
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-| '''Drug Side Effect'''
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! rowspan="5" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Escherichia coli enteritis]]
-| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[ETEC|'''ETEC''']]
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+([[Traveler's diarrhea]])
-|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-| '''Endocrine'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-| '''Environmental'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Escherichia coli|''Enterotoxigenic escherichia coli'']]
+*[[Enterotoxin|Enterotoxins]]:
+**Heat–labile [[enterotoxin]] (LT)
+**Heat–stable [[enterotoxin]] (ST)
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Stool culture]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[EPEC|'''EPEC''']]
-| '''Gastroenterologic'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*''[[Enteropathogenic E. coli]]''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Hybridization probe|DNA probe]] or [[polymerase chain reaction]] ([[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]) of the ''EPEC'' adherence factor
+*[[Stool culture]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[EIEC|'''EIEC''']]
-| '''Genetic'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Escherichia coli enteritis|''Enteroinvasive E. coli'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Hybridization probe|DNA probe]]
+*[[Stool culture]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[EHEC|'''EHEC''']]
-| '''Hematologic'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Azotemia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Hemolytic-uremic syndrome|Hemolytic uremic syndrome]] ([[Hemolytic-uremic syndrome|HUS]])
+*[[Renal insufficiency|Renal failure]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Enterohemorrhagic escherichica coli|''Enterohemorrhagic E. coli'']]
+*[[Shiga toxin|Shiga toxins]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Stool culture]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[EAEC|'''EAEC''']]
-| '''Iatrogenic'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Chronic infection in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Escherichia coli enteritis|''Enteroaggregative E. coli'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Stool culture]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-| '''Infectious Disease'''
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Yersinia enterocolitica]]
-| '''Neurologic'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
+* Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
+* Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Bacteremia]]
+*[[Reactive arthritis]]
+*[[Glomerulonephritis]]
+*[[Endocarditis]]
+*[[Erythema nodosum]]
+*[[Abscess]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Yersinia enterocolitica|''Yersinia enterocolitica'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Stool culture]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Vibrio cholerae|Vibrio cholera]]
-| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Azotemia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Severe [[dehydration]]
+*Decreased [[Turgor|skin turgor]]
+*[[Oliguria]]
+*[[Renal insufficiency|Renal failure]]
+*[[Cramp|Muscle cramps]]
+*[[Seizure]]
+*[[Somnolence]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Cholera toxin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Stool culture]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Aeromonas]]
-| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
+* Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
+* Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Wound [[infection]]
+*[[Bacteremia]]
+*[[Hemolytic-uremic syndrome|Hemolytic uremic syndrome]]
+*[[Meningitis]]
+*[[Ocular]] infection
+*[[Pneumonia]]
+*[[Urinary tract infection]]
+*[[Osteomyelitis]]
+*[[Peritonitis]]
+*[[Acute cholecystitis]]
+*[[Opportunistic infection|Opportunistic infections]] in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*''[[Aeromonas]]'' virulence factors including [[Endotoxin|endotoxins]], [[Hemolysin|hemolysins]], [[Enterotoxin|enterotoxins]], and adherence factors
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Blood culture]]
+*Wound [[Culture collection|culture]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-| '''Oncologic'''
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-| '''Opthalmologic'''
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Plesiomonas shigelloides|Plesiomonas]]
-| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+* Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
+* Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Opportunistic infection|Opportunistic infections]] in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients or [[Hepato-biliary diseases|hepatobiliary disease]]
+*[[Bacteremia]]
+*[[Cellulitis]] and [[Skin and soft-tissue infections|skin abscesses]]
+*[[Peritonitis]]
+*[[Meningoencephalitis]]
+*[[Ocular]] [[infection]]
+*[[Pneumonia]]
+*[[Prosthetic devices|Prosthetic]] joint [[infection]]
+*Septic [[Pregnancy termination complications|abortion]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Plesiomonas shigelloides|''Plesiomonas shigelloides'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Blood culture]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Mycobacterium avium complex]]
-| '''Psychiatric'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+*[[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Elevated [[Liver function tests|liver enzymes]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Opportunistic infection]] in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
+*[[Pulmonary]] [[infection]]
+*[[Lymphadenopathy|Adenopathy]]
+*[[Sleep hyperhidrosis|Night sweats]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Mycobacterium avium complex|''Mycobacterium avium complex'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Blood culture]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Foodborne illness|Food poisoning]]
-| '''Pulmonary'''
+* [[Staphylococcus aureus]]
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+* [[Bacillus cereus]]
+* [[Clostridium perfringens]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive [[stool culture]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*History of travel or ingestion of infected food
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Enterotoxin|Enterotoxins]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Stool culture]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! rowspan="8" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Virus
-| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Norovirus]]
-| '''Sexual'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Positive stool reverse–transcriptase [[polymerase chain reaction]] (RT–PCR)
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Myalgia]]
+*[[Headache]]
+*[[Seizure]]
+*[[Encephalopathy]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Norovirus|''Norovirus'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Clinical diagnosis
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Rotavirus]]
-| '''Trauma'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+* Hyperactive [[Stomach rumble|bowel sounds]]
+* Diffuse [[abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Elevated [[blood urea nitrogen]]
+*[[Hyperchloremic acidosis]]
+*[[Hypocalcemia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Necrotizing enterocolitis]]
+*[[Intussusception]]
+*[[Biliary atresia]]
+*[[Central nervous system]] involvement
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Rotavirus|''Rotavirus'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Stool immune–based assays
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Echovirus]]
-| '''Urologic'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Hepatic failure|Liver failure]]
+*[[Myocarditis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Echovirus|''Echovirus'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Clinical diagnosis
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Adenoviridae|Adenovirus]]
-| '''Miscellaneous'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Viral antigen assay
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Respiratory disease]]
+*[[Hyperkeratosis|Follicular]] [[conjunctivitis]]
+*Epidemic [[keratoconjunctivitis]]
+*[[Hepatitis]]
+*[[Urethritis]]
+*[[Myocarditis]]
+*[[Meningitis]]
+*[[Bacteremia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*[[Adenoviridae|''Adenovirus'']]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+*Clinical diagnosis
 |-
-|}
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[CMV colitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-==The Complete List of Drugs may Cause Diarrhea==
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-{{refbegin|3}}
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[A-Cillin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[A/T/S]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Abacavir]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-* [[Abelcet Injection]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Acamprosate]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Acarbose]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Accolate]]
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Accurbron]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Accure]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Acebutolol]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Acebutolol Hydrochloride]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Acetazolam]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Acetazolamide]]
+*Viral antigen assay
-* [[Aches-N-Pain]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-* [[Achromycin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Achromycin V]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Acifur]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Acimax]]
+*Decreased [[CD4]] level
-* [[Acimox]]
+*Abnormal [[Liver function tests|liver function test]]
-* [[Aciphex]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Aclin]]
+*[[Encephalitis]]
-* [[Acrivatine and Pseudoephedrine]]
+*[[Guillain-Barré syndrome|Guillain–Barré syndrome]]
-* [[Acromicina]]
+*[[Pneumonia]]
-* [[Act-3]]
+*[[Retinitis]]
-* [[Actidose with Sorbitol]]
+*[[Pericarditis]] and [[myocarditis]]
-* [[Actidose-Aqua]]
+*[[Atherosclerosis]]
-* [[Actifed]]
+*[[Venous thromboembolism|Venous thrombosis]]
-* [[Actifed CC Junior]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Actifed Chesty]]
+*[[Cytomegalovirus|''Cytomegalovirus'']]
-* [[Actifed Dry]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Actilax]]
+*[[Quantitative polymerase chain reaction|Quantitative PCR]] tests
-* [[Action Cold and Flu]]
+|-
-* [[Actiprofen]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]]
-* [[Actonel]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Actos]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[ACWY]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Acyclovir capsules, suspension and tablets]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Adapin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Adderall]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Adderall XR]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Adefovir]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Adoxa]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Adriamycin PFS]]
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-* [[Adriamycin RDF]]
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Advair Diskus]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Advicor]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Advil]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Aerolate]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Agenerase]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Aggrenox]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-* [[Agiolax]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-* [[Agrylin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[AK Beta]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[AK-Chlor]]
+*Decreased [[CD4]] level
-* [[AK-Tracin]]
+*[[Electrolyte disturbance|Electrolyte imbalance]]
-* [[Ak-Zol]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Akamin]]
+*[[Lymphadenopathy]]
-* [[Akne-mycin]]
+*Disseminated [[infection]]
-* [[Akorazol]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[AL-R]]
+*[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|''HIV'']]
-* [[Ala-Tet]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Albendazole]]
+*HIV virologic (viral load) test
-* [[Albert Docusate]]
+*Immunoassay
-* [[Alclox Capsules]]
+|-
-* [[Aldactazide]]
+| rowspan="7" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Parasite
-* [[Aldactone]]
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-* [[Aldara]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-* [[Aldomet]]
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-* [[Aldopren]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-* [[Alendronate]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-* [[Alendronate Sodium]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-* [[Alertonic]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-* [[Aleve]]
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-* [[Alferon N]]
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
-* [[Alfotax]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-* [[Alinia]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
-* [[Alkeran]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
-* [[Allegra-D]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
-* [[Aller Max]]
+|-
-* [[Aller-Chlor]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-* [[Allohexal]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-* [[Allopurinol]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-* [[Allorin]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-* [[Alocril capsule]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-* [[Alpha-Baclofen]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-* [[Alphamox]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-* [[Alphapress]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-* [[Alpidine]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-* [[Alpraclonidine Hydrochloride]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-* [[Altocor]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-* [[Aludrol]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-* [[Alupent]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
-* [[Amaphen]]
+|-
-* [[Ambenonium Chloride]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Entamoeba histolytica]]
-* [[Ambien]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Ambotetra]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Ameblin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Amicar]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Aminocaproic Acid]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Aminogluthethmide]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Aminophyllin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Aminosalicylate Sodium]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Amitriptyline Hydrochloride]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Amlexanox]]
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-* [[Amlodipine and Benazepril]]
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Amodopa]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Amohexal]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Amoxapine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Amoxicillin and Clavulanic Acid]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Amoxifur]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Amoxil]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-* [[Amoxil Duo]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Amoxisol]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Amoxivet]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Ampexin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Amphetamine Sulfate]]
+*[[Liver abscess]]
-* [[Amphotericin B Lipid Complex]]
+*Pleuropulmonary infection
-* [[Amphotericin Tablets]]
+*[[Cardiac]] [[infection]]
-* [[Ampicillin Sodium and Sulbactam Sodium]]
+*[[Brain abscess]]
-* [[Amprenavir]]
+*[[Skin and soft-tissue infections|Cutaneous infection]]
-* [[Amsicrine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Amsidyl]]
+*[[Entamoeba histolytica|''Entamoeba histolytica'']]
-* [[Amylobarbitone]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Amytal Sodium]]
+*Antigen testing
-* [[Anafranil]]
+*Serology
-* [[Anagrelide]]
+|-
-* [[Anakinra]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Giardia lamblia|Giardia]]
-* [[Anamine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Anamine TD]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Anaplex]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Anaprox]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Anaprox DS]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Anapsique]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Anastrozole]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Ancef]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Ancobon]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Ancolan]]
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-* [[Ancotil]]
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Androderm Transdermal System]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Androgel]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Android]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Andrumin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Angiotrofen A.P]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Angiotrofen Retard]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-* [[Anitrim]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-* [[AnoqTwo-Dyneuan]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-* [[Anoquan]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Ansaid]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Anselol]]
+*[[Malabsorption]]
-* [[Anspor]]
+*[[Urticaria]]
-* [[Antacids containing magnesium]]
+*[[Depression]]
-* [[Antehexal]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Antenex]]
+*''[[Giardia lamblia]]''
-* [[Anthel]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Antibiotics]]
+*Antigen detection assays
-* [[Antiotrofen]]
+|-
-* [[Antivert]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Cryptosporidium]]
-* [[Antivert 25]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Antrizine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Anxanil]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Anzemet]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Apatef]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Aphthasol]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Apo-Acetazolamide]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Apo-Allopurinol]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Apo-Amitriptyline]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Apo-Amoxi]]
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-* [[Apo-Atenol]]
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Apo-C]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Apo-Capto]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Apo-Clomipramine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Apo-Clorazepate]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Apo-Diclo]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Apo-Diflunisal]]
+*Positive stool microscopy
-* [[Apo-Diltiaz]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-* [[Apo-Dipyridamole FC]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-* [[Apo-Dipyridamole SC]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-* [[Apo-Doxepin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Apo-Doxy]]
+*Elevated [[alkaline phosphatase]]
-* [[Apo-Doxy Tabs]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Apo-Enalapril]]
+*Chronic, life–threatening illness in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
-* [[Apo-Erythro]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Apo-Hydroxyzine]]
+*[[Cryptosporidium|''Cryptosporidium'']]
-* [[Apo-Ibuprofen]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Apo-Keto]]
+*Polymerase chain reaction
-* [[Apo-Keto-E]]
+|-
-* [[Apo-Meprobamate]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Microsporidia]]
-* [[Apo-Metronidazole]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Apo-Minocycline]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Apo-Naproxen]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Apo-Sulfatrim]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Apo-Tetra]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Apomine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Apormorphine Hydrochloride]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[ApraClonidine tablets]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Aprepitant]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Apresoline]]
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-* [[Aprinox]]
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Apro-Flurbiprofen]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Aquachloral Supprettes]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Aquae]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Aquaphyllin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Aquatag]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Aquatensen]]
+*Positive stool microscopy
-* [[Aralen Phosphate]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-* [[Aralen Phosphate with Primaquine Phosphate]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-* [[Arava]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-* [[Arestin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Aricept]]
+*Decreased [[CD4]] count
-* [[Arima]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Arimidex]]
+*[[Malabsorption]]
-* [[Armour Thyroid]]
+*[[Keratitis]]
-* [[Aromasin]]
+*[[Seizure]]
-* [[Arthrexin]]
+*[[Myositis]]
-* [[Arthrotec]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Artrenac]]
+*[[Microsporidia]]
-* [[ASA]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Asacol capsules]]
+*Antigen detection assays
-* [[Asacol rectal suspension]]
+|-
-* [[Asacol suppositories]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Isospora]]
-* [[Asacol tablets]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Asasantin SR]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Ascorbic 500]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Ascorbic Acid]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Ascorbicap]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Asendin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Asmalix]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Aspirin and Meprobamate]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Asprodeine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Atacand]]
+*[[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
-* [[Atacand HCT]]
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Atacand Plus]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Atapryl]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Atarax]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Atazanavir Sulfate]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Atenolol]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Atiquim]]
+*Positive stool microscopy
-* [[Atisuril]]
+*Positive [[fecal fat]]
-* [[Atorvastatin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-* [[Atovaquone]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Atozine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-* [[Atridox]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Atrofen]]
+*Elevated [[Eosinophil granulocyte|eosinophils]]
-* [[Atrohist Pediatric]]
+*[[Hypokalemia]]
-* [[Augmentin]]
+*Increased [[creatinine]]
-* [[Augmentin Duo]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Augmentin ES-600]]
+*Chronic illness in [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] patients
-* [[Augmentin XR]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Auranofin]]
+*[[Isospora|''Isospora'']]
-* [[Aureomycin 3% Skin Ointment]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Aurorix]]
+*Detecting oocysts in the feces
-* [[Aurothiogluccose]]
+|-
-* [[Ausclav]]
+! colspan="2" rowspan="10" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Tumors
-* [[Ausclav Duo]]
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-* [[Ausgem]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-* [[Ausran]]
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-* [[Austramycin V]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-* [[Austyn SR]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-* [[Avalide]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-* [[Avandamet]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-* [[Avandia]]
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-* [[Avapro]]
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
-* [[Avapro HCT]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-* [[Avelox]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
-* [[Aventyl]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
-* [[Aventyl Pulvules]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
-* [[Avil]]
+|-
-* [[Avil Decongestant]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-* [[Avil Retard]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-* [[Avil Syrup]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-* [[Avilettes]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-* [[Avirax]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-* [[Avonex]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-* [[Axotal]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-* [[Azacitidine]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-* [[Azatadine Maleate]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-* [[Azithromycin]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-* [[Azopt]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-* [[Azulfidine]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-* [[Azulfidine EN-Tabs]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
-* [[B-A-C]]
+|-
-* [[Bacampicillin Hydrochloride]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Carcinoid syndrome|Carcinoid tumor]]
-* [[Baci-IM]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Baciguent]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Bacitin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Bacitracin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Baclo]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Baclofen]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Baclohexal]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Bactelan]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Bactocil]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Bactrim]]
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
-* [[Bactrim DS]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Bactrim Pediatric]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Balsalazide capsules]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Balsalazide suppositories]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-* [[Balsalazide tablets]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Bancap]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-* [[Banophen]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-* [[Bapadin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nl
-* [[Barbloc]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Batrizol]]
+*Elevated urinary [[5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid|5–hydroxyindoleacetic acid]] ([[5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid|5–HIAA]]) level
-* [[Bayer Select Pain Relief Formula]]
+*High [[chromogranin A]]
-* [[Beepen-VK]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Bel-Phen-Ergot S]]
+*[[Flushing|Facial flushing]]
-* [[Belladonna, Phenobarbital and Ergotamine Tartrate]]
+*[[Jaundice]]
-* [[Bellatal]]
+*[[Edema]]
-* [[Bellergal-S]]
+*[[Valvular heart disease]]
-* [[Benacine]]
+*[[Congestive heart failure|Right–sided heart failure]]
-* [[Benadryl Cough Medicine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Benadryl Family Dry]]
+*Well–differentiated [[Neuroendocrine tumors|neuroendocrine tumor]]
-* [[Benadryl Family Original]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Benadryl for the Family - Dry]]
+*Blood [[chromogranin A]]  level
-* [[Benadryl for the Family Chesty]]
+|-
-* [[Benadryl for the Family Dry Forte]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[VIPoma]]
-* [[Benadryn Allergy]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Benaxima]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Benaxona]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Bendrofluazide]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Bendroflumethiazide]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Benemid]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Benicar]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Benicar HCT]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Bentiromide]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Benzamycin]]
+* [[Abdominal distention]]
-* [[Benzphetamine Hydrochloride]]
+* Abdominal [[RUQ]] [[tenderness]]
-* [[Benzthiazide]]
+* [[Nausea]]
-* [[Bepridil]]
+* [[Vomiting]]
-* [[Bepridil Hydrochloride]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Beractant]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Berubigen]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Betaferon]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-* [[Betagan]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Betahistine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Betaine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Betaloc]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Betapace]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Betapace AF]]
+*Elevated [[VIP]] level
-* [[Betapen-VK]]
+*[[Hypokalemia]]
-* [[Betaseron]]
+*[[Hypochlorhydria]] or [[achlorhydria]]
-* [[Betaxolol]]
+*Low osmotic gap (<50 mOsm/kg)
-* [[Betaxolol Hydrochloride]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Betaxon]]
+* [[Rash]]
-* [[Bethanechol]]
+* [[Facial flushing]]
-* [[Betimol]]
+* [[Dehydration]]
-* [[Betoptic]]
+* [[Lethargy]]
-* [[Betoptic S]]
+* [[Muscle weakness]]
-* [[Betoquin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Bextra]]
+* Primary secretory tumor
-* [[Bgramin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Biaxin]]
+* Blood [[VIP]] levels
-* [[Biaxin Filmtabs]]
+* Followed by imaging
-* [[Biaxin XL]]
+|-
-* [[Biaxsig]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome|Zollinger–Ellison syndrome]]
-* [[Bicalutamide]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Bicor]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Bio-Tab]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Biohist-LA]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Biosint]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Biotech Cold & Flu]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Biquinate]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Bisacodyl]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Bisalax]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Bismuth citrate and Clarithromycin]]
+** [[Tenderness|Epigastric tenderness]]
-* [[Bisolvon Chesty]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Bisolvon Dry]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |–
-* [[Bisolvon Dry Junior]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Bisolvon Elixir]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-* [[Bisolvon Sinus]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Bisolvon Tablets]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Bisoprolol]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-* [[Blackmores B12]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Blackmores For Women Folic Acid]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Blastocarb]]
+* Positive [[secretin]] stimulation test
-* [[Blocadren]]
+* Elevated serum [[chromogranin A]]
-* [[Blood pressure medications]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Bonine]]
+** [[Jaundice]]
-* [[Bonviva]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Bretylate]]
+* [[Gastrin]] producing [[tumor]] mainly in [[duodenum]]
-* [[Bretylium Tosylate]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Bretylol]]
+* [[Secretin]] stimulation test
-* [[Brevibloc]]
+|-
-* [[Brexin L.A]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Neuroendocrine tumors|Somatostatinoma]]
-* [[Bricanyl]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Brispen]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Bristacycline]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Brofed Liquid]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Bromaline Elixir]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Bromanate Elixir]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Bromarest]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Bromatapp]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Brombay]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Bromfed]]
+** [[Tenderness|Epigastric tenderness]]
-* [[Bromfed Tablet]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Bromfed-PD]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Bromfenex]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Bromfenex PD]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-* [[Bromhexine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Bromphen]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Brompheniramine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Brompheniramine Maleate]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Brondecon Expectorant]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Bronkodyl]]
+*Elevated fasting plasma [[somatostatin]]
-* [[Brufen]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Budesonide tablet]]
+** [[Diabetes mellitus]]
-* [[Bugesic]]
+** [[Gallstone disease|Cholelithiasis]]
-* [[Bumex]]
+** [[Jaundice]]
-* [[Bupropion]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Busulfan]]
+*[[Neuroendocrine tumors]] of D–cell origin
-* [[Butacet Improved]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Butacortelone]]
+*Plasma [[somatostatin]] level
-* [[Butal Compound]]
+*Followed by imaging
-* [[Butalbital Compound]]
+|-
-* [[Butazolidin]]
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause
-* [[Butobarbitone]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Duration
-* [[C-Flox]]
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diarrhea
-* [[C-Span]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-* [[Cafergot]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Abdominal pain
-* [[Calcijex]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-* [[Calcitare]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |GI signs
-* [[Calcitriol]]
+! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Stool exam
-* [[Calcium Carbimide]]
+! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
-* [[Calcium Folinate]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other lab findings
-* [[Calcium Glubionate]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings
-* [[Calm-X]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Cause/Pathogenesis
-* [[Calsynar]]
+! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Gold standard diagnosis
-* [[Campral]]
+|-
-* [[Canasa capsules]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Acute
-* [[Canasa rectal suspension]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Chronic
-* [[Canasa suppositories]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Watery
-* [[Canasa tablets]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bloody
-* [[Candyl]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fatty
-* [[Capace]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-* [[Capecitabine]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |RBC
-* [[Capitral]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ova/Parasite
-* [[Capoten]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Osmotic gap
-* [[Capotena]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-* [[Capozide]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |WBC
-* [[Captopril]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Hgb
-* [[Capurate]]
+! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Plt
-* [[Carafate]]
+|-
-* [[Caramiphen and Phenylpropanolamine]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Lymphoma]]
-* [[Carbenicillin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Carbex]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Carbimazole]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Carbiset]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Carbiset TR]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Carbodec]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Carbodec TR]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Carboplat]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Carboplatin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Carboprost Tromethamine]]
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Carbosorb S]]
+*[[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
-* [[Carbrital]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Cardcal]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Cardec DM]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Cardec-S]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Cardene]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Cardene SR]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Cardioquin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-* [[Cardipril]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Cardizem]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Cardizem CD]]
+*[[Paraproteinemia]]
-* [[Cardizem LA]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Cardizem SR]]
+* [[Malabsorption]]
-* [[Cardol]]
+* [[Lactose intolerance]]
-* [[Cardophyllin Tablets and Suppositories]]
+* [[Ascites]]
-* [[Cardura]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Carteolol]]
+*Primary [[tumor]] of GI tract
-* [[Carteolol Hydrochloride]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Cartia XT]]
+*[[Colonoscopy]] with [[biopsy]]
-* [[Cartrol]]
+|-
-* [[Carvedilol]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Colorectal cancer]]
-* [[Cascara Sagrada]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Casodex]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Cataflam]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Catovit]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Ce-Vi-Sol]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Ceclor]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Ceclor CD]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Ceclor Pulvules]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Cecon]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Cedax]]
+*Diffuse [[Tenderness (medicine)|abdominal tenderness]]
-* [[Cee-1000 T.D]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Cefaclor]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Cefadroxil Monohydrate]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Cefadyl]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Cefalexin-BC]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Cefamezin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Cefaxim]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↓
-* [[Cefaxona]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Cefazolin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Cefazolin Sodium]]
+* Positive [[carcinoembryonic antigen]]
-* [[Cefixime]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Cefkor]]
+*[[Metastasis]]
-* [[Cefobid]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Cefoclin]]
+*[[FAP|FAP gene]]
-* [[Cefonicid Sodium]]
+*[[Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer|HNPCC gene]]
-* [[Cefoperazone Sodium]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Cefotan]]
+** [[Colonoscopy]] and [[biopsy]]
-* [[Cefotaxime Sodium]]
+|-
-* [[Cefotaxime-BC]]
+! colspan="2" rowspan="7" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Medication/Toxicity
-* [[Cefotetan Disodium]]
+! colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" |Medications
-* [[Cefoxitin Sodium]]
+* [[ACE inhibitor|ACE inhibitors]]
-* [[Cefpodoxime]]
-* [[Cefpodoxime Proxetil]]
-* [[Cefprozil]]
-* [[Cefrom]]
-* [[Ceftazidime]]
-* [[Ceftazim]]
-* [[Ceftibuten]]
-* [[Ceftin]]
-* [[Ceftina]]
-* [[Cefuroxime]]
-* [[Cefuroxime Axetil]]
-* [[Cefzil]]
-* [[Celapram]]
-* [[Celebrex]]
-* [[Celecoxib]]
-* [[Celexa]]
-* [[CellCept]]
-* [[Cena-L]]
-* [[Centany]]
-* [[Cepacol Cough]]
-* [[Cephalexin]]
-* [[Cephalexin Hydrochloride]]
-* [[Cephapirin Sodium]]
-* [[Cephradine]]
-* [[Ceporacin]]
-* [[Ceptaz]]
-* [[Cerebyx]]
-* [[Cerivastatin]]
-* [[Certain anti-diabetes drugs]]
-* [[Certain cholesterol drugs]]
-* [[Cerubidine]]
-* [[Cetane]]
-* [[Cetina]]
-* [[Cetrizide]]
-* [[Cevalin]]
-* [[Cevimeline]]
-* [[Cevita]]
-* [[Charcoaid]]
-* [[Chemists’ Own Chesty Cough]]
-* [[Chemists’ Own Chesty Mucus Cough]]
-* [[Chemists’ Own Cold & Flu Night]]
-* [[Chemists’ Own Coldeze]]
-* [[Chemists’ Own Difenacol Cough]]
-* [[Chemists’ Own Hayfever Sinus Relief]]
-* [[Chemists’ Own Infant’s Cold & Allergy Drops]]
-* [[Chemists’ Own Kiddicol]]
-* [[Chemists’ Own Peetalix]]
-* [[Chemists’ Own Promethazine]]
-* [[Chemist’s Own Dry Raspy Cough]]
-* [[Chemotherapy]]
-* [[Cheracol]]
-* [[Chibroxin]]
-* [[Children’s Advil]]
-* [[Children’s Motrin]]
-* [[Chlo-Amine]]
-* [[Chlor-Phen]]
-* [[Chlor-Pro]]
-* [[Chlor-Trimeton]]
-* [[Chlor-Tripolon]]
-* [[Chlorafed Timecelles]]
-* [[Chloral Hydrate]]
-* [[Chlorambucil]]
-* [[Chloramphenicol]]
-* [[Chlorate]]
-* [[Chlordrine SR]]
-* [[Chloroptic]]
-* [[Chloroquine and Primaquine]]
-* [[Chloroquine Phosphate]]
-* [[Chlorphedrine SR]]
-* [[Chlorpheniramine]]
-* [[Chlorpheniramine Maleate]]
-* [[Chlorquin]]
-* [[Chlorquine]]
-* [[Chlortetracycline]]
-* [[Chlorthalidone]]
-* [[Chlorzoxazone]]
-* [[Cholan-HMB]]
-* [[Choledyl SA]]
-* [[Cholera vaccine]]
-* [[Cholestyramine]]
-* [[Cholestyramine Resin]]
-* [[Cholybar]]
-* [[Chymex]]
-* [[Cibacalcin]]
-* [[Cilamox]]
-* [[Cilex]]
-* [[CiloQuin]]
-* [[Cilostazol]]
-* [[Ciloxan]]
-* [[Ciloxin]]
-* [[Cimehexal]]
-* [[Cimetidine]]
-* [[Cimogal]]
-* [[Cinobac Pulvules]]
-* [[Cinoxacin]]
-* [[Cipoxin]]
-* [[Cipramil]]
-* [[Cipro]]
-* [[Cipro XR]]
-* [[Ciproflox]]
-* [[Ciprofloxacin]]
-* [[Ciproflur]]
-* [[Ciproxin HC]]
-* [[Ciproxina]]
-* [[Cisapride]]
-* [[Citalopram]]
-* [[Citralite]]
-* [[Citravescent]]
-* [[Citrihexal]]
-* [[Cladribine]]
-* [[Claforan]]
-* [[Clamoxyl]]
-* [[Clamoxyl Duo]]
-* [[Clarithromycin]]
-* [[Claritin-D 12-Hour]]
-* [[Claritin-D 24-Hour]]
-* [[Clavulin]]
-* [[Clavulin Duo]]
-* [[Clemastine Fumarate]]
-* [[Cleocin]]
-* [[Cleocin capsules]]
-* [[Cleocin T capsules]]
-* [[Cleocin T vaginal cream]]
-* [[Cleocin vaginal cream]]
-* [[Clinda-Derm capsules]]
-* [[Clinda-Derm vaginal cream]]
-* [[Clindagel capsules]]
-* [[Clindagel vaginal cream]]
-* [[ClindaMax capsules]]
-* [[ClindaMax vaginal cream]]
-* [[Clindamycin capsules]]
-* [[Clindamycin vaginal cream]]
-* [[Clindatech]]
-* [[Clindets capsules]]
-* [[Clindets vaginal cream]]
-* [[Clinoril]]
-* [[Clobemix]]
-* [[Clofazime]]
-* [[Clofazimine Palmitate]]
-* [[Clofen]]
-* [[Clomipramine Hydrochloride]]
-* [[Clonazepam]]
-* [[Clonodifen]]
-* [[Clopidogrel]]
-* [[Clopra]]
-* [[Clorafen]]
-* [[Clorambucil]]
-* [[Clorazepate Dipotassium]]
-* [[Clotrimazole lozenges]]
-* [[Cloxapen]]
-* [[Co-trimoxazole]]
-* [[Cobex]]
-* [[Cod Liver Oil]]
-* [[Codalgin Plus]]
-* [[Codimal L.A]]
-* [[Codral 4 Flu]]
-* [[Codral Cough Cold & Flu Night]]
-* [[Codral Cough Cold and Flu]]
-* [[Codral Night Time]]
-* [[Cognex]]
-* [[Colace]]
-* [[Colax-C]]
-* [[Colazal capsules]]
-* [[Colazal rectal suspension]]
-* [[Colazal suppositories]]
-* [[Colazal tablets]]
-* [[Colchicine]]
-* [[Colchiquim]]
-* [[Colchiquim-30]]
-* [[Colesevelam]]
-* [[Colestid]]
-* [[Colestipol]]
-* [[Colfed-A]]
-* [[Colgout]]
-* [[Coloxyl Drops]]
-* [[Coloxyl Enema]]
-* [[Coloxyl Suppositories]]
-* [[Coloxyl Tablets]]
-* [[Coloxyl with Senna]]
-* [[Combantrin]]
-* [[Combantrin Mebendazole]]
-* [[Combivir]]
-* [[Comhist]]
-* [[Comhist LA]]
-* [[Comprecin]]
-* [[Comtan]]
-* [[Comvax]]
-* [[Consupren]]
-* [[Convax]]
-* [[Cophene No. 2]]
-* [[Corbeton]]
-* [[Coreg]]
-* [[Corgard]]
-* [[Cosig]]
-* [[Cosmegen]]
-* [[Cosopt]]
-* [[Cosudex]]
-* [[Cotazym-S Forte]]
-* [[Cotrim]]
-* [[Cotrim DS]]
-* [[Cotrim Pediatric]]
-* [[Coumadin]]
-* [[Coversyl Plus]]
-* [[Cozaar]]
-* [[Creon]]
-* [[Crestor]]
-* [[Crinone]]
-* [[Crixivan]]
-* [[Crolon capsule]]
-* [[Cromolyn capsule]]
-* [[Cromolyn Sodium]]
-* [[Cromoptic capsule]]
-* [[Cryopril]]
-* [[Crysanal]]
-* [[Crystamine]]
-* [[Crystodigin]]
-* [[Cyanocobalamin]]
-* [[Cyanoject]]
-* [[Cycloblastin]]
-* [[Cyclopenthiazide]]
-* [[Cyclophosphamide]]
-* [[Cyclosporin]]
-* [[Cyclosporine]]
-* [[Cyklokapron]]
-* [[Cymevene]]
-* [[Cyomin]]
-* [[Cyproheptadine Hydrochloride]]
-* [[Cysporin]]
-* [[Cystadane]]
-* [[Cytadren]]
-* [[Cytamen]]
-* [[Cytarabine]]
-* [[Cytarabine Hydrochloride]]
-* [[Cytomel]]
-* [[Cytosar-U]]
-* [[Cytotec]]
-* [[Cytovene]]
-* [[Cytoxan]]
-* [[D-Penamine]]
-* [[D-S-S]]
-* [[Dacarbazine]]
-* [[Dactinomycin]]
-* [[Daktagold]]
-* [[Dalacin C]]
-* [[Dalacin T]]
-* [[Dalacin V]]
-* [[Dallergy-JR]]
-* [[Dalmane]]
-* [[Dantrium]]
-* [[Dantrolene]]
-* [[Dantrolene Sodium]]
-* [[Dapa-Tabs]]
-* [[Darapin]]
-* [[Daraprim]]
-* [[Daunorubicin]]
-* [[Daunorubicin Hydrochloride]]
-* [[Daunoxome]]
-* [[Day & Night Cold & Flu]]
-* [[Daypro]]
-* [[Daypro ALTA]]
-* [[Dayto Sulf]]
-* [[Dazamide]]
-* [[DC 240]]
-* [[Decholin]]
-* [[Declomycin]]
-* [[Deconamine SR]]
-* [[Deferoxamine Mesylate]]
-* [[Dehydrocholic Acid]]
-* [[Del-Mycin]]
-* [[Delavirdine]]
-* [[Delixir]]
-* [[Demadex]]
-* [[Demazin Cold & Flu]]
-* [[Demazin Day/Night Relief]]
-* [[Demazin Hot Lemon]]
-* [[Demazin Repetabs]]
-* [[Demazin Syrup]]
-* [[Demazin Tablets]]
-* [[Demecarium Bromide]]
-* [[Demeclocycline]]
-* [[Demeclocycline Hydrochloride]]
-* [[Demolox]]
-* [[Denvar]]
-* [[Depacon]]
-* [[Depakene]]
-* [[Depakote]]
-* [[Depakote ER]]
-* [[Depakote Sprinkle]]
-* [[Deralin]]
-* [[Desferal]]
-* [[Desferal Mesylate]]
-* [[Desferrioxamine]]
-* [[Desipramine Hydrochloride]]
-* [[Detrol]]
-* [[Detrol LA]]
-* [[DeWorm]]
-* [[Dexamphetamine]]
-* [[Dexaphen-SA]]
-* [[Dexbrompheniramine and Pseudoephedrine]]
-* [[Dexchlorpheniramine]]
-* [[Dexchlorpheniramine Maleate]]
-* [[Dexedrine]]
-* [[Dexi-Tuss]]
-* [[Dexpanthenol]]
-* [[Dextramphetamine Sulfate]]
-* [[Dextroamphetamine Sulfate]]
-* [[Dextromethorphan]]
-* [[Dextrostat]]
-* [[Dialose]]
-* [[Diamine T.D]]
-* [[Diamox]]
-* [[Diamox Sequels]]
-* [[Diazemuls]]
-* [[Diazepam]]
-* [[Diazoxide]]
-* [[Dibufen]]
-* [[Dichlotride]]
-* [[Diclocil]]
-* [[Diclofenac]]
-* [[Diclohexal]]
-* [[Dicloxacillin]]
-* [[Dicloxacillin Sodium]]
-* [[Dicloxsig]]
-* [[Didanosine]]
-* [[Didrex]]
-* [[Didrocal]]
-* [[Didronel]]
-* [[Diethylpropion]]
-* [[Diethylpropion Hydrochloride]]
-* [[Diethylstilbestrol]]
-* [[Diflucan]]
-* [[Digitaline]]
-* [[Digitalis]]
-* [[Digitek]]
-* [[Digitoxin]]
 * [[Digoxin]]
-* [[Dilacor XR]]
+* [[Cephalosporin|Cephalosporins]]
-* [[Dilantin]]
+* [[Statins]]
-* [[Dilantin Kapseals]]
+* [[Thiazide|Thiazide diuretics]]
-* [[Dilatrend]]
+* [[Triptans]]
-* [[Dilor]]
-* [[Dilor-400]]
-* [[Dilosyn]]
-* [[Diltia XT]]
-* [[Diltiazem]]
-* [[Dimaphen Tablets]]
-* [[Dimenhydrinate]]
-* [[Dimetabs]]
-* [[Dimetane]]
-* [[Dimetapp 4-hour Liqui-Gel Capsule]]
-* [[Dimetapp Cold & Flu]]
-* [[Dimetapp Cold Cough & Flu]]
-* [[Dimetapp Cold Cough & Flu Day & Night]]
-* [[Dimetapp Cold Cough & Flu Night]]
-* [[Dimetapp Cold Cough & Sinus]]
-* [[Dimetapp Cold Cough and Sinus Liquid Capsules]]
-* [[Dimetapp DM]]
-* [[Dimetapp Drops]]
-* [[Dimetapp Elixir]]
-* [[Dimetapp Extentabs]]
-* [[Dimetapp Headcold and Flu]]
-* [[Dimetapp Tablet]]
-* [[Dimetriose]]
-* [[Dinac]]
-* [[Dinate]]
-* [[Dindevan]]
-* [[Dinoprost F2 Alpha]]
-* [[Dinoprostone]]
-* [[Diochloram]]
-* [[Diocto]]
-* [[Diocto-K]]
-* [[Dioeze]]
-* [[Diomycin]]
-* [[Diovan]]
-* [[Diovan HCT]]
-* [[Dipentum capsules]]
-* [[Dipentum rectal suspension]]
-* [[Dipentum suppositories]]
-* [[Dipentum tablets]]
-* [[Diphen AF]]
-* [[Diphenhist]]
-* [[Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride]]
-* [[Dipsan]]
-* [[Dipyridamole]]
-* [[Dirinol]]
-* [[Dirithromycin]]
-* [[Disobrom]]
-* [[Disodium etidronate]]
-* [[Disonate]]
-* [[Disophrol Chrontabs]]
-* [[Disophrol Tab let]]
-* [[Disopyramide]]
-* [[Distaph]]
-* [[Ditropan]]
-* [[Ditropan XL]]
-* [[Diucardin]]
-* [[Diulo]]
-* [[Diurese]]
-* [[Diurigen]]
-* [[Diuril]]
-* [[Docusate]]
-* [[Docusate sodium]]
-* [[Dofetilide]]
-* [[DOK]]
-* [[Dolac Injectable]]
-* [[Dolac Oral]]
-* [[Dolased Analgesic Relaxant]]
-* [[Dolased Night Pain]]
-* [[Dolasetron]]
-* [[Dolo Pangavit D]]
-* [[Dolobid]]
-* [[Domperidone]]
-* [[Donepezil]]
-* [[Dopar]]
-* [[Doryx]]
-* [[DOS Softgel]]
-* [[Doxazosin]]
-* [[Doxepin Hydrochloride]]
-* [[Doxil Injection]]
-* [[Doxinate]]
-* [[Doxolem]]
-* [[Doxorubicin Hydrochloride]]
-* [[Doxsig]]
-* [[Doxy Caps]]
-* [[Doxychel Hyclate]]
-* [[Doxycin]]
-* [[Doxycycline]]
-* [[Doxyhexal]]
-* [[Doxylin]]
-* [[Doxytec]]
-* [[Dozile]]
-* [[Dramamine]]
-* [[Dramilin]]
-* [[Drixomed]]
-* [[Drixoral Syrup]]
-* [[Dronabinol]]
-* [[DTIC-Dome]]
-* [[Ducene]]
-* [[Duphalac]]
-* [[Dur-Elix Plus]]
-* [[Dura-Tap/PD]]
-* [[Duralex]]
-* [[Duricef]]
-* [[Duro-Tuss Cold & Allergy]]
-* [[Duro-Tuss Expectorant]]
-* [[Duro-tuss Mucolytic]]
-* [[Durolax]]
-* [[Duromine]]
-* [[Durrax]]
-* [[Dyazide]]
-* [[Dycill]]
-* [[Dyflex]]
-* [[Dynabac]]
-* [[Dynacin]]
-* [[DynaCirc]]
-* [[DynaCirc CR]]
-* [[Dynapen]]
-* [[Dyphylline]]
-* [[Dytuss]]
-* [[E-Base]]
-* [[E-C]]
-* [[E-Mycin]]
-* [[E-Vista]]
-* [[E.E.S. 200]]
-* [[E.E.S. 400]]
-* [[Early Bird]]
-* [[EC-Naprosyn]]
-* [[Ecapresan]]
-* [[Ecaten]]
-* [[Echothiophate Iodide]]
-* [[Ecstasy]]
-* [[Ectaprim]]
-* [[Ectaprim-F]]
-* [[ED A-Hist]]
-* [[ED-IN-SOL]]
-* [[Edecril]]
-* [[Edecrin]]
-* [[EES]]
-* [[Efavirenz]]
-* [[Efexor]]
-* [[Effer-K]]
-* [[Elavil]]
-* [[Eldepryl]]
-* [[Eldisine]]
-* [[Elixomin]]
-* [[Elixophyllin]]
-* [[Elmiron]]
-* [[Emend]]
-* [[Emgel]]
-* [[Emtricitabine]]
-* [[Emtriva]]
-* [[Enaladil]]
-* [[Enalapril]]
-* [[Enbrel]]
-* [[Endafed]]
-* [[Endep]]
-* [[Endolor]]
-* [[Endoxan]]
-* [[Enduron]]
-* [[Enduron M]]
-* [[Ener-B]]
-* [[Enfuvirtide]]
-* [[Engerix-B]]
-* [[Eni]]
-* [[Enovil]]
-* [[Enoxacin]]
-* [[Enoxin]]
-* [[Entacapone]]
-* [[Enterobacticel]]
-* [[Enteropride]]
-* [[Entocort]]
-* [[Ephedrine]]
-* [[Epilim]]
-* [[Epivir]]
-* [[Epivir-HBV]]
-* [[Epoetin]]
-* [[Epoetin Alfa]]
-* [[Epogen]]
-* [[Eprex]]
-* [[Epromate-M]]
-* [[Equagesic]]
-* [[Equanil]]
-* [[Ergamisol]]
-* [[Ergodryl]]
-* [[Ergodryl Mono]]
-* [[Ergotamine]]
-* [[Eritoquim]]
-* [[Ery-Tab]]
-* [[Eryacne]]
-* [[Erybid]]
-* [[Eryc]]
-* [[Erycette]]
-* [[Eryderm]]
-* [[Erygel]]
-* [[Erymax]]
-* [[EryPads]]
-* [[EryPed]]
-* [[EryPed 200]]
-* [[EryPed 400]]
-* [[EryPed Drops]]
-* [[Erythra-Derm]]
-* [[Erythro-Base]]
-* [[Erythrocin]]
-* [[Erythrocin Stearate]]
-* [[Erythromycin]]
-* [[Erythromycin DR]]
-* [[Erythromycin ES]]
-* [[Erythromycin Filmtabs]]
-* [[Eryzole]]
-* [[Esgic]]
-* [[Esgic-Plus]]
-* [[Esidrix]]
-* [[Eskalith]]
-* [[Eskalith CR]]
-* [[Eskazole]]
-* [[Esmolol]]
-* [[Estazolam]]
-* [[Esteprim]]
-* [[Etanercept]]
-* [[Ethacrynic Acid]]
-* [[Ethambutol]]
-* [[Ethosuximide]]
-* [[Etodolac]]
-* [[Etopophos]]
-* [[Etoposide]]
-* [[Etrafon]]
-* [[Etrafon-A]]
-* [[Etrafon-Forte]]
-* [[Euky Bear Cough Syrup]]
-* [[Eulexin]]
-* [[Evoxac]]
-* [[Excedrin]]
-* [[Excedrin Extra Strength]]
-* [[Exelon]]
-* [[Exemestane]]
-* [[Exna]]
-* [[Ezetimibe]]
-* [[Fabahistin]]
-* [[Factive]]
-* [[Famciclovir]]
-* [[Famvir]]
-* [[Fansidar]]
-* [[Fareston]]
-* [[Fasigyn]]
-* [[Fedahist Gyrocaps]]
-* [[Fedahist Timecaps]]
-* [[Fefol]]
-* [[Felbamate]]
-* [[Felbatol]]
-* [[Feldene]]
-* [[Feldene Gel]]
-* [[Felodipine]]
-* [[Femara]]
-* [[Femcet]]
-* [[Femiron]]
-* [[Fenac]]
-* [[Fenamine]]
-* [[Fenfluramine]]
-* [[Fenofibrate]]
-* [[Fensaid]]
-* [[Feosol]]
-* [[Feostat]]
-* [[Fer-Gen-Sol]]
-* [[Fer-In-Sol]]
-* [[Feratab]]
-* [[Fergon]]
-* [[Fergon Elixir]]
-* [[Ferndex]]
-* [[Ferretts]]
-* [[Ferrex]]
-* [[Ferrous Gluconate]]
-* [[Ferrous Sulphate]]
-* [[FGF]]
-* [[Fioricet]]
-* [[Fiorinal]]
-* [[Fiorital]]
-* [[Fiorpap]]
-* [[Fisamox]]
-* [[Flagenase]]
-* [[Flagyl]]
-* [[Flagyl ER]]
-* [[Flavorcee]]
-* [[Flecainide]]
-* [[Flecatab]]
-* [[Fleet]]
-* [[Fleet Micro-Enema]]
-* [[Flexen]]
-* [[Flogen]]
-* [[Flomax]]
-* [[Flopen]]
-* [[Floxapen]]
-* [[Floxin]]
-* [[Floxin Otic]]
-* [[Floxsig]]
-* [[Flucil]]
-* [[Flucloxacillin]]
-* [[Fluconazole]]
-* [[Flucytosine]]
-* [[Flumadine]]
-* [[Fluorouracil]]
-* [[Fluoxymesterone]]
-* [[Flurazepam]]
-* [[Flurbiprofen]]
-* [[Flurbiprofen Sodium]]
-* [[Flutamide]]
-* [[Flutamin]]
-* [[Fluvastatin]]
-* [[Folic Acid]]
-* [[Follicle Stimulating Hormone]]
-* [[Fortaz]]
-* [[Forteo]]
-* [[Fortovase]]
-* [[Fortum]]
-* [[Fosamax]]
-* [[Fosfomycin]]
-* [[Fosinopril]]
-* [[Fotexina]]
-* [[Frangula]]
-* [[Froben]]
-* [[Froben-SR]]
-* [[Froxal]]
-* [[Fucidin Tablets]]
-* [[Fugerel]]
-* [[Fungizone Intravenous]]
-* [[Fungoid lozenges]]
-* [[Furadantin]]
-* [[Fustaren Retard]]
-* [[Fuxen]]
-* [[Fuzeon]]
-* [[Fybogel]]
-* [[Gabitril]]
-* [[Galantamine]]
-* [[Galecin]]
-* [[Galedol]]
-* [[Ganciclovir]]
-* [[Gani-Tuss NR]]
-* [[Gantanol]]
-* [[Gantrisin]]
-* [[Gastrocram capsule]]
-* [[Gavigrans]]
-* [[Gefitinib]]
-* [[Gelpirin]]
-* [[Gemfibrizol]]
-* [[Gemfibrozil]]
-* [[Gemhexal]]
-* [[Gen-K]]
-* [[Gen-Xene]]
-* [[Genahist]]
-* [[Genatap Elixir]]
-* [[Gengraf]]
-* [[Genlac]]
-* [[Genox]]
-* [[Genpril]]
-* [[Geocillin]]
-* [[Geodon]]
-* [[Gestrinone]]
-* [[Giatussin with Codeine]]
-* [[Giloten]]
-* [[Gimalxina]]
-* [[Ginkgo]]
-* [[Gleevec]]
-* [[Glipizide]]
-* [[Glivec]]
-* [[Glucobay]]
-* [[Glucophage]]
-* [[Glucophage XR]]
-* [[Glucovance]]
-* [[Glyset]]
-* [[Go Kit]]
-* [[Gold]]
-* [[Gold Cross Antihistamine]]
-* [[Gold-50 injection]]
-* [[Gonal-F]]
-* [[Goody’s Headache Powders]]
-* [[Granocol]]
-* [[Grunicina]]
-* [[Guanabenz]]
-* [[Guiatuss AC]]
-* [[Gyne-Sulf]]
-* [[H-B-Vax II]]
-* [[Habitrol]]
-* [[Haemophilus influenzae B Vaccine]]
-* [[Halotestin]]
-* [[Halotussin AC]]
-* [[Haltran]]
-* [[Helidac]]
-* [[Hemabate]]
-* [[Hemocyte]]
-* [[Hepatitis B Vaccine]]
-* [[Hepsera]]
-* [[Heptogesic]]
-* [[Herceptin]]
-* [[Hexal Diclac]]
-* [[Hexal Ranitic]]
-* [[Hiberix]]
-* [[Hicin]]
-* [[Hidramox]]
-* [[Histalet]]
-* [[Histor-D]]
-* [[Histrodrix]]
-* [[Hivid]]
-* [[Honvol]]
-* [[Humorsol]]
-* [[Hy-Pam]]
-* [[Hydralazine]]
-* [[Hydrate]]
-* [[Hydrea]]
-* [[Hydrene]]
-* [[Hydrex]]
-* [[Hydro-Par]]
-* [[HydroDIURIL]]
-* [[Hydromox]]
-* [[Hydroxacen]]
-* [[Hydroxocobalamin]]
-* [[Hydroxyethylrutosides]]
-* [[Hydroxyurea]]
-* [[Hydroxyzine]]
-* [[Hygroton]]
-* [[Hyperstat I.V]]
-* [[Hytinic]]
-* [[Hyzaar]]
-* [[Hyzine-50]]
-* [[Ibandronate]]
-* [[Ibiamox]]
-* [[Ibilex]]
-* [[IBU]]
-* [[Ibuprin]]
-* [[Ibuprofen]]
-* [[Ibuprohm]]
-* [[Icar]]
-* [[Idarubicin]]
-* [[Ikorel]]
-* [[Ilocap]]
-* [[Ilopan]]
-* [[Ilopan-Choline]]
-* [[Ilosone]]
-* [[Ilosone Pulvules]]
-* [[Ilotycin]]
-* [[Imatinib]]
-* [[Imipramine]]
-* [[Imiquimod]]
-* [[Imukin]]
-* [[Indahexal]]
-* [[Indapamide]]
-* [[Inderal]]
-* [[Inderide]]
-* [[Inderide LA]]
-* [[Indinavir]]
-* [[Indo-Spray]]
-* [[Indochron E-R]]
-* [[Indocid]]
-* [[Indocin]]
-* [[Indocin SR]]
-* [[Indomed]]
-* [[Indomethacin]]
-* [[Ineral LA]]
-* [[Inerferon Alfa]]
-* [[Infanrix HepB]]
-* [[Infants’ Motrin]]
-* [[Infergen]]
-* [[Innopran XL]]
-* [[Insig]]
-* [[Inspra]]
-* [[Insta-Char]]
-* [[Intal capsule]]
-* [[Interferon]]
-* [[Interferon Beta]]
-* [[Intron A]]
-* [[Invirase]]
-* [[Inza]]
-* [[Iopidine]]
-* [[Ipol]]
-* [[Ircon]]
-* [[Iressa]]
-* [[Ismelin]]
-* [[Isobac]]
-* [[Isocet]]
-* [[Isocover]]
-* [[Isohexal]]
-* [[Isoniazid]]
-* [[Isotretinoin]]
-* [[Isotrex]]
-* [[IsotrexGel]]
-* [[Isox]]
-* [[Ispaghula]]
-* [[Italnik]]
-* [[Itraconazole]]
-* [[Itranax]]
-* [[Ivermectin]]
-* [[Jezil]]
-* [[K+10]]
-* [[K+8]]
-* [[K+Care]]
-* [[K+Care ET]]
-* [[K-Dur 10]]
-* [[K-Dur 20]]
-* [[K-G Elixir]]
-* [[K-Lease]]
-* [[K-Lor]]
-* [[K-Lyte]]
-* [[K-Lyte DS]]
-* [[K-Lyte/Cl]]
-* [[K-Lyte/Cl 50]]
-* [[K-Mag]]
-* [[K-Norm]]
-* [[K-Profen]]
-* [[K-Tab]]
-* [[K-Vescent]]
-* [[Kaletra]]
-* [[Kaochlor 10%]]
-* [[Kaochlor S-F]]
-* [[Kaon]]
-* [[Kaon-CL 20%]]
-* [[Kaon-Cl-10]]
-* [[Kasof]]
-* [[Kay Ciel]]
-* [[Kaybovite-1000]]
-* [[Kaylixir]]
-* [[Keduril]]
-* [[Kedvil]]
-* [[Keflet]]
-* [[Keflex]]
-* [[Keflin]]
-* [[Keflor]]
-* [[Keftab]]
-* [[Kefurox]]
-* [[Kefzol]]
-* [[Kelfiprim]]
-* [[Kenacomb Otic]]
-* [[Kenolan]]
-* [[Kenzoflex]]
-* [[Keppra]]
-* [[Kerlone]]
-* [[Kessar]]
-* [[Ketoconazole]]
-* [[Ketorolac - injection and tablets]]
-* [[Ketorolac Tromethamine]]
-* [[Kineret]]
-* [[Kinestase]]
-* [[Kinidin Durules]]
-* [[Kinson]]
-* [[Klacid]]
-* [[Klacid HP7]]
-* [[Klaricid]]
-* [[Klerist-D]]
-* [[Klonopin]]
-* [[Klor-Con]]
-* [[Klor-Con 10]]
-* [[Klor-Con 8]]
-* [[Klor-Con/25]]
-* [[Klor-Con/EF]]
-* [[Kloromin]]
-* [[Klorvess]]
-* [[Klotrix]]
-* [[Klyndaken]]
-* [[Kolyum]]
-* [[Kosteo]]
-* [[Kredex]]
-* [[Kronofed-A]]
-* [[Kronofed-A Jr]]
-* [[Kytril]]
-* [[L-Deprenyl]]
-* [[Labetalol]]
-* [[Lac-Dol]]
 * [[Lactulose]]
-* [[Lamictal]]
+* [[HIV AIDS medical therapy|Anti retroviral agents]]
-* [[Lamictal CD]]
+* [[Chemotherapy|Chemotherapeutic agents]]
-* [[Lamisil]]
+* [[Antifungal drug|Antifungals]]
-* [[Lamivudine]]
+* [[Magnesium]]
-* [[Lamotrigine]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Lamprene]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Lanophyllin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Lanorinal]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Lanoxicaps]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-* [[Lanoxin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
-* [[Lansoprazole]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Lanvis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
-* [[Larotid]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="Left" |
-* [[Lasix]]
+*[[Abdominal distention]]
-* [[Latotryd]]
+*[[Dehydration]]
-* [[Latycin 1% Eye Ointment]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Lauricin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Laxatives]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | –
-* [[Ledercillin VK]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑/↓
-* [[Ledermicina]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Ledermycin]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-* [[Lederpax]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Ledertrexate]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nl
-* [[Leflunomide]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
-* [[Lemsip Chesty Cough]]
+*Elevated plasma level of drug
-* [[Lemsip Flu]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |–
-* [[Lemsip Pharmacy Flu Strength Nightime]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px
-* [[Lenpryl]]
-* [[Lescol]]
-* [[Lescol XL]]
-* [[Letrozole]]
-* [[Leucovorin]]
-* [[Leukeran]]
-* [[Leuprorelin]]
-* [[Leustatin]]
-* [[Levamisole]]
-* [[Levaquin]]
-* [[Levate]]
-* [[Levatol]]
-* [[Levetiracetam]]
-* [[Levobunolol]]
-* [[Levodopa]]
-* [[Levotabs]]
-* [[Levothroid]]
-* [[Levoxyl]]
-* [[Lexapro]]
-* [[Lexxel]]
-* [[Limbitrol]]
-* [[Limbitrol DS]]
-* [[Lincocin]]
-* [[Lincomycin]]
-* [[Linezolid]]
-* [[Lioresal]]
-* [[Lipazil]]
-* [[Lipex]]
-* [[Lipitor]]
-* [[Lipobay]]
-* [[Liqui-Char]]
-* [[Liroken]]
-* [[Lisinopril]]
-* [[Lithane]]
-* [[Lithicarb]]
-* [[Lithium carbonate]]
-* [[Lithobid]]
-* [[Lithonate]]
-* [[Lithotabs]]
-* [[LoCHOLEST Light]]
-* [[LoCHOLEST Prevalite]]
-* [[Lodimol]]
-* [[Lodine]]
-* [[Lodine Retard]]
-* [[Lodine XL]]
-* [[Lodosyn]]
-* [[Lodrane LD]]
-* [[Lofibra]]
-* [[Logicin Congested Chesty Cough]]
-* [[Logicin Cough - Dry]]
-* [[Logicin Expectorant]]
-* [[Logicin Flu]]
-* [[Logicin Flu Day & Night]]
-* [[Logicin Flu Night]]
-* [[Logicin Flu Strength Night]]
-* [[Logicin Hay Fever]]
-* [[Logicin Junior Children’s Cough]]
-* [[Loniten tablets]]
-* [[Lopid]]
-* [[Lopresor]]
-* [[Lopressor]]
-* [[Lorabid]]
-* [[Loracarbef]]
-* [[Losec]]
-* [[Losec HP7]]
-* [[Lotrel]]
-* [[Lotrimin lozenges]]
-* [[Lozol]]
-* [[Lucrin]]
-* [[Lufyllin]]
-* [[Lufyllin-400]]
-* [[Luritran]]
-* [[Lurselle]]
-* [[Luvox]]
-* [[Macrobid]]
-* [[Macrodantin]]
-* [[Madopar]]
-* [[Magicul]]
-* [[Magmin]]
-* [[Magnoplasm]]
-* [[Malarone]]
-* [[Maloprim]]
-* [[Mandol]]
-* [[Maosig]]
-* [[Marazide]]
-* [[Marcillin]]
-* [[Margesic]]
-* [[Marinol]]
-* [[Marmine]]
-* [[Marnal]]
-* [[Mavik]]
-* [[Maxamox]]
-* [[Maxaquin]]
-* [[Maxipime]]
-* [[Maxolon]]
-* [[Maxor]]
-* [[Maxzide]]
-* [[Maxzide-25]]
-* [[Mazindol]]
-* [[Mebendazole]]
-* [[Mebhydrolin]]
-* [[Meclan]]
-* [[Meclomen]]
-* [[Meclozine]]
-* [[Medevac]]
-* [[Medigesic]]
-* [[Medipren]]
-* [[Meditran]]
-* [[Mefenamic Acid]]
-* [[Mefic]]
-* [[Mefoxin]]
-* [[Megafol]]
-* [[Melipramine]]
-* [[Melizide]]
-* [[Meloxicam]]
-* [[Melphalan]]
-* [[Menadol]]
-* [[Mencevax]]
-* [[Meni-D]]
-* [[Meningitec]]
-* [[Meningococcal Vaccine]]
-* [[Menjugate]]
-* [[Menomune]]
-* [[Meprobamate]]
-* [[Meprogesic]]
-* [[Meprogesic Q]]
-* [[Mepron]]
-* [[Meprospan]]
-* [[Merieux Inactivated Rabies Vaccine]]
-* [[Mersyndol]]
-* [[Mersyndol Forte]]
-* [[Mesalal]]
-* [[Mesalamine capsules]]
-* [[Mesalamine suppositories]]
-* [[Mesalamine tablets]]
-* [[Mesalazine]]
-* [[Mesantoin]]
-* [[Mesna]]
-* [[Mestatin]]
-* [[Mestinon]]
-* [[Metahydrin]]
-* [[Metamucil]]
-* [[Metaproterenol]]
-* [[Metaxalone]]
-* [[Metformin]]
-* [[Methacycline]]
-* [[Methdilazinea]]
-* [[Methoblastin]]
-* [[Methotrexate]]
-* [[Methyclothiazide]]
-* [[Methyldopa]]
-* [[Methylphenobarbitone]]
-* [[Metipranolol]]
-* [[Metoclopramide]]
-* [[Metohexal]]
-* [[Metolazone]]
-* [[Metolol]]
-* [[Metoprolol]]
-* [[Metoxiprim]]
-* [[Metric 21]]
-* [[Metro I.V]]
-* [[MetroCream]]
-* [[MetroGel]]
-* [[Metrogyl]]
-* [[MetroLotion]]
-* [[Metronidazole]]
-* [[Metronidazole tablets]]
-* [[Metronide]]
-* [[Metyrapone]]
-* [[Mevacor]]
-* [[Micardis]]
-* [[Micardis HCT]]
-* [[Micardis Plus]]
-* [[Miconazole intravenous injection]]
-* [[Micor-K Extencapse]]
-* [[Micor-K LS]]
-* [[Micostatin]]
-* [[Micrainin]]
-* [[Micro-K 10 Extencaps]]
-* [[Microlax]]
-* [[Microrgan]]
-* [[Microzide]]
-* [[Midol]]
-* [[Midol-IB]]
-* [[Midoride]]
-* [[Mifeprex]]
-* [[Mifepristone]]
-* [[Miglitol]]
-* [[Migral]]
-* [[Milezzol]]
-* [[Miltown]]
-* [[Minax]]
-* [[Minidiab]]
-* [[Minipress]]
-* [[Minipress XL]]
-* [[Minizide]]
-* [[Minocin]]
-* [[Minocycline]]
-* [[Minocycline Hydrochloride]]
-* [[Minomycin]]
-* [[Minoxidil tablets]]
-* [[Misoprostol]]
-* [[Mitroken]]
-* [[Mobic]]
-* [[Mobilis]]
-* [[Moclebemide]]
-* [[Moclobemide]]
-* [[Modafinil]]
-* [[Modane Soft]]
-* [[Modavigil]]
-* [[Moduretic]]
-* [[Moexipril]]
-* [[Mohexal]]
-* [[Monitan]]
-* [[Monocid]]
-* [[Monodox]]
-* [[Monopril]]
-* [[Montelukast]]
-* [[Monurol]]
-* [[Motilium]]
-* [[Motrin]]
-* [[Motrin IB]]
-* [[Moxacin]]
-* [[Mucomyst]]
-* [[Multipax]]
-* [[Myambutol]]
-* [[Mycelex lozenges]]
-* [[Mycophenolate]]
-* [[Mycostatin]]
-* [[Mykrox]]
-* [[Mylaramine]]
-* [[Myleran]]
-* [[Mylosar]]
-* [[Myocrisin Injection]]
-* [[Myoquin]]
-* [[Myphetapp]]
-* [[Mysteclin]]
-* [[Mysteclin 250]]
-* [[Mysteclin V]]
-* [[Mytelase Caplets]]
-* [[Mytussin AC]]
-* [[Nabumetone]]
-* [[Nadide]]
-* [[Nadostine]]
-* [[Nalfon]]
-* [[Nalidixic Acid]]
-* [[Napamide]]
-* [[Naphcon-A]]
-* [[Naprelan]]
-* [[Naprodil]]
-* [[Naprogesic]]
-* [[Naprosyn]]
-* [[Naproxen]]
-* [[Naproxen Sodium]]
-* [[Naqua]]
-* [[Nardil]]
-* [[Nasahist B]]
-* [[Nasalcrom capsule]]
-* [[Natrilix]]
-* [[Naturetin]]
-* [[Nature’s Own Folic Acid]]
-* [[Navelbine]]
-* [[Navidrex]]
-* [[Navoban]]
-* [[Naxen]]
-* [[Naxil]]
-* [[ND Clear]]
-* [[ND-Stat]]
-* [[Nefazodone]]
-* [[Negram]]
-* [[NeisVac-C]]
-* [[Nelfinavir]]
-* [[Neo-Calglucon]]
-* [[Neo-Cytamen]]
-* [[Neo-Diophen]]
-* [[Neo-Mercazole]]
-* [[Neoral]]
-* [[Neosar]]
-* [[Neostigmine]]
-* [[Neosulf]]
-* [[Neothylline]]
-* [[Nephro-Fer]]
-* [[Neucalm]]
-* [[Neur-Amyl]]
-* [[Neuramate]]
-* [[Nevirapine]]
-* [[Nexium]]
-* [[Niacin]]
-* [[Niacor]]
-* [[Niaspan]]
-* [[Nicardipine]]
-* [[Nicoderm]]
-* [[Nicoderm CQ]]
-* [[Nicolar]]
-* [[Nicorandil]]
-* [[Nicorette]]
-* [[Nicorette DS]]
-* [[Nicorette Plus]]
-* [[Nicotinamide]]
-* [[Nicotine]]
-* [[Nicotine chewing gum]]
-* [[Nicotine inhaler]]
-* [[Nicotine transdermal patch]]
-* [[Nicotinell-TTS]]
-* [[Nicotinex]]
-* [[Nicotrol]]
-* [[Nicotrol Inhaler]]
-* [[Niferex]]
-* [[Niferex-150]]
-* [[Nilandron]]
-* [[Nilstat]]
-* [[Nimodipine]]
-* [[Nimotop]]
-* [[Nistalquim]]
-* [[Nitazoxanide]]
-* [[Nitrofurantoin]]
-* [[Nivoflox]]
-* [[Nobesine]]
-* [[Nolvadex]]
-* [[Nolvadex-D]]
-* [[Nor-Tet]]
-* [[Noritate]]
-* [[Normacol Plus]]
-* [[Normodyne]]
-* [[Noroxin]]
-* [[Norpace]]
-* [[Norpace CR]]
-* [[Norpramin]]
-* [[Norvir]]
-* [[Noten]]
-* [[Novacef]]
-* [[Novafed A]]
-* [[Novamoxin]]
-* [[Novo-Atenol]]
-* [[Novo-Captopril]]
-* [[Novo-Chlorhydrate]]
-* [[Novo-Clopate]]
-* [[Novo-Cromolyn]]
-* [[Novo-Difenac]]
-* [[Novo-Difenac-SR]]
-* [[Novo-Diflunidal]]
-* [[Novo-Diltazem]]
-* [[Novo-Dipiradol]]
-* [[Novo-Doxepin]]
-* [[Novo-Doxylin]]
-* [[Novo-Flurprofen]]
-* [[Novo-Hydroxyzine]]
-* [[Novo-Keto-EC]]
-* [[Novo-Mepro]]
-* [[Novo-Naproxen]]
-* [[Novo-Nidazol]]
-* [[Novo-Profen]]
-* [[Novo-purol]]
-* [[Novo-Rythro Encap]]
-* [[Novo-Tetra]]
-* [[Novo-Trimel]]
-* [[Novo-Tryptin]]
-* [[Novo-Zolamide]]
-* [[Noxitem]]
-* [[Nu-Amoxi]]
-* [[Nu-Atenol]]
-* [[Nu-Capto]]
-* [[Nu-Cotrimox]]
-* [[Nu-Diclo]]
-* [[Nu-Diflunisal]]
-* [[Nu-Diltiaz]]
-*
 ==References==
-{{Refbegin|2}}
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-* Thomson RD, Lestina LS, Bensen SP, et al. Lansoprazole-associated microscopic colitis: A case series. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:2908-13.
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-{{refend}}
-==See Also==
-* [[Diarrhea]]
-* [[Acute gastroenteritis]]
-* [[Gastroenteritis]]
-* [[Shigellosis]]
-==External Links==
-* [http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/diarrhea/#cause The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)]
-{{SIB}}
-{{Gastroenterology}}
+[[Category:Medicine]]
 [[Category:Gastroenterology]]
-[[Category:Water-borne diseases]]
+[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
-[[Category:Digestive disease symptoms]]
-[[Category:Conditions diagnosed by stool test]]
-[[Category:Infectious diseases]]
-[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
-{{WH}}
-{{WS}}